PRINCIPLES OF
STEEL DESIGN
LESSON 4
Engr. Ronald D. Dela Cruz
BENDING ON
BOTH AXIS
BENDING IN BOTH AXES (BIAXIAL BENDING)
In some instances, the load is inclined with respect to the coordinate axis, or the
load may be applied vertically but the beam axis is inclined (as in the case of
purlins), the bending can be resolved into two components parallel to each
coordinate axis, and a biaxial bending occurs.
BENDING IN BOTH AXES (BIAXIAL BENDING)
For bending about one axis (say x-axis), the criterion is:
If there is bending about both the x and y axes, the interaction approach
requires that the sum of ratios for the two effects be less than 1.0; that is,
BENDING IN BOTH AXES (BIAXIAL BENDING)
For LRFD: For ASD:
where:
Mux = factored load moment about the x-axis
Mnx = nominal moment strength for x-axis bending
Muy = factored load moment about the y-axis
Mny = nominal moment strength for the y-axis bending
Max = service load moment about the x-axis
May = service load moment about the y-axis
ROOF PURLINS
Roof purlins that are part of a sloping
roof system can be subjected to
biaxial bending of the type just
described. For the roof purlins the
load is vertical, but the axes of
bending are inclined. This condition
corresponds to the loading of the
figure:
ROOF PURLINS
Without sag rods:
With one sag rod at L/2:
With two sag rods at L/3:
ROOF PURLINS
The design criteria for the design of purlin is the same as the formula for
bending on both axis.
For loads applied to the top flange, only half of the strength in the y-direction
will be used to account for torsional effects.
For LRFD: For ASD:
WEAK AXIS BENDING
According to Section 506.6 of NSCP, for I-shaped members and channels
bent about their minor axis, the nominal flexural strength, Mn, shall be the
lower value obtained according to the limit states of yielding (plastic
moment) and flange local buckling.
For compact shapes: To prevent excessive load deformation:
SHEAR STRENGTH
LRFD: ASD:
where: Note:
Vu = required shear strength from factored loads The resistance factor and factor of safety for shear
Vn = required shear strength from service loads depends on the web width-to-thickness ratio.
øv = resistance factor for shear
Ωv = factor of safety for shear
SHEAR STRENGTH
According to Section 507.2 of NSCP, the nominal shear strength, Vn, of
unstiffened or stiffened webs, according to the limit states of shear yielding
and shear buckling, is
where:
Aw = area of the web = d*tw
d = overall depth of the beam
Cv = ratio of critical web stress to shear yield stress
SHEAR STRENGTH
The value of C, depends on whether the limit state is web yielding, web
inelastic buckling, or web elastic buckling.
For webs of rolled I-shaped members, For webs of all other doubly symmetric
with h/tw equal below, the limit state is shapes and singly symmetric shapes
shear yielding, and channels, except round HSS:
The computation of Cv is on the next
slide.
SHEAR STRENGTH
SHEAR STRENGTH
The web plate buckling coefficient, kv, is determined as follows:
a. For unstiffened webs with h/tw < 260, kv = 5, except for the stem of tee
shapes and single angle where kv = 1.2.
b. For stiffened webs: where:
a = clear distance between transverse stiffeners, mm
h = for rolled shapes, the clear distance between flanges less the
fillet or comer radii, mm
= for built-up welded sections, the clear distance between
flanges, mm
= for built-up bolted sections, the distance between fastener
lines, mm
= for tees, the overall depth, mm
SAMPLE PROBLEM
PURLIN ANALYSIS
A roof system consists of trusses spaced 5m apart. ASTM A36 C125 × 10
purlins are used with sag rods located at the center of each purlin. The
purlins used are and to support service dead load of 720 Pa and service live
load of 580 Pa. Angle of ø = 25°.
a) Determine the adequacy of the purlins based on flexure and shear (LRFD
only), if they are spaced at 0.8 m apart, and
b) Determine the maximum safe spacing of the purlins based on LRFD flexure
only.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
PURLIN ANALYSIS
SAMPLE PROBLEM
BENDING ON BOTH AXIS
A W24x100 section has a span of
5.4 m. and carries a concentrated
load of P applied at the center of
the span at an eccentricity of 87.5
mm as shown in the figure. The
flanges are restrained from
warping at the ends only and the
beam is laterally unsupported.
Using A36 steel and neglecting its
own weight, compute the safe
value of P that the beam could
support.
AXIALLY
LOADED
COMPRESSION
MEMBERS
COLUMS
Structural members subjected to axial compressive loads are often called by
names identifying their functions. Of these, the best-known are columns, the
main vertical compression members in a building frame.
SHORT COLUMN LONG COLUMN INTERMEDIATE COLUMN
Short columns fail by Long columns fail by For intermediate columns,
crushing at very high stress buckling at stress levels that some of the fibers will reach
levels that are above the are below the elastic limit of the yield stress and some
elastic limit of the column the column material. Such will not. The members will
material. For very short columns will buckle fail by both yielding and
columns, the failure stress elastically. buckling, and their behavior
will equal the yield stress is said to be inelastic. Most
and no buckling will occur. columns fall into this range.
EULER’S COLUMN BUCKLING THEORY
Column design and analysis are based on the Euler buckling load theory,
(Leonard Euler, 1757). His analysis is based on the differential equation of the
elastic curve. However, specific factors of safety and slenderness ratio
limitations are applied from purely theoretical concepts."
when column is hinged at both ends
where:
Pc = critical load
Fc = critical stress
L/r = slenderness ratio
As the slenderness ratio increases, the buckling stress decreases,
meaning that as the column becomes longer and more slender,
the load that cause buckling becomes smaller.
EFFECTIVE LENGTH
Real columns do not have pin-connected ends. The restraints placed on a
column's ends greatly affect its stability. To counter these effects, an effective
length factor, K, is used to modify the unbraced length. The product KL is called
the effective length of the column. This length approximates the length over
which the column actually buckles and this may be shorter or longer than the
actual unbraced length.
the effective slenderness ratio of
compression members
APPROXIMATE VALUES OF K
ALIGNMENT CHART: WITH SIDEWAYS
where:
numerator = sum of the stiffnesses of all columns at the end of
the column under consideration.
denominator = sum of the stiffnesses of all girders at the end of
the column under consideration.
ALIGNMENT CHART: WITH SIDEWAYS
If the far end of a girder is fixed multiply the
(El/L)g of the member by 2.0.
If the far end of the girder is pinned, multiply
the (El/L)g of the member by 1.50.
ALIGNMENT CHART: WITHOUT SIDEWAYS
where:
numerator = sum of the stiffnesses of all columns at the end of
the column under consideration.
denominator = sum of the stiffnesses of all girders at the end of
the column under consideration.
ALIGNMENT CHART: WITHOUT SIDEWAYS
If the far end of a girder is fixed multiply the
(El/L)g of the member by 2/3..
If the far end of the girder is pinned, multiply
the (El/L)g of the member by 0.50.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
EULER STRESS
A W250 × 80 is used as a pin-connected column, determine the column's
critical or buckling load if the column length is (a) 6.5 m, and (b) 4.5 m.
Assume that the steel has a proportional limit of 248 MPa.
W250x80 Properties:
A = 10,200 mm²
rx = 111 mm
ry = 65 mm
E = 200 GPa
Fp = 248 MPa
LIMITING WIDTH-THICKNESS
RATIO FOR COMPRESSION
ELEMENTS
LIMITING WIDTH-THICKNESS
RATIO FOR COMPRESSION
ELEMENTS
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
For Flexural Buckling of Members Without Slender Elements
For compression members with compact and noncompact sections, the
nominal compressive strength, Pn, shall be determined based on the limit
state of flexural buckling
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
For Flexural Buckling of Members Without Slender Elements
The flexural buckling stress, Fcr, is determined as:
SAMPLE PROBLEM
COMPACT SECTIONS
A W300 × 75 is used a column with unsupported length of L. The column is
fixed at the bottom and pinned on top. Calculate the LRFD design strength
and ASD allowable strength of the column when (a) L = 3 m, and (b) L = 6 m.
Use Fy = 345 MPa.
W300x75 Properties: bf = 205 mm
A = 9,420 mm² d = 310 mm
rx = 132 mm tf = 16.3 mm
ry = 49.8 mm tw = 9.4 mm
SAMPLE PROBLEM
COMPACT SECTIONS
Four plates 10 mm x 150 mm are welded
together to form a box compression
member as shown in the figure. The
effective length of the member is KL = 4 m.
If the service axial dead load of the
member is 400 kN compute the maximum
service axial live load that can be
supported. Use Fy = 250 MPa.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
LATERALLY SUPPORTED
A 7.5-meter W300 x 143 column is braced
and supported as shown in the figure. The
column is to support an axial dead load of
1200 kN. Determine the maximum service
axial live load that can be supported by the
column. Use Fy = 345 MPa
W300x143 Properties:
A = 18,200 mm²
rx = 138 mm
ry = 78.5 mm
SAMPLE PROBLEM
ALIGNMENT CHART
The rigid frame shown in the figure is
unbraced. Each member is oriented so
that its web is in the plane of the frame.
Determine the effective length factor Kx
for columns AB and BC.
ALIGNMENT
CHART
WITHOUT SIDEWAYS
