1

Name…………………………………………………Adm No………………..class ………………….

311/1

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT MOCK EXAMS 2025

PAPER 1
TERM 2, 2025
TIME: 2 ½ HOURS

STAREHE GIRLS CENTRE(MS)

KENYA CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY EDUCATION OPENER EXAMINATIONS

INSTRUCTIONS

a) Write your name and index in the spaces provided

b) Sign and write the date of the examination
c) The paper consists of three sections;A,B and C
d) Answer all questions in section A,three in section B and two in section C
e) This paper consists of TWO printed pages
f) Candidates to ascertain that all pages are printed
g) All answers must be written in English

Sections A B C C Total Score

Questions 1 – 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Marks

SECTION A(25 MARKS)

 2

Answer all the questions

1. Name the Pre-historic site in Kenya where the Kenyapithecus fossil was discovered. (1 mk)
 Fort tenan
 Lake Turkana basin
 Samburu hills
 2. State one economic activities which the Maasai acquired as a result of the interaction with
the Agikuyu during their settlement in Kenya.(answers should be stated)
(1 mk)
 Iron working
 Farming/crop cultivation
3. What was the base of the political organization of the Nandi during the Pre-colonial period. (1 mk)
family
4. State the main importance of the Devonshire White paper in 1923 on Africans. (1 mk)
 A missionary (John Arthur) was nominated to the Legco to represent African interests.
5. Name one woman who actively participated in mau mau war. (1 mk)
 Marshal Muthoni
 Wambui wagarama
 Nduta wa kore
6. Give two reasons why the Omani rulers were interested in establishing their control over the Kenyan
Coast. (2 mks)
 The Kenyan coast had favourable climate.
 The Kenyan coast good natural harbours
 They wanted to control Indian Ocean trade.
 The coast of Kenya had fertile soils for agriculture.

7. Give two reasons for the establishment of local native councils (LNC) during colonial period.(2 mks)
 To involve Africans in the management of their affairs.
 To provide a forum where Africans would express themselves.
 Ensure proper restrictions of Africans in the reserves
 To encourage a sense of responsibility among Africans
 To provide a means to the colonial govt of understanding Africans better
8. Define the term dual citizenship. (1 mk)
 It is the legal right of belonging to two countries.
9. Identify two conditions for one to be declared duly elected as President of the republic of Kenya.
(2 mks).
 Must receive fifty percent plus one of total votes cast.
 Must attract 25% of the votes cast in more than half of the counties.
10. Name the two houses of parliament under the new constitution of Kenya. (2 mks)
 Senate
 National Assembly
11. Give one political reason for the construction of the Kenya Uganda railway. (1 mk)
 For ease transportation of soldiers to resisting communities.
12. State the main constitutional amendment in Kenya in 1991. (1 mk)
 Repealing of section 2A of the constitution which allowed multipartism.
13. Give two functions of the colonial chiefs in Kenya. (2 mk)
 To collect taxes.
 Recruitment of labour into European farms and public works
 Maintain law and order.
 To control the brewing of liquor.

14. Give two methods used to resolve conflicts in Kenya. (2 mks)

 Arbitration.
 Negotiation./reconciliation
 Use of police
 3

 Use of armed forces

 Diplomacy
 Litigation/use of courts of law
 Use of mediation
15. Identify two groups which monitors human rights in Kenya. (2 mks)
 Lawyers and judges.
 police
 Trade unions.
 Journalists.
 Religious organisations.
 Kenya National Human Rights & equality commission
16. Give two ways through which the colonial government controlled the migration of Africans to the
urban centres. (2mks)
 Through the use of Kipande system/pass laws.
 Through arresting Africans get in urban centres.

17. Identify one feature of African socialism . (1 mk)

 Political democracy
 Progressive taxation
 Various forms of ownership
 Diffusion of ownership
 Mutual social responsibility

SECTION B: (45 MARKS)

Answer three questions only
18a) State five reasons for the migration of the Maasai from their original homeland(answers to be stated)
(5 mks)
 Population pressure
 External attack
 Internal conflict
 Search for water and pasture for their animals
 Natural calamities
 Epidemics
 To satisfy their spirit of adventure

b)Explain the effects of the migration and settlement of the Bantu Speakers in Kenya. (10 mks)

 Led to increased population in the regions where they settled.

 They intermarried with the people they came into contact with.
 The Bantu spread the knowledge of iron working to other communities.
 There was increased cultural interaction btwn the Agikuyu and other communities-
circumcission
 They spread agricultural practices/ideas in Kenya.-to the Maasai
 It led to inter-community conflicts especially over the land.
 It led to increased trade relations between the Bantu and other communities.
19a) Why were the British interested in establishing control over Kenya during the scramble for
Africa.
 They wanted to acquire raw materials for their industries.
 To acquire colonies to serve as markets for their industrial goods.
 They wanted to invest their surplus capital in Kenya.
 To acquire white highlands to practice commercial farming.
 To abolish slavery and introduce legitimate trade.
 Protect the missionaries(To spread Christianity. )
 4

 Strategic location of Kenya In relation to Egypt

 Due to the rise in nationalism in Europe that led to search for more colonies

b) Explain five reasons why the Nandi resisted against the British for a long time. (10 mks)
 The use of a well trained, experienced and disciplined army which enabled them face the
British army with confidence.
 The ability to make their own weapons which ensured constant supply during the war.
 The forested and hilly terrain which made it difficult for the British soldiers to move swiftly.
 The prevalence of tropical diseases reduced the efficiency of the British army.
 The existence of the foresighted leaders among the Nandi encouraged the warriors to continue
fighting.
 The stable economic base enabled the Nandi to sustain their warriors during the war.
 The use of guerrilla warfare made it difficult for the British to defeat the Nandi warriors with
ease.
 The unity among the Nandi enabled them to sustain the resistance..
 They enjoyed regular food supply due to their mixed economy
 They received Assistance from their cousins the Kipsigis
20a) Highlight three factors which enabled the white settlers to establish large scale farming in Kenya.
(3 mks)
 The government alienated African land for white settlement.
 The colonial government provided technical assistance. E.g. extension services
 Government provided marketing facilities for settlers through cooperative societies
 The government restricted Africans from growing cash crops.
 The government provided credit facilities for settlers.
 Continued flow of African labour to settlers
 Trade tariffs were removed and settlers granted concession
 The colonial govt improved the transport system
b) Discuss six ways through which the government of Kenya has promoted education since
independence (12 mks)
 Free Primary Education (FPE)
Introduced in 2003, this policy eliminated tuition fees for primary school, significantly
increasing enrollment rates.
 Free Day Secondary Education (FDSE) Launched in 2008, this initiative aimed to make
secondary education more accessible by covering tuition fees for day scholars.
 Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC) Introduced in 2017, CBC focuses on skills and
competencies rather than rote learning, aiming to make education more relevant to learners'
lives.
 Construction of Schools and InfrastructureThe government has invested in building
classrooms, laboratories, and sanitation facilities, especially in marginalized areas.
 Teacher Recruitment and Training
Through the Teachers Service Commission (TSC), the government has consistently recruited
and trained teachers to improve the quality of education.
 Establishment of Public Universities
Kenya has expanded its higher education sector by establishing more public universities and
upgrading colleges.
 HELB Loans and Bursaries
The Higher Education Loans Board (HELB) provides financial support to university and
college students.
 School Feeding Programs
Implemented in arid and semi-arid areas to improve attendance and concentration among
learners.
 Digital Literacy Program (DLP)
Launched to integrate ICT in education by providing digital devices to primary schools.
 5

 Affirmative Action for Marginalized Groups

Special programs and quotas have been introduced to support girls, children with disabilities,
and students from marginalized communities.
 Curriculum Reforms
Beyond CBC, Kenya has revised syllabi to align with global trends and national development
goals.
 Establishment of TVET Institutions
Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutions have been expanded to
promote skills development.
 Capitation Grants
Funds are disbursed to schools per student to support operational costs and reduce the
financial burden on parents.
 School Mapping and Planning
Efforts to ensure equitable distribution of schools and resources across the country.
 Education Sector Strategic Plans
The government has developed and implemented strategic plans to guide education
development.
 Gender Policy in Education
Policies have been enacted to promote gender equality and reduce disparities in education
access.
 Adult and Continuing Education
Programs have been introduced to improve literacy among adults and out-of-school youth.
 Integration of Special Needs Education
Special schools and inclusive education policies have been developed for learners with
disabilities.
 Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs)
Collaborations with NGOs and private entities have helped expand access and improve
quality.
 National Examinations and Quality Assurance
Through KNEC and other bodies, the government ensures standardized assessments and
quality control in education.

21a)State five factors that favoured Mau Mau freedom fighters in Kenya (5 mks)
 Oathing which united the fighters
 They used guerilla warfare to attack the British unawares
 The civilian population supplied the fighters with food and Equipment
 Strong leaders like Dedan Kimathi who united them
 Natural forests of Mount Kenya and the Abedare ranges acted as hiding areas
 The fighters had access to swords, guns and ammunition

(b)Explain five factors that made the political organization and movement to demand for political
independence after 1945 in Kenya (10 mks)

 Many Africans had acquired western education that enabled to articulate their grievances
 The experiences of the world War II
 The granting of independence to India and Pakistan in 1947 motivated African nationalists in
Kenya to fight for independence
 The Atlantic charter that was signed after WW2 declared that people enjoy their rights
 Pan-African movement which inspired African countries for self government
 Labour party in Britain favoured decolonization
 Emergence of U.S.A and USSR as superpowers advocated for
decolonization
 Formation of United Nations after World War II which called for political independence of
countries under colonization
 6

 freedom for African countries. motivated Kenyan nationalists to fight for their independence
 Africans were facing exploitative economic policies such as forced labour
 Africans were facing racial segregation by the British in provision of social services

SECTION C: (30 MARKS)

Answer any two questions from this section
22a) Identify three organs of the National security in Kenya. (3mks)
 Kenya defence forces
 National intelligence service
 National police service
b) Explain six functions of the speaker of the National Assembly. (12 mks)

 Presides over the proceedings of the house.

 Discipline members who have violated the standing orders.
 Maintain order during debates, and enforces rules which govern the houses conduct.
 Represent and protect the authority of the parliament.
 Organize and determine the business to be conducted in the house.
 Give MPs the chance to contribute towards house debate.
 Adjourns sittings if the house lacks quorum.
 Keep and maintain the attendance register.
 Head of national assembly welfare department.
 Chairs the speaker’s committee.
 Issue orders and makes rules for regulation of visitors to parliament.
 Chairs the branches of commonwealth parliamentary association.
 Declare parliamentary seats vacant.
 Receives and accepts letters of resignation.
 Swears in members of parliament.
 Summons parliament from recess.

23a) Highlight three advantages of a written constitution (3 mks)

 It is rigid hence can not be altered easily
 It is readily available for reference
 Provides clear guidelines to be followed when a country is in crisis
 It is fundamental tonewly formed nations for them to take off properly
 It helps countries with religious/ethnic diversity inn maintaining their identity
 Unites all as it requires acceptance of the majority
 Recognizes that there are some fundamentals that can not be changed without adequate
considerations –human rights
b)Discuss six rights of an arrested person in kenya (12 mks)
 Has a right to be promptly informed of the reasons for arrest
 Has right to remain silent and be informed of the consequences of not doing so
 Has a right to communicate to an advocate and any other person whose hel may be required
 Has a right not to be forced to make any confession that may be used as evidence in a court of
law
 Right to be held separately from those who are convicted
 Right to be brought before a court of law within 24 hours of arrest
 Right to be released on bail/bond on reasonable conditions
 Right to be informed of the reasons behind an extended detention

24a) Give three functions of the supreme court in Kenya. (3 mks)

 It deals with Presidential petitions.
 It determines appeals from the court of appeal.
 It listens to petitions on the interpretation and application of the constitution.
 All courts are bound to decisions of the supreme court.
 7

 It provides advisory opinion at request of National government

b) Explain the six key changes in the new constitution of Kenya (2010) (12 mk)

 The powers of the Executive (President) were reduced.

 Introduction of two housed of parliament i.e senate and National Assembly (Bicameral
Parliament)
 There are only two ways of becoming a Kenyan citizen i.e Birth and registration.
 Introduction of devolved (County government).
 Creation of the National Land Commission.
 Enlarged bill of rights.
 Establishment of Independent Commissions.
 Introduction of a third gender rule