Ife Journal of Science vol. 16, no.
3 (2014) 475
YIELD EVALUATION OF PLEUROTUS PULMONARIUS (OYSTER MUSHROOM) ON
DIFFERENT AGRICULTURAL WASTES AND VARIOUS GRAINS FOR SPAWN
PRODUCTION
Adebayo, E. A.1*, Alao, M. B1., Olatunbosun, O. O.1, Omoleye, E. O.1 and Omisakin, O. B1.
1
Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B 4000, Ogbomoso
*
Corresponding author: Adebayo, E.A Tel: + 2348038099092
E - mail: [email protected]/[email protected]
(Received: 7th August, 2014; Accepted: 29th September, 2014)
ABSTRACT
Six agricultural by-products were used in the cultivation of Pleurotus pulmonarius. all of which
were supplemented with 2% 15:15:15 N: P: K fertilizer and 3% rice bran to increase the
nutritional composition of the substrates. In addition, 1% CaCO3 was added to minimize
bacteria contamination. The ramification rate and yield performance of the substrates were
evaluated differently. Palm fruit husk was the best performing substrate with the highest total
yield harvest (190.0g), biological efficiency (63.3%) and production rate (6.33%); banana
leaves gave the lowest harvest yield (56.6g), biological efficiency (18.9%) and production rate
(1.58%). Also, white maize was observed to have the greatest suitability for spawn production
out of the five grains evaluated. Utilization of agro-waste as substrate will be of great
importance in commercial cultivation of mushroom and bioconversion of agro-wastes.
Keywords: Mushroom, Agrowaste, Spawn, Substrate, Yield
INTRODUCTION Agaricus bisporus in production, inthe world (Chang
Mushrooms are fruiting bodies of fungi which et al., 1991). One of the values of commercial
derive all of their energy and growth materials cultivation of mushrooms, especially in a
from their growth media through biochemical developing economy like Nigeria, is the availability
decomposition processes (Chang et al., 1991). of large quantities of several agro–industrial
Mushroom has a high protein content of 25 – 50% wastes which can serve as substrates for use as
and also contains fat (2 – 5%), sugars (17 – 47%), growing media (Banjo et al., 2004). It has been
mycocellulose (7 – 38%), minerals (8 – 12%) and reported that mushrooms can grow on chopped
vitamins such as D, C, B1, B5, B6, niacin and cocoa pods, cotton waste, dried chopped maize
riboflavin. Apart from serving as a protein food straw, oil palm (fibre and bunch) wastes, tobacco
for which they are most popular in Nigeria, straw, used tea leaves, rice straw, sugarcane
mushrooms are also medicinal and have some bagasse, newsprint, old rags and sawdust (Banjo et
biotechnology–based functions (Taniguchi, 2000). al., 2004).
Prior to the commercial cultivation of mushrooms The main nutritional sources for oyster
in Nigeria, a large proportion of the people had mushroom are cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin.
relied on collection of wild mushrooms with the Carbon/Nitrogen (C/N) ratio is important factor
occasional dire consequences of morbidity (and for optimum substrate composition for oyster
less frequently mortality) as a result of mushroom. Oyster mushroom requires much
consumption of poisonous species of carbon and less nitrogen source than button
mushrooms. Cultivation of oyster mushrooms is mushroom (Agaricus bisporus). However, most of
favoured for their preferred organoleptic and the main substrate materials such as cereal straw,
medicinal properties, vigorous growth, and cotton waste, sawdust need supplementation of
undemanding cultivation conditions (Gregori, nitrogen source such as wheat and rice bran to
2007). Cultivation of Pleurotus sp. rates second after reach optimum C/N ratio for oyster mushroom
476 Adebayo et al.: Yield Evaluation of Pleurotus pulmonarius
(Chan, 1981). Six different agro-wastes evaluated were: sawdust,
palm fruit husks, almond leaves, cocoa leaves,
The availability of good quality spawn and good mango leaves and banana leaves. Dried shredded
substrates are major limiting factors in mushroom substrates were soaked in water (1:3) and drained
cultivation, because, they determine the quantity afterwards for 24 h. Substrates were packed into
and quality of mushroom produced. The present heat resistant polytene bag (1.4 kg/bag), sterilized
study was designed to evaluate the suitability of at 121°C for 15 min allowed to cool and
different grains for spawn production and also, inoculated with spawn (5–10% w/w).The spawn
cultivate Pleurotus pulmonarius mushroom on was carefully mixed with the substrate to allow
different nutrient rich agricultural wastes. even spawn distribution in the bag. Bags were
incubated in the dark at 25±3°C until they were
MATERIALS AND METHODS fully colonized. Fully colonized substrate bags
were transferred into mushroom house (dark,
Source of Pleurotus pulmonarius humid and between 22°C to 28°C) and watering
The strain of P. pulmonarius (Jf736658) used in this was carried out twice per day (morning and
study was collected from the Department of evening) for fruit body production.
Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Pure
and Applied Biology (LAUTECH), Ogbomoso, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Nigeria. The strain was routinely maintained and The spawn ramification rate and spawn
preserved on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) slant at productivity for sorghum, maize, millet, wheat
4°C. and mustard seeds are presented in Table 1.
Highest ramification rate and spawn productivity
Preparation of Spawn were obtained in white maize (ramification rate of
Five different types of grains: sorghum, white 0.378 cm/d and productivity of 9.08%), followed
maize, mustard seeds, millet and wheat were by millet with ramification rate of 0.31 cm/d and
evaluated for suitability in spawn production. productivity of 3.95%, while mustard seeds had
Grains (100 g/bottle) were washed four times, the lowest ramification rate of 0.056 cm/d and
boiled for 45 min and sun-dried. Grains were productivity of 1.0%. Results obtained in this
mixed with 1% w/w of Calcium carbonate study was better than the previous work of
(CaCO3), dispensed in bottles and sterilized at Siddhant et al. (2013), who reported that a faster
121°C for 15 min. Sterile grains were inoculated rate of cropping was noted in Italian and little
with 6 plugs (6 mm) of actively growing culture millet spawn while maize spawn showed delayed
and incubated at 23±2°C. Mycelia running was cropping. White maize was the best performing
recorded at an interval. Four parameters: rate of grain with a Weight of Mycelia Ramification
mycelia ramification, ramification days, weight of (WMR) 1.09 g by day 12, followed by millet with
ramified mycelia and spawn productivity were WMR 1.07 g on day 16, and mustard seeds had a
determined according to Adebayo et al. (2013). very poor mycelia ramification of WMR of 0.2 g
The parameters were defined as follow; on day 20.
(i) Mycelia Ramification Rate = Cereal grains are generally used as spawn
Average length of mycelia ramification substrate. They act as a reservoir of
Average number of days carbohydrates which offer sufficient nutrition
(ii) Weight of Mycelia Ramification (WMR) = for mycelia growth and provide vehicle for the
Final weight (Grain + Bottle + Mycelia) – eventual even distribution of mushroom
Initial weight (Grain + Bottle) inoculant. The major disadvantage of small
(iii) Ramification day = Average number of days grains is the presence of less food material in their
for full ramification endosperm and greater surface area in a given
(iv) Productivity Rate = amount as compared to larger grains (Bahl,
Total weight of mycelia × 100% 1984). Due to this reason, mycelia of mushroom
Substrate weight take more time to establish and run over the
Fruit Body Production surface of small grains resulting in delayed
Adebayo et al.: Yield Evaluation of Pleurotus pulmonarius 477
spawn development in mustard seeds. Ramified Figures 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. Most of the
spawn of P. pulmonarius on sorghum, maize, grains, especially maize, millet and sorghum show
mustard seeds, millet and wheat are shown on efficient spawn productivity.
Table 1: The Spawn Ramification Rate and Productivity on Different Grains
Substrate
Grains RT (cm/d) RD (d) WMR (g) PDT (%)
Sorghum 0.258 18 1.07 5.94
Maize 0.378 12 1.09 9.08
Mustard 0.056 18 0.20 1.00
Millet 0.310 16 1.17 7.80
Wheat 0.190 20 0.79 3.95
RT = Ramification Rate, RD = Ramification Day, WMR = Weight of Mycelia Ramification,
PDT = Productivity
Table 2: The Distribution of Total Fresh Mushroom Production (g) over 3 Harvests on Different
Substrates
Substrates IP (day) PP (day) 1ST 2ND 3RD Total
Harvest (g) Harvest Harvest (g) Weight (g)
(g)
Sawdust 18 10 65.90 52.90 43.10 161.9
(40.70 %) (36.70 %) (26.62 %)
Palm fruit 18 10 72.2 57.60 60.20 190.0
husks (38.00 %) (30.31 %) (31.68 %)
Almond leaves 18 10 45.6 32.3 25.2 103.1
(44.23 %) (31.33 %) (24.44 %)
Cocoa leaves 19 12 32.1 27.2 30.1 89.3
(35.90 %) (30.42 %) (33.67 %)
Banana leaves 19 12 25.5 11.2 19.9 56.6
(45.05 %) (19. 79 %) (35.16 %)
Mango leaves 18 10 42.1 34.3 31.2 107.6
(39.13 %) (31.88 %) (29.37 %)
IP = Incubation Period, PP = Production Period, Figures in parenthesies are percentage of mushroom in each harvest
Table 2 shows the distribution of the total fresh The substrate that gave the best yield was Palm
mushroom harvested and primordia formation fruit husks (190 g) while the least yield was
days for each of the substrates used. Four of the obtained in banana leaves (56.6 g). Nallathambi
substrates namely sawdust, Palm fruit husk, and Marimuthu (1993) cultivated Pleurotus species
almond and mango developed primordia in 18 on different agrowastes like paddy straw, wheat
while cocoa leaves and banana leaves developed straw, sorghum stem and they reported maximum
primordial in 19 days.The results of this study yield in paddy straw. Singh (1998) also suggested
revealed that some of the agrowastes used can be the use of sugarcane trash for the production of
good substrates for the Cultivation of P. oyster mushroom. This study reveals that the best
pulmonarius. substrate for cultivation of P. pulmonarius was palm
fruit husk among the agrowastes tested.
478 Adebayo et al.: Yield Evaluation of Pleurotus pulmonarius
Fig 1: Fully ramified sorghum spawn Fig 2: Fully ramified maize spawn Fig 3: Poorly ramified mustard
after 18 days of incubation after 12 days of incubation seeds spawn after 20 days of
incubation
Fig 4: Fully ramified millet spawn after 16 days Fig 5: Ramified wheat spawn after 20 days of
of incubation incubation
Figure 1-5: Different Mycelia Ramification Rate on Various Grains
Fig 6: Ramified sawdust with Fig 7: Ramified palm fruit husks with Fig 8: Ramified mango leaves with
fruiting bodies fruiting bodies fruiting bodies
Fig 9: Ramified banana leaves with Fig 10: Ramified cocoa leaves with Fig 11: Ramified almond leaves with
fruiting bodies fruiting bodies fruiting bodies
Figure 6-11: Fruiting Bodies on Different Substrates
Adebayo et al.: Yield Evaluation of Pleurotus pulmonarius 479
Table 3: The Biological Efficiency (%) and Production Rate (%) of Mushrooms on Different
Substrates
Substrates BE (%) PR (%)
Sawdust 54.0 5.40
Palm fruit husks 63.3 6.33
Almond leaves 34.4 3.44
Cocoa leaves 29.8 2.48
Banana leaves 18.9 1.58
Mango leaves 35.9 3.59
BE = Biological Efficiency, PR = Production Rate
The highest biological efficiency (63.3%) and economically feasible due to their availability in
production rate (6.3%) were obtained in palm fruit large quantities throughout the year at little or no
husks, followed by sawdust with biological cost.
efficiency of 54.0% and production rate of 5.4%,
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