Unit

126 to, at, in and into

A We say go/come/travel (etc.) to a place or event. For example:
go to China go to work come to my house TO
go back to Italy go to the bank drive to the airport
return to London go to a party be taken to hospital

When are your friends going back to Italy? (not going back in Italy)
Three people were injured in the accident and taken to hospital.
In the same way we say Welcome to … , a trip to … , a visit to … , on my way to … etc. :
Welcome to our country! (not Welcome in)
We had to cancel our trip to Paris.
Compare to (for movement) and in/at (for position):
They are going to France. but They live in France.
Can you come to the party? but I’ll see you at the party.
We say ‘(I’ve) been to’ a place or an event:
I’ve been to Italy four times, but I’ve never been to Rome.
Amanda has never been to a football match in her life.

B get and arrive

We say get to a place:
They got to the hotel at midnight.
What time did you get to the party?
We say arrive in … or arrive at … (not arrive to).
We say arrive in a town or country:
They arrived in Madrid / in Spain a week ago.
For other places (buildings etc.) or events, we say arrive at:
What time did you arrive at the hotel / at the airport / at the party?

C home
We say: go home, come home, get home, arrive home, on the way home etc. (no preposition).
We do not say ‘to home’:
What time did you get home? (not get to home)
I met Lisa on my way home.

D into
go into, get into … etc. = enter (a room / a building / a car etc.):
I opened the door, went into the room and sat down. INTO
A bird flew into the kitchen through the window.
Every month my salary is paid directly into my bank account.
With some verbs (especially go/get/put) we often use in (instead of into):
She got in the car and drove away. or She got into the car …
I read the letter and put it back in the envelope.
The opposite of into is out of:
She got out of the car and went into a shop.
For buses, trains and planes, we usually say get on and get off:
She got on the bus and I never saw her again.
You need to get off (the train) at the next station.

been to ➜ Units 7–8 in/at/on (position) ➜ Units 123–125 at home ➜ Unit 125A
252 into and in ➜ Unit 138A
 Unit
Exercises 126
126.1 Put in to/at/in/into where necessary. If no preposition is necessary, leave the space empty.
1 Three people were taken to hospital after the accident.
2 I’m tired. Let’s go – home now. (no preposition)
3 We left our luggage the station and went to find something to eat.
4 Shall we take a taxi the station or shall we walk?
5 I have to go the bank today. What time does it open?
6 The Amazon flows the Atlantic Ocean.
7 I missed the bus, so I walked home.
8 Have you ever been Canada?
9 I lost my key, but I managed to climb the house through a window.
10 We got stuck in a traffic jam on our way the airport.
11 We had lunch the airport while we were waiting for our plane.
12 It took us four hours to get the top of the mountain.
13 Welcome the hotel. We hope you enjoy your stay here.
14 We drove along the main road and then turned a narrow side street.
15 Did you enjoy your visit the zoo?
16 I did some shopping on my way home.
17 Marcel is French. He has just returned France after two years Brazil.
18 Carl was born Chicago, but his family moved Boston when he was three.

126.2 Write sentences about places you have been to. Use I’ve been to / I’ve never been to + the words
in brackets.
1 (never) I’ve never been to Egypt.
2 (once)
3 (never)
4 (a few times)
5 (many times)

126.3 Put in to/at/in where necessary. If no preposition is necessary, leave the space empty.
1 What time does this train get to London?
2 They arrived Barcelona a few days ago.
3 What time did you get home last night?
4 What time do you usually arrive work in the morning?
5 When we got the cinema, there was a long queue outside.
6 We were delayed and arrived home very late.

126.4 Write sentences using got + into / out of / on / off.

1 You were walking home. A friend passed you in her car. She saw you, stopped and offered you a lift.
She opened the door. What did you do? I got into the car.
2 You were waiting at the bus stop. At last your bus came and stopped. The doors opened.
What did you do then? I the bus.
3 You drove home in your car. You stopped outside your house and parked the car.
What did you do then?
4 You were travelling by train to Manchester. When the train got to Manchester, what did you do?

5 You needed a taxi. After a few minutes a taxi stopped for you. You opened the door.
What did you do then?
6 You were travelling by plane. At the end of your flight, your plane landed at the airport and stopped.
The doors were opened, you took your bag and stood up.
What did you do then?

➜ Additional exercise 34 (page 322) 253

Unit
128 by
A You can say that something happens by mistake / by accident / by chance:
We hadn’t arranged to meet. We met by chance.
But we say ‘do something on purpose’ (= you mean to do it):
I didn’t do it on purpose. It was an accident.
Note that we say by chance, by accident etc. (not by the chance / by an accident).
In these expressions we use by + noun without the or a.

B We use by … to say how somebody travels. For example, you can travel:
by car by train by plane by boat by ship by bus by bike etc.
Jess usually goes to work by bus / by bike / by car.
We do not use by if we say my car / the train / a taxi etc. We say:
by car but in my car (not by my car)
by train but on the train (not by the train)
We use in for cars and taxis:
They didn’t come in their car. They came in a taxi.
We use on for bikes and public transport (buses, trains etc.):
We travelled on the 6.45 train, which arrived at 8.30.
Note that we usually say on foot (not usually by foot):
Did you come here by car or on foot?
We also use by to say how we do other things. For example, you can:
send something by post pay by card / by cheque do something by hand
Can I pay by credit card?
But note that we say pay cash or pay in cash (not usually by cash).

C We say that ‘something is done by …’ (passive):

Have you ever been bitten by a dog?
The programme was watched by millions of people.
Compare by and with:
The door must have been opened with a key. (not by a key)
(= somebody used a key to open it)
The door must have been opened by somebody with a key.
We say: a play by Shakespeare, a painting by Rembrandt, a novel by Tolstoy etc.
Have you read any poems by Shakespeare?
‘Who is this painting by? Picasso?’ ‘I have no idea.’

D By also means ‘next to / beside’:

The light switch is by the door.
Come and sit by me. (= next to me) LIGHT SWITCH

E You can also use by… to show the difference between two things:
Clare’s salary has increased by ten per cent.
(= it’s now ten per cent more than before)
Carl won the race by five metres.
(= he was five metres in front of the other runners)

CARL

256 Passive + by ➜ Unit 42B by + -ing ➜ Unit 60B by myself ➜ Unit 83C by (time) ➜ Unit 120
 Unit
Exercises 128
128.1 Complete the sentences. Choose from the box.
by mistake
1 We don’t need cash. We can pay by credit card . by hand
2 Kate and James keep in touch with one another mainly . by credit card
3 I didn’t intend to take your umbrella. I took it . by chance
4 I think he arrived late . He wanted to keep us waiting. by email
5 Some things are planned. Other things happen . on purpose
6 Don’t put my sweater in the washing machine. It has to be washed .

128.2 Put in by, in or on.

1 Jess usually goes to work by bus.
2 I saw Jane this morning. She was the bus.
3 How did you get here? Did you come train?
4 I couldn’t find a seat the train. It was full.
5 How much will it cost to the airport taxi?
6 Did you come here Sarah’s car or yours?
7 The injured man was taken to hospital ambulance.
8 How long does it take to cross the Atlantic ship?
9 He doesn’t drive much. He goes everywhere bike or foot.

128.3 Complete these sentences about books, paintings etc. Choose from the box.
1 I was woken up in the night by a strange noise .
2 These pictures were taken . by mosquitoes
3 I hate getting bitten . by one of our players
4 ‘Mona Lisa’ is a famous painting . by lightning
5 We lost the game because of a mistake . by Beethoven
6 The plane was damaged , but landed safely. by a strange noise
7 This music is , but I can’t remember what by Leonardo da Vinci
it’s called. by a professional
photographer
128.4 Put in by, in, on or with.
1 Have you ever been bitten by a dog?
2 We managed to put the fire out a fire extinguisher.
3 Who’s that man standing the window?
4 Do you travel much bus?
5 We travelled my friend’s car because it is larger and more comfortable than mine.
6 It was only accident that I discovered the error.
7 These pictures were taken a very good camera.
8 My friends live in a beautiful house the sea.
9 There were only a few people the plane. It was almost empty.
10 The new railway line will reduce the journey time two hours (from five hours to three).
11 There was a small table the bed a lamp and a clock it.

128.5 Complete the sentences using by.

1 Carl won the race. He was five metres in front of the other runners.
Carl won by five metres.
2 Ten years ago the population of the country was 50 million. Now it is 56 million.
In the last ten years the population has
3 There was an election. Helen won. She got 25 votes and James got 23.
Helen won
4 I went to Kate’s office to see her, but she had left work five minutes before I arrived.
I missed

➜ Additional exercise 34 (page 322) 257

Unit
129 Noun + preposition (reason for, cause of etc.)
A noun + for …
a demand / a need FOR …
The company went out of business. There was no demand for its product any more.
There’s no excuse for behaviour like that. There’s no need for it.
a reason FOR …
The train was late, but nobody knew the reason for the delay. (not reason of)

B noun + of …
a cause OF …
The cause of the explosion is unknown.
a picture / a photo / a photograph / a map / a plan / a drawing (etc.) OF …
Rachel showed me some pictures of her family.
I had a map of the town, so I was able to find my way around.
an advantage / a disadvantage OF …
The advantage of living alone is that you can do what you like.
but
there is an advantage IN doing something or TO doing something:
There are many advantages in living alone. or … many advantages to living alone.

C noun + in …
an increase / a decrease / a rise / a fall IN (prices etc.)
There has been an increase in the number of road accidents recently.
Last year was a bad one for the company. There was a big fall in sales.

D noun + to …
damage TO …
The accident was my fault, so I had to pay for the damage to the other car.
an invitation TO … (a party / a wedding etc.)
Did you get an invitation to the wedding?
a solution TO a problem / a key TO a door / an answer TO a question / a reply TO a letter /
a reaction TO something
I hope we find a solution to the problem. (not a solution of the problem)
I was surprised at her reaction to my suggestion.
an attitude TO … or an attitude TOWARDS …
His attitude to his job is very negative. or His attitude towards his job …

E noun + with … / between …

a relationship / a connection / contact WITH …
Do you have a good relationship with your parents?
The police want to question a man in connection with the robbery.
a relationship / a connection / contact / a difference BETWEEN two things or people
The police believe that there is no connection between the two crimes.
There are some differences between British and American English.

258
 Unit
Exercises 129
129.1 Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first.
1 What caused the explosion?
What was the cause of the explosion ?
2 We’re trying to solve the problem.
We’re trying to find a solution .
3 Sue gets on well with her brother.
Sue has a good relationship .
4 The cost of living has gone up a lot.
There has been a big increase .
5 I don’t know how to answer your question.
I can’t think of an answer .
6 I don’t think that a new road is necessary.
I don’t think there is any need .
7 I think that living in a big city has many advantages.
I think that there are many advantages .
8 Food prices fell last month.
Last month there was a fall .
9 Nobody wants shoes like these any more.
There is no demand .
10 In what way is your job different from mine?
What is the difference ?

129.2 Complete the sentences using these nouns + a preposition:

cause connection contact damage invitation
key map photos reason reply
1 On the classroom wall there were some pictures and a map of the world.
2 Thank you for the your birthday party.
3 Anna has little her family these days. She rarely sees them.
4 I can’t open this door. Do you have a the other door?
5 The the fire at the hotel is still unknown.
6 Did you get a the email you sent?
7 The two companies are separate. There is no them.
8 Jane showed me some the city as it looked 100 years ago.
9 Emily has decided to give up her job. I don’t know her doing this.
10 It wasn’t a bad accident. The the car wasn’t serious.

129.3 Complete the sentences with the correct preposition.

1 There are some differences between British and American English.
2 Money isn’t the solution every problem.
3 There has been an increase the amount of traffic using this road.
4 The advantage having a car is that you don’t have to rely on public transport.
5 There are many advantages being able to speak a foreign language.
6 Everything can be explained. There’s a reason everything.
7 When Paul left home, his attitude many things seemed to change.
8 Ben and I used to be good friends, but I don’t have much contact him now.
9 James did a very good drawing his father. It looks just like him.
10 What was Sarah’s reaction the news?
11 Nicola took a picture me holding the baby.
12 The show is very popular and there has been a great demand tickets.
13 There has been a lot of debate about the causes climate change.
14 The fact that Jane was offered a job in the company has no connection the
fact that she is a friend of the managing director.

➜ Additional exercise 35 (page 322) 259