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Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
prolific of all, and several thought it also the most profitable, others
had found the dark color of the fruit objectionable, and on that
account preferred the brighter colored sorts, as the Clarke and
Highland Hardy; the Highland Hardy was early, coming in before any
other, even before strawberries were gone. Diadem was mentioned
as being of fine flavor, and hardy. In Prince Edward County the
black-cap raspberries had proved more profitable than the red, but
this did not seem to be the experience in the western and southern
sections.
There was a display of fruit of very fine quality, consisting of
cherries, currants, raspberries and gooseberries, but very much less
in quantity than was to be expected in such a famous fruit-growing
section as St. Catharines and vicinity.
Most of the gooseberries were seedling varieties, raised from the
European, and if they continue to be free from mildew they will be
great acquisitions. Mr. Scott, of Orangeville, sent some fruit from a
seedling gooseberry that he has cultivated for ten years without
mildew.
The next meeting will be held in Sarnia, on Wednesday, the
eleventh of September next.

—————
 HORTICULTURAL GOSSIP. III.
BY L. WOOLVERTON, M.A., GRIMSBY.

The Fruit Grower should read up on science, especially in the

subjects of Botany and Entomology. A knowledge of these will help
his prosperity very materially, and give weight to his opinions. He
should know the principles that underlie his methods, so that he may
have independence of action, and not be swayed about by every
opinion and superstitious notion of another.
A short time ago a neighbor came to me in great consternation, a
large species of Hemiptera, (Belostoma Americana,) such as he had
never seen before, flew into his window one night. He was terribly
frightened, and brought it me, saying, “it was surely an omen of
some great calamity!” The same man thought he had made a great
discovery. One day, seeing countless numbers of Aphides upon his
cherry trees, and many ants visiting them to suck their sweet juices,
he at once concluded that the ants brought the lice, and exultingly
told us he had found a method of keeping the ants from climbing his
trees! Such men in their ignorance of science, will be very likely to
mistake friends for foes; and the Lady Beetle or the Calosoma are as
much in danger of destruction at their hands as the Aphis, or the
Doryphora.
A Common Mistake in Pruning.—We notice those trees need most
pruning that have had most of it. Vigorous shoots in the crotches of
apple trees, in most cases indicate injudicious pruning. Some people
try to make their trees grow dish-shaped, and cut out the central
limbs; but nature rebels against such abuse. A little attention to
botany shows that every tree has its normal shape, and that all the
pruner should attempt is to thin out weak and superfluous limbs, or
shorten in long and slender ones. Several young orchards here show
much feebleness resulting from abusive pruning.
 The Early Season.—Blossoms were out three weeks sooner this
spring than usual, as is seen by the following comparative
memoranda: apple blossoms, May 25th, 1874; May 27th, 1875; May
26th, 1876; May 20th, 1877; May 3rd, 1878. Peach blossoms were
out this year on the 24th of April, on which date in 1875, the ground
was still frozen up and covered with snow.
The May Frost has done considerable damage. Cherries have
suffered worse than any other fruit, for the connection not yet being
severed between the corolla and the receptacle, the frosting of the
flower destroyed the fruit also. The peach suffered very little, being
protected by the corolla, which was loosened, but not yet cast.
Other causes, however, combine to destroy our hopes of a very
abundant crop. The apple is intact, with the exception of the
Greening and the Russet, which have been somewhat thinned.
The Curl is a malady which has this year attacked the peach
orchards about Grimsby to an extent hitherto quite unknown. It
made its appearance toward the end of May, and was a source of
great anxiety to some who mistook it for that terrible scourge, the
yellows. The leaves curled up, became much thickened with reddish
swellings on the upper side. Then they took a yellowish hue, and
began to drop, and about the first of June our orchards presented an
almost deathly appearance. Fortunately the experience of the past
shows us that it does no material injury to the tree, and that we may
expect a new crop of healthy foliage. The variety that has suffered
most from the Curl with us is the Early Beatrice, from which not only
the leaves, but most of the fruit has fallen.

—————

EXPERIMENTS WITH THE GRAPE

VINE FLEA-BEETLE.
 BY HENRY BONNYCASTLE, CAMPBELLFORD.

Having waited for some time in order to try the effects of several
remedies to kill or stop the ravages of the grape vine bug, I beg
leave to state that I applied hellebore thoroughly, in both liquid and
dry state, without any effect. I then mixed two table-spoonfuls of
carbolic acid to one bucket of rain-water, (a strong dose,) and
sprinkled the vines well, but this had no effect. I then put two table-
spoonfuls of white hellebore to one bucket full of soap suds,
producing no effect. I also caught the bug and covered him with
hellebore, putting him under a glass, after two days he was as lively
as ever. I now find the only plan to exterminate them is hand-picking
in the morning when the dew is on the leaf; by doing so I have
nearly got rid of them. I now find a small brown slug on the leaves,
eating holes in them, this is evidently the offspring of the bug; I also
pick them off, thus preventing the breeding for next year. My vines,
from being mere bare poles, are now bringing forth buds and leaves,
but of course no fruit this year. I should much wish to hear if any
remedy has been found. I find the wild ones in the woods are also
infested with the slug. The slug when full grown is about one-eighth
of an inch long, brown, and when crushed, full of a yellow liquid;
they are on the inside and outside of leaves.

—————

TREE ROSES AND WEEPING ROSES.

Since the remarks in our article on Roses, on the impossibility of
growing these in this climate, were written, the following notes on
this subject by one who evidently speaks from personal experience
have attracted our attention, and we give them a place here because
it is desirable that the public should be made acquainted with the
fact that they have been tried many years ago, and found to be a
failure in such a climate as ours. In a picture, the tree-rose laden
with roses of several colors, or gracefully drooping, like a weeping
tree, under its burden of pink, and scarlet, and yellow blooms, looks
beautiful, and the expenditure of from three to five dollars to
possess such an ornament to one’s grounds seems reasonable, but it
is well to know that at best in a year or two it will fail. Our writer
says, much as I admire those beautiful things, standard or tree-
roses, I am afraid they will never become really established in our
gardens, or do us much good in the long run. I have had in my
garden and on my lawn about fifty specimens. They were all, but
ten, imported plants, got out by a neighbor of mine at different
times within five years. Little by little they have all died off. At first
they thrived and bloomed very well. Afterwards they were gradually
affected by the winters, and one after another I lost them. Then
again, I fancy that our summers are too hot for the tall naked stems.
They seem to get dry and shrivelled, and thereby they affect the
growth and health of the top. I am all the more convinced of this
since I have seen some specimens grown by a neighbor. He covers
the stem with moss bound around them. This he leaves on all the
year. It undeniably gives more health and vigor to the head, but it
also gives the whole tree-rose, so unsightly, bandaged, a look that I
cannot endure it in a neat place. On the whole, therefore, I shall feel
obliged to return to the old, and in the main more satisfactory mode
of growing roses. Farther south, say at Baltimore or Cincinnati,
where the weather is not so cold in winter, no doubt standard roses
will do better.
VOL. I.] AUGUST, [NO. 8.
1878.

A NEW RASPBERRY.
The work of raising new varieties of raspberries goes on with
considerable vigor. If we do not get one to suit everybody, we are
likely to get so many that each one may find a variety that suits him.
Since the days when Mr. Arnold began to try his skill on the
production of new sorts of raspberries, and gave us his Yellow
Canada and Orange King, the number of new sorts of raspberries
that have been brought out is something wonderful. Since then we
have had the Clark, which continues to be grown by many for
market purposes on account of its bright color; the Herstine, which
has a peculiar flavor, but is too soft to carry any distance; Mammoth
Cluster, one of the most productive of the black-cap family;
Brandywine, a rather small, firm berry that will carry well, but the
plant suckers awfully; Highland Hardy, valuable because of its
earliness; Turner, a vigorous western variety; Ganargua, a firm fruit
that will carry well, but of a dull maroon color, and deficient in flavor;
Saunders, a large and valuable fruit for the amateur, but the canes
are too tender to endure this climate; Golden Thornless, a yellow
variety of the black-cap family, very productive, and very lacking in
flavor; Pride of the Hudson, too recently sent out to speak of its
qualities; Philadelphia, very hardy, very productive, but not bright
enough in color, nor firm enough, nor sufficiently high-flavored to
give entire satisfaction; Diadem, another of Mr. Arnold’s seedlings
which has been very widely distributed throughout Ontario, and of
which we expect to hear very favorable accounts; Henrietta, claimed
to be the largest, best, and most productive sort in the world, but as
yet is in very few hands, and held at one dollar per plant; and others
there is not space to name.
But it is not of these that we now propose to speak. We wish
merely to make mention of a seedling raspberry growing on the
grounds of A. M. Smith, of Drummondville. It cannot claim to be the
largest in the world, but only somewhat larger than the Philadelphia,
firmer in texture, and therefore likely to carry better, of nearly the
same color, and somewhat better in flavor; the canes are very
strong, the foliage broad and thick, and the plant apparently as
hardy as the Philadelphia. With us hardiness is a very important
quality, and we call the attention of our fruit growers to this new
seedling, that they may watch its behaviour, and when opportunity
offers give it a trial. Should it prove to have all the good qualities of
the Philadelphia, with the addition of better flavor, larger size, and
ability to endure carriage better, it will prove to be a valuable sort in
our climate.

—————

LATE SPRING FROSTS.

An esteemed member of the Association, resident in the County
of Carleton, writes: “I too am in trouble with my grape vines.
Vegetation being very forward this spring, on the fifteenth of April,
the day on which I received the Burnet grape vine, I uncovered my
vines; by the fifteenth of May they had made much progress, when
a severe frost cut them down. They were in some measure
recovering from this when on the sixth of June another frost has
again blackened them. The Salem, Delaware, and Canada appear to
have suffered more than the Concord. I would ask, in a locality
where such things are liable to occur, is it at all probable that any of
the early flowering shrubs mentioned at page 52 would succeed?”
It is probable that the frosts were more severe in the County of
Carleton than in the County of Lincoln, but the effect of the frost in
the middle of May in these parts was much the same upon the grape
vines here as described by our correspondent; the Delaware and the
Rogers Hybrid suffering more than the Concord, but the Japan
Quince, Plum-leaved Spirea, and Chinese Double-flowering Plum did
not suffer at all, though the young shoots of the chestnut trees, and
some of the maples and evergreens suffered severely. The young
shoots of grape vines are very tender, and therefore very sensitive to
frost, yet if the Concord in some degree escaped, we think that
these shrubs would endure late frosts much better than any grape
vine, and therefore we should not be by any means discouraged
from giving them a trial on account of the danger of late spring
frosts. It is however quite possible that they might suffer some from
the very severe winter frosts, and would therefore advise that for a
few winters they should be protected by driving into the ground
branches of evergreens, so as to form a circular screen around each
of the shrubs, sufficiently dense to afford them some shelter from
the wind and sun until the starting of vegetation in the spring. After
they have become firmly established they may be found to be
sufficiently hardy to endure the winter of that section without any
shelter.

—————

SUMMER PRUNING OF THE GRAPE.

 It has been the fashion among vine growers to prune their vines
severely in the month of July, taking off cart-loads of leaves and
branches. The reason given for this barbarous practice is that the
grapes need exposure to the sun and air in order to ripen, and that
this stripping off of the leaves and cutting away of the branches is
necessary in order to let the sun-light fall upon the fruit and the air
circulate freely among the clusters.
It is true that a grape vine may be allowed to produce too many
branches and leaves for the fullest development of the fruit, and the
proper time to guard against this is when the buds are starting into
growth, by rubbing out all superfluous eyes or buds as they begin to
push forth. But it is not true that the clusters of grapes require to be
exposed to the sun’s rays in order that the fruit may be ripened. The
following remarks by Dr. Lindley have a very direct bearing on this
subject. He says, “If all the leaves which a tree will naturally form
are exposed to favorable influences, and receive the light of a
brilliant sun, all the fruit which such a plant may produce will ripen
perfectly in a summer that is long enough. But if all the fruit which a
healthy tree will show is allowed to set, and a large part of the
leaves is abstracted, such fruit, be the summer what it may, will
never ripen. The period of ripening in fruit will be accelerated by an
abundant foliage, and retarded by a scanty foliage.” These general
propositions he considered applicable to all cases, and particularly to
the vine. If correct, then the severe summer pruning of the grape
vine is wrong. “It is a mistake,” he adds, “to imagine that the sun
must shine on the bunches of grapes in order to ripen them. Nature
intended no such thing. On the contrary, it is evident that vines
naturally bear their fruit in such a way as to screen it from the sun;
and man is most unwise when he rashly interferes with this
intention. What is wanted is the full exposure of the leaves to the
sun; they will prepare the nutriment for the grape; they will feed it,
and nurse it, and eventually rear it up into succulence and
lusciousness.”
The truth is this, that the leaves prepare the nourishment for the
grapes, without which they will never ripen, and unless there are
sufficient leaves so situated as to their exposure to the sun and air
that they can properly and abundantly supply this nourishment to
the fruit, it will never perfectly ripen. What is required then is not to
cut away the leaves and branches to let the sun-light in upon the
grapes, but to so thin out the shoots in the spring that the foliage
shall be well exposed to the full light of the sun, and if the whole
crop of leaves is allowed to remain that is thus exposed to the sun,
the preparation of the matter for the nutrition of the fruit will be
more rapid, and hence the ripening of the fruit accelerated. Hence if
the winter and spring pruning has been properly done there will be
no necessity for any summer pruning whatever.
But there is a pruning or rather stopping of the shoots in
September that is of benefit. On this subject Doctor Lindley says,
“When, however, in autumn the branches are beginning to slacken in
their power of lengthening, it is then right to stop the shoots by
pinching off their ends, because after that season newly formed
leaves have little time to do more than organize themselves, which
must take place at the expense of matter forming in the other
leaves. Autumn-stopping of the vine shoots is therefore not only
unobjectionable, but advantageous, for the leaves which remain
after that operation will then direct all their energy to the perfection
of the grapes.”

—————

THE TYSON PEAR.

This is a favorite pear, of medium size, but of great excellence,
ripening early in September. The tree is certainly as hardy as the
Bartlett, and may be grown wherever that variety succeeds. It has
an upright habit of growth, and is thrifty and healthy. It does not
begin to bear fruit while young, but when it has reached maturity it
bears large crops. The pears are hardly of medium size, of a rich
deep-yellow color, with a very handsome crimson cheek, the flesh is
melting, juicy, very sweet, with a very agreeable aromatic flavor,
ranking in quality almost if not quite “best.” It is grown in the
counties of Brant, Lambton, Lincoln, Middlesex, Ontario, Oxford,
Waterloo, Wellington, Wentworth, and York, and very probably in
some other counties that have not named it in their lists of pears.
This fruit is of American origin, having grown up in a hedge on
the grounds of Jonathan Tyson, of Jenkintown, near Philadelphia,
Penn. In 1794 Mr. Tyson removed it from the hedge and set it out, at
which time it was about an inch in diameter. His son proposed to
graft the tree with a variety known by the name of Catharine, but
the father suggested that it might be a better kind, and in
compliance with his wishes the tree remained untouched until it bore
fruit, which proved to be so fine that in 1800 a number of trees were
grafted with scions taken from this tree. The original tree was still
standing within the village of Jenkintown in 1847, and then
measured, at two feet from the ground, fully six feet in
circumference.
We commend this variety to the attention of our readers,
believing they will be pleased with its flavor, and find that anything
that may be lacking in the size of the fruit is fully made up in the
quality and flavor. We have noticed that the fruit does not drop
easily from the tree, but will often hang until it decays on the
branches, hence it will do to plant it in situations exposed to the
sweep of strong winds. It is not sufficiently large and showy to be
planted for market, it is for the grower’s own use, for those who
value quality above size that it is recommended.

—————

THE BALDWIN APPLE.

This popular market apple has been in cultivation for at least a
century. It originated in what was then known as Wilmington, in the
county of Middlesex, State of Massachusetts, on the farm of Mr.
Butters, who gave it the name of the Woodpecker apple, because it
seemed to be a favorite with those birds, who used to frequent the
tree and peck the fruit. From this tree grafts were taken, and the
variety became known in that vicinity by the name given it by Mr.
Butters, which, however, soon became shortened into Pecker Apple,
under which name it was planted by the Vice President of the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society, B. V. French, at Braintree, Mass.,
in 1818. At an early period of its history, about 1771, it came to the
notice of Col. Baldwin, of Woburn, Mass., who introduced it to public
attention, whence it received its present name of Baldwin. From this
it has been extensively cultivated and widely diffused, so that to-day
it is probably better known and more sought after by dealers in
apples than any other variety. In the report of the American
Pomological Society for 1877, it is double starred in more States than
any other, and within the zone, where its profitable cultivation is
possible, there are probably more trees planted of the Baldwin than
of any two other kinds.
It cannot be successfully grown in all parts of Ontario, the severe
cold of our higher latitudes being too great for the health of the tree.
It is reported as doing well in the counties of Brant, Elgin,
Haldimand, Halton, Lambton, Lincoln, Middlesex, Norfolk, Oxford,
Peel, Waterloo, Welland, Wentworth, and York, and in parts of Grey,
Huron, and Wellington.
The tree is naturally vigorous and productive, coming soon into
bearing, and yielding every alternate year large crops of good sized,
well-shaped, high colored fruit, which keeps well, and bears handling
and carriage in a remarkable degree. In most markets, and
especially in the European, high colored apples sell best, hence this
variety has a preference over light colored sorts. It is ranked as “very
good” in quality, and in this climate is in use from January to May.
We are credibly informed that the part of the farm belonging to
Mr. Butters upon which the original Baldwin apple tree grew,
subsequently passed into the hands of a gentleman eminent as an
agriculturist and horticulturist, who took the pains to erect a suitable
monument to the memory of this tree, upon the spot where it stood.
And surely it is well thus to mark, that coming generations may
remember the birth-place of an apple that has had such a history,
that having stood the test of a century, is still a most popular and
valuable fruit, that is sought after in the markets of the old world as
well as the new, that has contributed so much to the comfort of the
human race in so many lands and in so many climes, and that
promises to continue its beneficent mission for centuries yet to
come, gladdening alike the eye and heart of childhood and age.

—————

GREEN PEAS.
Good green peas are among the blessings of life to be enjoyed
with thankfulness, thankfulness to the Giver of all good, and
thankfulness to the man who invented them. From the bottom of the
heart they are to be pitied whose only green peas are gathered from
the field crop sown by the farmer for his swine, or such as are
usually to be found in our markets and on our hotel tables. And he is
a benefactor of his race who places it within the power of every
owner of a town lot to grow nice, sweet, green peas. In the days
when the world was young, and plenty of pea-brush was to be had
for the asking, it was matter of little consequence whether our
choice marrowfat peas climbed five or fifty feet, but as the world has
grown older pea-brush has become scarce, and brushing the peas
an operation that requires considerable outlay of time and ingenuity.
Indeed so inconvenient has it become that tall growing peas have
gone out of cultivation in many places, and men have wished that
some good angel of mercy would bring us a wrinkled pea as sweet
and rich as the Champion of England, whose aspirations did not
reach so far skyward. And because the wish has been gratified, and
we have seen with our eyes and tasted with our lips, and the heart
has risen up to bless the inventor, we give to our readers the
information that a man has been found, not an angel, but what is far
better, a man, who by the use of the powers God has given him, has
produced a pea which may be grown in any garden without any
bushing, fully equalling in its sweetness and richness of flavor any of
the tall growing Marrowfats. Not only may we rejoice in the fact that
a man, by the exercise of his faculties, has been able to undertake
to produce such a pea and succeed, but we have further occasion
for rejoicing in the fact that he is one of ourselves, a citizen of our
own land, and that this is but one of many benefits that he has
conferred upon us and upon his race.
Bliss’ American Wonder is the name of this new pea, which was
raised by Mr. Charles Arnold, of Paris, Ontario. With characteristic
modesty the raiser allows the achievement to be ushered into the
world by a name that gives no clue to the possessor of the genius
and skill which produced this result; content, in quiet retirement, to
bless mankind with the fruits of his toil, asking from them no meed
of praise. We have found this new pea to be very dwarf in its habit
of growth, a very abundant cropper, and possessing a sweetness
and richness of flavor that we have not found in any other dwarf
pea. Blue Peter, considered a very promising sort, is so much inferior
to this in quality as to make comparison impossible. In point of
height and productiveness there is not much difference. With such a
pea to be had, there is no need of giving up their cultivation because
it is too troublesome to bush the tall growing sorts, or because the
dwarf varieties are deficient in flavor. If our readers will give this
variety a trial, we feel confident that they will not willingly be
without it ever after.

—————

NOTES ON STRAWBERRIES.
 BY A. M. SMITH, DRUMMONDVILLE.

The past season has been a very unfavorable one for judging the
comparative merits of strawberries, the earlier varieties having been
much injured by the frost, and the later ones not entirely escaped.
The following is a list of varieties I have fruited this summer, and the
time of ripening:
Smith’s Early, (a seedling of my own,) ripened June 1st.
Specimens of this variety were nearly half grown when the frost
came, which were of course destroyed, and only a few berries that
were protected by the foliage escaped and ripened, consequently
there was not half a crop. Nicanor, ripe June 3rd, very much injured,
about half a crop. Wilson’s Albany ripened June 6th, about half a
crop. Cumberland Triumph; this is a variety with very dense, heavy
foliage, which protected the blossoms from frost, ripening with
Wilson, and was the most productive berry I had; it is a large scarlet
fruit, much resembling the New Dominion, only a little lighter in
color, of fair quality, though a little too soft for shipping a great
distance. Arnold’s No. 40 ripened about with the Wilson, a good
sized, light colored, cocks-comb shaped berry, very good flavored,
but soft. Charles Downing ripened 8th of June, a very light crop.
Green Prolific ripened 10th of June; this being a variety of heavy
foliage, it escaped the frost more than some others, was a fair crop.
Lennig’s White ripened 10th June, a light crop of soft white berries,
of very delicate flavor. Sterling ripened June 10th; this is a new, fair
sized, dark, rich looking berry, very fine flavored, but few of them.
Monarch of the West was ripe on the 12th of June; this is a large,
productive berry, of very good flavor, and would be valuable but for
the peculiarity of not ripening, or rather not perfecting its fruit, the
tips of the berries being green. Great American ripened about the
12th of June; this I should regard as a very promising variety, berries
large, of a dark-red color, good flavored, and productive. Col. Cheney
ripened June 12th; this berry on my ground is a failure, it sets full,
and I get a few large berries, but the majority are small, ragged
things. Jucunda was ripe June 12th, very light crop. Triomph de
Gand ripened June 12th, and was about half a crop. Late Cone ripe
June 13; this is a beautiful, dark, cone-shaped berry, very fine
flavored, and yielded a fair crop. The New Dominion ripened about
the 14th of June, and though the blossoms were not apparently
much injured by the frost, my crop was not up to its former
productiveness on account of a kind of rust which affected both the
foliage and fruit, though some parties within a few miles of me had
magnificent crops of fine large berries. Kentucky ripened June 15th,
as usual with me a light crop, of very good, late berries.

—————

CULTIVATION OF THE QUINCE.

For some reason, or probably without any reason, the quince has
been a neglected fruit with us. True, in some parts of the province,
indeed in a very large part, the climate is too severe for the
successful cultivation of this tree, but there is yet a very considerable
portion where it would flourish and bear fruit, and handsomely repay
the cultivator. Our fruit growers are awake to the value of the apple,
and many orchards have been planted which are yielding a very
handsome return to their owners, and the same may be said of most
of our fruits, but the quince seems to have been quite overlooked.
Perhaps one reason why attention has not been turned to this fruit is
the fact that those who have a few trees never give them any care,
but leave them to grow as best they may, in some out of the way
corner; and because under such circumstances they yield but little
fruit, and that not of the best, it is taken for granted that it does not
pay to grow them. Now, on the contrary, we believe that an orchard
of quince trees, properly cultivated, will prove to be fully as
profitable as an apple orchard of the same size, and that at the
present time the demand for good quinces is in excess of the supply.
The quince thrives best on a strong clay loam, that is well
drained, has been deeply plowed and is in a good state of
cultivation. In preparing the soil for a plantation of quinces, it is very
desirable that the sub-soil should be thoroughly broken up and
loosened by the sub-soil plow, and the surface well pulverized. In
this the trees may be planted ten feet apart each way, which will
give four hundred and thirty trees to the acre. It surely is not
necessary to tell the readers of the Canadian Horticulturist that the
planting should be done with care, and after it is completed, each
tree should be well mulched with a good thick covering of coarse,
strawy manure. The space between the rows may be planted with
potatoes, which will perhaps insure the tillage of the ground. In the
autumn, fork in the manure that was placed around the trees as a
mulch, and replace it with a fresh supply, this will not only protect
the roots from severe frosts, but will fill the soil with food for the
tree by the time that it starts into growth again. In the spring, plow
the ground between the rows, not running so near to the quince
trees as to injure the roots, stir the soil lightly around the trees; we
say lightly, for the quince roots are comparatively small and fibrous,
and might be seriously broken and injured by a too energetic use of
the digging fork; and then sow the whole broadcast with salt, at the
rate of ten bushels to the acre, which will be sufficient to half
conceal the ground under each tree. Do not neglect to apply the
salt, it is essential to your fullest success. Not only will the quince
tree bear salt, but the tree will be more healthy, and yield more and
better fruit than if it be withheld; indeed if any of our readers have
quince trees that do not yield fruit, they will bring them at once into
bearing if they will give them a dressing of salt and manure.
This treatment should be kept up from year to year, a top-
dressing around each tree in the autumn, manure enough on the
ground between the rows in spring to make it yield a good crop of
potatoes or of some other root, and salt around the quince trees at
least, and as they increase in size the salt should be extended over
the whole, and it will be found to be beneficial to the root crops as
well. When the quince trees have grown to such size that it is no
longer profitable to grow roots among them, let not that prevent the
quince orchard from receiving an abundant supply of manure and
good tillage. A plantation treated in this way will begin to bear in
three years, and will continue to yield profitable crops for ten times
that length of time.
A word about the pruning. The trees do not require much
pruning, but they should have the little they do need regularly every
spring. They should not be allowed to grow in bush style, with
shoots coming up from the ground, but should be trained as dwarf
trees, with a clean stem or trunk. The head will need to be thinned
out just sufficiently to give the foliage a good exposure to the sun
and air, yet not so much as to leave the branches unshaded by the
leaves. The twiggy shoots that have borne fruit the previous summer
should be shortened back, so that new fruit-spurs may be produced
from them, and thus the fruit be distributed uniformly over the
whole tree.
We hope some one of our readers may be induced to undertake
the cultivation of an acre of quince trees, and that he will
communicate the results, keeping an account of all expenditure for
trees, use of ground, fertilizers, cultivation, picking, and marketing
the fruit, and of the amount received from sales, so that our readers
may see his balance sheet.
As to varieties, we advise that only one be planted, and that the
Orange Quince, sometimes called the Apple Quince. It is, when well
grown, a large fruit, roundish or apple shaped, with a very short
neck, of a beautiful golden yellow color when ripe, and of excellent
flavor. If disposed to experiment with any other sort, try a dozen
trees of Rea’s Mammoth Quince; it is usually larger than the Orange,
but as far as we have tested it, not as productive.
Quinces are easily bruised, and the bruises sadly disfigure the
fruit, they should therefore be gathered and handled with care,
securely put up in small packages so that they cannot shake about in
them, and the packages be easily handled. They are in good
demand in all our large cities for culinary purposes, and could they
be obtained in sufficient quantities would be much sought after by
the large manufacturers of jellies from apples, for flavoring their
products.
 —————

RASPBERRY NOTES.
BY ALLEN MOYER, JORDAN STATION.

Mammoth Cluster—for hardiness, size, and productiveness,

deserves to be placed at the head of all the black raspberries.
Doolittle—this black variety I fruited for the first time this season,
and judging from present prospects think it will be next to Mammoth
Cluster, perhaps ahead of it in productiveness; it is some earlier.
Davison’s Thornless—A very good variety, not quite equal to
Mammoth Cluster and Doolittle as a cropper, but sufficiently
productive to give good satisfaction. If I were to consult my pickers
as to which they thought the best variety, they, of course, would say
the Thornless. This is also a black variety, ripening earlier than the
Mammoth Cluster.
Lunn’s Everbearing—is one of those useless black sorts that I
shall plant all I have of it so deep under the ground that they will
never come up again.
Philadelphia—comes first among the red varieties for hardiness,
productiveness, and profit, where quality is no great object. It is an
enormous bearer.
Clarke—for flavor, size and productiveness this is the berry. I
would hold on to this to the last.
Highland Hardy—this is the earliest of all raspberries, very hardy
and productive, berries not as large as other varieties, quality good.
Read’s Prolific—the largest berry on my grounds. I have not
tested it enough to say much about its hardiness and
productiveness, although I have seen this variety heavily laden with
fruit on the originator’s grounds.
Naomi—is something like the Clarke, no better in my estimation.
 Amazon—flavor extra, plants not as hardy as the Clarke, and the
berries are more apt to crumble.
Brandywine—this is the latest and best shipping berry, but is not
one of my favorites.
Ganargua—fruited with me for the first time this season, it seems
to be very productive, the berries were large, color between red and
black, and quite firm. If the color and flavor should suit purchasers,
it will no doubt be a profitable berry.
Catawissa—an odd berry and plant; this is about all I can say of
it.
Golden Thornless—this was the first season of my fruiting it, and
I suppose that I will not be much better off by fruiting it again,
although it is exceedingly productive. If the flavor and color will suit
the market, it may give good satisfaction. I am sure it will ship or
dry well.
Were I to grow only four varieties, I would take the Mammoth
Cluster and Doolittle for blacks, and the Philadelphia and Clarke for
reds.

—————

CRESCENT SEEDLING AND FOREST

ROSE STRAWBERRIES.
In the American Agriculturist for August, E. P. Roe, of Cornwall-
on-the-Hudson, New York, reports progress on these two new
strawberries. He states that the Crescent Seedling originated with
William Parmelee, New Haven, Connecticut, in 1870. Its two marked
features as he has seen it in several localities, are a tendency to take
entire possession of the ground, crowding out the weeds, and of
literally covering the ground it grows on with fruit. Its lack of
firmness, he thinks, will prove its chief fault. He saw it growing
vigorously, and fruiting enormously on light soils, and in some
instances other and leading varieties standing near it had proved
utter failures. It has also done remarkably well on damp and heavy
soil in his own grounds. In color it is a bright scarlet, and looks well
in the basket. Like the Wilson, it is red before it is ripe, and in this
immature state the flavor is poor, but greatly improves as the berry
ripens. It has the appearance of being a pistillate, though it is
claimed that it will bear alone. He noticed, however, that in a field of
four acres some Wilson’s were planted at intervals, and advises that
some of the perfect flowered varieties be set out near by. He finds it
to ripen this season about with the Wilson.
The Forest Rose, he says, is a chance seedling, discovered by J.
A. Fetters, of Lancaster, Ohio, in his vineyard, about seven years
ago, and that it surpasses the other in flavor, beauty, and particularly
in its shipping qualities, but that thus far it has not proved with him
to be anything like so productive. In sending some thirty-six varieties
to the Queen’s County Fair he found that it suffered the least from
transportation of them all. He is growing it on three kinds of soil; the
stiffest kind of clay, a light, moist soil, and a gravelly knoll, and it is
doing well in each. Thus far with him the foliage has never rusted or
burned. He expresses his hopes in regard to it, by saying that he
planted it more largely than any other kind last spring. He quotes Dr.
J. A. Warder, of Ohio, as saying of it, “here we have elegance of
form, brilliancy in color, great size, and firmness to bear
transportation, combined with table qualities of a higher order than
in Wilson’s Albany, which it surpasses even in field culture.”
Mr. Roe concludes with the following judicious remark, “I may
seem an old fogy when I say that while I shall give these plausible
strangers plenty of room in which to prove their merits, I shall still
stand by my old and tried friends in the strawberry field.”
 —————

EXPERIMENTS IN HYBRIDIZATION.
It is well known to cultivators of the Camellia that the venerable
President of the American Pomological Society, the Hon. Marshall P.
Wilder, achieved great success in the raising of new varieties,
yielding double flowers, from seed hybridized by himself, and that
many of the flowers raised by him were exquisite models of
perfection of form. This marked success he attributes largely to
three things, first, that in the selection of the seed-bearing parent he
used hybrids, believing that every change effected by cross-
fertilization is a remove from the normal form, and therefore more
easily susceptible of continued mutations; second, that in the
selection of the flower to be impregnated he had special reference to
the strength and prominence of the style, the form of the corolla,
and the perfection of its petals; and third, that he used only pollen
taken from an anther which was supported by a petaloid stamen,
that is, a stamen which had taken on the form, more or less, of a
petal. He regarded this petaloid form of the stamen as the incipient
stage towards a full petalous form, and that when he fertilized such
flowers with this petaloid pollen, he was more likely to secure double
seedlings, with petals more or less multiplied, and oftentimes
perfectly double, than when the pollen was taken from anthers
borne upon perfect stamens. And the larger and better developed
the petaloid stamen was, that is, the more nearly the stamen had
taken on the form of a petal, the better the chance for obtaining
finely formed double flowers. His experiments led him to the
conclusion that single or semi-double flowers with perfect corollas
are more certain to produce flowers of a regular symmetrical
formation, than those whose corollas have been irregular, with
considerable variation in the size and form of the different petals;
and likewise that when the style was feeble, distorted, or imperfectly
developed, the results were likely to be very unsatisfactory.
As some of our readers are making experiments in the production
of double flowers, we hope they will give us the results of their
labors for publication.

—————

HORTICULTURAL ECCENTRICITIES.
BY THOMAS HOOD.

Hood looks over the gate and compliments Mrs. Gardiner, a

widow, who has but one idea, and that is her garden, about which
she had the habit of talking in a singularly figurative style, upon the
beauty of her carnations.
‘Yes, I have a stronger blow than any one in the place, and as to
sweetness, nobody can come nigh me.’
Accepting the polite invitation I stepped in through the little
wicket, and in another moment was rapturously sniffing at her
stocks, and the flower with the sanguinary name. From the walls I
turned off to a rose-bush, remarking that there was a very fine show
of buds.
‘Yes, but I want sun to make me bust. You should have seen me
last June, Sir, when I was in my full bloom. None of your wishy-
washy pale sorts, (this was a fling at the white roses at the next
door,) none of your Provincials, or pale pinks. There’s no maiden
blushes about me; I’m the regular old red cabbage.’
And she was right, for after all that hearty, glowing, fragrant rose
is the best of the species; the queen of flowers, with a ruddy em-
bon-point, reminding one of the goddesses of Reubens.
‘And there’s my American Creeper. Miss Sharp pretends to creep,
but Lor’ bless ye, afore she ever gets up to her first-floor window I
shall be running all over the roof of the willa. You see I’m over the
portico already.’
While this conversation was going on, a deaf bachelor neighbor,
who has a garden of his own, passes by. Mrs. Gardiner hails him in a
loud voice, and addresses him in her customary style.
‘Well, and how are you, Mr. Burrel, after them east winds?’
‘Very bad, very bad indeed,’ replied Mr. Burrel, thinking only of his
rheumatics.
‘And so am I,’ said Mrs. Gardiner, remembering nothing but her
blight; ‘I’m thinking of trying tobacco-water and a squiringe.’
‘Is that good for it?’ asked Mr. B., with a tone of doubt and
surprise.
‘So they say; but you must mix it strong, and squirt it as hard as
ever you can over your affected parts.’
‘What! my lower limbs?’
‘Yes, and your upper ones too. Wherever you are maggoty.’
‘Oh,’ grunted the old gentleman, ‘you mean vermin.’
‘As for me,’ bawled out Mrs. Gardiner, ‘I’m swarming. And Miss
Sharp is wus than I am.’
‘The more’s the pity,’ said the old gentleman, ‘we shall have no
apples and pears.’
‘No, not to signify. How’s your peaches?’
‘Why, they set kindly enough ma’am, but they all dropped off in
the last frosty nights.’
‘Ah, it ain’t the frost,’ roared Mrs. G., ‘you have got down to the
gravel; I know you have, you look so rusty and scrubby.’
‘I wish you good morning, ma’am,’ said the little old bachelor,
turning very red in the face, and making rather a precipitate retreat;
as who wouldn’t, thus attacked at once in his person and his peach
trees?
‘To be sure, he was dreadful unproductive,’ the widow said, ‘but a
good sort of body, and ten times pleasanter than the next door
neighbor at number ten, who would keep coming over her wall, till
she cut off his pumpkin.’
She now led me round the house to ‘her back,’ where she
showed me her grass-plot, wishing she was greener, and asking if
she ought not to have a roll. She next led me off to her vegetables,
halting at last at her peas, some few rows of Blue Prussians, which
she had probably obtained from Waterloo, they were so long in
coming up.
‘Back’ard, ain’t I?’
‘Yes, rather.’
‘Wery, but Miss Sharp is back’arder than me; she’s hardly out of
the ground yet, and please God, in another fortnight I shall want
sticking.’
There was something so irresistibly comic in the last equivoque,
that I was forced to slur over a laugh as a sneeze, and then
continued to ask her if she had no assistance in her labors.
‘What, a gardener? never! I did once have a daily jobber, and he
jobbed away all my dahlias; I declare I could have cried. But’s very
hard to think you’re a valuable bulb, and when summer comes
you’re nothing but a stick and label.’
‘Very provoking, indeed.’
‘Talk of transplanting; they do nothing else but transplant you
from one house to another, till you don’t know where you are. There
was I, thinking I was safe and sound in my own bed, and all the
while I was in Mr. Jones’s. It is scandalous.’
VOL. I.] SEPTEMBER, [NO. 9.
1878.

THE CHERRY CURRANT.

This currant has been widely disseminated, and is doubtless to
be found in every collection of currants, not only in this Province, but
in the sister Provinces, and throughout the United States. Its large
size and deep, rich color combine to give it a very attractive and
showy appearance, so that it is a beautiful ornament upon the table,
looking exceedingly nice and tempting; and in the market attracts
the attention of purchasers, commanding a ready sale, and
sometimes a higher price than the smaller sorts. Yet in point of
quality it is not equal to the well known old Red Dutch, nor to the
Victoria, being admittedly only second rate; and is another instance
of a fact well known to dealers in fruit, that size and beauty of
appearance are of more importance than flavor.
In the writer’s experience with this variety, grown upon a moist
sandy loam, there has been a lack of that productiveness which has
generally been accorded to it. Those who have grown it on a
stronger and heavier soil have not seemed to find so much
deficiency in this respect. At times, too, it has seemed as though it
suffered from the severity of our climate, yet we have met with no
complaints from others of this nature, hence we are disposed to the
belief that it will be found to thrive best and be most productive on a
strong clay soil. Those who find it to thrive well and produce
abundantly may plant it liberally for market purposes.
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