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Procedia Computer Science 239 (2024) 49–57

CENTERIS – International Conference on ENTERprise Information Systems / ProjMAN –

International
CENTERIS – Conference onConference
International Project MANagement / HCist
on ENTERprise – International
Information SystemsConference
/ ProjMANon–
Health and Social Care Information Systems and Technologies 2023
International Conference on Project MANagement / HCist – International Conference on
Health and Social Care Information Systems and Technologies 2023
BIM design coordination: conflict analysis and construction
BIM design coordination:simulation
conflict analysis and construction
simulation
Alcinia Zita Sampaio*, Nuno Gomes, Augusto Gomes
UniversityAlcinia ZitaTechnical
of Lisbon, Higher Sampaio*,
Institute, Nuno
Dep. CivilGomes,
Engineering,Augusto Gomes
Av, Rovisco Pais, Lisbon, Portugal
CERIS – Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability, IST, Lisbon, Portugal
University of Lisbon, Higher Technical Institute, Dep. Civil Engineering, Av, Rovisco Pais, Lisbon, Portugal
CERIS – Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability, IST, Lisbon, Portugal
Abstract
Abstract
The Building Information Modelling (BIM) methodology has been adopted in the construction industry, supporting the
development of projects. Its implementation has improved the collaboration and integration in the design context, increasing the
The Building Information Modelling (BIM) methodology has been adopted in the construction industry, supporting the
accuracy of the project preparation and the decreasing additional costs and delays of the construction work. The main objective
development of projects. Its implementation has improved the collaboration and integration in the design context, increasing the
of the present research is to provide an overview of the state of the art of BIM applications, namely, concerning the construction
accuracy of the project preparation and the decreasing additional costs and delays of the construction work. The main objective
planning. For that, the generation of a BIM 3D model, involving the disciplines of architecture, structures and water supply
of the present research is to provide an overview of the state of the art of BIM applications, namely, concerning the construction
system was performed. After, over the model a conflict analysis was applied, in order to verify the consistency of all the
planning. For that, the generation of a BIM 3D model, involving the disciplines of architecture, structures and water supply
disciplines, when linked together. In order to obtain a visual simulation of the construction process, the correspondent 4D BIM
system was performed. After, over the model a conflict analysis was applied, in order to verify the consistency of all the
model was also generated. Along the development of the study, several BIM software were applied over a case study. The main
disciplines, when linked together. In order to obtain a visual simulation of the construction process, the correspondent 4D BIM
remarks of the capacities of the software, as well as the benefits and limitations verified were identified.
model was also generated. Along the development of the study, several BIM software were applied over a case study. The main
© 2023 The
remarks Authors.
of the Published
capacities by ELSEVIER
of the software, as wellB.V.
as the benefits and limitations verified were identified.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
© 2024
© 2023 The
The Authors.
Authors. Published
Published byby Elsevier
ELSEVIER B.V.B.V.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the CENTERIS – International Conference on ENTERprise
This is
This is an
an open
open access
access article
article under
under the
the CC
CC BY-NC-ND
BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Information Systems / ProjMAN - International Conference on Project MANagement / HCist - International Conference on
Peer-review under
Peer-review under responsibility
responsibility of
of the
the scientific
scientific committee
committee ofof the
the CENTERIS
CENTERIS /–ProjMAN
International Conference
/ HCist 2023 on ENTERprise
Health and Social Care Information Systems and Technologies 2023
Information Systems / ProjMAN - International Conference on Project MANagement / HCist - International Conference on
Health andBIM;
Keywords: 4D Care
Social model;Information
Conflict analysis; Planning
Systems construction; Visual
and Technologies 2023simulation.
Keywords: BIM; 4D model; Conflict analysis; Planning construction; Visual simulation.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +351 218 418 336,

E-mail address: [email protected]
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +351 218 418 336,
E-mail address: [email protected]
1877-0509 © 2023 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
1877-0509 © 2023 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the CENTERIS – International Conference on ENTERprise Information Systems /
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
ProjMAN - International Conference on Project MANagement / HCist - International Conference on Health and Social Care Information Systems
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the CENTERIS – International Conference on ENTERprise Information Systems /
and Technologies 2023
ProjMAN - International Conference on Project MANagement / HCist - International Conference on Health and Social Care Information Systems
and Technologies 2023

1877-0509 © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the CENTERIS / ProjMAN / HCist 2023
10.1016/j.procs.2024.06.145
50 Alcinia Zita Sampaio et al. / Procedia Computer Science 239 (2024) 49–57
2 Alcinia Zita Sampaio et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2023) 000–000

1. Introduction

The delay in the adoption of advanced digital technologies to support the project has created some difficulties
faced by the construction sector, revealing consequences in additional costs and inefficiency in the organization of
information with the increase of the building complexity. In order to improve the quality of the construction design
and planning, the Building Information Modelling (BIM) methodology has been adopted in the construction
industry. Its implementation in project offices introduced new strategies concerning collaboration and integration in
the design development, increasing the accuracy in the project elaboration, and reducing the volume of project
corrections and construction delays. The BIM concept, since the beginning of its application, has admitted a process
of evolution and maturity regarding its applicability and potentiality in building activity. The base of the BIM
concept is the centralization of information, the integration and the collaboration between parts of the project and the
team involved.
Charles M. Eastman [1] proposed an initial idea, in 1974, related to the definition of a virtual building model. The
study describes a "building descriptive system" composed of three-dimensional (3D) geometric elements, containing
information regarding, basically, geometry, and relations between elements. The term Building Model was first used,
in 1986, by Ruffle, related to Computer Aided Design (CAD), followed later by Nederveen and Tolman that first
refer the designation Building Information Modelling [2]. BIM refers to an approach to the building modelling
concept with the ability to represent multiple tasks for different stages of project development [3]. The virtual digital
model, designed as BIM model, is obtained from a parametric modelling process, and represents the project of the
building in analyses. More recently, BIM has been used in a multitask project as it admit the realization of a set of
processes associated with the production and analysis of the building, referred as nD BIM models [4]. A BIM model
is composed of parametric objects representing construction components that contain not only geometric attributes,
but also information about the physical properties of the applied materials. This innovative methodology allows
material costs reducing, by providing reliable construction cost estimates, before the construction phase begins. The
BIM model allows an easy verification of inconstancies between disciplines, optimizing the collaboration strategy
and achieving a better quality project delivery. These topics were explored, over a study case, in the present work
[5].
The ability of an enterprise to perform a task, deliver a service, or generate a product can be defined in distinct
phases: Pre-BIM, BIM phase 1, BIM phase 2, BIM phase 3 and Post-BIM. These BIM phases or stages define the
main goals to be achieved by teams and organizations as they adopt the BIM concept and associated technologies.
Each BIM phase is defined based on establishing minimum requirements [6]. An enterprise in BIM phase 3
implementation is capable to provide more BIM services to a client or project partner than a company that is in an
earlier stage. In this context, the term maturity corresponds to the adoption of admissible measures relative to a
structure that encourages repeatable, stable, well-defined, and quality results. The maturity corresponds to the ability
to differentiate the execution of tasks or delivery of BIM services or products, and it is defined as the degree to
which business processes and activities are performed according to acceptable bases [7].
In the present work, in order to promote the dissemination of the use of BIM in the coordination of several
disciplines in a global project, a 3D BIM model involving the disciplines of architecture, structures and mechanical
systems was first generated. After, a conflict analyses study between the three disciplines was performed, as well as
a 4D model representing the construction process was generated. In the process several limitations were identified
and strategic resolutions were presented.

2. Generation of BIM models

The selected case study, a single-family house, with two floors above ground and one basement floor, was used to
illustrate how to develop the required multi-project, using BIM platforms. The BIM software Revit (Autodesk) was
used to develop of the integrated model, composed of the architectural, structural and water supply network projects.
As the available Revit library contains a wide range of families of objects, it easily allows generating, with accuracy,
the design model of each disciplines. The parametric modelling process contributes to improve the flexibility of
selecting appropriate building components, and to reduce time consuming and effort spent on the definition of
distinct BIM models.
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Alcinia Zita Sampaio et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 3

2.1. Architecture

Before starting the modelling process, a set of initial definitions were established, beginning by the establishment
of the project units, the working levels and the plan grids. These first elements help to insert adequately all elements
in the model. The establishment of correct coordinates, in each discipline model, is essential in the development of
an efficient design that involves several expertise’s. The grid lines representation allows the mitigation of possible
coordinate errors and conflicts between elements.
The parametric objects, representative of architectural components, were selected from the Revit library
concerning architectural families, and adjusted to the case study. The objects present geometric characteristics and
properties of the materials. In the model, the walls were first inserted, followed by windows, doors, floors and stairs
(Fig. 1). The objects concerning the sanitary and kitchen equipment were selected from internet sites, as Autodesk
allows an easy access to a large range of specific equipment.

Fig. 1. Levels, parametric object of an external wall and sanitary equipment.

The BIM architectural model was then created with all the required components. In the process, several views can
be obtained, in distinct perspective point of views and from the interior of the model. In addition, any kind of
drawing can be obtained automatically. These capacities of Revit help the architect to analyze the project in
development and conceive easily alternative solutions by replacing components or changing the parametric
parameter (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. Perspectives of the 3D architectural model and longitudinal cut section.

2.2. Structures

Next, the structural model was generated. The Revit library contains also a large range of structural parametric
objects. The structure solution represents an important component of a building as it supports the loads imposed over
it. It is composed of several elements, such as foundations, columns, beams and slabs.
The first step was to create a new project in order to separate the disciplines into different files, and thus avoiding
visual information overloaded. Next, the architectural model was attached to the new project as a link, so that it is
possible to ensure a correct relative position of the building structure, using the architectural model as a base of
modelling. The modelling of the structural objects was carried on, following the modelling sequence: columns,
beams, slabs and foundations (Fig. 3).
52 Alcinia Zita Sampaio et al. / Procedia Computer Science 239 (2024) 49–57
4 Alcinia Zita Sampaio et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2023) 000–000

Fig. 3. Parametric object of a column and the generated structural BIM model.

2.3. Water supply system

The water supply system aims to ensure that water archives the consumer in perfect conditions. The present case
study makes use of the public network supply of water. The cold water supply to the building is provided through the
connection branch that links the public water distribution pipe and the domestic distribution system. However, the
hot water that feeds the kitchen and I.S. is obtained using a boiler.
A new BIM model was then created and linked to the initial architectural model. This establishes an adequate
working basis, to start modelling, with accurate geometric coordinates, levels and alignments. Since the equipment
and levels represented in the architecture are the same as for the current project, a copy of these elements was made
through the software's collaboration option. Before starting to design the pipes of the water system it was necessary
to create and define the dimensions and materials of the families of objects to be used. As well as the type of system
to which the pipe to be inserted belongs. Once the definition of the pipes was concluded, they were drawn using plan
and longitudinal views of the building for a better perception of the pipe layout. Both systems of cold (blue) and hot
(red) waters were generated, with a distance, between both, of a minimum of 5mm, following a national normative
(Fig. 4).

Fig. 4. Parametric object of a pipe and representation of the water supply network model.

3. Conflict analysis

A building is composed of several components concerning distinct disciplines. Frequently, the elements
belonging to each discipline presents inconsistencies, namely, distinct components located in the same place. The
occurrence of this kind of errors or incompatibilities is common, and normally it is detect over the drawings of each
discipline project. Alternatively, even later when the building work is in progress, bringing additional time
consuming and overall costs.
Using BIM platform it is easy to verify inconstancies between disciplines. The detection of conflicts, using BIM
software, allows the identification of inconsistencies between distinct models, helping architects and contractors to
eliminate in a project stage relevant errors that could occur after in construction. A conflict analysis study should be
considered as an iterative process, in which all important design errors should be reported and reviewed, changing
and updating solutions until the desired level of coordination is achieved.
The use of automatic conflict detection tools can present a vast number of irregularities, however, not all of them
should be considered. The conflict analysis present in this work was performed between all the components that
 Alcinia Zita Sampaio et al. / Procedia Computer Science 239 (2024) 49–57 53
Alcinia Zita Sampaio et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 5

constitute the architecture, structures and water supply system models previously created, using Navisworks 2021
software (Autodesk). Like Revit, Navisworks belongs to the same enterprise, providing a high level of compatibility
and interoperability, suitable for the transference of models from one software to another without errors or loss of
information. Navisworks presents a friendly interface that allows the analysis of BIM models, using tools for
integration, evaluation and communication between teams. It aims to provide support in the coordination of different
disciplines in a project and conflict detection analyses. After the architectural, structural and water supply system
models, of the study case, were introduced in the Navisworks, several conflict tests were performed (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5. Models of architecture, structures and water system transferred to the Navisworks software.

The type of conflicts that can be defined are: hard clash, interaction between two objects in the same specific
place; soft clash, occurs when the geometric tolerances of a person's object or move zone are affected; workflow
clash, material and equipment delivery scheduling conflicts or general schedule inconsistencies. Once the models
were imported from the Navisworks, the coordinates at the origin and units of the model were checked. This step is
essential for the correct positioning of all specialties in the model, avoiding the erroneous identification of an
excessive number of intersections between discipline’s components. For each error a message of alert is visualized.
The conflict analysis process was initialized using the clash detective command. In the present case, two tests
were requested: between the architecture and the water system; between the structures and the water network. In
both tests, the interaction between geometric surfaces was evaluated. The correspondent interference reports were
also obtained. Fig. 6 shows several examples of conflicts found during the hard clash tests performed: between pipe
and wall, between pipe and sanitary equipment and between pipe and beam. The type of conflicts like the connection
between a sanitary equipment and the wall, were not considered, as this connection must be established. However,
the conflicts between pipes and walls or beams must be remodeled in Revit.

Fig. 6. Different type of conflicts that were identified in the tests.

4. 4D BIM model

The BIM 4D model concerns the simulation of the building construction process, planned according to the
studied network of critical paths, that is later associated with the respective groups of components, selected from the
BIM model. The 4D model provides a dynamic support for the evolution of the real construction, management of the
construction site, chronological control of materials supply, and availability of human resources and monitoring of
54 Alcinia Zita Sampaio et al. / Procedia Computer Science 239 (2024) 49–57
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the construction work [8]. 4D models has been used by several professions in the AEC sector to optimize projects,
analyze construction capacity, and manage resources. Poor quality construction work and inefficient construction
planning can be significantly reduced with the adoption of BIM in the design phase. The use of 4D BIM model, in
line with the effectiveness analysis of project schedule, reduces delays in the current real construction, as it can
improve the construction performance work, on site, by enhancing construction information models with schedules
of materials handling and local logistics, prefabricated structure production, and environmental and equipment
management [9].
The 4D model presents the relationship between the 3D model and the construction schedule work. Using the 4D
model makes easy to identify errors, such as inconsistencies in the level of detail, missing activities, and time and
places conflicts in the schedule [10]. The 4D model assists engineers in visualizing planning information while
avoiding the conceptual need [11]. Using the BIM model composed with the three disciplines, and verified against
any clash error, a 4D BIM model was generated.

4.1. Construction planning

Construction is a complex process composed of a large number of activities that are interconnected in some way,
therefore good planning is necessary to ensure as few accidents as possible. The basic principle of planning is to
break down the construction project into elementary activities and to define the duration of each one, with the main
objective of guaranty an efficient time path for the construction project with an optimized quality of the building.
Planning aims to analyze the construction project considering its technical feasibility, manpower, equipment,
materials, among others, until its conclusion. Planning organizes, elaborates, and coordinates the project work
throughout all the construction process. The planning performance domain addresses activities and functions
associated with the initial, ongoing, and evolving coordination of the organization, providing results necessary to
deliver the project deliverables. However, a process should be undertaken for adapting plans throughout the project
based on emerging and changing needs or conditions [12]. In all stages of the construction process is possible to
obtain the 5D BIM aspect concerning the costs estimation based on the take-off of materials.
High-level planning may begin before the project is authorized. The project team progressively drafts the initial
project documents, such as the objectives, project opening statement, business case, or similar documents to identify
or define a coordinated path to achieve the desired outcomes. Predictive planning approaches start by defining the
tasks to be accomplished and breaking them down in more detail. A common decomposition approach is the Work
Breakdown Structure (WBS), used to decompose the scope into lower levels of detail, these being made of multiple
activities. The WBS method can be carried out according to several principles, such as: nature of the work,
hierarchical organization, phasing, location, among others.
For the present study, the principles of location and phasing were chosen, dividing the activities by the locations
of the works to be performed and construction methods. Using a Gantt chart, it is possible to represent the schedule
of the activities that make up the project, providing an overview of the project's scheduling. For the construction of
this diagram the Ms Project software, owned by Microsoft, was used. It is one of the world's most widely accepted
project management software, easy to use and with a great versatility. Planning with Ms Project, managers can
associate human resources, evaluate budgets, create schedules, measure performance, analyze alternative solutions,
and prevent risks. For the present building case, a Gantt chart was created (Fig. 7).
 Alcinia Zita Sampaio et al. / Procedia Computer Science 239 (2024) 49–57 55
Alcinia Zita Sampaio et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 7

Fig. 7. Extract of part of the Gantt chart constructed in Ms Project.

4.2. Visual simulation of the construction

After, the correspondent 4D BIM model was obtained, by adding the time factor to the created 3D BIM models.
The incorporation of this new information allows visualizing the planned construction process. The 4D model was
developed following these steps: creation of the 3D models; importing the 3D models into BIM Navisworks viewer;
importing the planning obtained with Ms Project into Navisworks; connecting the planning to the 3D models.
Using the Navisworks Time Liner command, the user is allowed to import the construction schedule from Ms
Project. With the introduction of the tasks, Navisworks automatically generates the Gantt bar chart. However, the
precedence between tasks is not imported, in the process. The chart keeps the same dates and task durations,
allowing users to follow the same chronological sequence created in Ms Project. Once these initial steps were
completed, it is necessary to link the 3D objects of the models, with the respective task. In order to assign, with
accuracy, an activity to more than one building element, it is necessary to group the elements in Sets. Using this
capacity, a quickly selection of groups of objects, was performed. Various functions were assigned to each set,
providing an effective way of linking the elements with their respective chronological activity. After, the sets of the
model were linked to their respective activities. They were associated with the type of task and with a visibility
function, allowing each set to be visualized or not, after in the simulation representation. Fig. 8 shows the simulation
of the planned construction.

Fig. 8. Visual extracts from the case study construction simulation.

5. Results and discussion

A case study was presented involving the development of several tasks: the modelling of projects of architecture,
structures and mechanical systems; the conflict analyses between disciplines; generation of the 4D model
concerning the construction process simulation:
• The first model was the architectural design that supports the development of the other disciplines (structure and
water supply system. The conflict analyses was first performed between architecture and water supply, and later
56 Alcinia Zita Sampaio et al. / Procedia Computer Science 239 (2024) 49–57
8 Alcinia Zita Sampaio et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2023) 000–000

between structures and the water supply system. The second analyses required several adjustments. As several
limitations were identified some adequate resolutions were mentioned.
• After, a BIM 4D model was created allowing the engineer to simulate the complete construction process and the
5D BIM aspect concerning the costs estimation based on the take-off of material, from the complete 3D BIM
model. The visualization of the construction process using a 4D model that can be consulted in the local place of
the construction, helping engineers to analyze and control the real progress of the building.

6. Conclusions

The practical component developed throughout this work involves the 3D modelling, the clash detection and the
4D model generation. The first activity was performed using Revit software and for the second step, the Navisworks,
a BIM viewer software, was used. The modelling process was based on the selection of parametric objects,
representative of the components of the three distinct required projects (architecture, structure and water supply
system). All components were created in an integrated way, facilitating the conflicts detection analyses. In addition,
a visual simulation of the planned construction was performed.
The main objective of the work was to analyze the BIM methodology capability in the support of the generation
of an integrated model, and how to handle the model in order to verify inconsistencies and to simulate the
construction process. A correct 3D modelling process is the basis for the development of tasks supported by the
global BIM project. The design of objects in a 3D environment, when created with an adequate level of detail,
allowed the incorporation of more detailed planning comparable to that obtained in the construction execution phase;
moreover, the ability to link several models from different disciplines encourages the collaboration of all
participants, ensuring a higher level of transparency. The conflict analysis activity, provides an adequate means of
screening out possible inconsistencies in the models, avoiding the propagation of errors as the design is updated. In
addition, the 4D application aimed to represent the simulation of the construction in order to identify constructive
incompatibilities and to provide support for decision making in a collaborative environment, anticipating possible
risks in the project that may reach the execution phase, and thus avoid delays and additional costs.
In summary, the BIM tools used along the present work allowed the conclusion of the proposed objectives,
representing a good solution for tasks of similar origin, however, the application of BIM brings with it several
threats and constraints. The use of different modelling software by the project team causes the need to implement
new programs to move the models from one environment to another or to combine these models. This
implementation can generate additional complexity and introduce potential errors and time increment in the project.
The use of BIM software entails additional consequences, such as training and education of professionals and
acquisition of equipment capable of performing all the functions effectively. The cost of training and equipment is
expensive and the learning curve is slow, causing a possible financial stalemate in companies and pushing away
possible adaptation to BIM.
Knowledge
This work is funded by national funds through FCT - Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P., under the
research centre CERIS – Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability, Lisbon, Portugal.
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