MATRICES

 Column matrix : A matrix is said to be a

column matirx if it has only one column and any
SYNOPSIS number of rows.
 Definition :A rectangular arrangement of 2 
 
numbers (which may be real or complex numbers) Eg :  3  is a column matrix of order 3 1
in rows and columns, is called a matrix. This  6 
arrangement is enclosed by open ( ) or closed [ ]  Singleton matrix : If in a matrix there is only
brackets. The numbers are called the elements of one element then it is called singleton matrix.
the matrix or entries of the matrix.
Thus, A   aij  mn is a singleton matrix, if
 Order of Matrix : A matrix having ‘m’ rows
and ‘n’ columns is called a matrix of order ‘ m  n ’ m=n=1
or simply ‘ m  n ’ matrix (read as m by n matrix). Eg :  2 , 3 ,  a  ,  3 are singleton matrices.
A matrix A of order ‘ m  n ’ is usually written in  Null matrix (or) Zero matrix : If in a
the following manner matrix all the elements are zeros then it is called a
zero matrix and it is generally denoted by O. Thus
 a11 a12 a13 ... ... a1 j ... ... a1n 
  A   aij  is a zero matrix if aij  0  i and j.
m n
 a21 a22 a23 ... ... a2 j ... ... a2 n 
... ... ... ... 0 0  0 0 0 
... ... ... ... ...  Eg :  0 , are all zero
A   0   0 0 0 
 ai1 ai 2 ai 3 ... ... aij ... ... ain 
  matrices, but of different orders.
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...   Rectangular matrix : In a matrix if the
 am1 am 2 am3 ... ... amj ... ... amn  number of rows is not equal to the number of
mn
columns then the matrix is called a rectangular
In a compact form the above matrix is matrix.
represented by 3 2 
 0
A   aij 
mn
,1  i  m,1  j  n (or ) A   aij  Eg :  5 
 7 1  32
The numbers a11 , a12 ,......, etc. are known as the
 Square matrix : If number of rows and number
elements of the matrix A. The element aij in the of columns in a matrix are equal, then it is called a
square matrix.
matrix A belongs to i th row and j th column.
 a11 a12 a13 
Note: A matrix of order ‘ m  n ’ contains  a 23 
mn elements. Every row of such a matrix contains Eg :  a21 a 22
is a square matrix of
 a 31 a 32 a33 
n elements and every column contains m
elements. order 3 × 3.
 Principal diagonal of a square
 3 1 5  matrix : In a square matrix the diagonal from
Eg : Order of matrix  6 2  7  is 2  3
  first element of the first row to the last element of
 Types of matrices: the last row is called the principal diagonal of the
square matrix.
Row matrix: A matrix is said to be a row
matrix if it has only one row and any number of  a11 a12 a13 
columns.  a23 
Eg :  a21 a22

Eg : 5 0 3 is a row matrix of order 1 3  a31 a32 a33 
then a11 , a 22 ,a 33 constitutes diagonal of A

MATRICES 86
 Diagonal matrix : In a square matrix if all Upper triangular matrix: A square matrix
the elements outside the principal diagonal are  aij  is called the upper triangular matrix,
zeros, the elements of principal diagonal may or
may not be zero, then the matrix is said to be if aij  0 when i  j .
diagonal matrix.
 3 1 2
2 0 0  
 0  Eg : 0 4 3  is an upper triangular matrix of
Eg :  0 0 is a diagonal matrix of order  0 0 6 
 0 0 4 
order 3 × 3.
3  3 , which can be denoted by diag  2, 0, 4 Lower triangular matrix: A square matrix
Note: If A = diag( d1 , d 2 , d3 ...d n ) then  aij  is called the lower triangular matrix, if
An  diag  d1n , d 2 n , d 3 n .....d n n  aij  0 when i  j .
 Identity matrix or Unit matrix :
1 0 0 
A square matrix in which each element in the  
principal diagonal is ‘1’ and rest are all zeros Eg :  2 3 0  is a lower triangular matrix of
is called an identity matrix or unit matrix. Thus,  4 5 2 
the square matrix A   aij  is an identity matrix, order 3 × 3
 Trace of a matrix : The sum of diagonal
1, if i  j elements of a square matrix A is called the trace of
if aij  
0, if i  j matrix A, which is denoted by tr ( A). Trace is also
called as spur.
We denote the identity matrix of order n by I n .
n

1 0 0 i.e., tr  A   aii  a11  a22  .....ann

1 0 i 1
Eg : I2   , I3  0 1 0 are identity Properties of trace of a matrix :
0 1
0 0 1
Let A   aij  nn and B  bij  nn and  be a
matrices of order 2 and 3 respectively.
 Scalar matrix : A square matrix whose all scalar i) tr   A  tr  A
non diagonal elements are zeros and diagonal
ii) tr  A  B   tr  A  tr  B 
elements are equal is called a scalar matrix. Thus,
if A   aij  is a square matrix and iii) tr  AB   tr  BA
iv) tr  I n   n v) tr  AB   tr  A .tr  B 
 ,if i  j
aij   , then A is a scalar matrix. vi) If A,B,C are square matrices of order n,
0, if i  j then Tr (ABC) = Tr (BCA) = Tr (CAB)
5 0 0   Equality of matrices : Two matrices A and
3 0   B are said to be equal, if
Eg :  0 3  , 0 5 0  i) A and B are of the same type (order)
0 0 5  ii) The corresponding elements of A and B
Unit matrix and null square matrices are also scalar are equal.
matrices. a b c   2 0 1
Eg : A    and B   
 Triangular matrix : A square matrix  aij  is d e f  1 3 5 
said to be triangular matrix if each element above are equal iff a = 2, b = 0, c = 1, d = -1,
or below the principal diagonal is zero. It is of two e = -3, f = 5
types

MATRICES 87
 Addition of matrices : If A and B are two W.E-1: A matrix X has (a+b) rows and (a+2)
matrices of the same type, then their sum denoted columns, while the matrix Y has (b+1) rows
by A+B is defined to be the matrix of the same and (a+3) columns. Both matrices XY and YX
type and is obtained by adding the corresponding exist. Find a and b.
elements of A and B. Sol. Type of X is (a+b)  (a+2)
Type of Y is (b+1)  (a+3)
i.e., If A   aij  mn and B  bij  mn then
Since both XY, YXexist
A  B  [Cij ]mn where Cij  aij  bij  a+2=b+1 and a+b=a+3  a=2, b=3
 Properties : order of X is 5  4, order of Y is 4  5
i) A+B = B+A (commutative law) XY  YX
ii) (A+B)+C = A+(B+C) (Associative law) ( order of XY is 5  5 and YX is 4  4)
iii) A+O=O+A = A where O is zero matrix which  Properties of matrix multiplication :
is called additive identity. If A,B and C are three matrices such that their
product is defined, then
iv) A    A  O    A  A , where   A is
i) AB  BA ,(Generally not commutative)
obtained by changing the sign of every element of
A, which is additive inverse of the matrix A. ii)  AB  C  A  BC  =ABC, (Associative law)
 Difference of two matrices : If A and B iii) IA  A  AI , where I is identitiy matrix for
are two matrices of the same type then A-B is matrix multiplication.
defined as A+(-B)
Note: If two matrices A and B are of different iv) A  B  C   AB  AC , (Distributive law)
orders, we can not define A+B and A-B. v) (A + B).C = AC + BC, (Distributive law)
 Multiplication of a matrix by a vi) If AB  O, then either A or B need not be equal
scalar: Let A   aij  mn be a matrix and k be to O .
a number, then the matrix which is obtained by vii) If AB = AC then B need not be equal to C
multiplying every element of A by k is called scalar even if A  O .
multiplication of A by k and it is denoted by kA.  Remember that if A and B are two square
matrices of the same order, then
Thus, if A   aij  mn , 2
i)  A  B   A2  B 2  AB  BA
then kA  Ak   kaij  mn . 2
ii)  A  B   A2  B 2  AB  BA
 Properties of scalar multiplication :
If A, B are matrices of the same order and iii) Am An  Am  n
n
iv)  Am   Amn   An 
m

 ,  are any two scalars then

v) I n  I n  N
i)   A  B    A   B
 Transpose of a matrix : The matrix
ii)      A   A   A obtained from a given matrix A by changing its
rows into columns or columns into rows is called
iii)    A    A     A
transpose of matrix A and is denoted by AT or A'
iv)   A      A     A From the definition it is obvious that if order of A
 Multiplication of matrices : Two matrices is m  n , then order of AT is n  m
A and B are conformable for the product AB if the
number of columns in A is same as the
 Properties of transpose of a matrix :
T
number of rows in B thus, if Let A and B be two matrices then,  i   AT   A
A   aik mp , B  bkj  pn then T
ii)  A  B   AT  BT ,A and B being of the
p
same order
AB  Cij 
m n
where Cij   aik bkj
T
k 1
iii)  kA   kAT , k be any scalar
MATRICES 88
 T vi) If A, B two skew-symmetric matrices, then
iv)  AB   B T AT , A and B being conformable
a) A  B ,AB-BA are skew-symmetric
for the product AB matrices
T
v)  A1 A2 A3 .... An 1 An   AnT AnT1 .... A3T A2T A1T b) AB+BA is a symmetric matrix.
vii) a) If A is a skew-symmetric matrix and B is a
vi) A=B  AT  BT
square matrix of order that of A then BT AB is
 Symmetric matrix:A square matrix also skew-symmetric matrix.
A   aij  is called symmetric matrix if aij  a ji b) If A is a skew-symmetric matrix and C is a

 i, j i.e., AT  A column matrix, then C T AC is a zero matrix.

viii) Every square matrix A can be uniquely
a h g expressed as sum of a symmetric and skew-
 f  symmetric matrices of same order
Eg :  h b
is a symmetric matrix
 g f c  1 T  1 T 
i.e., A    A  A      A  A   .
2  2 
 Skew-Symmetric matrix :A square matrix
Note: If a matrix A is both symmetric and
A   aij  is called skew -symmetric matrix if skew-symmetric then A is null matrix.
 Orthogonal matrix: A square matrix A is
aij   a ji  i, j i.e., AT   A .
called orthogonal if AAT  I  AT A i.e.,
0 h g
 h 0 A1  AT
f 
Eg :  1 2 2
  g  f 0  1
W.E 2: If A   2 1 2  then A is__
3 
Note: i) All principal diagonal elements of a  2 2 1 
skew-symmetric matrix are always zeros
ii) Trace of a skew-symmetric matrix is zero 1 2 2 
1
 Properties of symmetric and Sol: A T
 2 1  2 
3
 2 2 1 
Skew-symmetric matrices :
i) If A is a square matrix, then 1 2 2  1 2 2 
1  1
T T T
A  A , AA , A A are symmetric matrices A.AT  2 1  2   2 1  2 
3  3
 2 2 1   2 2 1 
ii) If A is square matrix then A  AT is a
skew-symmetric matrix. 9 0 0
1 
iii) If A is a symmetric matrix, then  0 9 0
9   I
T n 1 T  0 0 9 
 A, KA, A , A , A , B AB are also symmetric
matrices, where n  N , K  R and B is a square Similarly AT A  I  A is Orthogonal matrix
matrix of order that of A  Properties of Orthogonal matrix :
iv) If A is a skew-symmetric matrix, then i) Every orthogonal matrix is non -singular.
a) A2n is symmetric matrix for n  N ii) Every orthogonal matrix is invertible.
iii) If A is orthogonal, then AT and A1 are also
b) A2 n1 is a skew-symmetric matrix for n  N
orthogonal.
c) kA is also skew-symmetric matrix, where
iv) If A and B are orthogonal matrices of same
k R order then AB and BA are also orthogonal.
v) If A, B are two symmetric matrices, then v) The sum of the squares of elements of any row
a) A  B, AB  BA are also symmetric matrices, or column of an orthogonal matrix is 1.
b) AB-BA is a skew-symmetric matrix, vi) The sum of the products of the corresponding
c) AB is a symmetric matrix, when AB=BA elements of any two rows or columns is 0

MATRICES 89
 Special types of matrices :
1  2i 2  3i 3  4i 
i) Idempotent matrix: A square matrix A is
A   4  5i 5  6i 6  7i 
called an idempotent matrix if A2  A  
 8 7  8i 7 
 2 2 4 vi) Transposed conjugate of a matrix: The
 1 3 4 
Eg : A =   is an idempotent matrix. transpose of the conjugate of a matrix A is called
 1 2 3 transposed conjugate of A and is denoted by A
Properties : or A* .The conjugate of the transpose of A is the
i) If A, B are two idempotent matrices and same as the transpose of the conjugate of A
AB = BA = O then A+B is idempotent matrix. T
ii) If A is idempotent matrix then I-A is also  
i.e., AT   A   A .
idempotent
iii) Every non-singular idempotent matrix is 1  2i 2  3i 3  4i 
always unit matrix Eg : A   4  5i 5  6i 6  7i 
iv) If AB=A , BA=B then A and B are
 8 7  8i 7 
idempotent matrices and An  B n  A  B
ii) Involutory matrix: A square matrix A is  1  2i 4  5i 8 
2
called an involutory matrix if A  I then A   2  3i

5  6i 7  8i 
 3  4i 6  7i 7 
0 1
Eg : 1 0  is an involutory matrix. vii) Hermitian matrix: A square matrix ‘A’
 
iii) Nilpotent matrix: A square matrix A is is said to be Hermitian matrix if A  A
called a nilpotent matrix if there exists atleast
 3 3  4i 5  2i 
one p  N such that Ap  O , where the least 3  4i 5 2  i 
value p is called index of the nilpotent matrix A Eg :  is
5  2i 2  i 2 
1 1 3
  Hermitian matrix.
Eg : A=  5 2 6  is a nilpotent matrix of Note: All the principal diagonal elements of
 2 1 3 herimitian matrix are real.
index 3. viii) Skew Hermitian matrix : A square
Note: Trace of a nilpotent matrix is zero. matrix A is said to be a skew-Hermitian if
iv) Periodic matrix: A matrix A is called A   A
a periodic matrix if Ak 1  A where k is a  3i 3  2i 1  i 
positive integer. The least value of k is said to be 3  2i 2i 2  4i 
period of A Eg : 
v) Conjugate of a matrix: The matrix  1  i 2  4i 0 
obtained from any given matrix A containing is a skew-hermitian matrix.
complex numbers as its elements, on replacing its Note: All the principal diagonal elements of
elements by the corresponding conjugate skew-hermitian matrix are either zero or purely
complex numbers is called conjugate of A and is imaginary.
denoted by A . ix) Unitary matrix: A square matrix A is said
to be unitary, if A A  I  AA
1  2i 2  3i 3  4i 
  The determinant of unitary matrix is one and it is
Eg : A   4  5i 5  6i 6  7i  then non-singular.
 8 7  8i 7 

MATRICES 90
 Determinant of a square matrix :  Determinant of Third Order Matrix
The determinant of the square matrix The determinant of a square matrix is equal to the
a b1  sum of the products of the elements of a row (or
A 1 is the unique column) with their corresponding cofactors
a2 b2 
number a1b2  a2b1 and is denoted by a1 b1 c1
If   a2 b2 c2   = a1 A 1 + a2 A 2 +
a a2 a3 b3 c3
D et A  A  1  a1b2  a 2 b1
b1 b2 a3 A 3 = b1 B 1 + b2 B 2 + b3 B 3
 Minor of an element in a square = c1 C1 + c2 C2 + c3C3
Properties of determinants:
matrix: Let A  aij  be a square matrix. The i) The determinant of a square matrix changes its
minor of an element aij in A is the determinant of sign when any two rows (or columns) are
the square matrix that remains after deleting the interchanged
th
ii) If two rows (columns) of a square matrix are
i th row and j column ofA. It is denoted by M ij . identical or proportional then the value of the
 Cofactor of an element of a square determinant is zero.
iii) If all the elements of a row (column) of a square
matrix : The cofactor of an element in the i th row
matrix are multiplied by a number K then the
th
and the j column of a matrix is defined as its determinant of the resulting matrix is equal to K
minor multiplied by (1)i  j . If Aij is the cofactor times the determinant of the original matrix.
iv) If each element of a row (column) of a square
of aij , then Aij  ( 1)i  j M ij matrix is the sum of two terms then its determinant
can be expressed as the sum of two determinants
 a11 a12 a13  of two square matrices of the same order.
a a a23 
Let A =  21 22  a1  x a2 a3 a1 a2 a3 x a2 a3
 a31 a32 a33  b1  y b2 b3 b b b  y b2 b3
= 1 2 3
a11 a12 c1  z c2 c3 c1 c2 c3 z c2 c3
i) Minor of a23 is  M 23   a a32
v) If the elements of a row (column) of a square
31
matrix are added with K times the corresponding
 a11a32  a31a12 elements of any other row (column) then the value
of the determinant of the resulting matrix is unaltered
ii) Cofactor of a31 is
x1 y1 z1 x 1  ky1 y1 z1
a a13
A31  (1) M 31   12
31 x2 y2 z 2  x 2  ky 2 y2 z2
a22 a23 x3 y3 z3 x 3  ky 3 y3 z3
iii) The cofactors of a11 , a12 , a13 ..... are denoted vi) The sum of the products of the elements of any
row (column) of a squre matrix with the cofactors
by A11 , A12 , A13 ,....... of the corresponding elements of any other row
 a1 b1 c1  (column) is zero.
a a1 b1 c1
b2 c2 
iv) For the matrix  2  , the cofactor   a2 b2 c2
 a3 b3 c3   a1 A2 + b1 B2 + c1 C2 = 0
a3 b3 c3
 A1 B1 C1  a1 A3 + b1 B3 + c1C3=0 a2 ,A1 + b2 B1 + c2C1 =0
 C2 
matrix is given by  A2 B2
 vii) If the elements of a square matrix are
 A3 B3 C 3  Polynomials in x and two rows (columns) become
identical when x = a then x–a is a factor of its
a1 c1 determinant and
Eg : B2  ( 1)22  ( a1c3  a3c1 )
a3 c3 if three rows are identical then (x–a)2 is a factor

MATRICES 91
 Note: i) A  AT , AB  A B = B A 1 1 p 1 p  q

ii) KA  K n A , n  order of A. W.E-5: 2 3  2 p 4  3 p  2q 

3 6  3 p 10  6 p  3q
iii) If   aij is a determinant of order n, then the
1 1 p 1 p  q
value of the determinant Aij , where Aij is the
Sol.   2 3  2 p 4  3 p  2 q
cofactor of aij is,  . n1
3 6  3 p 10  6 p  3q
iv) Determinant of nilpotent matrix is 0
v) Determinant of an orthogonal matrix = 1or -1 c2  c2  pc1 and c3  c3  qc1
vi) Determinant of a Skew - symmetric matrix of 1 1 1 q
odd order is 0.
  2 3 43p
vii) Determinant of Hermitian matrix is purely real.
viii) Determinant of triangular matrix is the product 3 6 10  6 p C  C  PC
3 3 2

of elements of principle diagonal.

W.E-3: In a square matrix, the elements of a column 1 1 1
are 2, 5k+1, 3 and the cofactors of another   2 3 4  1
column are 1-5k, 2, 4k-2. Then find k 3 6 10
Sol. The sum of the products of the elements of any
column of a square matrix with the cofactors of the 1 x x 1
corresponding elements of any other column is W.E- 6. If f ( x )  2 x x( x  1) x( x  1)
zero.
3 x ( x  1) x( x  1)( x  2) x( x 2  1)
 2(1  5k )  (5k  1)2  3(4k  2)  0
then f (2015)  [EAM-2012]
1
12k  2  0  k  6
Sol. Taking x common from C2 , x  1 from C3 and
W.E-4 : If  ,  ,  are roots of x 3  px 2  q  0 ,
( x -1) from R3 , we get
1 1 1 1 1 1
  
f ( x )  x ( x  1)( x  1) 2 x x 1 x
1 1 1
  3x x2 x
where q  0 then   
1 1 1 Applying C1  C1  C3 , C2  C2  C3 ,we get
  
0 0 1
1 1 1 2
f ( x )  x ( x  1) x 1 x
Sol. we have       0     0
   2x 2 x
1 1 1
  
=0 [ C1 and C2 are proportional]
1 1 1 Thus f (2015) = 0
Let   C1  C1  C2  C3
    Product of Determinants of the same
1 1 1
  
Order :
a1 b1 c1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
  0  1  a2 b2 c2 and  2   2 2 2
       Let
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 a3 b3 c3 3 3 3
    0  0
      
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Then row by row multiplication of 1 and  2 is
  0
       given by

MATRICES 92
 a1 1  b1 1  c1 1 a1 2  b1 2  c1 2  Integration of Determinants:
1 2  a21  b2 1  c2 1 a2 2  b2  2  c2 2 f  x g  x
If   x   ,then
a3 1  b3 1  c3 1 a3 2  b3  2  c3 2 1 2
b b
a1 3  b1  3  c1 3 b
 f  x  dx  g  x  dx
a2 3  b2  3  c2 3
   x  dx  a a
a3 3  b3  3  c3 3 a
1 2
Note: Multiplication can also be performed row
by column; column by row or column by column Here, f  x  and g  x  are functions of x and
as required in the problem. 1 , 2 are constants.
 Derivative of Determinants: Note:This formula is only applicable, if there is a
f1  x  g1  x  variable only in one row or column, otherwise
Let   x   f x g x , expand the determinant and then integrate.
2  2 
 Singular and non-singular matrix :
where f1  x  , f 2  x  , g1  x  and g 2  x  are the If the determinant of a square matrix is zero then
functions of x. then, it is called a singular matrix otherwise
non-singular matrix.
f1 '  x  g1'  x  f  x  g1  x  Note: i) A is singular  AT is singular
'  x    1'
f 2  x  g 2  x  f 2  x  g '2  x  A is non-singular  AT is non-singular
Also ii) If A and B are non-singular matrices of the same
type, then AB is non-singular of the same type.
f1 '  x  g1  x f  x  g1'  x 
'  x    1  Adjoint matrix of a square matrix :
f 2'  x  g 2  x  f 2  x  g 2'  x  If the elements of a square matrix are replaced
Thus, to differentiate a determinant, we by corresponding co-factors then the transpose
differentiate one row (or column) at a time, keeping of the resulting matrix is called the adjoint of the
others unchanged. matrix.Adjoint matrix of A is denoted by Adj A
x b b a b1 c1  A A2 A3 
 1   1
1  a x b   x b
If P   a2 b2 c2  then Adj P   B1 B2 B3 
W.E-7: If , 2 a x
are the two   
a a x  a 3 b3 c3  C C2 C3 
 1

d Where A1 , B1 , C1..... are the co-factors of

given determinants then ( 1) 
dx a1 , b1 , c1 .....
 d   Properties of adjoint matrix :
x b b  dx (constant )  0 
  If A, B are square matrices of order n and I n is
Sol: Given 1  a x b
 d ( x)  1  corresponding unit matrix, then
a a x  
 dx   i  A  adjA  A I n   adjA  A
1 0 0 x b b x b b (Thus A adj  A is always a scalar matrix)
d
( 1 )  a x b0 1 0a x b n 1
dx ii) adjA  A
a a x a a x 0 0 1
n2
iii) adj  adjA   A A; A  0
x b x b x b
    3 2
a x a x a x  n 12
iv) adj  adjA   A

MATRICES 93
  n 1r a scalar matrix.
v) adj  adj ( adjA ......r times  A
xi) A is triangular matrix, A  0  A1 is also
T
vi) adj  AT    adjA triangular matrix.
Cancellation law with respect to
vii) adj  AB    adjB  adjA multiplication : If A is a non -singular matrix
m
viii) adj  Am    adjA , m  N i.e., if A  0 , then A1 exist and

ix) adj  kA   k n1  adjA , k  R AB  AC  A1  AB   A1  AC 

x) adj  I n   I n xi) adj  O   O   A1 A  B   A1 A  C  IB  IC  B  C

xii) A is symmetric matrix  adj A is also  AB  AC  B  C  A  0 .
symmetrix matrix.
xiii) A is diagonal matrix  adj A is also diagonal  Elementary Transformations : Any
matrix. one of the following operation on a matrix is called
an elementary transformation.
xiv) A is triangular matrix  adjA is also triangular
a) Interchanging any two rows (or columns) this
matrix. transformation is indicated as
xv) A is singular  adjA  0 Ri  R j  Ci  C j 
 Inverse of a matrix : Let A be a non- b) Multiplication of the elements of any row (or
singular square matrix of order n, if there exist a columns) by a non-zero scalar quantity this could
square matrix B of the same order such that be indicated as
AB  BA  I n then B is called the inverse of A Ri  kRi  Ci  kC i 
1
and we write it as A . c) Addition of a constant multiple of the elements
of any row to the corresponding element of any
1 adj A
The inverse of A given by A  other row, indicated as Ri  Ri  kR j .
det A
A matrix is said to be invertible, if it possesses  Equivalent Matrices : Two matrices A and
inverse. B are said to be equivalent, if one is obtained from
the other by elementary transformations.
 Properties of inverse matrix : If A and
It is denoted by A ~ B
B are invertible matrices of the same order, then
1 1 T  Solution of Linear Equations by
i)  A1   A ii)  AT    A1  Determinants :
1 1. Cramer’s Rule: (Solution of system of linear
iii)  AB   B 1 A1
equations in two unknowns) The solution of the
iv)  A k 1 1 k system of equations
 A  ,k N
a1 x  b1 y  c1 , a2 x  b2 y  c2
1 1 1
v) adj  A1    adjA 
1
vi) A   A 1 
A is given by x  and y  2 ,where
 
vii) If A= diag( a1a2 ...an ) a1 b1 c b1 a c1
 , 1  1 and  2  1
1
then A  diag a1 a2 ....an 1 1 1
 a2 b2 c2 b2 a2 c2
,provided   0
viii) If A is symmetric matrix then A1 is also
symmetric matrix. 2. Cramer’s Rule: (Solution of system of
ix) The inverse of a skew symmetric matrix of linear equations in three unknowns) The solution
odd order does not exist. of the system of equations
x) A is a non singular scalar matrix  A1 is also a1 x  b1 y  c1 z  d1 , a2 x  b2 y  c2 z  d 2

MATRICES 94
 a3 x  b3 y  c3 z  d 3 its matrix form is viii) If A is the transposed conjugate of A, then

 a1 b1 c1   x  d1  rank  A   rank  A  .

a b2 c2   y   d 
 2    2   AX  B ix) rank  A  B   rank  A   rank  B  .
 a 3 b3 c3   z   d 3 
x) If A and B are two matrices such that the
1   product AB is defined, then rank (AB) can not
is given by x  , y  2 and z  3 , where
   exceed the rank of the either matrix.

a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1 xi) If A   aij  mn is a matrix of Rank r then

  a2 b2 c2 1  d 2 b2 c2
; ; r  min m, n
a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3
 Echelon form of a matrix : In a matrix if
a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1 the number of zeros before the first non zero element
 2  a2 d2 c2  3  a 2 b2 d2 in any row doesnot exceed number of such type of
,
a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3 zeros in the very next row, then the matrix is said to
be in echelon form.
Provided   0
Sub matrix: A matrix obtained by deleting 1 2 3 4 5
finite number of rows or columns or both of a  0 1 3 5 1
 
given matrix A is called sub matrix of A. Eg : the matrix  0 0 1 2 1  is in the
Rank of a matrix : Let A be a non - zero matrix.  
The rank of A is defined as the maximum of the 0 0 0 0 0
orders of the non - singular square submatrices Echelon form.
of A and is denoted by rank (A). Note: The number of non zero rows of a matrix
Note: i) If A is a non-zero matrix of order 3, given in echelon form is its rank.
then the rank of A is
 Characteristic Equation of a Matrix:
a) 3 if A is non-singular
b) 2 if A is singular and there exist atleast If A is a matrix of order n  n then A   I  0 is
one of its 2  2 submatrices is non-singular called the characteristic equation of the matrix A.
c) 1 if A is singular and every 2  2 submatrix
is singular  a11 a12 a13 
ii) A positive integer r is said to be the rank of a  a23  , then its characteristic
If A   a21 a 22

non-zero matrix A, if
a) There exists at least one minor in A of order r  a31 a32 a33 
which is not zero. and
equation is A   I  0 takes the form
b) Every minor in A of order greater than r is zero.
It is written rank (A) = r.  3  S1 2  S2  S3  0 where
iii) The rank of a null matrix is defined as zero
iv) The rank of identy matrix of order n is n S1  a11  a22  a33 = sum of the leading
v) If A is a non-singular matrix of order n then diagonal elements of A.
rank  A  n . a11 a12 a22 a23 a11 a13
vi) Elementary operations do not change the S2   
a21 a22 a32 a33 a31 a33
rank of a matrix.
vii) If A T is a transpose of A, then = sum of the minors of the leading diagonals
elements of A
rank  AT   rank  A 
S3  A =determinant of the matrix A.

MATRICES 95
 1 1 0 Solution of system of homogeneous
1 2 1 linear equations in two unknowns :
W.E-8 : If A=   then A3  3 A2  I 
 2 1 0   a1 x  b1 y  0 , a2 x  b2 y  0
Sol. Characteristic equation of A is A   I  0  a1 b1   x  0 
Its matrix form is  a 
1  1 0
 2 b2   y  0 
 1 2 1 0
2 1 
 AX  O
a1 b1
 (1   )   (2   )  1  1[  2]  0 (i) a  b  System has unique solution that is
2 2
  3  3 2  I  0 (or ) A3  3 A2  I  0 x = 0 = y (trivial solution)
 Solution of system of non-
homogenoeous linear equations in a1 b1
(ii) a  b  System has infinitely many
two unknowns: 2 2

a1 x  b1 y  c1 , a2 x  b2 y  c2 solutions (non-trivial solutions)

(iii) The above system of equations is always
 a1 b1   x   c1  consistent.
Its matrix form is  a b   y    c 
 2 2   2  Solution of system of homogeneous
 AX  D linear equations in three unknowns :
a1 b1 a1 x  b1 y  c1 z  0 , a2 x  b2 y  c2 z  0
i) a  b  system has unique solutions
2 2
a3 x  b3 y  c3 z  0 Its matrix form is
(consistent)  X  A1 D
a1 b1 c1  a1 b1 c1   x  0 
ii) a  b  c  System has no solution a
2 2 2
 2 b2 c2   y   0   AX  O
(inconsistent)  a3 b3 c3   z  0 
a1 b1 c1
iii) a  b  c  System has infintely many (i) A  0 then the system has unique solution i.e
2 2 2
solutions (consistent) x  y  z =0 (trivial solution)
 Solution of system of non-
(ii) A  0 then the system also has infinitely many
homogeneous linear equations in
three unknowns : solutions (non-trivial solutions)
(iii) The above system of equations is always
a1 x  b1 y  c1z  d1 , a2 x  b2 y  c2 z  d2
consistent.
a3 x  b3 y  c3 z  d3 Its matrix form is  Solution of a system of Linear
 a1 b1 c1   x   d 1  Equations by Matrix-Rank method :
a b2 c2   y    d 2   AX  D Let AX=B be a system of ‘n’ linear equations in
 2    
 a 3 b3 c3   z   d 3  ‘n’ variables.
1. Write the augmented matrix [A B]
(i) A  0 then the system has unique solution 2. Reduce the augmented matrix to echelon form
(ii) A  0 then the system also has infinitely many using elementary row-opeations
solutions or no solution 3. Determine the rank of the coefficient matrix A
Consistent System: A system of equations is and augmented matrix [A B] by counting the
said to be consistent if its solution (one or more) number of non-zero rows in A and [A B].
exist. i) If rank  A  rank  AB ,then the system of
Inconsistent system:A system of equations
is said to be inconsistent if its solution does not equations is inconsistent.
exist.

MATRICES 96
 ii) If rank  A  rank  AB = the number of W.E-10: If 1 , 2 are roots of ax 2  bx  c  0 ,
unknowns, then the system of equations is 1,  2 are roots of px 2  qx  r  0 and
consistent and has a unique solution.
iii) If rank  A  rank  AB  the number of equations 1 y   2 z  0, 1 y   2 z  0 have a
unknowns, then the system of equations is b2
consistent and has infinitely many solutions. non trivial solution, then 2  _ ___ _
q
 Let AX  O be a homogeneous system of linear
equations. Sol. 1 y  2z  0 and 1 y  2 z  0 have a non trivial
a) If rank  A  number of variables, then solution
AX  O have a trivial solution 1  2
i.e. zero solution.     0  1 2   2 1  0
1 2
b) If rank  A  number of variables, then
1 1    2 1   2
AX  O have a non-trivial solution. It will have    1 
infinitely many solutions. 2 2 1   2 1   2
 Conditions for consistency : 2 2
The following cases may arise: 
1   2  
 1   2 
2 2
(i) If   0 , or Rank (A) = Rank [AB] =3 then 1   2   41 2  1   2   41 2
the system is consistent and has a unique solution,
which is given by Cramer’s rule: b2 q2
   a2 p2
x  1 , y  2 ,z  3  
   b2 c q2 4r
4 
(ii) If   0 and at least one of the determinants a 2
a p2 p
1 ,  2 ,  3 is non -zero,(or)  =0 and
b2 q2 b2 b2  4ac
 adjA B  0 (or) rank (A)  rank  AB  the  2   2  2
b  4ac q 2  4 pr q q  4 pr
given system is inconsistent i.e., it has no solution.
(iii) If   0 and 1   2   3  0 ,  Geometrical Transformations :
(or)   0 and  adjA B  0 Reflection of a point R  x, y  in x-axis :

(or) rank (A) = rank  AB  < 3 then the system is Let R '  x ' , y '  is the reflection of the point R
consistent and dependent, and has infinitely many
solutions.
 x, y  on x-axis. The matrix of reflection is given
W.E-9: If the system of equations x  y  z  1 , by
x  2 y  4 z  n and x  4 y  10 z  n 2
are consistent.then the values of ‘n’ are__
1 1 1  x '   1 0  x 
 '     
Sol.   1 2 4 = 0  system has no solution or
 y   0 1 y 
1 4 10
infinitely many solutions. Given system is consistent
It has infinitely many solutions Reflection of a point R  x, y  in y-axis:
1 1 1
 1 0   x 
 3  0  1 2 n 0 R  x' , y '     
1 4 n2  0 1  y 
 (1 - 2) (2 - n) (n - 1) = 0  n = 1, 2.
MATRICES 97
 a h g
2. h b f = abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2
g f c
1 a a2 1 a bc
2
1 b b 1 b ca
3.   a  b  b  c  c  a 
1 c c2 1 c ab
Note:(i) Reflection of a point R  x, y  through
origin is given by 1 a a3 1 a 2 bc
1
 x   1 0  x
 1   1 b b3  1 b 2 ca 
y   0  1   y  4.
1 c c3 1 c2 ab
(ii) Reflection of point R  x, y  in the line y = x
 a  b  b  c  c  a  a  b  c 
0 1
is given by  1 
0 1 a2 a3 a a 2 bc

1 b2 b3  b b 2 ca
(iii) Reflection of point R  x, y  in the line 5.
1 c2 c3 c c2 ab
 0 1 
y = -x is given by   1 0    a  b  b  c  c  a  ab  bc  ca 

(iv) Reflection of point R  x, y  in 1 a a4
1 b b4 
y   tan   x i.e y  mx or y   tan   x is 6.  a  b  b  c  c  a 
1 c c4

a 2
 b2  c 2  ab  bc  ca 
2 2
n2  n  1  n  2 
2 2 2

7.
n  1 n  2  n  3  8
2 2 2
n  2  n  3 n  4 
 2 2
n2  n  1  n  2 
2 2 2

8. n  3 n  4  n  5    216
given by 2 2 2
n  6 n  7  n  8 
 1  tan 2  2 tan  
 cos  sin    1  tan 2  1  tan 2 
 xa a2 a3
  
  sin 2 cos     2 tan  1  tan 2  b2 b3


 W.E-11:If x  b 2
= 0 and a  b  c then x 
 1  tan 2  1  tan 2   xc c c3
1 m2 2m  Sol: By given result
  x a2 a3 a a2 a3
1 m2 1 m2
 
 2m 1 m2  x b2 3
b  b b2 b3  0
 
1 m2 1 m2  x c2 c3 c c2 c3
(v) Rotation of axes through an angle ' ' is given 1 a2 a3 1 a a2
 cos   sin   x x 1 b2 b 3  abc 1 b b2  0
by R  x , y   
' ' '

cos    y 1 c2 c3 1 c c2
 sin   
Standard Results : x(a  b)(b  c)(c  a )(ab  bc  ca ) +
a b c abc( a  b)(b  c)(c  a )  0
b c a  abc
1. = – (a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc) x   a  b  c
c a b ( a  b ) ( b  c )( c  a )

MATRICES 98
 C.U.Q  1  2 
 2 
ALGEBRA OF MATRICES 11. If A =  2  1  then A is
 1  
1. If two matrices A an B are of order p  q and  
r  s respectively, can be substracted only, if 1) Orthogonal 2) involutary
1) p  q 2) p  q, r  s 3) Symmetric 4) Idempotent
3) p  r , q  s 4) p  r 12. A skew - symmetric matrix S satisfies the
2. A square matrix (aij) in which aij = 0 for i  j relation S 2  I  0 , where I is a unit matrix
and aij = k (constant) for i = j is (EAM-2001) then S is
1) Unit matrix 2) Scalar matrix 1) Idempotent 2) Orthogonal
3) Null matrix 4) Diagonal matrix 3) involutary 4) Nilpotent
3. If A = [aij] is a scalar matrix of order n × n,
such that aij = k for all i=j, then trace of A =  1 2  3i 3  4i 

A   2  3i 0 4  5i 
n 13. If then A is
1) nk 2) n+k 3) 4) 1
k 3  4i 4  5i 2 
4. If A and B are two matrices such that A has
1) Hermitian 2) Skew-Hermitian
identical rows and AB is defined.
Then AB has 3) Symmetric 4) Skew-Symmetric
1) no identical rows 2) identical rows 14. If A and B are square matrices of size
2 2
3) no identical columns 4)cannot be determined n  n such that A  B   A  B  A  B  ,then
5. If AB = O, then which of the following will be always true.
1) A = O 2) B = O 1) AB=BA
3) A and B need not be zero matrices 2) Either A or B is a zero matrix
4) A and B are zero matrices
3) Either A or B is an identity matrix
6. If A , B are two square matrices of order n
4) A=B
and A and B commute (K be a real number).
15. If B is an idempotent matrix and
Then
1) A - KI, B - KI Commute A  I  B then AB 
2) A - KI, B - KI are equal 1) I 2)0 3)  I 4) B
3) A - KI, B - KI do not commute 16. If A is a symmetric or skew-symmetric
4) A + KI, B - KI do not commute matrix then A2 is
7. If D1 and D2 are two 3 × 3 diagonal matrices 1) symmetric 2) skew-symmetric
then 3) Diagonal 4) scalar or matrix
1) D1 D2 is a diagonal matrix 17. Let A be a square matrix. consider
2) D1 + D2 is a diagonal matrix 1) A + AT 2) AAT 3) AT A 4) AT+A
3) D12 +D22 is a diagonal matrix 5) A - AT 6) AT - A , Then
4) 1, 2, 3 are correct 1) all are symmetric matrices
8. If AB = AC then 2) (2),(4),(6) are symmetric matrices
1) B = C 2) B  C 3) (1),(2),(3),(4) are symmetric matrices &
3) B need not be equal to C 4) B = -C (5),(6) are skew symmetric matrices
9. If AB  AC  B  C , then A is 4) 5,6 are symmetric
1) non-singular 2) singular 18. If A, B are symmetric matrices of the same
3) symmetric 4) Skew symmetric order then AB-BA is [EAM-2009]
10. If A and B are two matrices such that 1) symmetric matrix
A + B and AB are both defined then 2) skew symmetric matrix
1) A and B are two matrices not necessarily of 3)Diagonal matrix 4) identity matrix
same order 19. If a matrix A is both symmetric and skew-
2) A and B are square matrices of same order symmetric then A is
3) A and B are matrices of same type 1) I 2) O
4) A and B are rectangular matrices of same order 3) Both 1 and 2 4) Diagonal matrix
MATRICES 99
20. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix and n is 29. If A and B are two non-singular matrices then
odd positive integer, then An is Adj (AB) =
1) a symmetric matrix
2) skew-symmetric matrix 1) Adj (B) Adj A 2) Adj A Adj B
3) diagonal matrix 4) triangular matrix
21. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix and n is 3) Both (1) and (2) 4) A B
even positive integer , then An is 30. A 3x3 is a nonsingular matrix  A2 (Adj A) =
1) a symmetric matrix 1) A A 2) I 3) A I 4) A I
2

2) skew-symmetric matrix
3) diagonal matrix 4) triangular matrix 31. If ‘d’ is the determinant of a square matrix A
of order n, then the determinant of its adjoint
22. If A   aij  33 is a square matrix so that is (EAM -2000)
1) dn 2) dn-1 3) dn-2 4) d
aij  i 2  j 2 , then A is a 32. If A is a non singular matrix then which of
1) unit matrix 2) symmetric marix the following is not true
3) skew symmetric matrix 4) orthogonal matrix 1 1
23. If A, B are two idempotent matrices and 1) AdjA  A A1 2)  AdjA  A A
AB = B A = 0 then A+B is
1) Scalar matrix 2) Idempotent matrix  
3) det A1 =(detA)-1 4) AdjA  I
3) Diagonal matrix 4) Nilpotent matrix a1 b1 c1 A1 A2 A3
24. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix of order n,
and C is a column matrix of order n 1 33. If   a 2 b2 c2
then B1 B2 B3 
a3 b3 c3 C1 C2 C3
then C T AC is
1) A Identity matrix of order n  A1 , A2 , A3 ...are cofactors 
2) A unit matrix of order one
2
3) A zero matrix of order one 1) 2) 2 3)  2 4) 
4) A zero matrix of order n. 2
DETERMINANTS AND 34. Given ai 2  bi 2  ci 2  1 i  1, 2,3 and
INVERSE OF A MATRIX ai a j  bi b j  ci c j  0  i  j, i, j  1, 2, 3 then
25. A and B are square matrices of order 3  3 ,
A is an orthogonal matrix and B is a skew a1 a2 a3
symmetric matrix. Which of the following
the value of b1 b2 b3
is
statement is not true c1 c2 c3
1) A  1 2) B  0 3) AB  1 4) AB  0
1
1) 0 2) 3)  1 4) 2
 a1 a2 a3  2
26. If A   b1 b2 b3  and Ai, Bi, Ci, are 35. If A, B are square matrices of order 3, then
 
 c1 c2 c3  1) AB  0  A  0 and B  0
cofactors of ai, bi, ci then a1 B1 + a2B2+a3B3 =
2
2) AB  0  A  0 or B  0
1) 0 2) A 3) A 4) 2 A 1
3)  A  B   A1  B 1
27. If each element of a row of square matrix is
doubled, the determinant of the matrix is 4) adj (AB) = (adjA) (adjB)
1) not changed 2) doubled 36. If the product of two non zero square
3) multiplied by4 4) multiply by 1/2 matrices A and B of the same order is a zero
matrix then
28. If A is a 3  3 singular matrix then A(Adj A) =
1) Both are singular
1) A I 2) I 3) O 4)  1 2) atleast one of A&B is singular
3) A is non-singular, but B is singular
4) A is singlar but B is non-singular
MATRICES 100
37. If A is an orthogonal matrix, then A1 equals 47. If A is invertible matrix and B is another
1) A 2) AT 3) AAT 4) I matrix such that (AB) exists then
38. The inverse of a symmetric matrix is 1) rank (AB) = rank (A)
(if exists) 2) rank (AB) = rank (B)
1) Diagonal matrix 2) Symmetric matrix 3) rank (AB) > rank (A)
3) Skew - symmetric matrix 4) Can’t say 4) rank (AB) > rank (B)
39. The inverse of a skew symmetric matrix 48. If A is a non zero column matrix of order m1
(if it exists) is amd B is a non zero row matrix of order 1 n
1) a symmetric matrix then rank of AB is
2) a skew symmetric matrix 1) 0 2)1 3) m 4) n
3) a diagonal matrix 4) none of a matrix is unique
40. The inverse of a skew symmetric matrix of 49. If A33 . X 31  D31 is a consistent system of
odd order is equations having unique solution then
1) a symmetric matrix rank (A)
2) a skew symmetric matrix 1) 3 2) 2 3) 1 4) 0
3) diagonal matrix 4) does not exist
41. If A is a square matrix of order 3 then 50. If A=  ai j  mXn is a matrix of rank r then
Adj ( Adj A2 )  1) r = min {m, n} 2) r < min{m, n}
3) r  min {m, n} 4) r = max {m, n}
2 4 8 16
1) A 2) A 3) A 4) A C.U.Q-KEY
LINEAR EQUATIONS 01) 3 02) 2 03) 1 04) 2 05) 3 06) 1
42. The system of equations which can be solved 07 )4 08) 3 09) 1 10) 2 11) 3 12) 2
by cramer’s rule have 13) 1 14) 1 15) 2 16) 1 17) 3 18) 2
1) unique solution 2) no solution 19) 2 20) 2 21) 1 22) 3 23) 2 24) 3
3) infinitely many solutions 4) two solutions 25) 3 26) 1 27) 2 28) 1 29) 3 30) 1
43. Let AX = B be a system of non homogeneous 31) 2 32) 4 33) 3 34) 3 35) 2 36) 1
equations and det A = 0 then the system has 37) 2 38) 2 39) 2 40) 4 41) 3 42) 1
1) infinity solutions 2) unique solution 43) 4 44) 2 45) 1 46) 4 47) 2 48) 2
3) no solution 4) infinity solutions or no solution 49) 1 50) 3
44. The system AX = B of (n –a) equations in
(n –a) unknowns has infinitely many solutions
if LEVEL - I (C.W)
1) det A  0, (adj A) (B) = 0
2) A  0, (adj A)  B   0 FORMATION OF MATRICES
3) A  0, (adj A)  B   0 4) Identity matrix 1. For 2  3 matrix A   aij  whose elements are
45. The system of equations which can be solved i  j 
2

by matrix inversion method have given by aij  then A is equal to

1) unique solution 2) no solution 2
3) infinitely many solutions 4) two solutions  9   9 
46. consider the system of equations 2 8
2  2 2
8 
ai x  bi y  ci z  0 (where i=1,2,3), if    
1)  9 25  2)  9 25 
8 8
a1 b1 c1  2 2   2 2 
a2 b2 c2  0  9   25 
, then the system has
a3 b3 c3 2 2
8 2 2
8
   
1) only one solution 3)  9 25  4)  9 9
8 8
2) one solution (0,0,0) and one more solution  2 2   2 2 
3) no solution 4) infinite solutions

MATRICES 101
 r  2 5  4 y  3 2 3
2. If   , then 1  2 3   
  2 r  1  z 3  9. If A   4 2 5 and B   4 5  then
   2 1 
1) r  y  z 2) r   y  z
1) AB, BA exist and equal
3)  r  y  z 4) r  y   z
2) AB, BA exist and are not equal
SUM AND DIFFERENCE OF THE 3) AB exist and BA does not exist
MATRICES AND SCALAR 4) AB does not exist and BA exist
ULTIPLE OF A MATRIX m
 1 2   3 3  10. If  m n      25 and m  n, then
3. If A-2B =   and 2A-3B =   n 
3 0   1 1 
then B =
 m, n  
 5 7  5 7  1)  2,3 2)  3, 4  3)  4,3 4)  3, 2 
1)  5 1 
2)   5  1 
    ab b2 
 5 7   5 7  11. If A    a 2  and An  0, then the
  ab 
3)  5 
1 
4)   5 
1 
  minimum value of ‘n’ is
1 0  0 1 1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 5
4. If I =   , B =  and a h   x
0 1  1 0  12. If A  x, y , B   h b , C   y  , then ABC=
   
 cos  sin  
C 
  sin  cos  
 then C= 1) ax  hy  bxy 
2) ax 2  2hxy  by 2 
1) I cos   B sin  2) I sin   B cos  
3) ax 2  2hxy  by 2 2
 4) bx
2
 2hxy  ay 
3) I cos   B sin  4)  I cos  B sin  13. If A = diagonal (3,3,3) then A4 
1)12A 2) 81A 3) 684A 4) 27A
1 2   4 3
5. If A    , B   0 2 and 2A+C=B 1 -2 
2 5   14. If A=  4 and f  t   t 2  3t  7 then
 5 
then C =
 3 6 
6 7   2 1 f(A)+   12  9  = (EAM-2008)
1)   2)    
 4 12   4 8
1 0  0 0 0 1 1 1 
 3 1  6 7  1)   2)   3)   4)  
3)   4)   0 1 0 0 1 0  0 0
 4 8   4 12 
0 1
0 2   0 3a  15. If A =  1 0  then A5 =
6. If A=   ,kA=   then the values  
 3 4   2b 24  1) I 2) O 3) A 4) A2
of k , a, b are respectively.. 1 2 2
1) -6, -12, -18 2) -6, 4, 9 16. If A   2 1 2  ,then A2  4 A is equal to
3) -6, -4, -9 4) -6, 12, 18  2 2 1 
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
7. If(1 2 3) B =(3 4)then order of the matrix B is 1) 2I 3 2) 3I 3 3) 4I 3 4) 5I3
1) 3 1 2) 3  2 3) 2  4 4) 5  2  1  tan    1 tan    a b 
8. If a matrix has 13 elements, then the possible 17. If  tan  1    tan 
=
1   b a 

dimensions (orders) of the matrix are
1) 1 × 13 or 13 × 1 2) 1 × 26 or 26 × 1 1) a  1, b  1 2) a  sec 2  , b  0
3) 2 × 13 or 13 × 2 4) 13 × 13 3) a  0, b  sin 2  4) a  sin 2 , b  cos 2

MATRICES 102
 a2 ab ac  TRACE OF MATRIX
  24. If Tr(A) = 6  Tr (4A )=
18. If A   ab b2 bc  and a 2  b 2  c 2  1,
 ac bc c 2  1) 3/2 2) 2 3) 12 4) 24
 25. If Tr (A)=3, Tr(B)=5 then Tr(AB) =
then A2  1)15 2)5 3)3/5 4) Cannot say
1) A 2) 2A 3) 3A 4) 4A
19. A fruit shop has 5 dozen oranges, 3 dozen 1 2 3 1 0 0
mangoes, 6 dozen bananas their selling prices  
6  , B   0 0  , Tr ( BA )  ...
26. If A   4 5 3

are Rs 60, Rs40, Rs30 each respectively.  7 1 0   0 4 5 
Using matrix algebra the value of the fruits in
the shop is 1) 40 2) 45 3) 39 4) 5
1) 7200 2) 7000 3) 2700 4) 7500 TRANSPOSE AND PROPERTIES OF
PROBLEMS BASED ON INDUCTION TRANSPOSE OFMATRIX
x x 27. If A is a 3 × 4 matrix and B is matrix such
20. If A   x x 
, then An  ............, n  N
 that AT B and BAT are both define then order
2n x n 2n x n   2n 1 x n 2 n1 x n  of B is
1)  n n  2)  n 1 n  1) 3 × 4 2) 4 × 3 3) 3 × 3 4) 4 × 4
2 x 2n x n  2 x 2 n1 x n 
n 2 n n 2 n n1 n1 n1 n1 r  4 6   5 r  2 T
2 x 2 x  2 x 2 x  28.  3 = then r 
3)  n 2 n n 2 n  4)  n1 n1 n1 n1  r  3 r  5 4 
2 x 2 x  2 x 2 x 
21. 2
Matrix A is such that A = 2A - I where I is 1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) -1
the unit matrix . Then for n  2, An =  7 -10 17 
(EAM-2013) 29. If 3A + 4BT =   and
1) nA  ( n  1) I 2) nA I  0 6 31
n1
3) 2 A  (n 1)I 4) 2n 1 A  1  1 18 
 
 i o o 4 6 
o i o  then A
2B-3AT =  then B =
4 n 1
 ..., n  N  5 7 
22.    
o o i 
1 3 1 3  1 3  1 3 
1 0 0  1 0 0       
0 

1)  0 1 0

 0 1 0 
2)  
1)  1 0  2)  1 0  3)  1 0  4)  1
 2 4   2 4  2 4  2 4 
 0 0 1   0 0 1       

i 0 0  i 0 0   3 4 
 0   30. If 5A =   and A AT = AT A=I then x=
3)  0 i 4)  0 i 0 
 4 x 
 0 0 i  0 0  i 
1) 3 2) -3 3) 2 4) -2
1 0  1 0  SYMMETRIC, SKEW SYMMETRIC
23. If A  1 1  and I   0 1  , then which one
    MATRICES & SPECIAL TYPES
of the following holds for all n  1 (by the OF MATRICES
principle of mathematical induction)
1) An  nA   n  1 I 2 x3 x  2
 2  1 
31. If A=  3 is a symmetric matrix
2) An  2n1 A   n  1 I  4 1  5 
n
3) A  nA   n  1 I then x 
n
4) A  2 n 1
A   n  1 I 1) 0 2) 3 3) 6 4) 8

MATRICES 103
  2 3 5 b2  c2 a2 a2
  b2 c2  a2 b2 
32.  4 1 2   P  Q , where P is a symmetric 38.
1 2 1 c2 c2 2
a b 2
 
and Q is a skew-symmetric then Q= 1) a2b2c2 2) 4abc 3) 4a2b2c2 4) 2a2b2c2

 1   1  a b c 2a 2a
 0 2
2  0 2
1
2b bca 2b
    39. =
 1 0 0  1 0 0 2c 2c ca b
1)  2 
2)  2 
  (EAM-2008,1995)
  2 0 0
   1 0 0
 1) 2(a+b+c)3 2) (a-b-c)3
    3) 2(a-b-c)3 4) (a+b+c)3
 0 1 0  0 2 3  2  3  1   3
   
3)   1 0 1
4)   2 0 4
40. If
 1 2  4
 0  1 0   3 4 0 
   3   4 3
 2  2  4  p 4  q 3  r  2  s  t then t 
 4 
33. If A =  1 3 then A is 1) 16 2) 17 3) 18 4) 19
 1  2  3 
5 5  
1) an idempotent marix 2) nilpotent matrix A  0 5   ;If A  25 .then  
2
41. 
 
3) involutary 4) orthogonal matrix
 0 0 5 
DETERMINANTS AND ITS
PROPERTIES [EAM-2007]
1
a c b  1) 5 2) 52 3)1 4)
5
34. If A   b a c  then the cofactor of a 32
 c b a 
42. If a, b, c are in A.P.then

in A + AT is x 1 x2 xa
x2 x3 xb 
1) 
 2 a(b  c )   b  c 
2
 2) ac  b 2
x3 x4 xc
3) a 2  bc 4) 2a(a  c)  a  c2
1)1 2) 0 3) -1 4) 2
2i 2i 43. If x,y, z are all different and if
35. The value of is { i 2  1 }
1 i 1 i x x 2 1  x3
1) A complex quantity 2) real quantity y y 2 1  y3
3) 0 4) cannot be determined = 0 then 1  xyz 
z z2 1  z3
18 40 89 
 40 (EAM-2010)
89 198   ....
36. det   1) -1 2) 0 3) 1 4) 2
 89 198 440 
x2 x3 x 5
1) -8 2) -6 3) -1 4) 0 x4 x6 x9
44. =
24 25 26 x  8 x  11 x  15 (EAM-2013)
25 26 27
37. is equal to (EAM-2011)
26 27 27 1) 3 x 2  4 x  5 2) x 2  8 x  2
3) 0 4) -2
1) 0 2) -1 3) 1 4) 2

MATRICES 104
 a 2b 2c  1 0 2   5 a 2 
   
45. If a  6 , b, c satisfy 3 b c
= 0, then abc  53. Adj 1 1 2  =  1 1 0    a b 
4 a b  0 2 1   2 2 b 
1) a  b  c 2) 0 1)  4 1 2)  4 1
3) b3 4) ab  b  c
3)  4 1 4)  4 1
log e log e 2 log e3
log e 2 log e3 log e 4  54. If A is a 3x3 matrix and adjA  16 then A =
46. 1) 4 2) -4 3)  4 4) 8
log e3 log e 4 log e5
55. If det ( A33 )  6 , then det (adj 2A)=
1) 0 2) 1 3) 4 loge 4) 5 loge
1) 144 2) 22  38 3) 33  24 4) 32  28
a a x INVERSE OF A MATRIX
m m m 0
47. If then x   1 1 x
b x b 1 x 1 
1) a 2) b 3) a or b 4) 0 56. If  has no inverse, then the real
 x 1 1 
48. The value of a third order determinant is 11,
then the value of the square of the value of x is [EAM-2009]
determinant formed by the cofactors will be 1) 2 2) 3 3) 0 4) 1
1) 11 2) 121 3) 1331 4) 14641 1
49. If matrix A is an circulant matrix whose  1  tan   1  tan 
57. If    =
elements of first row are a, b, c all >0 such  tan  1   tan  1 
that abc = 1 and AT A  I then 1
cos   sin  
a 3  b3  c 3 equals  sin  cos   then  =
1) 0 2) 4 3) 1 4) 3  
50. In a third order determinant, each element   
of the first column consists of sum of two 1) 0 2) 3) 4)
2 4 6
terms, each element of the second column
58. The inverse of
consists of sum of three terms and each
element of the third column consits of sum of 1 a b 1  a  b
four terms,.Then it can be decomposed into 0 x 0is 0
   1 0 then x 
n determinants, where n has value
1) 1 2) 9 3) 16 4) 24 0 0 1 0 0 1 
ADJOINT OF A MATRIX 1) a 2) b 3) 0 4) 1
 12 22 32  59. If a, b, c and d are real numbers such that
 2 
32 42 
51. If A =  2 2 then Adj A   a  ib
and if A  
c  id 
then A1 
3 42 5 2  
  c  id a  ib 
1) 8 2) 16 3) 64 4) 128 [EAM-2014]
52. If A is a square matrix such that A (AdjA)
 a  ib c  id   a  ib c  id 
1)   2) 
4 0 0  c  id a  ib   c  id a  ib 
 
 0 4 0
then det (AdjA) = (EAM-2007)  a  ib c  id   a  ib c  id 
 0 0 4 3)  4) 
   
 c  id a  ib   c  id a  ib 
1) 4 2) 16 3) 64 4) 256

MATRICES 105
60. If A is a non zero square matrix of order n 69. The system of equations 3x  2 y  z  6 ,
with det( I+A)  0 and A3  0 ,where I, O are 3 x  4 y  3 z  14 and 6 x  10 y  8 z  a , has
unit and null matrices of order nxn infinite number of solutions, if a is equal to
respectively then ( I  A)1  (EAM-2010) (EAM-2013)
1) I  A  A2 2) I  A  A2 1) 8 2) 12 3) 24 4) 36
70. The number of solutions of the equation
3) I  A2 4) I  A
3x  3y  z  5, x  y  z  3,2x  2y  z  3
61. If A  0 and ( A  2 I )( A  3I )  0 then A1 
1) 1 2) 0 3) infinite 4) two
A  5I 5I  A 5A  I 5I  A HOMOGENEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS:
1) 2) 3) 4) 71. The number of non-trivial solutions of the
6 5 6 6
RANK OFA MATRIX system x  y  z  0, x  2 y  z  0,

  1 2 3 2 x  y  3z  0 is [EAM-2007]
62. The rank of the matrix A =   is 1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3
  2 4 6 72. If x, y, z not all zeros and the equations
1) 3 2) 2 3) 1 4) 0 x  cy  bz , y  az  cx, z  bx  ay
63. If I is a (9 × 9) unit matrix, then rank ( I ) = are consistent then a relation among a,b,c is
1) 0 2) 3 3) 6 4) 9 (AIE-2008)
64. The ranks of the matrices in descending order 1) a  b  c  0 2) a 2  b 2  c 2  2abc  0
2 2 2

1 4  1 1 1 1 1 2 3 3) a 2  b 2  c 2  2abc  1
     4 
A.  2 3 0
B. 1 1 1 C.  2 3
4) a 2  b 2  c 2  2abc  0
 0 1 2  1 1 1  0 1 2 
73. If x, y, z not all zeros and the equations
1) A,B,C 2) A,C,B 3) B,C,A 4) C,A,B x  y  z  0 , (1  a ) x  (2  a) y  8 z  0 ,
1 2 3 0 x  (1  a) y  (2  a) z  0 have non-trivial
2 4 3 2 
65. If the matrix A   is of rank solution then a =
3 2 1 3
  1) 2  15 2) 3  15
6 8 7 
3) 15 4) 5  2 2
3, then   (EAM-2014)
1) -5 2) 5 3) 4 4) -4 74. If a  b  c  1 and the system ax  y  z  0
SOLUTION OF SIMULTANEOUS x  by  z  0 , x  y  cz  0 have non trivial
EQUATION NON HOMOGENEOUS solutions then a  b  c  abc  ...............
LINEAR EQUATIONS 1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 4
66 The solution of 2 x  y  z  1 , x  2 y  3z  1 , LEVEL - I (C.W)- KEY
3x  2 y  4 z  5 is 01) 2 02) 4 03) 2 04) 1 05) 2 06) 3
1) 1,2,3 2) 1,2,-3 3) 1,-3,2 4) 1,3,2 07) 2 08) 1 09) 2 10) 2 11) 1 12) 2
67. The system of equations 13) 4 14) 2 15) 3 16) 4 17) 2 18) 1
2 x  6 y  11  0 , 6 y  18 z  1  0 19) 1 20) 2 21) 1 22) 3 23) 3 24) 4
25) 4 26) 1 27) 1 28) 1 29) 3 30) 1
6 x  20 y  6 z  3  0
31) 3 32) 1 33) 1 34) 1 35) 1 36) 3
1) is consistent 2) has unique solution 37) 3 38) 3 39) 4 40) 3 41) 4 42) 2
3) is inconsistent 4) cannot be determined 43) 2 44) 4 45) 3 46) 1 47) 3 48) 4
68. The value of 'a' for which the equations 49) 2 50) 4 51) 3 52) 2 53) 3 54) 3
3 x  y  az  1 , 2 x  y  z  2 , 55) 4 56) 4 57) 1 58) 4 59) 3 60) 1
x  2 y  az  1 fail to have unique 61) 4 62) 3 63) 4 64) 2 65) 2 66) 3
solution is 67) 3 68) 2 69) 4 70) 3 71) 1 72) 3
1) 7/2 2) -7/2 3) 2/7 4) -2/7 73) 4 74) 3

MATRICES 106
 LEVEL - I (C.W)-HINTS 18. Find A2 and use a 2  b 2  c 2  1
 a11 a12 a13  19. No of fruits
1. a a a  be a 2  3 matrix find all elements. A  5 12  60 3 12  36 6 12  72
 21 22 23 
2. Equating corresponding elements selling prices (in Rs)

 2 4   60 
3. 2 A  4B    B   40 
6 0  total value of the fruits
30 
 3 3 
2 A  3B    subtract and find B.
 1 1 60 
A B   6 0 3 6 7 2   4 0 
 c os  0   0 sin    7200
4. C    3 0 
 0 cos    sin  1 
20. put n = 3
 I cos   B sin  21. put n = 3
 4 3  2 4  22. put n = 1
5. C  B  2 A , C   0 2   4 10   1 0 3 1 0  1 0
   
23. A2    ,A    An   
 2 1 3 1  n 1 
 0 3a 
k k  n 0 n  1 0 
A   nA    ,  n  1 I  
6.  2b 24  n n  0 n  1
 k k 
 1 0
7. order of B is 3 × 2 nA   n  1 I     An
8. possible order of the matrices are 1×13 or 13×1  n 1
9. AB, BA exists and not equal 24.. Tr  4 A  4Tr  A 
10. m  n  25 and m<n Hence  m, n    3, 4 
2 2
25. Tr ( AB )  Tr ( A).Tr ( B )
 a 2 b 2  a 2b 2 ab3  ab3  26. Find BA
11. A2   3 3 2 2 2 2
0 27. Verification
 a b  a b a b  a b  28. r  4  5  r 1
 A3  A. A2  0 and An  0 , for all n  2 T
12. find ABC 29. 
find 3 A  4 BT  and adding
13. A4  81I  27 A 30. find AAT
14. f  A   A2  3 A  7 I 31. AT  A
15. A2  I  A5  A A  AT
32. Q
2
1 2 2  9 8 8 
A   2 1 2  A   8 9 8 
2 33. A2  A
16. ,
 2 2 1   8 8 9  34. find A  AT and find cofactor
35. expand
5 0 0
36. Applying C2  C2  2C1 , C3  C3  2C2
 A  4 A  0 5 0   5 I3
2
 
 0 0 5  24 25 26
R2  R2  R1
1 1
17. Use multiplication of matrices and equal 37. we get 1 1
R3  R3  R2 1 1 0
corresponding elements.

MATRICES 107
38. put a = 1, b = 1, c = 2 verify option 58. vertify with AA1  I
39. Put a=1,b=1,c=1
40. put   0 a b 1 1  d b 
59. If A    the A   
2 2 c d ad  bc   c a 
41.  A  25  A  625
42. Put a=1, b=2, c=3 60. ( I 3  A3 )  ( I  A)( I  A  A2 ) = I
43. Split into two determinants 61. A2  5 A  6 I  0
44. R2  R2  R1 , R3  R3  R2 and expand 5I  A
5 A  A2  6 I  A1 
45. expand 6
log e 2 log e 3 lo g e 1 2 3 62. All 2 × 2 sub matrices are singular
3 lo g e 3 log e 4 log e  2 3 4 63. Rank of I is its order
46. (log e)3 64. Rank of the matrixof order 3 × 3
3 lo g e 4 log e 5 log e 3 4 5
65. det A = 0
R2  R2  R1 , R3  R3  R2 66. By verification
67. Rank ( A)  Rank ( AD )
a a x
68. Rank ( A)  Rank ( AD )  3
m1 1 1 0
47. and expand 69. Rank ( A)  Rank ( AD )  3
b x b
70. Rank ( A)  Rank ( AD )  3
we get (b  x)(a  x)  0
1 1 1
48. It is square of
1 2 1  0
n 1 2 2 2
71.

det  adj A   det A    11   114
2 1 3
= 14641 1 c b
49. AT A  I  ’A’ is a orthogonal matrix  A  1 c 1 a 0
72.
b a 1
a b c 1 1 1
b c a  1  3abc  a3  b3  c3  1 1 a 2a 8 0
73.
c a b 1  (1  a ) (2  a )
a 1 1
 3 1  1  a 3  b3  c3
1 b 1 0
74.
 a 3  b3  c 3  4 or 2 1 1 c
50. 2 x 3 x 4 = 24
n 1
51. AdjA  A LEVEL - I (H.W)
52. A  adjA  A .I
FORMATION OF MATRICES
53. Find adjA
1
54. AdjA  16  A  16  A  4
2
1. If aij   3i  2 j  and A   aij  22 , then A is
2
n 1 equal to
55. AdjkA  kA  ( k n A ) n 1
 1/ 2 2  1/ 2 1/ 2
1)   2) 
1 1 x
 1/ 2 1   2 1 
56. i.e 1 x 1  0 and expand
 2 2   2 2 
x 1 1 3)   4)  
1/ 2 1/ 2   1/ 2 1/ 2 
57. AA1  I and I 1  I

MATRICES 108
  x  3 2 y  x  0  7 i 0
 , 7. If A   then A2 =
2. If  0  i 
 z  1 4a  z  3 2a 
( x  y  z  a)  1 0   1 0 1 0  1 0 
1)  0  1 2)  0 
 1
3) 0 
1
4)  0 1
1) -1 2) 0 3) 1 4) 8      
SUM AND DIFFERENCE OF THE 3 0 0
MATRICES AND SCALAR A   0 3 0 
8. If then A5 
MULTIPLE OF MATRIX:  0 0 3 

1 2  3 5 1) 243 2) 81A 3) 243A 4) 81I

3. 3 4 + 2X = 5 9 ,  X = a h g  x
   
z   h  y 
9. If  x y b f   
1 3   g f c   z 
2 3 2
1)   2) 1 5 
 2 5  2 1)  ax 2  by 2  cz 2  2hxy  2 gxz  2 fyz 

1 3  2)  ax 2  by 2  cz 2  hxy  gxz  fyz 

 2 3  2  2 2 2
3)   4)  3)  2ax  2by  2cz  hxy  gxz  fyz 
2 5 1  5 
 2
4)  2ax 2  2by 2  2cz 2  2hxy  2 gxz  2 fyz 
 1 4 7  10. If AB = A and BA = B then
 
4. The additive inverse of   3 2 5 
is 1) A = 2B 2) A2 = A and B2 = B
 2 3  1  3) 2A = B 4) cannot be determined

2 1 
11. If A    then A2  2 A  I 
 1 4 7   1 4 7  3 0
   
3 2 5  3 2 5  12 4  12 4  4 12   4 12 
1)  2)  1) 12 4  2)  4 12  3) 12 4)
 2 3 1 
 
 2 3 1 
       4   12 4 

 1 4 7  1 0 0 1 
  12. If I    ,E    , then (aI  bE )3 
3) not possible 4)  3 2 5  0 1 0 0
 2 3 1 
 1) aI  bE 2) a 3 I  b 3 E
 9 1 1 5  3) a 3 I  3ab 2 E 4) a 3 I  3a 2 bE
5. If A  ,B    and
 4 3 6 11 13. If
0
A  
1
then A2016 
3A+5B+2X=0 then X= 1 0 
1) I 2) 0 3) A 4) A2
16 14   16 14 
1)   2)   1 
 21 32   21 32  3
14. If P =   , Q = 2  1 5 , then PQ =
 16 14   16 14   4 
3)   4)  
 21 32   21 32  2 1 5
Multiplication of Matrices:  3 15 
1)  6 2) 2  3 20
a h g  x   8 4 20 
  
6. The order of [x y z] h b f   y is  2 
g f c   z   3
3)   4) 19
 20 
1) 3 × 1 2) 1 × 1 3) 1 × 3 4) 3 × 3
MATRICES 109
 24. Which of the following is not true, if A and B
o c  b a2 ab ac
 c o   are two matrices each of order n  n , then
a  2
ab b bc
15. If A =  and B = 1) ( A  B)T  AT  BT 2) ( A  B)T  AT  BT
 b  a o  ac bc c2 
 
3) ( AB)T  AT BT 4) ( ABC )T  C T BT AT
then AB =
1) A 2) B 3) I 4) O SYMMETRIC, SKEW SYMMETRIC
TRACE OF MATRIX & SPECIAL TYPES OF MATRICES
16. If Tr (A) = 2+i  Tr [(2-i)A] =  x  7
1) 2+i 2) 2-i 3) 3 4) 5 25. A   is a skew-symmetric matrix,
17 If Tr (A) = 8 , Tr(B) = 6,  Tr (A - 2B) = 7 y 
1) -4 2) 4 3) 2 4) 11 then ( x, y ) 
PROBLEMS BASED ON INDUCTION 1) (1,-1) 2) (7,-7) 3) (0,0) 4)(14,-14)
n 1 6
 2 -1   1 0  26.  7 2  =P+Q, where P is a symmetric & Q
18.   =  if ‘n’ is  
 3 -2   0 1 
is a skew-symmetric then P=
1) odd 2) any natural number
3) even 4) not possible  13   13 
1  1 
 4 2 2
3 1) 13  2)  13 
19. If A  1  1 
then AP where P  N is  2  2 
 2   2 
2P 4 P  1  2 P  4 P 
1)  2)  1
 P 1  2 P   P 1  2 P  1   0 13 
 2 2
1  2 P  4P 1  2 p 4  3) 1

 4) 13 0 
2   2 
3)  P  P 
4)   p 1  2 p 
2 
 

 1 1   2 
20. If A=  1 1 , n  N then An = 27. If A =  2  then A is
       
1) 2n-1A 2) 2nA 3) nA 4)2n 1) an idempotent matrix 2) nilpotent matrix
TRANSPOSE AND PROPERTIES OF 3) an orthogonal matrix 4) symmetric
TRANSPOSE OF MATRIX DETERMINANT AND ITS
21. If O  A  2  3, O  B   3  2 , and
PROPERTIES
a b c
O  C   3  3 , which one of the following is
If A  b c a
not defined 28. then cofactor of a21 is
c a b
1) CB  AT 2) BAC
3) C ( A  BT )T 4) C ( A  BT ) 1) b2 - ac 2) ac - b2 3) a2-bc 4) bc-a2
22. If the order of A is 4 × 3, the order of B is 1 4 x y
29. If A    and B    then the cofactor
4 × 5 and the order of C is 7 × 3, then the 2 8  y x
order of ( AT B)T C T is of a21 in AB is
1) 4 × 5 2) 3 × 7 3) 4 × 3 4) 5 ×7 1)  y  4 x 2) y  4 x 3) 2 x  8 y 4)  2 x  8 y
1 2 2 
2 45 55
23. If 3 A   2 1 2  then Det 1 29 32  .....
 2 2  1  30.  
3 68 87
1) AAT  AT A  I 2) AAT  AT A   I
1) 45 2) 64 3) 54 4) 32
3) AAT  AT A  0 4) AAT  AT A  A

MATRICES 110
 1990 1991 1992 ( x  2)2 ( x  1) 2 x2
1991 1992 1993 ( x  1) 2 x2 ( x  1) 2
31. det  = 38. =
1992 1993 1994 x2 ( x  1) 2 ( x  2)2
1) 8 2) 16 3) -8 4) -16
1)1992 2) 1993 3) 1994 4) 0
2
1 2 x 
b  c  a2 b2 
1

39. If  4 7 
is a singular matrix,
b2 (c  a ) 2 b2 2
 4  6 
32.
c2 c2 (a  b)2 then x  (EAM-2007)

  abc (a  b  c)3 then  .... 1) 0 2) 1 3) -3 4) 3

1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3 1 x 2 3
2
33. If 1,  ,  are the cube roots of unity then 40. If 1 2 x 3  0 then x 
1  2 1 2 3 x
 2 1 1) 1 2) -1 3) -6 4) 6
= .....
2 1  1 log b a
41.  .....
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) -1 log a b 1
a b pq x y 1) ab 2) b/a 3) a/b 4) 0
bc qr yz  x2 2x  3 3x  4
34.
ca r p zx 42. If 2 x  3 3 x  4 4 x  5  0 then x 
3x  5 5 x  8 10 x  17
1) 0 2) 1 3) abc 4) xyz
1) 1, 2 2) 1,2 3) 1, 2 4) 1, 2
x  y  2z x y
ADJOINT OF A MATRIX
z y  z  2x y
35. = 1 4 
z x z  x  2y 43. If P    , then adj ( P) 
2 6 
1) ( x  y  z )3 2) 2( x  y  z )3
 1 4 6  4 6  2 2 1
3) x  y  z 4) ( x  y  z ) 2 1)  2 6 2)   2 1  3)   4 1  4) 6 4
      
36. If A,B,C are the angles of triangle ABC, 44. If A3x3 and det A = 5 then det (adj A) =
1) 5 2) 25 3) 125 4) 1/5
sin 2 A sin C sin B
45. If A is a square matrix such that
sin C sin 2 B sin A 
then A adj  A  diag  k , k , k  then adjA 
sin B sin A sin 2C
1) k 2) k 2 3) k 3 4) k 4
3 3 INVERSE OF A MATRIX
1) 1 2) 0 3) -1 4)
8  7 3 3
1 1 0 
 0 pq p  r 46. The inverse of the matrix   is
 q  r  1 0 1 
Det  q  p 0
37. =
 r  p rq 0  (EAM-2008)
1) (p-q) (q-r) (r-p) 2) 0 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 3
3) pqr 4) 4 pqr 3 4 3 4 3 8 3 3 4 1 4 3
1)   2)   3)   4)  
3 3 4 3 4 1 3 4 3 1 3 4

MATRICES 111
  2 2  0 1 1 1 1
47. If A=   B =  then (B-1 A-1)-1 = 1 1  1
 3 2   1 0  54. The rank of  is :
  1 1 1 
 2 2   2 2   2 2   2 2  1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3
1)   2)   3)   4)  
 3 2   2 3   2 3   2 3  1 2 3 1 
 
  1 2 55. The Rank of  2 4 6 2 is
48. The matrix A is such that A  = 1 2 3 2 
 3 1
1) 1 2) 2 3) 0 4) 3
 4 1
 7 7  then A = SOLUTION OF SIMULTANEOUS
  EQUATION NON HOMOGENEOUS
1 1   1 1 1  1  1 1 LINEAR EQUATIONS
1)   2)   3)   4)  56.
The number of solutions of the equations
 2  3   2 3  2 3   2 3
2 x  3 y  5 , x  2 y  7 is ....
49. If A is a 3×3 non singular matrix and
x
1) 1 2) 2 3) 4 4) 0
adjA  A , adj (adjA) = A y , A1 = A z , 57. If the system of equations x  y  z  6 ,
then the values of x, y, z in descending order.. x  2 y   z  0 , x  2 y  3z  10 has no
1) x, y, z 2) z , y, x 3) z , x, y 4) y, x, z solution, then  =
9 0 0 1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 5
A   0 1 0 0  , th e n A  1 
50. If   58. The equations x  4 y  2 z  3,
 0 0 8 
3x  y  5 z  7, 2 x  3 y  z  5 have
1
0 0
 1) A unique solution
9 9 0 0
0 10 0  1  2) Infinite number of solutions
 0 0
1)  1  2)  0 10 3) No solution 4) Two solutions
0 0 
8   0 8 
 59. If x  y  z  1 , ax  by  cz  k ,
1
0 0
 a 2 x  b 2 y  c 2 z  k 2 has unique solution then
  9
9 0 0  1  x  .......
0 10 0 0 0
3)  1 4)  10  (k  b)(c  k ) (k  c )(a  k )
0 0  0 1
 8  0
8 
1) 2)
(a  b)(c  a) (b  c )(c  a)
51. If the value of a third order determinant is (k  a )(b  k )
11, then the value of the determinant of A1  3) 4) ( k  a)( k  b)(k  c )
(b  c )(c  a)
1) 11 2) 121 3) 1/11 4) 1/121
60. Solution of the system of equations
 cos   sin  0 2 3 10 4 6 5
52. If A   sin  cos  0  then ( AdjA)1     4 ,    1,
x y z x y z
 0 0 1 
6 9 20
1) I 2) A 3)  A 4) 0    2, ( x, y, z ) 
x y z
RANK OFA MATRIX 1) (1,2,3) 2) (2,3,5) 3) (3,2,5) 4) (5,3,2)
 1 2 5  61. Consider the system of linear equations:
 2 4 a  4  x1  2 x2  x3  3 ; 2 x1  3 x2  x3  3
53. The rank of the matrix   is
 1 2 a  1  3 x1  5 x2  2 x3  1 . The system has [AIE-2010]
1)3 if a  6 2)1 if a  6 1) Infinite number of solutions
3)3 if a  2 4) 2 if a  6 2) Exactly three solutions
3) A unique solution 4) No solution
MATRICES 112
62. If the system of equations 2 x  3 y  4 z  0 , 1
5. X  3 A  5 B 
5 x  2 y  z  0 , 21x  8 y  az  0 has 2
infinity solutions then a  6. 1 3  3  3  3 1  11
1) -5 2) -4 3) 2 4) 4 7.
63. The real value of 'a' for which the A 2  A. A
e q u a t i o n s ax  y  z  0 ,  x  ay  z  0 , 8. A  3 I , A4  34 I  81I  27 A
9. Using matrix multiplication
 x  y  az  0 have non-zero solution is
1) 1 2) 0 3) -1 4) all the above 10. AB  A   AB  A  A2
64. If the system of equations
 A  BA   A2  AB  A2  A  A2
2 x  3ky  (3k  4) z  0
similarly B  B 2
x  ( k  4) y  (4k  2) z  0 ,
2
x  2(k  4) y  (3k  4) z  0 11. A2  2 A  1   A  I 
has non trivial solution then k= 12. find aI , bE
1 1 13. 2016 2 1013
1) -8 or 2) 8 or  A2  I  A  ( A )  I
2 2
14. PQ  3  3 matrix
1 1 15. find AB
3) -4 or 4) 4 or 
2 2 16. Tr   2  i  A    2  i  Tr  A 
LEVEL - I (H.W)-KEY
01) 2 02) 3 03) 2 04) 4 05) 3 06) 2   2  i  2  i   5
07) 2 08) 2 09) 1 10) 2 11) 1 12) 4 Tr  A  2 B   Tr  A  2Tr  B 
17.
13) 1 14) 1 15) 4 16) 4 17) 1 18) 3
19) 2 20) 1 21) 4 22) 4 23) 1 24) 3 18. verify
25) 3 26) 1 27) 2 28) 2 29) 1 30) 3 19. put P = 2
31) 4 32) 3 33) 1 34) 1 35) 2 36) 2 20. put n = 3.
37) 2 38) 3 39) 3 40) 3 41) 4 42) 1 21. O  A  2  3, O  B   3  2, O  C   3  3
43) 2 44) 2 45) 2 46) 4 47) 2 48) 3
49) 4 50) 4 51) 3 52) 2 53) 2 54) 4  O  BT   2  3  O  A  B T   2  3
55) 2 56) 1 57) 2 58) 3 59) 1 60) 2
61) 4 62) 1 63) 2 64) 1 C  A  BT  is not defined as number of rows of

LEVEL - I(H.W)-HINTS C  number of columns of  A  B  .

T

1 1 1 22. Conceptual
1. aij   3i  2 j   a11  , a12 
2 2 2 23. Find AAT and AT A we get AAT  AT A  I
and a21  2, a22  1 24. Conceptual
25. AT   A
a a12 
 A   aij  22   11  A  AT 
 a21 a22  26. p 
 2 
1/ 2 1/ 2 
A   27. A2  0
 2 1 
b c
2. Equating corresponding elements 28.   1
a b
 2 3 29. find AB and then cofactors
3. 2X   
 2 5 30. applying C3  C3  C2
4. Additive inverse of matrix A is - A
after that C2  C2  3C3 and expand

MATRICES 113
31. Use R2  R2  R1 , R3  R3  R1 62. det A=0
32. put a  b  c  1 find  a 1 1
1 a 1 0 a 0
33. Applying C1  C1  C2  C3 63.
1 1 a
34. R1  R1  R 2  R3
64. det A =0 we get 2k 2  15k  8  0
35. x  y  z 1
36. put A  B  C  600 LEVEL - II (C.W)
37. Det of odd order skew-symmetric matrix is 0
38. put x = 0 and simplify ALGEBRA OF MATRICES:
39. If A is singular matrix A  0 3 2
1. For the matrix A   1 1  , the values of
40. expand  
41. expand ‘a’ and ‘b’ such that A  aA  bI  O are
2

42. Substitute options and verify 1) 2,3 2) 1,4 3) -4,1 4) -2,3

 6 4  2 2 2
adjP    2 
43. 
 2 1  2. If A   2 2
then A3  35 A 
 2 2 2 
n 1 2
44. adjA  A  5  25 1) A 2) 2A 3) 3A 4) 4A
0 0 x 
45. A( AdjA)  A I
A  0 x 0, A100 
3.  
1AdjA  x 0 0
46. A 
det A  0 0 x100  x100 0 0
1 1    
47. B 1
A   AB 1)  0100 x100 0 
2)  0 x
100
0
x 0 0  0 0 x100
48. AB  C  B  A1C  
2  o x100 o 
49. x  n  1, y   n  1 , z  1    o x100 o 
 o o x100   100 
adjA 3)  x100 o o  4) x o o 
50. A 1    o o x100 
A 
0 0
1 4. If A=  1 1  then the value of
A1   
51. A A  A  A  ......  An 
2 3

1 A 1) A 2) nA 3)  n  1 A 4) 0
52.  adjA 
5. The number of 2  2 matrices that can be
A
formed by using 1,2,3,4 when repetitions are
53. C1 , C2 are proportional there fore rank A<3 allowed is
54. 1) 24 2) 12 3) 6 4) 256
det A  0
55. every 3x3 submatrices of A is singular .
SPECIAL TYPES OF MATRICES,
SYMMETRIC & SKEW-
56. det A  0 SYMMETRIC MATRICES
57. det A  0
 x
58. Rank of A  Rank AD
6. 2 2

If 3 x  10 xy  5 y  x y A  , and A is a
1  y
59. using Cramers rule  x  symmetric matrix then A =

60. Verification 3 10 10 3    3  5 3 5
1) 10 
5
2)  5 10 3)  5  5 4) 5 5
61. Rank of A  Rank AD       

MATRICES 114
7. A square matrix A is said to be nilpotent of 2
0 cos x  sin x 1 a a
index m. If Am  0 now, if for this A,
n 15. If sin x 0 cos x   a 1 a then a =
 I  A  I  A  A2  A3  ...  Am 1 , then cos x sin x 0 a a 1
n is equal to
1) 0 2) m 3) -m 4) -1 1) sin x 2) cos x
8. Let A be the set of all 3  3 skew-symmetric 3) sin x .cos x 4) sinx-cos x
matrices whose entries are either 1, 0, or 1 if a b c 6a 2b 2c
there are exactly three 0’s, three 1’s then the m n p 3m n p
number of such matrices is 16 If = k, then =
1) 3 2) 6 3) 8 4) 9 x y z 3x y z
9. The maximum number of different possible
1) k/6 2) 2k 3) 3k 4) 6k
non-zero entries in a skew-symmetric
matrix of order ‘n’ is ab bc c a
1 2 1 2
1)
2

n  n 2)
2
  
n  n 3) n 2 4)  n 2  n  17. If c  a a  b b  c  t  det of circulant
bc ca a b
DETERMINANTS
10. If r 2  a 2  b 2  c 2 ; s 2  ab  bc  ca then matrix whose elements of first column are
a, b, c then ' t ' equals
r2 s2 s2
1) 5 2) 6 3) -2 4) 2
s2 r2 s2  18. If x, y, z are integers in A.P lying between 1
s2 s2 r2 and 9 and x15, y 41 and z31 are three digit
1) 3abc - a3-b3-c3 2) a3+b3+c3+3abc numbers,then the value of
3 3 3 2
3) (3abc-a -b -c ) 4) 0
5 4 3
 Cos Sin  1 n
11. If A=   Sin Cos  then nLt | A |= x51 y 41 z 31
   n is :
1 x y z
1) I 2)0 3)A 4) A
n 1) x  y  z 2) x  y  z
 k k  1 3) 0 4) x  2 y  z
12. If AK   k  1 k  then
  19. If the entries in a 3  3 determinant are
A1  A2  ....  A2015  either 0 or 1, then the greatest value of their
determinants is
1) 0 2) 2015 3) (2015)2 4) (2015)3 1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 9
 6 11 20. th th th
If a, b, c are the p , q , r terms in H.P. then
13. Matrix A is given by A   2 4 
then the

bc p 1
determinant of A2015  6 A2014 is
ca q 1
1) 22016 2)  11 22015 3) 22015 7 4)  9  22014 =
ab r 1
xn x n2 x n3
1) 1 2) 0 3) abc 4) a 2  b 2  c 2
y n
y n2 y n3
14. If
zn z n2 z n3 3 5 x
1 1 1 7 x 7 0
21. If one of the roots of is -10, then
  x  y  y  z  z  x      then x 5 3
x y z
value of n is the other roots are [EAM-2009]
1) -1 2) -2 3) 1 4) 2 1) 3,7 2) 4,7 3) 3,9 4) 3,4

MATRICES 115
 x a b 1 27. If a, b, c  0 and x, y, z  R then the
 x b 1 determinant:
0
22. The roots of   x 1 are 2 2

  v 1
a x
 ax  a x
 a x  1
2 2
independent of : b y
 b y  b y
 b y  1
is equal to :
1)  ,  , v 2) a, b 3)  ,  , v, a, b 4) 0,a z 2 z 2
c z
c  c z
c  1
23. If [ . ] denotes the greatest integer less than
or equal to the real number under 1) a x b y c z 2) a  xb  y c  z 3) 0 4) a 2 xb 2 y c 2 z
consideration, and 1  x  0 ;
0  y  1 ; 1  z  2 , then the value of the 1  cos  1  sin  1
determinant 28. If A  1  cos  1  sin  1  0, then
1 1 1
 x  1  y  z
 x  y   1  z  is
1)   
 x  y  z 1 2)     n , n being any integer
3)      / 2 4)      / 2
1)  x  2)  y  3)  z  4)  x    y    z 
29. If  is a cube root of unity then
24. If  is the repeated root of quadratic
equation f ( x)  0 and A( x), B ( x) and C ( x) a b c
are polynomials of degree 3,4 and 5 b c a
has a factor
respectivelty, then c a b

Ax B x C x 1) a  b  c 2 2) a-b-c

  x   A   B   C   3) a  b 2  c 4) a+b-c
is
1 1 1
A   B   C  
1 1 1
divisible by 4 4 1 a a2
30. If a = cos + i sin then =
1) f  x  2) A  x  3) B  x  4) C  x  3 3 1 a2 a
1 n n 1) purely real 2) purely imaginary
2 2 3) complex number 4) rational
25. If Dk  2k n n2
2
n n
2
and
2k  1 n n n2 p b c
n a q c 0
31. a  p, b  q, c  r and then
D
k 1
k  48 , then ' n ' equals a b r
1) 4 2) 6 3) 8 4) 10 p q r
the value of p  a  q  b  r  c 
ax c b
c bx a 0 1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) c
26. If a  b  c  0 and
b a cx p q y rz
then x 
If p  x q rz 0
32. then the value
3 2 px q y r
1) 0 2)
2
 a  b2  c2 
p q r
of   is
3 2 3 2 x y z
3) 
2
 a  b 2  c 2  4) 0, 
2
 a  b2  c2  1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 4 pqr

MATRICES 116
 38. With the usual notation in a
a1 b1 c1
1 1 1
33. If  = a 2 b2 c 2 and
ABC , sin A sin B sin C 
a3 b3 c3
sin 2 A sin 2 B sin 2 C
a1  pb1 b1  qc1 c1  ra1 1
1) ( a  b)(b  c)(c  a )
a  pb2 b2  qc2 c2  ra2 8R3
1 = 2 then 1 =
a3  pb3 b3  qc3 c3  ra3 2) 8R 3 3) ( a  b)(b  c)(c  a )
1)  (1+pqr) 2)  (1+p+q+r) 1
4) ( a  b)( a  c )(b  a )
3)  (1-pqr) 4)  8R
2 3
1  x  1  x  1  x  cos 1 0
4 5
1  x  1  x  1  x 
6 f    1 2 cos  1
39. If then
34. If 7 8 9 0 1 2cos 
1  x  1  x  1  x 
range of f   is
 a0  a1 x  a2 x 2  ....... , then, a1 is equal to
1) 1 2) 2 3) 0 4) 3  1
1)  0,1 2)  1, 0 3)  1,1 4)  0, 
 2
y4 y5 y6
d n (cosx)
ADJOINT MATRIX
y y y ....
35. If y = cosx, yn  n then 7 8 9 40. If A and B are square matrices of same order
dx y10 y11 y12 and A is non -singular, then for a positive
n
1) 0 2) -cosx 3) cosx 4) sin x integer ‘n’,  A1 BA is equal to
36. The value of the determinant
1) A n B n An 2) An B n A n

sin  cos  sin 2

3) A1B n A 4) n  A1 BA 
2
41. If A is orthogonal matrix of order 3 then

sin   
 cos    2  sin  2  4 
     det  adj 2 A 
 3   3   3  is
 2  cos    2  sin  2  4  1) 4 2) 16 3) 27 4) 64
sin        
 3   3   3  1  3
1) 0 2) sin  P  1 3 3 
42. If is the adjoint of a 3  3
3) cos  4) sin   cos   2 4 4 
37. If a, b, c are sides of a triangle
matrix A and A  4 , then  is equal to
a2 b2 c2 1) 11 2) 5 3) 0 4) 4
(a  1) 2 (b  1) 2 (c  1) 2  0 [AIE-2013]
and then
(a  1) 2 (b  1) 2 (c  1) 2 INVERSE MATRIX
1)  ABC is equilateral  1 1 1   4 2 2
   
2)  ABC is right angled isosceles 43. Let A   2 1 3 and 10B  5 0   .
3)  ABC is isosceles  1 1 1   1 2 3 
4)  ABC is a right angle If B is the inverse of A, then  is :
1) -2 2) -1 3) 2 4) 5

MATRICES 117
44. A is an involutary matrix given by 49. The number of values of k, for which the
0 1 1 system equations ( k  1) x  8 y  4k ,
A  4 3 4  A kx  (k  3) y  3k  1 has no solution , is
then the inverse of will be
3 3 4  2 [AIE-2013]
1)1 2) 2 3) 3 4) Infinite
A 1 A 50. The system of equations x  y  z  6 ,
1) 2A 2) 3) 4) A2
2 2 x  2 y  3z  10 , x  2 y   z  k is
a b inconsistent if   ....., k  ..........
45. If A    then A1  ( A  aI )( A  cI )  1) 3,7 2) 3,10 3) 7,10 4) 10,3
 0 c 
51. The values of ‘m’ for which the system of
1 a b  1 a b equations 3x  my  m and 2 x  5 y  20 has a
1) ac 0 c  2) ac  0 c
    solution satisfying the conditions
1  c b  1 c b  x  0 , y  0 are given by the set.
3) ac  0 a  4) ac  0 a 
    1) m \ m  13 / 2 2) m \ m  17 / 2
 cos   sin  0
3) m \ m  13 / 2 or m  17 / 2
 0 
46. Let A   sin  cos 
 0 0 1  4) m  30 or m  15 / 2
52. If the system of equations
I) A A  A   II) A B  A 3 3 3
1 1
 k  1 x   k  2  y   k  3 ,
III) ( A )   A IV) ( A )  A
( k  1) x  (k  2) y  k  3, x  y  1
Then which of the above statements is / are
correct is consistent, then the value of k is
1) only II and III 2) only II and IV [EAM-2010]
3) only I and III 4) only I and IV 1) 2 2) -2 3) -1 4) 1
53. Let  and  be real. The set of all values of
2 6 4
  for which the system of linear equations
47. If the product of the matrix B   1 0 1 
 1 1  1
 x   sin   y   cos   z  0,
x   cos   y   sin   z  0 ,
 1 0 1
with a matrix A has inverse C   1 1 3
  x   sin   y   cos   z  0
 2 0 2  has a non trival solution is
then A1  1) 0, 2  2)  2, 0 3)  2, 2 4) 1, 2 
 3 5 5  3 5 5 54. If the equations
 14   9 
1)  0 9
2)  0 0 (b  c) x  ( c  a) y  ( a  b) z  0 ;
 2 2 6   2 14 16  cx  ay  bz  0 ; ax  by  cz  0
 3 5 5 3 3 5  have non-zero solutions then a relation among
 2   2 
a, b, c is
3)  0 9
4)  0 9
1) a  b  c  0 2) a  2b  3c
 2 14 6   2 14 16 
3) a  b  c ( 0) 4) a  2b  3c  0
SOLUTIONS OF SIMULTANEOUS
55. Given that a  2b  c  0 and that the
2
EQUATION
system of equations [EAM-2012]
48. If A, B, C are the angles of a triangle, the
system of equations, (sin A) x  y  z  cos A  a  b  x  ay  bz  0 ,  b  c  x  by  cz  0
x  (sin B ) y  z  cos B  a  b  y   b  c  z  0 has a non trivial
x  y  (sin C ) z  1  cos C has solution, then a, b, c are in
1) no solution 2) unique solution 1) A.P 2) G.P 3) H.P 4) A.G.P
3) infinitely many solutions 4)finitely many solutions
MATRICES 118
 9. Let n = 3
56. If the equations a  y  z   x, b  z  x   y,
10. Put a = 0,b = 1, c = 2 and verify the options
c  x  y   z have nontrivial solutions, then 1
11. det A = 1, nLt 0
1 1 1  n
  
1 a 1 b 1 c 12. Ak   2 K  1
1) 1 2) 2 3) -1 4) -2
LEVEL - II (C.W)-KEY 2014
13. A2015  6 A2014  A A  6I 
01) 3 02) 1 03) 2 04) 2 05) 4 06) 4
07) 4 08) 3 09) 4 10) 3 11) 2 12) 3 0 11 2015
13) 2 14) 1 15) 3 16) 4 17) 3 18) 3 22014   22  22014  11 2 
19) 2 20) 2 21) 1 22) 2 23) 3 24) 1 2 2
25) 1 26) 4 27) 3 28) 2 29) 1 30) 2 14. Order of determinant is
31) 2 32) 3 33) 1 34) 3 35) 1 36) 1 n  n  2  n  3  3n  5
37) 3 38) 1 39) 3 40) 3 41) 4 42) 1 Order of R.H.S = 1+1+1-1=2
43) 4 44) 1 45) 3 46) 4 47) 3 48) 2  3n  5  2  3n  3  n  1
49) 1 50) 2 51) 4 52) 2 53) 3 54) 3
55) 2 56) 2 0 cos x sin x 0 sin x cos x

LEVEL - II (C.W)-HINTS 15. LHS  sin x 0 cos x cos x 0 sin x  A  AT  

cos x sin x 0 sin x cos x 0
11 8 
1. A2   
 4 3 16. Take out ‘3’ from C1 and ‘2’ from

12 12 12   72 72 72  R1  Det  6k
A  12 12 12  ,
2
A   72
3
72 72  17. We know that
2.
12 12 12   72 72 72  ab bc c a a b c
 x100 0 
c  a a  b b  c  2 b c a
0 0 x 0
 
A   0 x 0   A100   0 x100 0  bc ca a b c a b
3.  
 x 0 0   0 0 x100 
  t  2
18. Put x = 5, y = 4, z = 3
4. A2  A3  A4  ........  A
19. Keep least of given values in principal diagonal,
4 4 highest of given values in other places.
5. 4 4 

0 1 1
6. Verification
 1 0 1 2
7. Let B  I  A  A2  .... Am 1
1 1 0
 B  I  A    I  A  A2  ...  Am 1 
1 1 1 1
 I  A   1  Am  I 20. , , are in A.P ,  A  ( P  1) D
a b c a
1
 B   I  A   n  1 1 1
 A  ( q  1) D ,  A  (r  1) D
8. In a skew-symmetric matrix, and diagonal b c
elements are zero. 1
p 1
0   bc p 1 a
 0   1 1
 also aij  a ji  0 Hence, number of ca q 1  q 1 0
abc b
   0  ab r 1
1
r 1
matrices  2  2  2  8 c

MATRICES 119
21. R1  R1  R2  R3 and take common 10+x 26. R1  R1  R2  R3
22. Operate abc  x abc  x abc  x
R1  R1  R2 , R2  R2  R3 , R3  R3  R4 ,  c bx a 0
b a cx
x ax 0 0
0 x bx 0 1 1 1
0
we get 0 0 x  0 on  a  b  c  x c b x a 0
b a cx
   1
 a  b  c  x   0 or
expanding we get  x    x    x    0 
ab  bc  ca  a 2  b2  c2  x 2  0
Roots are independent of a, b.
3 2
23. [ x ] = - 1, [y] = 0 , [z] = 1 x  0, 
2
 a  b2  c2 
0 0 1 27. Operate C1  C1  C2
1 1 1
Det = = 1 = [z] x 2 x 2
1 0 2 4 a  a 
x
1 1 a  a 
x
1
y 2 y 2
24. f( x ) = a ( x -  )2 a  0 4 b  b 
y
1  41 b  b 
y
1 0
A() B() C() 4 c  c 
x z
1 1 c  c 
x z
1
A() B() C()  0
(  ) = 28. Expanding the det, we get
A1 () B1 () C1 ()
sin(   )  0
i. e  is a root of  ( x )   n   ; n  Z
A1() B1() C1() 29. a  b  c , 1   2  0
A() B() C()  0  0  0 a  b   c 2  0
1 () =
A1() B1() C1() since   0
3 0 0
 1 ()  (x  )2  (x) 2
aw  1 a a 2  3( a 2  a )
30.
Where  (x) is a polynomial of maximum 1 a2 a
degree 3
31. R1  R2 ; R3  R1
(x)  f (x) (x)
n n n
32. R1  R2 ; R2  R3 we get
2
25. 1 n
k 1
,  2k  n(n  1),  (2k 1)  n
k 1 k 1 x y 0
Exp =  0 y z  0
px q y r
n n n
n(n  1) n 2  n  2 n2  n  48
 pyz  qzx  rxy  2 xyz  p  q  r  2
n2 n2 n2  n  2 x y z
By C2  C2 - C1 33. Split 1
C3  C3  C1 , n ( 2n + 4 ) = 48  n = 4 34. Differentiate both sides with respect to ‘x’ and
put x = 0, we get a1=0
35. Two rows are identical

MATRICES 120