SUSTAINABLE HARVESTS,
SUSTAINABLE FUTURES
A Knowledge Report on Resilient Food Systems
Chapter 1
“Resilience and regeneration are not a given, they need to be purposefully nurtured.
We therefore need to invest and facilitate the creation of distributive food systems
based on local needs and capacities that assure a fair redistribution of value, knowl-
edge and power across actors and territories to deliver sustainable food for all.”
Ana Moragues-Faus, Universitat de Barcelona
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. Defining Resilient Food Systems
1.2. The Urgency and Benefits of Sustainability
Chapter 2: The Fragile Harvest: Challenges to Food System Resilience
2.1. Environmental Degradation: A Looming Threat
• Soil Erosion and Depletion
• Water Scarcity and Pollution
• Climate Change and Extreme Weather Events
• Growing Population and Rising GHG Emission
2.2. The Glaring Waste: Post-Harvest Losses and Food Insecurity
• The Scope of the Problem: A Global Concern
• Causes and Outcomes: From Farm to Fork
• The Human Cost: Hunger and Malnutrition
2.3. Access and Equity: Barriers to Sustainable Solutions
• Smallholder Farmers and Limited Resources
• Knowledge Gaps and Unequal Access to Technology
• Economic and Political Roadblocks: Incentives and Power Dynamics
Chapter 3: Sowing the Seeds of Change: Solutions for Resilient Food Systems
3.1. Agroecology: Cultivating Harmony with Nature
• Regenerative Agriculture: Restoring and Building Soil Health
• Crop Diversification and Intercropping: Ecological Balance and Resilience
• Integrated Pest Management: Natural Solutions for Healthy Yields
3.2. Community Supported Agriculture: Connecting Consumers and Producers
3.3. Innovation for Sustainability: Harnessing Technology’s Potential
• Precision Agriculture: Data-Driven Optimization for Efficiency
• Waste Reduction Technologies: From Farm to Fork
• Renewable Energy and Sustainable Infrastructure
3.4. Policy and Market Reforms: Creating a Level Playing Field
• Incentives for Sustainable Practices: Subsidies and Market Mechanisms
• Fair Trade Policies: Empowering Farmers and Protecting Workers
• Regulations and Enforcement: Holding Corporations Accountable
5 Page
Chapter 4: Rooted in Knowledge: Education and Capacity Building
4.1. Empowering Farmers: Knowledge Sharing and Skill Development
• Access to Agroecological Practices and Training Programs
• Farmer-to-Farmer Knowledge Exchange and Peer Learning
• Fostering Innovation and Adaptability Through Education
4.2. Raising Consumer Awareness: Building a Culture of Sustainability
• Understanding Food Systems and the Impacts of Choices
• Reducing Food Waste and Promoting Conscious Consumption
• Supporting Local Markets and Community Supported Agriculture
Chapter 5: From Seed to Supper: Case Studies in Resilience
5.1. Urban Agriculture: Cultivating Greener Cities and Sustainable Food Systems
5.2. Permaculture for a Sustainable Future
5.3. Andhra Pradesh Community Managed Natural Farming (APCNF) Policy
5.4. The Rice-Fish Farming System in Kerala
5.5. Construction of Silos Under PPP Models: Schemes for Augmentation of Storage Capacity
Chapter 6: Roadmap to Resilience: Recommendations for Action
6.1. Policymakers: Creating an Enabling Environment for Sustainable Food Systems
6.2. Businesses: Integrating Sustainability into Operations and Value Chains
6.3. NGOs and Civil Society Organizations: Mobilizing and Educating Communities
6.4. Individuals: Making Informed Choices and Contributing to Food System Change
Chapter 7: Conclusion: A Future Nourished by Resilience
7.1. A Call to Action: Collective Responsibility for Building a Sustainable Future
6 Page
Message from ASSOCHAM
India, a major food producer globally, faces the crucial task of meeting the nutri-
tional demands of its expanding population while addressing post-harvest losses.
These losses, spanning from crop harvesting to consumption, are a significant con-
cern globally, posing threats to food security, economies, and the environment.
Factors contributing to post-harvest losses include insufficient infrastructure, lim-
ited access to modern storage, and inaccurate market demand forecasts. These
losses not only impact farmers economically but also exacerbate food insecurity
and impede sustainable development efforts.
One of the primary objectives of post-harvest management is to maintain the
quality and safety of the agricultural yield. Besides, post-harvest management
is vital in curtailing losses and boosting productivity and profitability. By careful
handling and processing the crops, farmers lessen physical damage
that may occur during transportation and storage. In the direction
of preserving quality, safety, and marketability of harvested crops,
post-harvesting management is an essential stage in the agricultural
value chain that involves different actions. The aim is to ensure the
nutritional value, appearance, and freshness of the product, while
minimising losses and maximising the profitability of farmers.
Achieving minimum post harvest losses requires a collaborated ap-
proach with governments, international organisations, research in-
stitutions, and the private sector, whose collective efforts can mit-
igate post-harvest losses and build a sustainable and food-secure
future for all. The Government of India has taken various measures
to create post-harvest infrastructure and processing facilities and enhancing the
value addition. Yet many more such efforts are needed to contain the food losses.
Given the significance of the subject, ASSOCHAM jointly with TechSci Research
has come out with this report which highlights the importance of sustainable
post-harvest practices and various approaches for improving and enabling resil-
ient food systems. We acknowledge the efforts made by the experts in preparing
the report being presented at the National Conference on ‘Curbing Post Harvest
Losses to Enable Resilient Food Systems’.
We hope the report will provide useful information and insight to the policy mak-
ers as well as the stakeholders.
7 Page
Message from Directors Desk
A resilient food supply system is indispensable for addressing multifaceted glob-
al challenges, particularly amidst the threats of shifting climate patterns, unpre-
dictable disasters, and economic instability. Unlike conventional methods focused
solely on agriculture, resilient systems adopt a comprehensive perspective, rec-
ognizing the interdependence between the environment, society, and the econ-
omy. Businesses play a crucial role in developing and maintaining robust food
supply systems by establishing infrastructure, promoting eco-friendly practices,
and innovating across the entire food supply chain. Through investment in di-
verse crops, livestock, and production techniques, businesses enhance system
resilience, ensuring stability in the face of unforeseen challenges.
Achieving business transformation to address global challenges
requires adopting a nature-positive approach, emphasizing regen-
eration, efficiency, collaboration, and growth aligned with social
progress and environmental protection. In the context of the 2030
Agenda and its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a shift
occurs as the environment becomes foundational support for all
living beings. Nature-positive lenses integrate regenerative land
management practices into global food systems, aligning with var-
ious SDGs spanning environmental and socioeconomic domains.
To catalyze meaningful change across the global food system, gen-
uine collaborative action and investment are imperative, within
the food sector and in collaboration with other dependent sectors.
Businesses have a crucial responsibility to promote renewable energy use and
sustainable infrastructure development, especially in storage and transportation.
Companies like Nestle, PepsiCo, Danone, Grupo Bimbo, and Cargill are actively
working towards sustainability goals by investing in regenerative agriculture prac-
tices. Recent initiatives like Diageo and Cargill’s regenerative agriculture program
in India showcase how businesses can contribute to a sustainable environment,
enhancing resilience and adaptive agriculture methods against potential disrup-
tions.
Ultimately, a strong and resilient food supply system is essential for providing nec-
essary food resources amidst global challenges. Businesses, as key stakeholders,
must actively participate in creating and maintaining such systems, playing a piv-
otal role in ensuring their success.
8 Page
Executive Summary
9 Page
Executive Summary
In today’s world, facing challenges like climate change, natural disasters, and economic uncertainties,
resilient food systems have become a source of optimism. Resilient food systems are like well-built struc-
tures that endure environmental or human disruptions and provide access to safe and nutritious food
for everyone. They are aimed to withstand and adapt to various challenges that ensure the well-being of
communities globally. Presently, one in nine individuals faces daily hunger, with 2.5 billion people globally
relying on agriculture for their livelihoods. Numerous smallholder farmers exist on the edge of productiv-
ity, where even slight shifts in climate and crop growth can lead to immediate and severe consequences.
Food systems framework and the link with the Sustainable Development Goals.11
The paper discusses the importance of sustainable agriculture and resilient food systems in the face of
environmental challenges, population growth, and climate change. It emphasizes the need to address
post-harvest losses, water scarcity, and resource depletion in agriculture. The document highlights the
significance of local and sustainable agriculture in empowering communities and ensuring food security.
It also addresses the challenges faced by smallholder farmers, including limited access to modern agri-
cultural technologies and insufficient training on sustainable farming practices. The paper emphasizes
the role of fair-trade policies in empowering farmers and protecting workers, as well as the importance
of government initiatives to modernize infrastructure and reduce post-harvest losses. Additionally, it dis-
cusses the impact of economic and political roadblocks on the widespread adoption of sustainable solu-
tions in agriculture. The document also highlights the role of technological advancements, such as IoT
and precision agriculture, in reshaping farming operations and enhancing efficiency. Overall, the paper
underscores the urgency of transitioning to sustainable resilient food systems and the need for compre-
hensive approaches focusing on sustainability, resilience, and adaptability to ensure the stability of global
food supplies.
1 https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/5/4475#https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/5/4475#
10 Page
Chapter 1
Introduction
“Sustainable agriculture is not just about growing crops, it’s about caring for the soil,
the water, the air, and all the living things that depend on them.”
- Vandana Shiva
11 Page
Defining Resilient Food Systems
Resilient food systems go beyond traditional ideas of farming and food production. They take a holistic
approach, considering how the environment, society, and economy are connected. At their core, resilient
food systems can absorb shocks, adapt to changes, and continue providing essential food resources to
communities.
Resilience of Food Systems
What happens to the food system outcomes, i.e. food security & employment, under shocks and stress-
ors?2
2. https://weblog.wur.eu/fnh-ri/food-system-resilience-towards-a-joint-understanding-and-implications-for-policy/
12 Page
Key Characteristics of Resilient Food Systems
Diversity, is vital for resilient food systems. Like a diverse ecosystem that
is more robust than a single-crop system, a food system with various crops,
livestock, and production methods can recover better from disruptions. This
diversity acts as a buffer, ensuring stability even if one element is affected.
Strong local food systems, where production and consumption happen
nearby, are less vulnerable to disruptions in transportation and global sup-
ply chains. Initiatives like farmers markets and community-supported agri-
culture programs connect consumers directly with local producers, reducing
dependence on distant sources and building community resilience.
Resilient food systems, prioritize practices that protect the environment.
Organic farming, agroforestry, and water conservation are essential for eco-
logical sustainability. These practices build healthy soil, conserve biodiver-
sity, and enhance the system’s ability to withstand climate change impacts.
Equity and Fairness, in food systems need to evolve with changing circum-
stances. Resilient food systems embrace new technologies and practices that
improve efficiency, reduce waste, and enhance overall resilience. Precision
agriculture tools, innovative food preservation techniques, and data-driven
decision-making exemplify adaptability to dynamic challenges.
Innovation and Adaptability, in Resilient food systems are committed to
ensuring that everyone has access to nutritious food, regardless of income or
location. They advocate for policies promoting fair access to land, water, and
other resources, especially for marginalized communities.
13 Page
The Urgency and Benefits of Sustainability
In a world grappling with challenges like climate change, environmental concerns, and a growing popu-
lation, the need for sustainable resilient food systems is more crucial than ever. These systems, built to
handle challenges and adapt to changes, play a vital role in ensuring access to safe, healthy food while
taking care of our planet.
The Urgency
Climate Change and Environmental Stability
Climate change is a big threat to global food security. Unpredictable weather, extreme events, and rising
temperatures can disrupt traditional farming, leading to crop failures and food shortages. Sustainable
resilient food systems are crucial in lessening the impact of climate change and ensuring a steady food
supply.
Annual mean land surface air temperature anomalies averaged over India for the period 1901- 2022. The anomalies were computed with respect to the
base period of 1981-2010. The dotted line indicates the linear trend in the time series. The solid blue curve represents the sub-decadal time scale variation
smoothed with a binomial filter.3
3. https://mausam.imd.gov.in/Forecast/marquee_data/Statement_climate_of_india_2022_final.pdf
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Population Growth and Food Demand
With the world’s population steadily increasing, the demand for food is going up. Traditional farming
methods often can’t meet this demand sustainably. Shifting to resilient food systems that prioritize sus-
tainability and efficiency is vital to guarantee a sufficient and fair food supply for the growing population.
15 Page
Biodiversity Loss and Ecosystem Damage
Standard farming practices contribute to losing biodiversity and harming ecosystems. Sustainable resil-
ient food systems, using methods like agroecology and organic farming, encourage biodiversity, boost
soil health, and protect ecosystems. This fosters a balanced relationship between agriculture and the
environment. In Asia, the proportion of cereals in diets decreased from 40% in 1970 to 24% in 2013, with
rice consumption per capita showing a stagnant or declining trend in many countries. Roots and tubers
declined from 15% to 3%, while non-staples surged from 46% to 74%, illustrating a significant shift in
dietary patterns.4
Summary of major environmental-change categories expressed as a percentage change relative to the baseline given in the text. Red indicates the percent-
age of the category that is damaged, lost, or otherwise affected , whereas blue indicates the percentage that is intact, remaining, or otherwise unaffected.5
4. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0308521X17308922
5. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcosc.2020.615419/full
16 Page
Water Scarcity and Resource Depletion
Agriculture uses a lot of water, and unsustainable practices contribute to water scarcity and resource
depletion. Resilient food systems highlight water-efficient irrigation, soil conservation, and responsible
resource management, addressing crucial issues and promoting long-term sustainability. For every 1°C
(1.8°F) increase in the global average temperature, UN experts project a 20 percent drop in renewable
water resources. Global warming is expected to increase the number of water-stressed areas and height-
en water stress in already affected regions.6
Water stress on the different part of the earth
The Benefits
Environmental Preservation
Sustainable resilient food systems put a focus on environmental conservation. Practices like organic farm-
ing, agroforestry, and crop diversification lead to healthier soils, less reliance on synthetic inputs, and
overall ecosystem preservation. This ensures the longevity of agricultural areas and minimizes negative
environmental impacts.
Climate Resilience
Climate-resilient agriculture, a key part of sustainable food systems, helps farmers adapt to changing
climatic conditions. This includes using resilient crop varieties, innovative water management, and pre-
cision farming to optimize resource use, making the sector more able to withstand climate-related chal-
lenges.
17 Page
Social and Economic Stability
Resilient food systems contribute to social and economic stability by supporting local economies and
reducing dependence on global supply chains. Initiatives like farmers markets and community-supported
agriculture encourage community involvement, support local businesses, and create a more reliable and
decentralized food distribution network.
Nutritional Security
Sustainable resilient food systems prioritize diverse and nutritious crops. This not only addresses nutri-
tional gaps but also improves food security by reducing dependence on a few staple crops. A varied and
nutrient-rich diet contributes to better public health and resilience to diseases.
Community Empowerment
Local and sustainable agriculture empowers communities by giving them control over their food sources.
Community engagement in sustainable farming practices builds a sense of ownership, pride, and shared
responsibility, creating resilient communities better equipped to face challenges.
Hence, the urgency of shifting to sustainable resilient food systems cannot be overstated. As the world
deals with the impacts of climate change, population growth, and environmental issues, embracing these
systems is essential for securing our future. The benefits extend beyond food security to include environ-
mental conservation, social empowerment, and economic stability.
Governments, businesses, NGOs, and individuals all have crucial roles in driving this shift toward sustain-
ability in the agriculture sector. Policies, sustainable farming practices, and consumer choices together
contribute to transforming our food systems. By recognizing the urgency and embracing the benefits of
sustainable resilient food systems, we pave the way for a more secure, resilient, and sustainable future
for everyone.
18 Page
Chapter 2
The Fragile Harvest:
Challenges to Food System Resilience
Organic agriculture = Seed Sovereignty + Biological Integrity + Food Security Whereas,
Food biotechnology = Food security (at the cost of seed sovereignty and biological integrity)
19 Page
Environmental Degradation: A Looming Threat
Environmental degradation refers to the deterioration of the environment due to the depletion of re-
sources, including air, water, and soil. It involves the destruction of ecosystems and the extinction of wild-
life. The term encompasses any change or disturbance to the environment that is perceived to be harmful
or undesirable. The risks to biodiversity, increased severity of climate change, decreased harvests, and
an increasing reliance on water resources are merely a few of the numerous problems that threaten the
resilience of the food system.
Soil Erosion and Depletion
Soil erosion and depletion pose significant challenges to the resilience of the food system, impacting
agricultural productivity, environmental sustainability, and global food security. These interconnected
issues demand attention and proactive measures to ensure the long-term viability of the food production
systems. The productivity of agricultural land is directly impacted by soil erosion and depletion, which
reduces the capacity of soil to provide food for the world’s expanding population. A major threat to bio-
diversity is also posed by declining soil health, since many plant and animal species depend on good soil
for survival. Ecosystems’ resilience is weakened by this biodiversity loss, making it harder for their inhab-
itants to adjust to shifting environmental conditions.
Aquatic ecosystems and water quality can be negatively impacted by sedimentation in water bodies
caused by soil erosion. Water supplies are further stressed by this, as they are essential for both agri-
cultural irrigation and the preservation of a larger ecological balance. Subsequently, the interconnected
issues of erosion and soil depletion contribute to climate change by releasing stored carbon and reducing
the land’s ability to sequester carbon. This creates a vicious circle of environmental problems for the
food chain, whereby soil erosion and depletion are made worse by climate change. A comprehensive and
sustainable strategy that includes conservation methods, biodiversity protection, responsible water man-
agement, and climate change adaptation and mitigation techniques is needed to address these issues.
DESERTIFICATION / LAND DEGRADATION STATUS MAP OF INDIA - 2018-19
7. https://vedas.sac.gov.in/static/atlas/dsm/DLD_Atlas_SAC_2021.pdf
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