COA LEC REVIEWER regulation in the body.

5. Adrenal Glands: Situated on top of the kidneys,

each adrenal gland consists of two main parts, the
1. **Melatonin:**
adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla:
- Melatonin is a hormone that regulates sleep-
o Adrenal Cortex:
wake cycles.
Cortisol: Influences metabolism, immune
- It is produced by the pineal gland in the brain.
response, and stress regulation.
- Melatonin supplements are used for sleep
Aldosterone: Regulates sodium and potassium
disorders.
balance.
2. **Endocrine System:**
o Adrenal Medulla:
- The endocrine system consists of glands that
Epinephrine (Adrenaline) and
secrete hormones.
Norepinephrine: Trigger the "fight or flight"
- Different types of cells in these glands produce response, increasing heart rate, and preparing the
various hormones. body for stress.
- Hormones regulate bodily functions and 6. Pancreas: The pancreas has both exocrine and
maintain homeostasis. endocrine functions. Islets of Langerhans within the
pancreas secrete hormones, including:
Endocrine System: Glands and Hormones
o Insulin: Regulates blood sugar levels by
1. Hypothalamus: Located in the brain, the
promoting the uptake of glucose by cells.
hypothalamus serves as a control center for many
endocrine functions. It produces and releases o Glucagon: Increases blood sugar levels by
hormones that stimulate or inhibit the secretion of stimulating the release of stored glucose.
hormones from the pituitary gland.
7. Pineal Gland: Located in the brain, the pineal
2. Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) : Often referred gland produces melatonin, a hormone that regulates
to as the "master gland," the pituitary gland is divided sleep-wake cycles and circadian rhythms.
into two parts: the anterior pituitary and the posterior
8. Thymus Gland: Located in the chest, the
pituitary. It secretes several important hormones:
thymus gland secretes thymosin, which plays a role in
o Anterior Pituitary: immune system development and function,
particularly in T-cell maturation.
Growth Hormone (GH): Regulates growth
and development. 9. Reproductive Glands:

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH): o In males, the testes produce testosterone, which is

Stimulates the thyroid gland. responsible for male sexual characteristics and
reproductive function.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH):
Regulates the adrenal cortex. o In females, the ovaries produce estrogen and
progesterone, regulating female sexual characteristics
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and and reproductive cycles.
Luteinizing Hormone (LH): Control
reproduction and sex hormone production.
Prolactin: Stimulates milk production in the 3. **Therapeutic Communication:**
mammary glands.
- Therapeutic communication is a nurse-patient
o Posterior Pituitary: interaction that promotes trust and healing.

Oxytocin: Initiates uterine contractions - It involves active listening, empathy, and open
dialogue.
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): Regulates
water balance and blood pressure. - Essential in healthcare for effective patient care.

3. Thyroid Gland: Located in the neck, the thyroid Types of Therapeutic Communication:
gland produces the following hormones:
1. Active Listening: The nurse pays close attention
o Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3): to the patient, providing verbal and non-verbal cues
Regulate metabolic rate and energy production. to show they are fully engaged and focused on what
the patient is saying.
o Calcitonin: Regulates calcium levels in the blood.
2. Empathy: The nurse seeks to understand the
4. Parathyroid Glands: Four small glands located patient's emotions and perspectives, expressing
on the thyroid gland's surface, they secrete genuine care and concern. Empathy involves
-which plays a crucial role in calcium and phosphate recognizing and acknowledging the patient's feelings.
3. Open Dialogue: The nurse encourages the production.
patient to express thoughts, concerns, and questions
o Increased dryness and decreased elasticity.
freely. This open communication allows for the
exchange of information and fosters a collaborative o Greater vulnerability to skin injuries and slower
relationship. wound healing.
4. Validation: The nurse acknowledges the patient's • Cardiovascular System:
feelings and experiences as valid and important. This
o Stiffening of blood vessels (arteriosclerosis).
reassures the patient that their emotions are
recognized and respected. o Reduced cardiac output and heart rate.
5. Clarification: The nurse seeks to ensure clear o Elevated risk of hypertension and cardiovascular
communication by restating or summarizing the diseases.
patient's statements, promoting a shared
understanding of the information exchanged. • Sensory Perception:

6. Reflection: The nurse reflects back to the patient o Decline in vision and hearing acuity.
what they've heard, helping the patient explore their o Altered taste and smell sensitivity.
thoughts and feelings further. This technique
encourages self-discovery and insight. o Impaired balance and proprioception, leading to
an increased risk of falls.
7. Summarization: The nurse condenses and
reviews the key points of the conversation, ensuring
that both the nurse and patient are on the same page
and that important issues have been addressed.
5. **Myocardial Infarction and Nursing
8. Silence: Sometimes, allowing moments of silence Care:**
can give the patient space to collect their thoughts
and express themselves. Silence can be therapeutic in - Myocardial infarction is a heart attack due to
certain situations. blocked blood flow to the heart.

9. Exploration: The nurse asks open-ended - Nursing care includes monitoring, pain
questions to delve deeper into the patient's concerns, management, and education.
thoughts, and feelings. This promotes a more **Nursing Care: Monitoring, Pain Management, and
comprehensive understanding of the patient's needs.
Education**
10. Providing Information: The nurse offers clear,
1. **Monitoring:**
accurate, and relevant information to the patient,
addressing their questions and concerns. This helps - Vital Signs: Regular checks of heart rate, blood
empower the patient with knowledge. pressure, temperature, and respiratory rate.
11. Problem Solving: The nurse collaborates with - Symptom Assessment: Evaluation of pain,
the patient to explore potential solutions to their fatigue, and other symptoms.
healthcare issues, involving the patient in decision-
- Medication Administration: Administering
making and care planning.
prescribed medications.
12. Support: The nurse provides emotional support,
- Fluid and Nutritional Intake: Monitoring and
reassurance, and encouragement to the patient,
recording food, fluid, and medication intake.
helping them cope with their healthcare challenges.
2. **Pain Management:**
4. **Physiologic Changes of Older Adults:** - Assessment: Evaluating pain intensity, location,
and character.
- Aging affects the respiratory, integumentary,
cardiovascular systems, and sensory perception. - Medication Administration: Giving pain-relief
medications.
- Respiratory function may decline, skin
undergoes changes, and cardiovascular risks increase. - Non-Pharmacological Interventions: Using non-
drug methods like relaxation techniques.
• Respiratory System:
- Regular Assessment: Continuously evaluating
o Decline in lung elasticity and muscle strength.
and adjusting the pain management plan.
o Reduced lung capacity and decreased oxygen
3. **Education:**
exchange.
- Disease and Medication Education: Providing
o Increased susceptibility to respiratory infections.
information about the condition, medication details,
• Integumentary System (Skin): and adherence.

o Thinning of the skin and reduced collagen - Self-Care and Preventative Measures: Teaching
lifestyle changes for better health. 8. **Eye Conditions: Glaucoma, Cataract,
Macular Degeneration, Retinopathy:**
- Pain Management Education: Educating on
pain relief options and side effects. - Glaucoma damages the optic nerve, cataracts
cloud the eye's lens, and macular degeneration affects
- Safety and Discharge Planning: Preparing for a
central vision.
safe transition and recognizing critical signs.
- Retinopathy involves damage to the blood
vessels in the retina.
Certainly, here's a differentiation of these eye
6. **Different Types of Amnesia:** conditions with keywords:

- Amnesia refers to memory loss. 1. Glaucoma:

- Types include anterograde, retrograde, and o Keyword: "Increased Pressure"

dissociative amnesia.
2. Cataract:
o Keyword: "Cloudy Lens"
1. Anterograde Amnesia:
3. Macular Degeneration:
o Keyword: "Forward Forgetting"
o Keyword: "Central Vision Loss"

o Definition: inability to form new memories after -There are two types, dry (gradual) and wet (rapid),
and it's a common cause of vision impairment in
the onset of amnesia. Patients can remember events older adults.
from the past but have difficulty encoding and 4. Retinopathy:
retaining new information. o Keyword: "Retinal Damage"
o Description: Retinopathy refers to damage to the
2. Retrograde Amnesia: blood vessels in the retina. Diabetic retinopathy is a
o Keyword: "Backward Forgetting" common type and can result in vision loss in people
with diabetes. Hypertensive retinopathy is another
type caused by high blood pressure.
o Definition: NOT ABLE to recall past events and
experiences. It often follows a specific event, injury, or
trauma, leading to the loss of memories that occurred
9. **Gerontologic Nursing and Its Impacts:**
before the triggering incident. - Gerontologic nursing focuses on the care of
older adults.
3. Dissociative Amnesia:
- Impacts include addressing age-related
o Keyword: "Memory Disconnection" challenges and promoting quality of life.

o Definition: results from a psychological defense

mechanism, leading to the blocking out of significant

10. **Nursing Care for Alzheimer's
personal information, often due to trauma or Disease:**
emotional distress. It can involve the loss of identity - Alzheimer's is a neurodegenerative disorder.
or awareness of one's past. - Nursing care involves supporting patients,
understanding neurotransmitters, brain structures,
pathophysiological changes, and proteins.
7. **Transient Global Amnesia:** Nursing Care for Alzheimer's Disease:
- A sudden, temporary episode of memory loss. 1. Supporting Patients:
- The cause is unclear but usually resolves on its o Keywords: Empathy, Compassion,
own. Communication
2. Understanding Neurotransmitters:
o Keywords: Chemical Messengers, Cognitive
Function
o Description: Involves knowledge of
neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and their role in workload and managing angina.
cognition. Medications may target these
8. Ranolazine: This medication can help relieve
neurotransmitters to manage symptoms.
angina symptoms by improving blood flow to the
3. Brain Structures: heart and reducing the heart's oxygen demand.
o Keywords: Hippocampus, Cortex, Amygdala 9. Cholesterol-Absorption Inhibitors:
Medications like ezetimibe (Zetia) can be used in
o Description: Understanding the brain regions
combination with statins to further reduce cholesterol
affected by Alzheimer's, such as the hippocampus
levels.
(memory), cortex (thinking), and amygdala (emotions).
10. Nitrates: Long-acting nitrates are used to
4. Pathophysiological Changes:
prevent angina by relaxing and widening coronary
o Keywords: Amyloid Plaques, Neurofibrillary arteries.
Tangles
11. Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Omega-3 supplements
o Description: Awareness of the abnormal protein may be recommended to lower triglyceride levels and
aggregates in the brain, including amyloid plaques reduce inflammation in the arteries.
and neurofibrillary tangles, which are associated with
Alzheimer's progression.
5. Proteins:
12. **Insomnia and Types (Terminal,
o Keywords: Beta-Amyloid, Tau Protein Initial):**
o Description: Knowledge of specific proteins, like - Insomnia is a sleep disorder.
beta-amyloid and tau, and their role in the disease.
- Terminal insomnia is early awakening, and
Targeting these proteins is a focus of research and
initial insomnia is difficulty falling asleep.
treatment.

11. **Coronary Artery Disease:**

13. **Osteoarthritis:**
- CAD is a heart condition caused by narrowed
arteries. - OA is a degenerative joint disease.
- It can lead to chest pain (angina) or heart - It leads to joint pain and stiffness.
attacks.
1. Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid)
2. Beta-Blockers: These drugs, such as metoprolol
14. **Hyperthyroidism and
or atenolol, reduce the heart's workload by slowing
Hypothyroidism:**
the heart rate and lowering blood pressure, which can
help manage angina (chest pain) and reduce the risk - Hyperthyroidism results from excessive thyroid
of future cardiac events. hormone. (High, fast, wet)
3. Antiplatelet Medications: Besides aspirin, - Hypothyroidism is a deficiency of thyroid
medications like clopidogrel (Plavix) or prasugrel hormone.(low, slow, dry)
(Effient) are used to prevent blood clots and platelet
aggregation. - Both conditions affect metabolism and the
body.
4. Statins: Medications like atorvastatin (Lipitor) or
simvastatin (Zocor) lower cholesterol levels and
reduce the buildup of atherosclerotic plaques in the
arteries.
15. **Delirium vs. Dementia:**
5. Nitroglycerin: Nitroglycerin is used to relieve
angina by dilating the coronary arteries, improving - Delirium is sudden and reversible confusion.
blood flow to the heart. - Dementia is a chronic, progressive cognitive
6. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) decline.
Inhibitors: ACE inhibitors like enalapril or
lisinopril help lower blood pressure and reduce the
workload on the heart, potentially slowing the
progression of CAD. 16. **Different Spaces (Public, Personal,
7. Calcium Channel Blockers: Medications like Social):**
amlodipine (Norvasc) or diltiazem (Cardizem) help - Social spaces refer to the zones people
relax and widen blood vessels, reducing the heart's maintain between themselves and others.
 - Public, personal, and social spaces have specific o Keywords: DNA, Telomeres, Cellular Replication
purposes.
o Description: The genetic theory, or the telomere
theory of aging, focuses on the role of telomeres, the
protective caps on the ends of chromosomes. Over
time, as cells divide, telomeres become shorter, and
17. **Causes of Clubbing of Fingers:** when they reach a critical length, cell replication may
cease, contributing to aging.
- Clubbing can be a sign of hypoxia or
respiratory diseases.
- Telomeres are linked to cellular aging.
- It involves abnormal changes in the nails and
fingertips.

20. **Elderly Filipino Week:**

18. **Nursing Care for UTI:** - Celebrates the contributions and challenges of
elderly Filipinos.
- Urinary Tract Infections require proper
hygiene and antibiotic treatment. - Raises awareness of aging issues.
- Prevention strategies are essential. 2nd week of October

19. **Theories of Aging:** 21. **Diverticulitis and Diverticulosis:**

- Wear and tear, immunological, free radical, - Diverticulosis involves pouches in the colon.
cross-link, and genetic theories explain aging.
- Diverticulitis is the inflammation or infection
1. Wear and Tear Theory: of these pouches.

o Keywords: Gradual Damage, Cellular Injury

o Description: This theory suggests that aging
occurs as a result of cumulative damage and wear on
22. **Nursing Care for Dysphagia:**
the body's cells, tissues, and organs over time. It's akin
to the gradual wearing out of machinery with - Dysphagia is difficulty swallowing.
prolonged use.
- Nursing care includes modified diets,
2. Immunological Theory: swallowing exercises, and aspiration precautions.
o Keywords: Immune System, Defense Mechanisms
o Description: The immunological theory proposes
that the aging process is influenced by changes in the
23. **Medication for Rheumatoid Arthritis
body's immune system. Over time, the immune
(RA):**
system may become less effective in defending against
infections and diseases. - RA is an autoimmune disease affecting the
joints.
3. Free Radical Theory:
- Medications like DMARDs are used to
o Keywords: Oxidative Stress, Reactive Molecules
manage symptoms: Keywords: Inflammatory
o Description: This theory posits that aging is partly Disorders, Autoimmune Conditions
driven by the accumulation of free radicals, highly
Description: DMARDs are a class of medications
reactive molecules that can damage cellular structures,
used to treat various inflammatory and autoimmune
including DNA, proteins, and lipids.
conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis. They work
4. Cross-Link Theory: by modifying the underlying disease process, reducing
inflammation, and slowing joint damage. Common
o Keywords: Connective Tissue, Stiffness
DMARDs include methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine,
o Description: The cross-link theory suggests that sulfasalazine, and leflunomide.
the aging process results from the accumulation of
cross-links in proteins, particularly in connective
tissues. These cross-links can make tissues and organs
less flexible and more prone to damage.
5. Genetic Theory (Telomere Theory):
24. **Rheumatoid Arthritis:** 29. **Waler Rose Test:**
- A chronic inflammatory disease affecting joints. - The Waler Rose Test assesses depth perception.
- Can lead to joint deformity and disability. - It's used in optometry and neurology.
- test for Rheumatoid Arthritis

25. **Telehealth and Telemedicine:**

- Telehealth and telemedicine offer remote 30. **Agnosia - Absence of Knowledge:**
healthcare services.
- Agnosia is a cognitive disorder where a person
- They provide consultations, monitoring, and cannot recognize objects, people, or sounds.
advice through technology.
- It results in a lack of knowledge about sensory
Telehealth: stimuli.
• Keywords: Broad, Healthcare Services, Remote
• Description: Telehealth is a broad term
encompassing the remote delivery of healthcare
COA QUIZBEE
services. It involves the use of technology to provide a
wide range of healthcare services, including COA Lec
consultations, monitoring, and advice, without the
1. It refers to a patient self-monitoring and then
need for in-person visits.
transferring their data to their provider using a
Telemedicine: mobile device. Mobile Health
• Keywords: Specific, Medical Diagnosis, 2. It is the cessation of periods for 12 months.
Treatment Menopause
• Description: Telemedicine is a specific subset of 3. A slowly progressive increase in intraocular
telehealth that focuses on the remote diagnosis and pressure that, if left untreated, causes decreased visual
treatment of medical conditions. It involves the use of acuity with difficulty adapting to darkness, and a halo
technology for healthcare professionals to provide effect around lights. Glaucoma
clinical services, such as diagnosing illnesses and
prescribing treatment, through remote 4. Tetanus-diphtheria booster immunization shot for
communication methods. older adults is given every __ years. 10
6. This term most commonly describes two-way, real-
time conferencing between the doctor and patient, or
between two providers. Telemedicine
26. **Vision (20/20, 20/40):** 7. In Alzheimer’s disease, what protein is responsible
for creating amyloid beta peptides which develop into
- 20/20 represents normal vision.
plaques. APP Amyloid Precursor Protein
- 20/40 means one can see at 20 feet what a
8. For older men digital rectal examination is done
person with normal vision sees at 40 feet.
___ a year. Once or 1x
-LOW VISION (3/18), VISION LOSS(3/60)
10. Decrease in salivary production that leads to
thicker mucus and a dry mouth. Xerostomia
27. **Different Wellness Aspects:** 11. The chief clinical manifestation in the early stages
of cataract formation. Blurred vision
- Wellness includes physical, spiritual, emotional,
social, and intellectual dimensions. 12. Also known as the cerebral mantle which is made
up of different lobes such as the frontal, parietal,
- Balancing these aspects promotes overall well-
temporal, and occipital lobes. Cerebral Cortex
being.
13. Around 95% of women go through the
menopause between what age ranges? 44 and 56
28. **Laboratories and Screening for Older years
Patients:**
15. It is most often used to treat common menopausal
- Screening tests like Pap Smear, DRE, Pelvic symptoms, including hot flashes and vaginal
Exam, and mammograms help detect cancers and discomfort. Hormone therapy
other health issues in older patients.
16. In AD, this brain structure is affected early on,
and this is why patients start to have memory
problems and can get lost easily. Hippocampus difficulties. BPH
17. It is a neurodegenerative disease that leads to 37. A neuropsychological disorder associated with AD
symptoms of dementia. Alzheimer’s Disease presenting loss of ability to recognize objects, persons,
sounds, shapes, or smells while the specific sense is
18. Disorder of the peripheral nervous system that
not defective nor is there any significant memory loss.
include numbness and tingling of the affected area
Agnosia
and stumbling gait. Peripheral neuropathy
38. Cloudy or opaque areas in part of the lens or the
19. Difficulty with speech among stroke patient is
entire lens that interfere with passage of light through
related to damage in the ____ hemisphere of the
the lens. Cataract
brain. Left
39. In home health nursing process, the initial
20. A licensed and usually Medicare certified
evaluation and admission visits are made by a ____.
agencies and accepts other 3rd party billing of health
RN
insurances. Home Care Agencies
21. It refers to a wide range of services used to deliver 40. In this telehealth application, health data is
healthcare virtually. Telehealth recorded, stored, and forwarded to the healthcare
team to review. Store-and-forward
22. Wellness dimension that recognizes awareness
and acceptance of one's feelings. Emotional 41. A neurotransmitter that plays a role in memory,
Wellness learning and attention and is decrease in AD patients.
Acetylcholine
23. Pap smear and pelvic examination is done __ a
year until three consecutive negative exams. Once 42. General term for the sperm and ova. Gametes
43. An autoimmune disease characterized by diffuse
24. The standard treatment of RA because of its
inflammation and degeneration in the connective
success in preventing both joint destruction and long-
tissues. Rheumatoid Arthritis
term disability. Methotrexate
44. The most common form of home health care
25. Neurofibrillary tangles found in Alzheimer’s which includes wound dressing, ostomy care,
disease are made up of a protein called ___. Tau intravenous therapy, administering medication,
Protein monitoring the general health of the patient, pain
control, and other health support. Nursing Care
26. Individual is unable to see near objects clearly.
45. What is RA? Rheumatoid Arthritis
Presbyopia
46- 50 What pathophysiologic changes are associated
27. Telehealth application that refers to real-time with AD?
interactions between doctors, or between a patient
and a doctor. Synchronous, live or interactions -The pathophysiology of AD includes cellular
28. A loss of half of a visual field or inattention is changes with neurofibrillary tangles with
related to damage in the ____ hemisphere of the altered tau proteins and neuritic plaques
brain. Right containing β-amyloid protein in the cerebral
cortex and hippocampus. There is also a loss
29. The priority nursing diagnosis for RA patients. of the connections between neurons.
Acute and chronic pain related to joint
inflammation
30. Visual acuity and glaucoma screening for all older
patients is done ___ a year. Once or 1x
31. It is referred to as the male menopause.
Andropause
32. The invention of new words regarded as a
symptom of disturbances in cognitive associations.
Neologism
33. Spinal Tap and PET are use to check what
protein present in AD patient? Beta Amyloid
proteins
34. Wellness dimension that encourages contributing
to one's environment and community. Social
Wellness
35. Reduced levels of _________ can cause the penis
to shrink. Testosterone
36. It is a gradual, non-malignant increase in the size
of the prostate contributing to age related micturition