Yo Puedo 2 Ebook 1
Yo Puedo 2 Ebook 1
segundos pasos
Elizabeth Silvaggio-Adams
& Ma. Del Rocío Vallejo-Alegre
Geneseo, NY
ISBN: 978-1-942341-81-9
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Acknowledgements
We thank the following people for their participation in providing materials and converting the
Yo puedo series to the Open Educational Resources and systems support:
• Allison Brown
• Michelle Costello
• Marie Shero
• Eduardo Vallejo-Resines
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Be The Change
The royalties from the print version of this book will be donated to Cultures Learning TO-
GETHER, Inc.
Mission
Cultures Learning TOGETHER is a win-win organization that enables people with different
backgrounds and experiences to break linguistic barriers and embrace cultural diversity.
Grounded in inclusion and belonging, we are a team of learners that exchange knowledge to
unite our community with a network of cross-cultural bridges.
Vision
We aspire to create a permanent safe space to grow and connect the community through
teaching, learning, and cultural integration. Cultures Learning TOGETHER is a team that be-
lieves we can do more together than we ever could imagine alone.
Values
LEARNING: We are lifelong learners who are constantly growing and evolving.
INCLUSIVITY: We accept, support, and celebrate differences. Learning new linguistic and
cultural information expands our capacity to embrace and understand the perspectives of
others.
BRAVERY: We empower each other and advocate for the needs of those in our community.
We are brave to learn, try new things, and confront challenges TOGETHER.
***************************************************************************
Lifelong Learners
Because everything in this life can be improved, we would appreciate it if you were to contact
us if you find any errors within the text. Our email addresses are vallejo@cultureslearningto-
gether.org or [email protected] or [email protected].
Contents
Vocabulary Lists & Glossaries ix
Introducción1
1. At the end of each unit you have a vocabulary list for the whole unit in alphabet-
ical order, Spanish to English.
• A chart of conjugations that applies to all verbs for each mood in each one
of their tenses.
1. All the words are classified according to the types of words: verbs, nouns, pro-
nouns, conjunctions, adjectives, adverbs and prepositions. It’s very important to con-
sider that all adjectives can be used as a noun using the article, Example: “La simpáti-
ca” or “El alto” .
2. All the nouns have the article to help you identify the grammatical gender of the
word: feminine “la”, masculine ”el”.
3. All the words are in singular, please review Book 1, Unit 2 in case you have ques-
tions on how to change a word to its plural form.
4. The words that have “hiato”, or a phonetic change for gender, are marked with
a star as “agua*” and the articles will be “el, las”. Some feminine words change the
gender of the article in the singular based on phonetics. For example: “agua*” is a
feminine word, but in the singular we say “el agua” and in plural, “las aguas”. That
is called “hiato”.
5. All the verbs are classified by regular and irregular in the indicative mood in the
present tense: Irregular verbs are noted with a parenthesis with “keys” to help
you to remember the irregularity in the present. For example: “dormir (o-ue)”. The
verbs that normally use reflexive pronouns have the (se) as “sentar(se).” Verbs
similar to “gustar” that require the use of the indirect object pronouns (IOP) have the
specification: “similares a gustar”.
Introducción
Perhaps you know what the title of your book means from your previous experiences with
Spanish. That is a great start! As you begin the equivalent of a second semester Spanish
course with these materials, some of you might think about how long it has been since you
studied Spanish while others may come to the class with some background knowledge. We
want you to know this book has been designed with many types of learners in mind. Our goals
were to address the need for students to achieve the ability to communicate in written and
spoken form. We sought to address a common statement by students that may have previous
experiences, be they from secondary school or another college that say, “I have studied Span-
ish for years and don’t know how to speak or write it”. We also sought to present a reasonable
alternative to the expensive textbooks and online packages that don’t seem to be practical or
relevant. We sought to enhance second language learning by creating our own materials that
take a communicative approach based upon the skills that we deem most useful and that
will enable our students to confidently express themselves in Spanish.
That being said, this new approach may be very different from what you are used to seeing
in the classroom. Instead of giving you lectures in class and then homework, you will study
the concepts at home using this book, along with online materials that we have developed.
In the classroom we will complete exercises, discussions and projects that help you practice
the concepts that you studied at home, using the target language the whole time that you are
in class. In other words, we are making our Spanish class a lab. Imagine a typical Chemistry
or Biology lab, the student is expected to master the scientific concepts outside of class, the
labs are all about practicing and applying concepts. In the same way, your Spanish class will
not be a passive experience but rather an active learning environment. Some of the sections
invoking active learning are:
+ PractiquemosàLet’s practice.
+ Comprendamos àLet’s understand.
+ EscuchemosàLet’s listen.
+ Veamosà Let’s see
+ CharlemosàLet’s chat.
+ Añadamos o Agreguemos àLet’s add (to your knowledge while practicing what you have learned).
Pre-reading the materials, filling in scaffolded notes and stepping into the practices with some
background allows you to have an idea of themes to make the classroom experience richer
and more rewarding. As in any skill, you take ownership of learning by practicing and, in this
case, doing the required readings, learning the vocabulary and studying the online assign-
ments before each class. If you don’t come prepared to class, you will not be successful.
By coming to class with a base upon which to build you will be able to understand the in-class
usage and practices better, ultimately making it possible to converse with other students in
Spanish. As you work through the material at home, you should take detailed notes based
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Yo Puedo 2 by Silvaggio-Adams & Vallejo-Alegre
upon the videos, readings and other assigned material. In class, you will use your notes to
enable you to participate in conversations and exercises in Spanish. While the instructor
will answer questions on content, the focus of the class will be to explain grammar implicitly
through examples of the use of vocabulary and grammar in daily speech so that you can begin
building on your proficiency in Spanish.
+ Interpersonal Communication,
+ Presentational Speaking,
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Introducción
+ Presentational Writing,
+ Interpretive Listening
+ Interpretive Reading.
“Simply being able to understand, cognitively, the perspective of another person or group of
people is not sufficient for competence. Interpersonal skills are the second most important
factor to achieving a mission in another culture. It seemed from our insight into the interviews
that the successful attitude in cross-cultural missions combines tolerance for ambiguity with
patience, self-regulation, flexibility, and self-monitoring.” 1
Language programs such as those at SUNY Geneseo together with organizations like ACTFL
know the importance of cultural studies through language learning. “If education is a means to
prepare students for the complicated world they inhabit, then the educational system cannot
deprive students of a general education in the area of foreign language. The value of such
an education not only lies in job preparation but also in developing an understanding of other
people and cultures.” 2
Through Yo puedo 2 you will develop skills in the above categories, along with learning how
to be a global citizen. In order to assess what you are learning—including your strengths
and weaknesses—we follow a series of Can-Do statements created by ACTFL to help you
become a more reflective learner. Yo puedo 2 is structured with clear objectives at the begin-
ning of each unit. These objectives support the Can-Do statements that are summarized in a
checklist format at the end of each unit. We have highlighted specific practical skills we want
our students to learn and to be able to demonstrate. Take time at the end of the unit to reflect
on how well you have achieved the goals noted in the Can-Do statements. Are there areas
where you can maximize your language skills via additional practice of concepts covered?
Yo puedo 2 includes strategies which will help you increase your ability to sustain written
and oral skills in the target language beyond the basics that were taught in a first semester or
equivalent courses. We will highlight proactive skills to help students with new words and se-
quencing ideas, while also providing tips on avoiding common errors in Spanish. The vocab-
ulary is presented in small groups (with a master list at the end of each chapter) that is inter-
woven with grammatical concepts. Grammar is presented in brief explanations with a balance
of implicit (functional use) and explicit (grammar explanations) approaches. Knowledge of the
cultural rules governing communication among the Spanish-speaking world is a key factor to
success in establishing positive cross-cultural relationships. Cultural awareness goes beyond
learning discrete cultural points. It may be addressed through proper pronunciation (phonetics
and phonology) or activities where you read about the lives of Spanish speakers.
Our objective in Yo puedo 2 is that you will be able to speak Spanish while conducting your-
self in a culturally appropriate manner. We would like to offer you the Spanish Language as
an instrument that gives you the opportunity to communicate and be part of the global world.
1 Institute of Simulation and Training, University of Central Florida, for the Defense
Equal Opportunity Management Institute (DEOMI),(ROSS) Spring 2008.
2 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Education (Bernadette Morris). Página 3
Los conceptos que Unidad
debes saber 1
Los objetivos
1. Review the Spanish alphabet, some phonetics and strategies for writing and
pronunciation.
2. Learn socially correct practices to communicate in the Hispanic culture.
3. Strategies to recall vocabulary.
4. Review the components of the sentence and other grammatical structures.
5. Express daily activities.
6. Differentiate words that have similar “literal” definitions by reiterating their
varying reasons for use. (Ser vs Estar)
7. Express possession in differents forms.
8. Auto-evaluación: unidad 1.
Keeping in mind that this is a review of concepts mastered in a first semester course, we
have noted a concise summary of various topics to help you in your journey in this course.
For more explanations or detailed summaries, please consult with your teacher about the
materials used for a first semester course.
Overview
1. Recordando la fonética española. 7
El alfabeto español 8
a) La oración 15
a.1 El sujeto 15
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Yo Puedo 2 by Silvaggio-Adams & Vallejo-Alegre
a.2 El predicado. 17
c) La concordancia 26
Now it is your turn: Identify the elements by dissecting the sentences and
noting the parts that correspond below. 34
d.1 Los pronombres: de objeto indirecto (POI), objeto directo y los reflexivos 38
6. Un verbo en inglés, dos diferentes verbos en español: To Be or not To Be : Ser y Estar. 57
7. Expresemos posesión. 60
Auto-evaluación 64
Vocabulary 65
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Unidad 1: Los conceptos que debes saber
English and Spanish have Latin-based alphabets with similar vowels and consonants; howev-
er, Spanish has one more letter: La eñe (“Ñ”) thus resulting in the Spanish alphabet with 27
letters. Spanish is a phonetic language meaning we will have the same sound for each letter
and any changes to the sound concept will follow precise rules.
A vowel, in English and or Spanish, received this name because the sounds are made by the
vocal cords. The vowel sound comes from the lungs, through the vocal cords and depends
upon the position of the lips, tongue, and mouth opening with nothing blocking the air. Keep in
mind that Spanish is emphatic. You need to emphasize the position of the lips and the mouth
when you make the sound of the vowels. The correct pronunciation of the vowels is a key
factor to succeed in the correct Spanish pronunciation.
+ The ‘K’ and the ‘W’ appear only in foreign words that Spanish has included in the lan-
guage.
+ The ‘Y’ is a vowel when it is the last letter in a word for example: “hoy” (today) or if the
‘Y’ stands alone for example: Rosa y Juan (Rose and John).
+ Spanish is similar to English; the two languages are affected by regional differences.
There are different patterns that may be typical in one place and less common in others.
+ The consonant groups have a specific sound with each vowel. You never can divide
the consonants in the consonant group: ch, ll, rr, br, bl, cr, cl, dr, fr, fl, gr, gl, pr, pl, tr
and tl.
It is important to consider that the vowels in Spanish always have the same sound; they never
change as in English. As you know the correct pronunciation of the vowels is a key factor to
succeed in the correct pronunciation of the Spanish language. Each consonant has only one
sound with each vowel except the following consonants.
This chart represents the English letter sound and how you may see the consonant sound
with the vowel in Spanish words. Those represented in bold and red reflect spelling changes
that are unique.
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El alfabeto español
La letra El nombre El sonido Las vocales Los ejemplos
A, a a Sounds like ‘a’ in father abeja
Soft Sounds like ‘th’ in thought (North and Central Spain) e,i cero
Soft Sounds like ‘s’ in dress ( America and south of Spain) e,i cero
K, k ka Sounds like ‘k’ in karate : Occurs only in words adopted from a,o,u kilo
other languages
L, l ele Sounds like ‘l’ in love a,e,i,o,u león
Ñ,ñ eñe Sounds like ‘ni’ in onion or “ny” in canyon a,e,i,o,u araña
Q,q cu Sounds like ‘k’ in king, only with ue/ui and u is silent ue, ui queso
R,r ere Soft sound when is not an inicial position. sound like ‘d’ in a,e,i,o,u loro
muddy
erre Strong vibration when initial or after N,L, or S no equivalent in a,e,i,o,u rosa
English
S,s ese Sounds like ‘s’ in dress a,e,i,o,u sol
W, w doble u, uve Sounds like ‘w’ in Washington. Occurs only in words adopted a,e,i,o,u kiwi
doble from other languages
The words of Mexican origin are written with an X, but pro- a,e,i,o,u México
nounced with Spanish J
Y,y ye Consonant: sounds like ‘Y’ in yes or ‘J’ in English ‘judge’ a,e,i,o,u inyectar
*Hasta 2010 Vowel: when it stands alone or after another vowel at the end y Rosa y Juan
conocida como i of the word is pronounced as if you pronouncing the Spanish
‘I’ rey
griega.
Z,z zeta Soft Sounds like ‘th’ in thought (North and Central Spain) a,o,u zapato
Soft Sounds like ‘s’ in dress ( America and south of Spain) a,o,u zapato
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Unidad 1: Los conceptos que debes saber
Observa Go to the online platform where you will find video links for each of the
units. Click on the links for Unit 1 Videos and Websites (2.1.1 and
2.1.2) and listen and repeat what you hear. There will be times when you have to
stop and repeat the section so you may take notes in this text. This is part of the flipped
classroom style whereby you take more ownership of learning the materials at your
pace which affords you the opportunity to replay certain concepts that help you. After
reviewing the alphabet, continue to apply these concepts throughout the book and in
your pronunciation.
In English, it is very common to find double consonants, but it is very rare in Spanish—the
exceptions are the consonant groups listed above. Spanish has only two double conso-
nants that are not considered consonant groupsà they are the double N and the double
C. To read words with double N is very simple. Because it is not a consonant group, the sound
doesn’t change, so we pronounce each N. Remember Spanish is phonetic, you read and write
it like it sounds:
IN - NO - VA - CIÓN
The double C is different because, as you remember, in Spanish we have two different
sounds with the C, depending on the vowel that follows the C. The letter C has a strong
sound with the vowels “a, o” and “u”. The sound is like the “K” in English. But with the
vowels “e” and “i”, it has a soft sound as “th” or “s”. North and Central Spain are distinct
in making a sound like ‘th’ in thought. This is known as ceceo or seseo. In other areas in
southern Spain and in different American Countries, they use the same sound as the letter
“S” in dress.
In conclusion, because the double C is not a consonant group, we have two sounds with the
letter C: first with the strong sound and then with the soft sound:
AC - CI - DEN - TE The first C has the sound like the “c” in cap. (K)
Along with consonant groups, in Spanish, we also have vowel groups. Los diptongos are the
combination of one strong vowel (a,e,o) and one soft vowel (i,u). Los triptongos are formed
by the combination of three vowels: iai, iei, uai, uei, and uau.
All words have a stressed syllable in Spanish. The stressed syllable or “sílaba tónica” is the
one that is pronounced the strongest. The rules to know which is the stressed syllable are as
follows:
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Yo Puedo 2 by Silvaggio-Adams & Vallejo-Alegre
Regla uno: Words ending in vowel, n, or s are stressed on the next to the last sylla-
ble: CA-ma, li-mo-NA-da.
Regla dos: Words ending in any consonant except n, or s are stressed on the last
syllable:doc-TOR, a-MOR.
Regla tres: When there are exceptions to the above rules, a written accent, el acento
ortográfico, is applied. The written accent (the tilde) is always on a vowel and looks
like this: á, é, í, ó, ú as in the words jabón or lápiz.
Regla cuatro: Written accents are also used to differentiate between words that are
pronounced the same but have different meanings: sí (yes) vs si (if), tú (you) vs
tu(your), él(he) vs el(the).
Dividing the words in syllables will help you control the different sounds that you need to
reproduce. Syllables are an uninterrupted sound in speech with each having a vowel sound.
After you control the sound of each syllable you will be able to say all the sounds together and
say the word correctly. Spanish words are syllabified according to some very rigid rules. Let’s
analyze the next words for the number of vowels and the number of syllables that we have,
keeping in mind that the diphthongs and tripthongs count as one vowel:
amigo à has a, i, and o à then the word amigo has three syllables.
construir à has o, and ui (diptongo) à then the word construir has two syllables.
In order to define the number of syllables that the word has, you have to follow the next 4
simple rules:
Regla uno: A simple consonant or consonant group goes with the following vowel. You can
NEVER have a consonant without a vowel in a syllable. But one vowel can be a syllable.
Regla dos: Two consonants are usually separated; except when you have a blend (a conso-
nant pair that never is divided.)
(br, cr, pr,gr, fr,dr,tr,gl, pl,bl,fl,cl, ch, ll, rr are the blended groups or grupos trabados.)
Regla tres: Three consonants are usually divided after the first one, unless the second is a
“S”:
(Words with sp, st and sn for example will divide the “s” from the next consonant.)
Regla cuatro: It is uncommon in Spanish to have four consonants between vowels, but the
rule is to always divide after the second.
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Unidad 1: Los conceptos que debes saber
This exercise is crucial for your pronunciation, for your spelling and also for you to be able to
write correctly the orthographic stress. For each word you need to write the number of vowels,
diphthongs and triphthongs that it has. Write the syllables and underline the stressed syllable.
Observa the link for the web site 2.1.3 BUSCAPALABRAS to check
your answers to the exercise above.
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Yo Puedo 2 by Silvaggio-Adams & Vallejo-Alegre
As a language learner your goal is to be able to communicate in the new language with na-
tive speakers, be it for work or vacation purposes. To succeed you need to know vocabulary,
grammar, phonetics and culture. The language and the culture are intrinsically linked; you
cannot speak correctly a language if you don’t understand the culture. Therefore, we need to
be able to speak and act according with the cultural rules governing communication among
Spanish-speaking countries.
To this end, students should reply to a greeting or farewell by the professor, guests or stu-
dents. Eating in front of others without sharing is considered disrespectful. For this reason, it
is not recommended that you bring food to the classroom if it is just for you.
We may have a strong vocabulary base and a perfect grasp of grammar but if we don’t know
the culture we are not able to communicate in a socially correct way. For example, we are very
proud to be Americans, but did you know that Brazilians, Mexicans or Cubans also consider
themselves Americans? “Canadians” refers to people from Canada who are also Americans.
The term American refers to North, Central and South America. The definition of the word
“American” is a person that lives on the American continent; and not only in the USA. The
misunderstanding is generated because we don’t have a specific word in English for our na-
tionality. In Spanish “estadounidenses” is the name of the nationality for citizens of the USA.
As you can imagine, for all the other countries in the American continent it is rude that we
don’t recognize them as part of the continent. Each of the countries in the American continent
has its own specific name for the nationality. People from Chile are Americans but they are
referred to as Chilean or in Spanish “chilenos”.
Another cultural difference in the Latin world is the number of continents. They recognize only
five continents: América as only one continent divided in North America, Central America, the
Caribbean, and South America, África, Europa, Asia y Oceanía (Australia and all the islands
around).
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Unidad 1: Los conceptos que debes saber
América:
Norteamérica: México.
Europa: España.
As we continue to study the Spanish language, we will highlight each of these countries and
regions. Gaining familiarity with their location, their capitals and basic information will help you
understand the relevance of current events that you hear or read about in the news.
TAREA: Study the Spanish speaking countries and their capitals. In the next class you will be
tested about this topic.
After you study the countries and the capitals respond to the following questions.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
10. ¿Cuántos países hay en América con el español como lengua oficial? ______________
En el mundo hispanohablante los Estados Unidos cuenta con dos abreviaturas: EE.UU. (Es-
tados Unidos) comúnmente utilizado en Europa y E.U.A. (Estados Unidos de Norteamérica).
Utilizado en el continente americano.
While they are not required of each word that you see, we recommend you write flashcards for
the words that you have difficulty recalling. Flashcards are also helpful to help you remember
verbs and any patterns for verb conjugations that you will learn.
+ Flash-card technology is still better than the most expensive educational computer gear
that you can buy.
+ It is the quickest way to get just the repetition that you need on just the words that you
need to repeat.
a) Visualize and vocalize: We all know that a picture is worth a thousand words, you
can facilitate the recall of vocabulary by using drawings, stickers, pictures, etc. To help
our memory we will use the color red for the Spanish words. Red is a very emotionally
intense color. It enhances human metabolism, increases respiration rate, and raises
blood pressure. It has very high visibility; which is why stop signs, stoplights, and fire
equipment are usually painted in red.
b) Visualize by imagination and vocalize: Meditate on an image that the word represents
or suggests as you say it aloud. If you see a house, say: “casa”, if you see a dog say
“perro”, if you pass in front of the cafeteria say: “cafetería.”
c) Use the diglot weave method to practice: Insert palabras en español into English
sentences, until you get their meanings quickly. For example: el perro = dog, so repeat
to yourself several sentences like: El perro is a nice pet. She loves her perro. Your
perro is a puppy.
d) Repeat, repeat, and repeat again: Especially for learning important parts and forms
of words, sometimes only repetition will secure your deep learning for certain hard-to-
retain items. Frequent vocal repetition impresses the forms on your “mental ear.” If we
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Unidad 1: Los conceptos que debes saber
want to be able to communicate, we need to say words, but also we need to listen and
understand the words when the other person speaks. That is the reason why we need
to work with our “mental ear”.
Keeping in mind this advice, make sure to review the vocabulary that was in the first book of
Yo Puedo. We encourage you to print the lists of vocabulary that you will find in our online
platform. The design of these lists is to help you to practice and remember the vocabulary that
you need to know. Fold the page in half and test yourself on your knowledge of the words de
español al inglés. Unfold the page and check your answers. Keep practicing until you are
confident of them all then try the section inglés al español by folding the paper in half and
quiz yourself. Unfold the paper again to check your answers.
a) La oración
A sentence is set of words that is complete in itself, typically containing a subject and pred-
icate, conveying a statement, question or exclamation, and consisting of a main clause and
sometimes one or more subordinate clauses.
a.1 El sujeto
As in English, Spanish sentences require a subject. These may be proper nouns (specific
names such as Elsa, Emilio, la doctora Paz) or common nouns (the children, the people,
the schools). One may replace the proper or common noun with a subject pronoun. If it is
obvious as to who is the subject based on the verb conjugation, you do not need to write the
subject pronoun.
The subject pronouns are divided into three groups: first, second and third person pro-
nouns. The word person in this case does not necessarily mean a human being. It is a
grammatical term that can refer to any noun. In the following chart are the subject pronouns
in English and in Spanish grouped by person.
The personal pronouns have gender in Spanish: masculine, feminine and neuter. Mas-
culine is used as neuter (without a gender) in “nosotros” and “vosotros” when both males
and females comprise a group.
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Yo Puedo 2 by Silvaggio-Adams & Vallejo-Alegre
Questions:
1. What do the numbers 1st, 2nd, 3rd in the column persona mean? Persona or per-
son refers to the perspective one takes as the subject. First (primera) person includes
myself (whether I am speaking about myself or speaking about others and me). Sec-
ond (segunda) person addresses one or more people in a friendly, familiar way. Third
(tercera) person addresses one or more people in a formal, polite way in Spanish which
is different than in English. However, as in English, the third person also refers to anoth-
er person or other people as in he, she, you or they.
2. What does número mean? Número or number refers to the quantity within the subject.
Are we communicating about one or many? Singular or plural?
3. There are several pronouns mentioned in third person. Do they mean the same
thing? No, usted and ustedes mean you (formal), while él = he; ella = she; ellos/ellas
= they. You will see that the 3rd person singular pronouns share a verb conjugation and
that the 3rd person plural pronouns share another verb conjugation.
Practiquemos: Which subject pronoun would you use when talking about the following peo-
ple?
3. Pedro y Juan__________________
You know that each of the words above means “you”. Which one you use is a matter of famil-
iarity with the person you are addressing. Putting your best foot forward starts with a proper
introduction. When addressing someone you do not know, always use usted (singular) or
ustedes (plural—addressing more than one person you do not know). When speaking with
someone of title always use the usted form. Regardless of who the person is in terms of title,
if you do not know them as a friend, then the best rule of thumb is to use usted. If you are
talking to a friend, then you will use the more friendly familiar form, tú.
The chart below will help you organize your thoughts on which “you” you will choose.
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Unidad 1: Los conceptos que debes saber
Questions:
1. Will I offend someone if I use “tú” by mistake? No, many heritage speakers appre-
ciate the fact you are making an effort to speak with them. You should still strive to use
the polite forms with all those you meet.
2. Does Uds. and ellos / ellas mean the same thing? __________________________
3. Define the difference as to when one would use Uds. in contrast with
ellos/ellas: ___________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
a.2 El predicado.
The subject in the sentences is who is doing the action. The predicate is the action and some
extra information. The verb is the core of the predicate. A sentence cannot exist if we don’t
have a subject and a conjugated verb.
Verbs that are not conjugated are known as the INFINITIVE form of the verb. In English, we
recognize the infinitive form of the verb because the word has “to” before the action: to sing,
to drink, to live. We recognize the infinitive of the verbs in Spanish by the ending: “AR”,
“ER” or “IR” at the end of the verb infinitive: cantar, beber, vivir.
A conjugated verb is the core of a sentence. It defines the action that the subject is doing: I
am, you are, she is… yo soy, tú eres, ella es. The person that does the action is known as
the subject of the sentence. A conjugated verb is the six possible forms of the verb for each
one of the 6 persons (primera, segunda, tercera, en singular y en plural).
El modo, the mood: a category or set of categories of a verb that indicates the attitude of the
speaker toward what is being said, as in expressing a fact, a question, a possibility, a wish, or
a command. The following chart will help you organize your thoughts and recall on the moods
in Spanish:
• Conditional perfect
A progressive form also exists in each tense which serves to give emphasis to the time frame
in which an action is happening or was happening. When thinking about something you are
doing at this moment, you will communicate it using the present progressive.
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Remember there are three categories of verbs AR, ER and IR verbs. When they are left in
their unconjugated form, they are referred to as infinitives. Many verbs are regular, in other
words they follow a specific pattern of conjugation. Let’s review the patterns of the verbs in the
indicative mood in the present tense.
In the following charts you will see 1era for primera (first) in the persona column. The term 2da
refers to segunda (second) for second person and 3era refers to tercera as in third person in
terms of grammar.
nosotros
1era yo o amos 1era hablo 1era hablamos
(as)
vosotros
2da tú as áis 2da hablas 2da habláis
(as)
ellos,
él, ella,
3era a ellas, an 3era habla 3era hablan
Ud.
Uds.
The endings for er and ir verbs are the same with exception of the 1era and 2da persona
plural.
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Question:
Why are we learning the “vosotros” forms? I never had to know these in my other
Spanish classes before now?
The vosotros form is used in Spain and has a variation in some of the southern Latin Ameri-
can countries. Although, the vosotros form is not used in all the Spanish speaking countries,
it merits being taught and learned so as to recognize it in spoken and written communication.
As you know cultural awareness goes beyond learning discrete cultural points. Knowing the
cultural rules governing communication within Spanish is a factor in your success. Vosotros
and its correct use indicate the speaker understands one of the cultural variations.
sus amigos a tomar algo el día de su cumpleaños. Por ejemplo, ellos __________ (desear)
la persona que tiene el cumpleaños es la persona que ________ (pagar). Ellos _________
(beber) algo y los amigos __________ (hacer) un brindis por la persona que ___________
abrir cada regalo inmediatamente, en el momento de recibir cada uno y no más tarde, todos
juntos (together). En América, en algunos países como México, Venezuela o Colombia cuan-
do una persona ___________(cumplir) años, los amigos invitan al que cumple años a comer
o beber. ¡Es diferente! Pero en los dos continentes se abren los regalos inmediatamente.
The Irregular verbs have a pattern that varies from the verbs above. Many common verbs
are irregular and some of them have a unique pattern such as tener (to have), ser (to be),
estar (to be), or ir (to go). These are commonly used verbs in Spanish that you must know
well.
*Single syllable verbs in the present tense indicative do not have written accents. There are
no accents in ser and ir.
As you recall irregular verbs will have some type of pattern whether it be a change in the
ending in the “yo” form or a spelling or orthographic change in the root (la raíz). Whenever
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you learn a new verb, look for similarities in the pattern with another verb. Common irregular
verbs in the INDICATIVE MOOD in the PRESENT TENSE are noted below as part of your
review.
1. The first group of irregularities that we will review are the verbs that change only in
the “yo” form and follow the pattern in the other forms.
“GO verb” group: the “yo” form ends in “go”, or there is a “medial g” placed before the
regular yo “o”.
Hacer (to do/to make) à hago, haces, hace, hacemos, hacéis, hacen
*In the case of oír we have an extra irregularity produced by the phonetic rules.
Another pattern that exists in the “GO verbs” is when the root ends in a vowel. In this case
we use “ig” instead of only the “g” as in:
Decir* (to say or tell) à digo, dices, dice, decimos, decís, dicen
Another pattern in the “yo” form occurs in the verbs with an infinitive that ends in “ucir” or in
“cer”. In these cases we need to add a “Z” before the “C” in the root.
*Conocer also means to be acquainted with a person, place or familiarity with a per-
son or place.
Several verbs have a similar change to that of “conocer”, such as ESTABLECER—to estab-
lish, OFRECER—to offer, MERECER—to deserve and AGRADECER—to thank.
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Unidad 1: Los conceptos que debes saber
Write the conjugation of MERECER. As you do so, pay attention to the spelling.
singular plural
yo nosotros (as)
tú vosotros (as)
él, ella, Ud. ellos, ellas, Uds.
2. The second group of irregular verbs has stem or root changes in all forms except
nosotros and vosotros.
One factor that makes an irregular verb “irregular” is that the root changes.
This is also referred to as a stem change. To provide you with a visual for
this concept, you may hear the term “boot verb” as demonstrated in the
image with the verb “empezar”.
The BOOT VERBS (stem changers) change in the root but the endings are the same as they
would be for AR, ER or IR verbs. The stem change applies to all forms except NOSOTROS
and VOSOTROS.
In the example above, empezar is a BOOT verb that changes the “e” to “ie” in the root.
*Remember the endings for AR, ER and IR verbs are the same as you learned already
VENIR (to come) is a common BOOT verb that has one conjugation similar to the “go” verbs
and some conjugations similar to the stem changing verbs.
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Singular Plural
yo vengo nosotros (as) venimos
tú vienes vosotros (as) venís
él, ella, Ud. viene ellos, ellas, Uds. vienen
Do you recognize a similar pattern to that of TENER? The difference between tener and
venir occurs within the nosotros and vosotros forms as tener is an ER verb and venir
is an IR verb.
The following BOOT verbs change the “o” to “ue” in the root. Again the endings are all
the same as the regular AR, ER, IR endings.
Singular Plural
yo puedo nosotros (as) podemos
tú puedes vosotros (as) podéis
él, ella, Ud. puede ellos, ellas, Uds. pueden
Other BOOT verbs (o à ue) are ACORDAR—to remember, VOLVER—to return and
DORMIR—to sleep.
The following are other types of BOOT verbs. Write the correct conjugations—pay attention
to the changes.
singular plural
yo nosotros (as)
tú vosotros (as)
él, ella, ud. ellos, ellas, Uds.
singular plural
yo nosotros (as)
tú vosotros (as)
él, ella, ud. ellos, ellas, Uds.
Observa video 2.1.6 and listen to the song about BOOT verbs (stem
changing). It may help you recall the patterns.
¡Escribamos nuestras tarjetas! To help you learn these verbs and practice, you may choose
to write flash cards. This is another strategy to help you master the information you are learn-
ing. If you choose to create them, you don’t need to write all the conjugations, you only need
to write the infinitive or the verb in English, the infinitive of the verb in Spanish and the type of
conjugation: regular AR, irregular, regular AR except with the yo form like hacer, boot verb
(eài), etc.
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Unidad 1: Los conceptos que debes saber
¡Practiquemos! Conjugate the verbs in the present indicative. Don’t forget that we are follow-
ing the Flipped Classroom Model and you will review your answers with your peers in the next
class.
horario de las clases y a la comida de las cafeterías. ¡Ay Dios mío! ¡Pobre de mí! Pero, yo
el momento de despedirnos.
(tener) mucha tarea con cinco clases y un trabajo entonces no ____________ (hacer) ningún
deporte.
Mi horario es muy bueno. ___________(tener) clases a las 9:30, a las 10:30 y las 11:30.
el invierno, el clima ____________ (ser) muy frío entonces yo ______________ (querer) las
er) unos cuadernos y unas plumas en mi mochila. Mis padres ________________ (quer-
say”) que los estudiantes ____________ (regresar) a casa con 15 libras (pounds) más. Yo
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We just reviewed each of the elements of a sentence, now it is the time to write complete
sentences.
Recuerda que:
+ El verbo está CONJUGADO de acuerdo al MODO (la actitud del hablante) y al TIEM-
PO (en qué momento ocurre)
1. Declarative sentences: used to express any statement positive or negative that ends in
a period.
3. Interrogative sentences: used to ask questions. The elements of the sentence change a
little. We often have a question word, then the conjugated verb and then the subject. Ques-
tions always start and end with a question mark.
Another way to present a question is with the ¿Verb + subject + extra information?
Hagamos preguntas:
Know the question words! The entire list of interrogatives or question words follows these
tips on sentence formation.
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Unidad 1: Los conceptos que debes saber
Los Interrogativos or interrogative pronouns are words that introduce a question. Ques-
tions in Spanish will start with an opened question mark and will close with a question mark.
All the interrogative pronouns in Spanish use the orthographic stress. Learn the meanings of
the interrogatives that follow as it will make answering the questions easier knowing what is
being asked.
Identify who your subject is and conjugate the verb for that first. A question may ask “Do you
read books or do you watch movies?” By conjugating the main action in the sentence such as
“read” or “watch”, you are capturing some of the other words in the question such as “do you
read”. This means you do not translate the “do you” part of the question. It is all captured in
the correct conjugation ¿Lees los libros o miras las películas?
In Spanish, you don’t need to change the order of the sentence to make a question; you only
need to change the voice intonation. You will see both versions of word order for questions.
es inteligente. ß Affirmation
TAREA: Write in Spanish 10 questions, other than those above, that you will use to get to
know another classmate.
Contestemos las preguntas: While we know that in our native language, sometimes a sim-
ple one word answer is sufficient to reply, we would like you to stretch your abilities and re-
spond in complete sentences.
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Knowing how to respond in terms of the subject conversion from questions to answers will lead
to your success in communicating. In the chart below you will find a comparison of questions
and answers. While the column noted with “you generally answer with” gives an option for the
answer, it is possible to divert from these possible replies with another reply. For example, if
someone asks “¿Trabaja él en Geneseo?” “Does he work at Geneseo?”, we suggested the
reply have “él” in it. It is possible to reply, “No, but they work at Geneseo” as you are pointing
out others in the vicinity. The point is to give beginning language learners some structure and
then to progress from there to communicate well.
c) La concordancia
La concordancia means the subject and verb agreement according to person and number.
There are other ways in which the Spanish language applies the concept of agreement (gen-
der and number) to articles and adjectives.
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Unidad 1: Los conceptos que debes saber
Fill in the correct definite or indefinite article in the reading below. If no article should
be used, write an X on the line. Be prepared to explain your reasons for your answers
in class.
_______(1) lunes son muy ocupados. Tengo ________(2) clase de __________(3) inglés a
Él tiene ________(7) docenas (dozens) de obras. Después voy a ________(8) clase de es-
sora Maradona que siempre habla _________(12) idioma. Ella es de ________(13) España.
Hay _________(17) cosas que no entiendo pero puedo hacer ________ (18) preguntas. Si leo
________(22) éxito.
Luego, como _______(23) almuerzo con mis amigos y voy a _______(24) biblioteca para es-
tudiar ________(25) verbos. Voy a ________(26) reunión del club español con _______(27)
Don Pato quien es de ________ (28) Ángeles, California para aprender más. Por _______(29)
noche, tengo _________(30) biología. Quiero ser _________(31) médico y por eso pienso ir a
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Adjectives are another aspect of Spanish grammar that requires agreement (gender and
number) with the nouns they describe.
Describing others: When you want to describe someone, you will use adjectives that cor-
respond to the gender and number of the person(s). Remember all nouns in Spanish have a
gender: feminine, masculine and neuter and are either a number (singular or plural). Adjec-
tives must agree with the gender and number of the noun.
If talking about a male (one person who is male) or an object that is masculine in gender à
choose adjectives that end in “o” or “e” (singular and masculine.)
If talking about more than one male or objects that are masculine in gender àchoose ad-
jectives that end in “o” or “e” and add “s” to indicate plurality and the masculine gender.
If talking about a female (one person who is female) or an object that is feminine in gender
à choose adjectives that end in “a” or “e” (singular and feminine.)
If talking about more than one female or objects that are feminine in gender àchoose ad-
jectives that end in “a” or “e” and add “s” to indicate plurality and the feminine gender.
For example:
There are some nouns that apply for males or females. In these cases the article is a key
element that tells us if the noun is female or male.
For example:
El artista La artista
El presidente* La presidente*
El indígena La indígena
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Unidad 1: Los conceptos que debes saber
Apliquemos: Fill in the correct adjective in the column that corresponds to the nationality for
each subject. The nationality needs to agree in gender and number with the subject provided.
As you complete this exercise, try to recall where the country is located on a globe or world
map. Remember you may have to look up nationalities if you do not recall them to complete
this exercise.
In Spanish we don’t write the nationalities with a capital letter: mexicanos, nica-
ragüenses, etc…
You may recall that Spanish has diferent kinds of grammatical structures to help us express a
thought. The structures can be classified as follows:
Grammatical structures:
+ Present progressive.
+ Ir + a + infinitive.
+ Deber + infinitive.
The two verb rule: These structures are formed by the combination of two verbs. If two verbs
are used consecutively without a break in the subject or a conjunction (and, but, or), the first
verb is conjugated and the second one stays in the infinitive. When two verbs are walking,
the first does the talking. The verb that tells you the most is the first one because it is broken
out by the subject. (The first verb means more in a sense.)
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Think about the whole point of this book. Yo puedo hablar en español. Yo puedo escribir en
español. Yo puedo comprender español. Yo puedo entender otras culturas.
Also we studied some structures where the verbs require a preposition between the conju-
gated verb and the infinitive as “ir + a + infinitive” = Vamos a estudiar en casa de Juan.
Other verbs require a conjuntion as “tener + que + infinitive” = Tiene que estar en casa.
To the list of verbs above we will add one more verb for now that always needs a preposi-
tion. The first one that we will study is “jugar”. In the next section we will study the other
one.
Jugar always is followed by the prepositon a. The contraction of the preposition a and the
article “el” = “a + el”= “al”. This helps separate the sounds and is similiar to English when
we say a bird vs an owl.
Present progressive: In English, we have the present progressive and past progressive
forms. In Spanish, we have the progressive form in all the tenses. The progressive forms in
Spanish are only used for emphasis, for instance, to emphasize that an action is taking place
at a particular moment, as opposed to another time, or to stress the continuity of the action.
In English, the progressive tenses are used far more frequently and they are used for habitual
actions, to state general truths, or to indicate that an action is happening at a specific moment.
The formula for the Spanish progressive forms is:
Auxiliar verb estar (conjugated in the tense needed) + the gerund (The “ing” form
equivalent).
The gerund cannot stand alone as it is not a conjugated verb. To form the gerund, take the
root + “ando” in AR verbs. Take the root + iendo in the ER and IR verbs: hablar à hablan-
do. beber à bebiendo, vivir à viviendo.
To express the concept of an action in progress you need the verb “estar” conjugated in
the tense that the action is happening (present, past, future) plus the gerund. Again we are
applyng the two verb rule: when two verbs are walking, the first does the talking. In the
progressive forms the first always is “estar” and the second part is a gerund.
When a verb is not conjugated it is called a verbal in English or verboide in Spanish. Until now
we know two different types of verboides: gerund and infinitive. Later we will study the third
one.
She is sleeping.
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Unidad 1: Los conceptos que debes saber
Ir + a + Infinitive: As you recall, in Spanish, there are two ways to express the future. One
is conjugating the verb in the future tense, and the other, more basic form used mostly in spo-
ken Spanish, expresses plans (future actions). The structure “ir + a + infinitive” will help
us express the future, using the verb conjugation in present tense.
So far we’ve been reviewing conjugations in the indicative mood, at the present time. The con-
struction “ir + a + infinitive” is extremely useful since you know the conjugation of the verb
to go in the indicative mood in the present tense. With this knowledge we can express any
action in the future, without knowing the conjugations for the true future tense.
Voy a nadar en la tarde. à I’m going to swim in the afternoon.
Pedro y Dulce van a bailar hoy. à Pedro and Dulce are going to dance today.
¿Qué van a hacer Uds. hoy? à What are you going to do today?
Rosa va al cine. à Rosa is going to the movies.
The preposition “a” comes after ir when you want to say that someone is going to a place.
When a is followed by the masculine definite articleà a + el (definite article) the contrac-
tion al is mandatory.
Tener + que + infinitive: Sometimes adding a preposition or a conjunction after the conju-
gated verb changes the meaning significantly. An example is the verb “have” that we already
studied: TENER:
Yo tengo 20 años.
If we use Tener + que + infinitive, the meaning is HAVE or HAS TO. In English and in Span-
ish we use this structure to express the idea of it being necessary to do something. It is a
responsibility.
Tengo que estudiar las estructuras en español. à I have to study the Spanish structures.
Vosotros tenéis que leer la novela. à You (all) have to read the novel.
¡No tengo que hacer tarea hoy!. à I do not have to do homework today!
Deber + Infinitive: Spanish also has another structure to express obligation, but in this case
it is a DUTY. We use the verb Deber + infinitive. As with the verb tener, the verb deber
changes in meaning with or without the preposition. The verb deber without the preposi-
tion means to owe; an example is:
Deber has a completely different meaning when coupled with the preposition “de”. In this
case the structure deber + de + infinitive express possibility or supposition (Must be).
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Los chicos deben de tener quince años. à The boys must be about 15 years old.
Gustar and similar verbs: Another important structure is GUSTAR which allows us to indi-
cate something or someone is pleasing to a person. It has 4 components and works differently
than the traditional Spanish sentence structure. The subject actually is placed after the form
of gustar (gusta or gustan depending on the number of things pleasing to someone). Observe
the components below:
*Remember: for actions or singular things we use gusta; for plural things we use gustan.
To analyze the structure gustar and how it works, remember some basic grammar elements.
A sentence is the expression of a thought formed by the subject and the predicate. The
predicate is formed by the core (conjugated verb) and the complement (extra information).
Sometimes it is not so simple to find the subject in a sentence at first glance. Look for the verb
to help you determine who? or what? does the action.
The complement in the predicate is the extra information. The extra information is a word
(or words) that is needed to complete the meaning of a sentence. Sometimes this includes the
direct and indirect complements, also known as direct or indirect objects.
The indirect object tells to whom or for whom something is done. To identify the indirect
object we only need to ask “to/for whom” or “to/for what” the action is done:
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Unidad 1: Los conceptos que debes saber
The direct object receives the action of a verb. It answers the questions “what or who” about
the verb.
John watches TV
Core: watches.
Complement: TV.
As you see, not all sentences need to have a direct and indirect object. You find sentences
with none, both, or only with one. Let’s see other examples:
Core: write.
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Now it is your turn: Identify the elements by dissecting the sentences and noting the parts
that correspond below.
Subject:
Predicate:
Core:
Complement:
Direct Object:
Indirect Object:
Subject:
Predicate:
Core:
Complement:
Direct Object:
Indirect Object:
Subject:
Predicate:
Core:
Complement:
Direct Object:
Indirect Object:
Bearing in mind the components of a sentence, let’s return to the structure gustar. This struc-
ture indicates some activity or activities (with the verb in infinitive) or a thing(s) that is/are
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Unidad 1: Los conceptos que debes saber
pleasing to a person. This structure doesn’t have a conventional formation: sujeto + predi-
cado (verbo + complemento). We start with the indirect object pronoun that agrees with
whom is receiving joy or pleasure.
We can start the sentence with the indirect object pronoun, or we have the option to start
by emphasizing or clarifying who is the indirect object. We will review this point later. For
now we are going to start with the indirect object pronoun, which is a pronoun that receives
the action of the verb.
The subject for the verb “gustar” is after the verb. This is what was meant by looking at
the verb to determine who your subject is. With the verbs that work like “gustar” such as
importar, fascinar, doler, disgustar, molestar, aburrir, etc, the subject is after the con-
jugated verb.
To find an Indirect Object we need to answer “to/for WHOM” or “to/for WHAT” the subject
is pleasing.
A mí à indirect object.
The indirect object pronouns represent the indirect object in the sentence, who receives
the consequences of the actions.
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The third person le/les will become “se” if followed by “lo, la, los or las”.
Remember the structure “gustar” is not following the conventional form sujeto + predicado
(verbo + complemento) à the structure is backwards: complement indirecto + verbo
+ sujeto.
Predicado: me gusta
Core: gusta
Complement: me
Objeto Indirecto:
¿A quién gusta el choco- a mí
late?
Pronombre de Objeto In-
me
directo
Sujeto el chocolate
If we would like to use the conventional form writing sujeto + predicado (verbo + comple-
mento), we need to change the sentence Me gusta el chocolate to El chocolate me place.
The meaning doesn’t change, we are expressing the same idea with another verb, and in this
case the sentence follows the conventional form.
Sujeto el chocolate
Predicado: me place
Core: place
Complement: me
Objeto Indirecto:
¿A quién place el a mí
chocolate?
Pronombre de Objeto In-
me
directo
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Unidad 1: Los conceptos que debes saber
Me gusta el chocolate.
El chocolate me place.
In the sentence Me gusta el chocolate, I have the option to emphasize to whom the choco-
late is pleasing using the optional part of the structure: a mí me gusta el chocolate.
As you can see in the sentence, we have the indirect object pronoun “me” and also have
the indirect object “a mí”. That is the reason why it is optional, we really don’t need to have
the indirect object pronoun and the indirect object, but we use the indirect object for
emphasis.
In the case of the third persons in the singular or in the plural, we use the indirect object
pronoun and the indirect object to clarify… let’s see the following example:
Le gusta el chocolate
I don’t know who the indirect object is. It can be “ella, él or usted” Who
is it? I need to clarify. I need to use the optional section of the structure
to specify who it is:
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In summary, with the structure gustar and similar verbs such as importar, fascinar, inte-
resar, molestar, aburrir, disgustar, etc, always use the indirect object pronoun before the
verb. In case we want to emphasize we can use the optional part of the structure, which is the
indirect object as with the first and second persons (singular and plural). For the third person
(singular and plural) the optional section has the function to clarify who the indirect object is.
The verbs that we studied are regular verbs, but now we will study an irregular one “DOLER”.
It changes the “o” to ue” in the root. Again the endings are all the same as the regular ER
endings. Let’s see the following examples:
As you notice “doler” is irregular. It changes the “o” to ue” in the root, the endings are all the
same as the regular ER endings. Like “poder or dormir”.
With all this information you can complete the following chart using the structure gustar and
similar verbs with the verb: DOLER. Don’t forget for actions or singular things we use
DUELE, for plural things we use DUELEN. The structure DOLER indicates something or
someone is hurting a person and has the four components as a similar verb that follow the
structure GUSTAR.
TAREA: For homework apply what you learned about the new verbs and write 10 questions
in Spanish using the “tú” form that you might use to get to know your future roommate better.
You may include things like, “Do you like to sleep late? “Do you like to study in the dorm
room?” “What things do you have for the dorm room or apartment?” “What will you do on the
weekend?” “Do you have to work?” “What are your duties?” And also what he or she likes to
do. Think about how you would answer these questions for yourself so you are prepared to
answer these questions in partner activities.
d.1 Los pronombres: de objeto indirecto (POI), objeto directo y los reflexi-
vos
As you remember, the subject and the predicate are two parts of the sentence. The subject
is who is doing the action. The predicate has the core: conjugated verb and the complement
(extra information). An Indirect Object is part of the complement, it is extra information. The
function of the Indirect Object is to indicate to whom or for whom an action is done. You have
already learned the Indirect Object Pronouns with “La estructura gustar y verbos simi-
lares”. The Indirect Object Pronouns are not exclusive of this structure. We can find indirect
objects in several situations, for example:
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Unidad 1: Los conceptos que debes saber
Subject: Marie
Sujeto María
Complement (Información
a su bebé.
extra):
Objeto Indirecto
a su bebé.
¿A quién lee María?:
The Indirect Object Pronoun precedes a conjugated verb or follows attached to an infinitive
or a gerund. The two options are correct.
Are you wondering why there is a written accent mark (an orthographic accent)? à
leyéndole.
It is because the natural stress on the word leyendo is on the second “e”, since the word ends
in a vowel (Review Unit 1.2: La acentuación en español). When we add the extra syllable
“le”, we need to indicate where the natural stress was on the original word with el acento
ortográfico à leyéndole.
For each one of the following examples write the subject of the sentence (who is doing the
action), the action (core of the predicate) and the Indirect Object (to whom or for whom the
action is done).
Sujeto:______________________________
Verbo:_______________________________
Sujeto:______________________________
Verbo:_______________________________
Sujeto:_____________________________
Verbo:______________________________
Objeto Indirecto:_____________________
Sujeto:_____________________________
Verbo:______________________________
Objeto Indirecto:_____________________
Unfortunately the English verbs that require an indirect object pronoun, are not always the
same in Spanish.
The following verbs are commonly used with indirect object pronouns:
Practiquemos: Write complete sentences using five of the verbs above with the different POI.
1.________________________________________________________________________
2.________________________________________________________________________
3.________________________________________________________________________
4.________________________________________________________________________
5.________________________________________________________________________
An indirect object pronoun (IOP) can be emphasized or clarified by using a phrase intro-
duced by the preposition “a”, just as we studied with the structure “gustar”. As you remem-
ber, the emphasis or clarification is optional.
Some examples:
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Now use five other verbs from above and write complete sentences but clarify or emphasize
the IOP.
1.________________________________________________________________________
2.________________________________________________________________________
3.________________________________________________________________________
4.________________________________________________________________________
5.________________________________________________________________________
Using indirect and direct object pronouns are not the only way we avoid repetition and redun-
dancy in Spanish. Being aware of all the information that verbs tell us, can also eliminate the
need for a stated subject.
As you know conjugations in Spanish often let us know who the subject is. We
can use the conjugated verb without the personal pronoun and still know who
the subject is. That is not possible in English:
In Spanish these are clear. In English, there are many possibilities for the
subject.
Corres à the subject is “tú” run à I run, you run, they run, we run ….
Bebo à the subject is “yo” drink à I drink, you drink, they drink, we
drink…
Bailáis à the subject is “vosotros” dance à I dance, you dance, they dance…
Notice how in English “run, drink, dance” cannot stand alone. Many of the verbs in Spanish
can stand alone and from them you know who is doing the action.
Spanish speakers do not like redundancy. It is a cultural aspect. When you use the personal
pronouns all the time, Spanish speakers can interpret it as pretentious: yo corro, yo hablo, yo
bebo, yo, yo, yo.
Let’s read the next email with personal pronouns and without them:
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Unidad 1: Los conceptos que debes saber
¿Cómo estás tú? Yo estoy muy contenta. Yo ¿Cómo estás? Estoy muy contenta. Tengo
tengo una gran noticia para ti. Yo estoy sigui- una gran noticia para ti. Estoy siguiendo tu
endo tu consejo. Yo empiezo mis clases de consejo. Empiezo mis clases de español.
español. Yo quiero ser una doctora bilingüe. Quiero ser una doctora bilingüe. Tienes
Tú tienes razón, es importante que un doc- razón, es importante que un doctor pueda
tor pueda hablar con todos sus pacientes. hablar con todos sus pacientes. Sé que en
Yo sé que en los Estados Unidos el español los Estados Unidos el español es el segun-
es el segundo idioma más hablado. Tú eres do idioma más hablado. Tú eres mi ejemplo.
mi ejemplo. Tú estudias negocios, tus pa- Estudias negocios, tus padres son de Chile
dres son de Chile y tú estudias una espe- y estudias una especialización en español.
cialización en español. Nosotras vivimos en Vivimos en un mundo global, debemos de
un mundo global, nosotras debemos de ser ser bilingües o trilingües. ¿Puedes imaginar
bilingües o trilingües. ¿Tú puedes imaginar estudiar francés o árabe?
estudiar francés o árabe?
¿Qué piensas, a ti te gusta la idea de ser
¿Tú qué piensas, a ti te gusta la idea de ser trilingüe?
trilingüe?
Un abrazo:
Un abrazo:
Beth
Beth
2. En el segundo correo electrónico qué uso tiene “tú” y “a ti”, ¿Son utilizados para enfatizar
3. En la oración: “Ella necesita estudiar otros idomas” ¿El pronombre personal se utiliza para
In conversations we frequently use pronouns to avoid redundancy, but before we can apply
these terms, let’s study what is the direct object is.
After studying the video, we now know what a direct object pronoun is in English and in
Spanish. Recognizing the direct object pronouns, now we realize how often we use them in
English. With this concept clear we are able to analyze the function of the direct object in the
sentence. The direct object indicates who or what receives the action. The direct object is
the person or thing that is directly affected by the action of the verb. It is part of the predicate.
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Yo Puedo 2 by Silvaggio-Adams & Vallejo-Alegre
Subject: Josefina
In the following chart, you will see the personal pronouns, the indirect object pronouns
(IOP) and the direct object pronouns (DOP) for each one of the grammatical persons. As
you can see the IOP and DOP are the same except in the 3rd person.
The DOP identifies the gender of the direct object in the third person. That is the reason why
we find two direct object pronouns for the 3rd person singular: lo (masculine) or la (feminine)
and two for the 3rd person plural: los (masculine) or las (feminine).
The difference between the Direct and the Indirect Object Pronouns is in the third
person:
Direct Object Pronouns: Identify gender: “ lo or la” and number: “los or las”
The direct object pronouns follow the same placement rules as the indirect object pronouns,
before the conjugated verb or attached to the verbal.
Remember, why do we use the orthographic stress? Write the reason here:______________
_________________________________________________________________________
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Unidad 1: Los conceptos que debes saber
Sujeto Josefina
Complement (Información
extra):
Objeto Directo:
¿Que escribe Josefina? una carta. ß Gender: feminine
In this case, the gender of “carta” is feminine, but imagine that Josefina writes a book:
Now re-write the sentence using the correct direct object pronoun that corresponds to
“libro”: __________________________________________________________________
*Esperar also can mean to hope, in that case we don’t need a DOP.
Pedro: Hola Juan, ¿Está todo listo para la fiesta de tu hermano? ¿Tienes las
invitaciones?
Juan: No sé, la voy a invitar esta noche. La voy a ver en casa de mis padres.
Juan: ¡Claro!
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Practiquemos los pronombres de objeto directo. Examine the following email sent by Miguel
and Marimar to their friends Noah and Trevor. In this case Miguel and Marimar avoid redun-
dancy by not using the subject pronouns, but they were not able to use Direct Object Pro-
nouns. In purple you will find the Direct Objects, please apply the Direct Object Pronouns
to avoid redundancy. Re-write the message in the lines below replacing the direct objects with
the direct object pronouns.
Un abrazo:
Marimar y Migue
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
The following conversations don’t sound correct because there is a lot of redundancy. Please,
change the conversations using the direct object pronouns as in the example below where
you keep the verb structure together and either place the direct object pronoun before the first
verb or after the infinitive.
¡Tienes una canción nueva en tu celular! ¿Puedo escuchar la canción nueva? La puedo
escuchar o puedo escucharla_________________
¿Cuándo vas a pintar el baño de azul? Mañana voy a pintar el baño. __________________
_________________________________________________________________________
¡Hace frío! ¿Por qué no cierras la ventana? Quiero la ventana abierta. _________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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Unidad 1: Los conceptos que debes saber
¿Quieres una nueva televisión? ¡Claro que quiero una nueva televisión! ______________
_________________________________________________________________________
¡Amo* a mi novio! Amo tanto a mi novio que no puedo vivir sin él_____________________
_________________________________________________________________________
*El verbo amar en español. In Spanish, we use the verb “amar” only with people: ¡Amo a
mi novio! In English it is common to use the verb love with objects or concepts: I love Span-
ish! I love chocolate! In these cases in Spanish, we use the structures that work like gustar:
¡Me fascina el español! ¡Me encanta el chocolate!
You studied how to use the indirect and the direct object pronouns separately. Let’s study how
we can use the direct and the indirect object pronoun in the same sentence.
A sentence always has a subject and a verb. It may contain a complement (extra information:
direct object or indirect object or both). In the following example, the sentence has both the
direct and the indirect object. Analyze each one of the components of the sentence:
The indirect object tells to whom or to what or for whom or for what the action is done.
The direct object is the person or thing that is directly affected by the action and answers the
question what or whom receives the action.
Núcleo: canto
Sujeto: ¿Quién canta? Yo
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When we use both an indirect and a direct object pronoun in the same sentence, the
indirect object pronoun goes first and then the direct object pronoun:
Although the real-life application of this concept occurs via answers to questions, practice the
concept by rewriting the sentences using the direct and indirect object pronouns. In class, we
will practice with questions.
Núcleo: enseña
Complemento:
Pronombre O. I. : le
La profesora le los* enseña (That does not sound right—keep reading to find out why.)
Núcleo: compra
Complemento:
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Unidad 1: Los conceptos que debes saber
Pronombre O. I. : les
Pronombre O.D. : lo
Eduardo les lo* compra (That does not sound right either.—Keep reading to find out
why.)
*The word “lelo” in Spanish means stunned, slow, or loony! We don’t want to call any one
“lelo!”
To avoid this problem when you use both the indirect and direct object pronouns with the 3rd
person (singular o plural), the indirect object pronoun “le” and “les” becomes “se”.
When we use the indirect and direct object pronouns before the conjugated verb we have two
words. When we use them attached to the infinitive, it is only one word. When we attach the
indirect and direct object pronouns to the infinitive an orthographic stress is required on the
syllable before the combined direct and indirect object pronouns:
TAREA: Write a dialogue between you and your best friend in Spanish about what school and
home by including 10 questions and answers with the goal of using the indirect and direct
object pronouns, but also to apply all your Spanish knowledge. Use the different verbs that
take a direct or indirect object, practice the structures, use your vocabulary and review your
question words. The dialogue needs to have 10 questions with answers.
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All the conjugated verbs in this paragraph are actions that a subject (yo, mi hermano or él) is
doing but not to him/herself. There are actions related to daily routines that often take another
grammar element. Let’s examine the following examples where the subjects are the recipient
of the action:
The subject is performing the action for herself à she bathes herself.
Me ducho en la mañana.
Te peinas el pelo.
Se habla.
Me veo en el espejo.
When the subject is performing the action toward or for him or herself, the action is called re-
flexive. In Spanish, many actions related to personal care or daily routines are reflexive. To
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Unidad 1: Los conceptos que debes saber
indicate a reflexive action you need to use the reflexive pronouns. Compare the sentences
below:
Ella se baña.
In both examples the verbs in Spanish follow the same conjugation. To make the action re-
flexive we need to use the reflexive pronouns. Pay attention that in Spanish the reflexive
pronouns go before the conjugated verb for an action that one does to oneself.
When the object of the verb is the same person as the subject, you will need to use a reflexive
pronoun that agrees with the subject of the verb in number (singular, plural) and in person
(1st, 2nd, 3rd).
+ Me baño. I bathe myself.
In the following chart, you will find the personal pronouns, the indirect object pronouns,
the direct object pronouns and the reflexive pronouns for each one of the grammatical
persons.
*Don’t forget to avoid an insult lelo, lela, lelos or lelas; we use “se” instead of the “le” or
“les”.
Reflexive pronouns have almost the same forms as indirect and direct object pronouns
except “se” is used for the third person. The reflexive pronoun will always be the same person
(1st, 2nd, 3rd) and number (singular, plural) as the subject of the sentence.
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You already know how to use the reflexive pronouns, only you did not know their name!
Remember when you started studying Spanish and you learned one of the ways to introduce
yourself?
You can add reflexive pronouns to almost any verbs in order to make them reflexive. As we
studied before in Spanish many actions related to personal care or daily routines are reflex-
ive. To help to identify the most common Spanish verbs that require a reflexive pronoun, you
will see attached to the infinitive the pronoun “se”.
The reflexive pronoun corresponds to the same person as the verb ending. (Agreement)
In the next list you have verbs related to personal care or daily routines that require a reflex-
ive pronoun. Most are regular in the indicative mood, in the present tense, which you have
already learned.
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Unidad 1: Los conceptos que debes saber
afeitarse to shave
bañarse to bathe
cepillarse el pelo to brush one’s hair
cepillarse los dientes to brush one’s teeth
ducharse to shower
lavarse (las manos) to wash (one’s hands)
maquillarse to put on makeup
peinarse to comb one’s hair
ponerse la ropa to put on clothes
quitarse la ropa to take off clothes
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of the indicated reflexive verb:
lavarse, maquillarse, afeitarse, peinarse, despertarse (eàie).
Write the following sentences a different way by changing the position of the reflexive pro-
noun, but without changing their meaning. You will move the placement of the reflexive pro-
nouns according to the examples we have shown you in the lesson.
Previously, we studied some irregular verbs related to the grammatical structures. We talked
about verbs that always need a preposition and we studied “jugar a” as one of them. Also
we already studied “acordarse de”. As you remember these grammatical structures help us
express ourselves correctly. In this case the verb “acordar” without the preposition means: to
agree; BUT with the preposition “de” the meaning changes “to remember” and remember
it is also a verb that requires a reflexive pronoun: “ACORDARSE DE”. Now you have all
the elements to practice this versatile verb. Now you know that when a Spanish verb in the
infinitive has the letters “se” attached, it is showing that it is a verb that requires a reflexive
pronoun.
TAREA: Write 10 sentences related to personal care or daily routines. Don’t forget to use the
reflexive pronouns. Include when you do these activities or how often you do them to expand
your skills. You will hand in your paper in the next class.
In all languages redundancy is not very accepted. When writing or speaking you should avoid
redundancy. Languages have so many words that you can express similar thoughts using dif-
ferent words. This simple tactic will help you make your speech or your writing more pleasing.
In Spanish, as in English, writers frequently use pronouns to avoid redundancies using sub-
ject pronouns, direct object pronouns, indirect object pronouns and reflexive pronouns. As you
recall the direct, indirect and reflexive pronouns only change in the third person.
María escribe una carta. à María la escribe. à una carta: singular, femenino à la
María escribe unos emails. à María los escribe. à unos emails: plural, masculino à los
The indirect object pronouns identify only number:
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Unidad 1: Los conceptos que debes saber
NEVER:
together
Lelo, lelos, lela, lelas are words that can be interpreted as an insult:
stunned, slow, or loony. Always change the indirect object pronoun
“le” or “les” for “se” to avoid this situation when there is a direct object
pronoun beginning with “L”
Number of words When they are attached to the infinitive or gerund, it is only one word
that also needs an orthographic stress: comérselo.
NEVER:
In the following paragraph the redundancy was not avoided. Write the paragraph again using
the different pronouns to correct the redundancy:
Lady Tremaine tiene dos hijas llamadas Griselda y Anastasia. Griselda y Anastasia son muy
feas y gritonas (screamers). Griselda y Anastasia no están bien educadas. Lady Tremaine les
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da a Griselda y a Anastasia todo. Griselda y Anastasia hacen la vida muy difícil para Cenicien-
ta. Cenicienta está muy triste. Cenicienta trabaja todo el día y además Cenicienta tiene que
servir a Anastasia y a Griselda. Cenicienta tiene que lavar la ropa de Anastasia y Griselda.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
The Spanish language has another peculiarity, because the conjugated verbs indicate the
subject of the sentence in Spanish it is preferable to avoid the personal pronouns, except
when we want to clarify or emphasize. In English it is the opposite. We need to indicate who
the subject of the sentence is. In Spanish we know who the subject is by the conjugated verb.
When we use the subject several times in the same paragraph, it can be interpreted as pre-
tension.
The follow conversation has too much repetition, please fix the conversation making it more
natural in the space after each sentence.
Federico: ¿Piensas comprarle un regalo a tu hermano para su cumpleaños?
Since this first sentence establishes the setting you don’t need to change anything. ________
Laura: Sí, el sábado, pienso comprarle un regalo a mi hermano para su cumpleaños.
_________________________________________________________________________
Federico: Pero tu hermano está viviendo en Madrid ahora ¿verdad?
_________________________________________________________________________
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Unidad 1: Los conceptos que debes saber
Laura: Sí, mi hermano está viviendo en Madrid, yo pienso mandarle el regalo a mi hermano
a Madrid.
_________________________________________________________________________
Federico: ¡Mandar el regalo a tu hermano a Madrid va a costarte mucho dinero a ti!
_________________________________________________________________________
Laura: ¡Yo sé, pero es una sorpresa que yo quiero darle a mi hermano.
_________________________________________________________________________
Federico: ¡Caray! Tú debes de querer mucho a tu hermano.
_________________________________________________________________________
Laura: Mi hermano es mi mejor amigo, yo quiero mucho a mi hermano.
_________________________________________________________________________
Federico: Entonces tú sabes qué regalo vas a comprarle a tu hermano.
_________________________________________________________________________
Laura: ¡Claro! Voy a comprarle a mi hermano una tarjeta de regalo del Corte Inglés.
_________________________________________________________________________
Federico: ¿Dónde vas a comprar la tarjeta de regalo del Corte Inglés?
_________________________________________________________________________
Laura: Yo voy a comprar la tarjeta del Corte Inglés por internet.
_________________________________________________________________________
Federico: Entonces… ¿tú no vas a mandarle un regalo a tu hermano desde Estados Unidos?
_________________________________________________________________________
Laura: ¡Claro que yo no voy a mandarle un regalo desde E.U.A.! ¡Yo no tengo tanto dinero!
_________________________________________________________________________
You have just reviewed much of the present tense in the indicative mood in Spanish. Two
verbs that need further explanation not regarding the conjugation, but rather, the reasons for
use are Ser y Estar.
SER is one of the most important Spanish verbs. To make it simple for you to remember when
to use, read the following memory aid or mnemonic where the first letter of each situation or
reason spells a word when you look at them vertically.
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Ese es tu libro.
R Reaction / opinion ¡El helado es delicioso!
(Cognates: es fabuloso, es Es importante estudiar.
importante, es posible…)
ESTAR: When we want to talk about how we are feeling and where we are, always use the
verb estar. (It rhymes!) The reasons why you will use ESTAR in a sentence may be easily
recalled by remembering this mnemonic device or memory tool: HEALTH.
Practiquemos: Fill in the space with the correct form of the verb SER or ESTAR en el pre-
sente del indicativo.
4. Yo ______ de Rochester.
Leamos y comprendamos: Read the dialogue about what Elisa is doing to prepare for her
return to school. Based on your understanding of what you read, fill in the notes about the
Indicative Present Progressive in the table that follows this paragraph.
Estoy pensando(1) en ir a Lima, Perú por un semestre, pero en este momento también me
mochila mientras mi mamá está lavando(4) mi ropa. (¡Qué linda es mi mamá!). Mis hermanos
están descansando(5). Uno está bebiendo(6) café y otro está mirando(7) la televisión. Mi
hermana está durmiendo(8) como siempre. Ellos no están ayudando(9). Mi papá está pla-
rutas para llegar para evitar el tráfico. Estamos saliendo(13) en una hora y no estoy lista.
Completemos: In the following table, identify all the instances that are in bold in the dialogue
that we read about what Elisa is doing to prepare for her return to school. Next identify the
main verb as in the example below. Identify if it is an AR, ER or IR verb in the third column and
lastly identify the formation of the progressive form. For the two instances of progressives in
purple see if you can figure out why they are different in the gerund formation.
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10
11
12
13
The present progressive is formed by conjugating ESTAR in the present tense for the sub-
ject and then forming a gerund for the main verb. Summarize the gerund formation steps
below:
AR verbs: _________________________________________________________________
ER verbs: _________________________________________________________________
IR verbs: _________________________________________________________________
Verbs that would have 3 vowels in a row, as leer, need to be changed how? ____________
_______________________________________________________________________
Emphasis can be expressed in various ways such as in the case above about what is happen-
ing at this moment. When showing possession there are many ways to express the concept
including one that really emphasizes the possessor.
7. Expresemos posesión.
The first form that we will review is: el verbo “ser” y la preposición “de” = Literally indi-
cating it is of someone or something. La fórmula : artículo + cosa/s + es/son + de + dueño
(owner)
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Unidad 1: Los conceptos que debes saber
yo mi mis (my)
tú tu tus (your)
Concordancia : para las personas: 1era, 2da y 3era del singular: número (singular/
plural)
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The third form is with the long possessive adjectives. In contrast with the short possessive
adjectives, the long ones ALWAYS need to agree with the gender and the number of the
possession.
yo mío/a míos/as
tú tuyo/a tuyos/as
él, ella, usted suyo/a suyos/as
nosotros/as nuestro/a nuestros/as ß same as the short ones
vosotros/as vuestro/a vuestros/as ß same as the short ones
ellos, ellas, ustedes suyo/a suyos/as
La novela es mía -- las novelas son mías -- el libro es mío -- los libros son míos.
La novela es tuya - las novelas son tuyas - el libro es tuyo - los libros son tuyos.
La novela es suya - las novelas son suyas - el libro es suyo - los libros son suyos.
Rewrite the next sentences using the long possessive adjectives pronouns as in the
example:
6. Es mi lápiz. ______________________________________________________________
7. Es su casa.______________________________________________________________
The last form to express possession uses the verb tener (without the preposition que)
to express possession.
+ José Pablo tiene 15 años. (In Spanish we have years, we are not old! J )
+ No tengo ni idea.
In the following chart is a summary about the three different manners to express possession
in Spanish: posesivos cortos, posesivos largos y la preposición “de”. Also you will found
the formulas for the correct use of each one and examples.
You now possess a great deal of knowledge about the review concepts in Spanish. Take
ownership of this knowledge as you expand upon it in the subsequent units.
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Auto-evaluación
Keep in mind that this was a review of concepts mastered in Spanish 101. It is the base on
which we will build the new knowledge for Spanish 102.
[ ] Yes [ ] No Can I recognize the sounds in Spanish with a focus on the importance
of syllables, vowels and the proper stress of intonation on a word?
[ ] Yes [ ] No Can I apply correct social norms learned in this unit in Spanish speak-
ing countries?
[ ] Yes [ ] No Can I form declarative, interrogative and exclamatory sentences in
Spanish with agreement in gender and number?
[ ] Yes [ ] No Can I conjugate regular and irregular verbs in the present tense for the
Indicative mood? Do I understand subject/verb agreement?
[ ] Yes [ ] No Can I talk about my daily routine?
[ ] Yes [ ] No Can I describe people, places and objects with correct gender and
number agreement?
[ ] Yes [ ] No Can I tell someone more about what I do presently; what I have to do;
what I want do; and what I must to do?
[ ] Yes [ ] No Can I tell someone about simple future plans?
If you answered “no” to any of these questions, review those sections again and see
your professor.
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Unidad 1: Los conceptos que debes saber
Vocabulary
Español M/F Inglés Clasificación
(a)fuera de outside of Adverbio,
Preposición
(muchas) gracias thank you (very much) Expresión
(muy) bien, gracias. (very) well thank you Expresión
¡Qué chévere! How great! Expresión
¿adónde? where? Adverbio
¿Cómo está Usted (Ud.)? How are you? (formal) Expresión
¿Cómo estás tú? How are you? (informal) Expresión
¿Cómo se llama Ud.? What is your name? Expresión
¿Cómo te llamas tú? What is your name? Expresión
¿cómo? ¡cómo! how? How! Adverbio
¿cómo? ¡cómo! what? What! Adverbio
¿cuál? which? Pronombre
¿cuáles? which ones? Pronombre
¿cuándo? when? Pronombre
¿cuánto? how much? Pronombre
¿cuántos? how many? Pronombre
¿de dónde? from where? Preposición
¿dónde? where? Adverbio
¿por qué? why? Pronombre
¿Qué hay de nuevo? What’s new? Expresión
¿Qué hora es? What time is it? Expresión
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De compras y la ropa Unidad
Los objetivos
1. Review the Spanish pronunication rules for stress.
2
2. Learn the diacritic stress.
3. Learn some strategies for the correct use of the orthographic stress.
4. Increase your Spanish vocabulary using English words : cognates.
5. Reflect of cultural differences.
6. Comprehension Strategy: Dare to Guess.
7. Learn, recognize and apply clothing and shopping related vocabulary in
writing and speech.
8. Voice one’s opinion on likes, dislikes, what is important or interesting.
9. Apply prepositions for emphasis, possession, expressions and the “personal
a”.
10. Learn to express what you need or want others to do.
11. Discuss opinions about the actions of others.
12. Gain the ability to be more diplomatic in your wishes, wants, needs of
someone else or suggestions and recommendations to others.
13. Recognize the traditional clothing within a variety of Spanish speaking
countries.
In Unit 1 we reviewed the Spanish alphabet and phonetic rules for application in speech and
writing where the syllabic division is a key factor in having control of our pronunciation and
correct spelling. Now we are going to delve deeper into the Spanish orthographic rules. As you
know all words have a stressed syllable in Spanish. The stressed syllable or “sílaba tónica” is
the one that is pronounced the loudest. The rules to know which is the stressed syllable are
as follows:
Overview
1. Repasemos las reglas de pronunciación—reviewing the pronunciation rules. 85
2. El acento diacrítico. 85
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La ropa 94
De regreso a la moda: 96
Apply prepositions for emphasis, possession, expressions and the “personal a.” 101
Practiquemos: 106
Practiquemos: 112
Practiquemos: 114
¡Practiquemos! 118
Vocabulary 138
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Words ending in vowel, n, or s are stressed on the next to the last syllable: ca-ma, li-mo-na-
da.
Regla dos:
Words ending in any consonant except, n, or s are stressed in the last syllable: doc-tor, a-mor.
Regla tres:
When rules number one or two above are not followed, is when we use the written accent
(acento ortográfico). The name of this written accent is the orthographic accent. A-vión,
ja-bón. Each time that you learn a new word, learn correctly how to spell it with el acento
ortográfico apropiado.
Regla cuatro:
Written accents (el acento diacrítico) are also used to differentiate between words that are
pronounced the same but have different meaning: sí vs si, tú vs tu, él vs el.
2. El acento diacrítico.
¡No me GUSTAN
El acento diacrítico es el que nos permite diferenciar palabras que se los acentos!
escriben igual, pero poseen diferentes significados. Es importante que
estudies estas palabras y puedas escribirlas correctamente cuando las
uses. A continuación se te presenta una tabla con unas palabras con los
acentos diacríticos y otras sin el acento que significan algo diferente aun-
que parece muy semejante.
él vs he de of, from
el the sé vs I know
si if té vs tea
mi my aún vs still
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___________
¿qué? vs what? which? como like, as
Apliquemos los acentos: En el siguiente correo electrónico (email) Juan no ha escrito los
acentos y su abuela está muy confundida, ayúdala colocando los acentos. Revisaremos tus
respuestas en la próxima clase. Es importante que vengas a clase preparado.
¿Como estás hoy? ¡Que triste estoy de que no estés bien! A mi no me gusta cuando
tu estas enferma, por eso te voy a hacer un te, porque el te te va a hacer sentir bien;
pero aún debes tomarte la medicina. Se que no te gusta tomar medicinas; mas es muy
importante que las tomes. Te quiero mucho, tu me quieres tambien ¿verdad? Se que la
respuesta es ¡si con todo el corazon!
Juan
a) Las palabras en inglés que terminan en ion, ssion, or tion en español son ión, sión
y ción y siempre tienen acento ortográfico.
b) Las palabras interrogativas: qué, cuándo, cómo, dónde, por qué, etc.
c) Los verbos en pasado para la primera persona del singular (yo) y la tercera per-
sona del singular (él, ella, usted) siempre se acentúan: comí, comió, hablé, habló,
canté, cantó.
e) Toda forma verbal en gerundio con uno o más pronombres concatenados (reflex-
ivos, directos, indirectos) se acentúa: vendiéndoselos, contándoselos, escribíen-
dola, hablándole, etc.
*You will see more examples of the rules for c, d and e as we progress in the book.
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In linguistics, a cognate (COGNADO) is a word that has the same origin or root; it can be
Latin, Greek, German, etc.
The next table gives you some equivalents between English and Spanish. These are very
helpful to have a better understanding of the COGNADOS and will help you to succeed in
spelling Spanish.
En español En español
-ade -ada Limonada s+consonant es+consonante especial
-ant -ante Instante (s)sion -sión pasión
-cy -cía Infancia th t Teología (without h)
chl cl Cloro ( without h) -ty -ad universidad
-ic -ica / ico Música / público -tion -ción nación
-ion -ión religión ph f filosofía
-ist -ista artista psy psi psicología
mm nm inmóvil
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For example, in the US when we describe a friend as ambitious, we are speaking about a per-
son that has and shows a strong desire and determination to succeed. If you tell your friend:
You are ambitious, you are giving him a compliment. The same sentence in Spanish is trans-
lated as: “Tú eres ambicioso.” In the Spanish-speaking culture this is not a compliment, but
rather an insult! Although the translation is correct ambitious is ambicioso, the cultural im-
plication is completely different. A Spanish-speaker would interpret this as you telling him that
he wants to seek wealth, power and fame no matter the cost; this obviously does not make
one successful. To be able to communicate in another language, you need to understand the
culture that is linked to the language. You cannot divide language and culture. Language is
one of the ways that a human being expresses one’s culture, just like music, painting, litera-
ture, etc.
With this in mind, let’s analyze the cultural meaning of the family. La familia: The family is the
center of the Spanish-speaking society. In our culture, the family is very important too, but one
of the big differences is that Spanish speakers don’t have a nuclear family and an extended
family. Family encompasses all relatives, no matter if you are the brother of the mother-in-
law of your cousin, or your aunt’s grandfather’s sister. Everyone is family. This concept is so
important in the Spanish speaking culture that when you have a good friend, with time, they
see him/her as part of the family.
Something very important to understand is that this characteristic is not exclusive for the
Spanish speaking community. It is a strong characteristic that is found in all the Latin cultures:
French, Italian, Portuguese, and Romanian. You will also observe similarities within other cul-
tures like Greek, Arab, Turkish, etc.
Read the next paragraph about La familia applying what you know from the cognates, prior
vocabulary and the cultural reading above to the passage in Spanish that follows about “la
familia.”
En el mundo hispanohablante la familia es toda una institución, es la base de la sociedad y
alrededor de ella gira la vida. El trabajo es considerado un medio para satisfacer las necesi-
dades de la familia y el éxito radica en el bienestar de sus miembros. Los lazos familiares se
extienden entre generaciones, abuelos, tíos, primos, hermanos, hijos etc. Si algún miembro
enfrenta alguna situación desafortunada como una enfermedad, la pérdida de empleo o cual-
quier otro tipo de crisis, inmediatamente será apoyado por el resto de los miembros. Es la
responsabilidad de la familia ayudarse unos a los otros; por ello es muy común escuchar “Es
uno de los nuestros”, expresión que ejemplifica esta estrecha relación.
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Estos lazos familiares no solo se aplican en momentos de crisis, todos los eventos sociales
se rigen por estos lazos, así que un pequeño evento se convierte en una gran fiesta; ya que
todos los miembros de la familia asistirán. Tradicionalmente las familias siguen una estruc-
tura de patriarcado, es decir, el padre es la cabeza de la familia. Sin embargo, es la madre
la que es el centro de la familia y es la que mantiene los lazos familiares. La expresión “20
y la madre”, ejemplifica lo antes expuesto. En cualquier reunión llegarán 20, refiriéndose
a todos los miembros familiares y la madre, núcleo de la familia, que no puede faltar en
ningún evento.
+
mamá
TAREA: Now with this in consideration, we would like you to tell us in Spanish some similari-
ties or differences that you find in your family and what you think about the expression “Es de
los nuestros.”
How old are you? Please write your age: I am ______ years old. The number that you just
wrote is the number of years that you have studied English, 24 hours, 7 days a week. You are
just starting with Spanish.
It is very important that you accept that you will not be able to understand each word that you
read or hear. It is not practical for you to review in a dictionary or with a translator each word
that you don’t know! You need to be open to the idea of GUESSING. At the beginning you will
make a lot of mistakes. The more mistakes you make and strive to correct, the more you will
learn. Soon you will make less mistakes, and your brain will be comfortable at guessing or
getting the gist of the passage or the general idea.
The guessing strategy is very simple. It is like a riddle where you look for specific bits of infor-
mation to help you to make an educated guess. This strategy will be a key factor to succeed
on your Spanish journey. We will start applying it to reading. It is easier because you have all
the words on paper. Your brain is working with images (the words) without worrying about the
Spanish phonetic focus interrupting the image of the words that you are seeing.
¡Apliquemos la estrategia!
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Before reading, identify the topic: Look at the title, subtitles and illustrations and answer the
questions:
2) Find Cognates: Go through the following reading and underline any word that you think is
a cognate. Now write all the possible cognates that you found.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3) Understanding unfamiliar words: Now read the article, pay attention to the words that
you understand, ignore the words that you don’t understand.
Now without using a dictionary or a translator guess what the meaning of the following words
that are highlighted and underlined in the passage:
rozará ________________________________
potencia ______________________________
quitándole_____________________________
cifras __________________________________
Ahora contesta las siguientes preguntas basadas en el artículo “Estados Unidos, se-
gunda nación hispanohablante”.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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b) ¿Por qué el chino siendo el idioma que más personas hablan no tiene tanta importancia
como el inglés o el español?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
c) ¿Cuál es tu opinión sobre este tema? ¿Crees que sea correcto? Fundamenta tu respuesta.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
It is important that you know that as we have cognates, we also have false cognates. The
false cognates are some words in Spanish and English that have similar form but very differ-
ent meanings.
Did you know that The Census Bureau’s mission is to serve as the leading source of quality
data about the nation’s people and economy? In 2013, they reported that people of Hispanic
origin is the nation’s largest ethnic or racial minority. Hispanics constituted 17 percent of the
nation’s total population.
This information supports Luis María Anson’s article. Analyze the following graphs, before
answering one last question.
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En conclusión, ¿el español es un requisito para tus estudios o será un requisito en tu vida
profesional? Por favor detalla tu respuesta:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Hoy hace …
Hoy está …
Read the passage below and underline the words you recognize as cognates, those that you
have learned and those you understand based on the context of the reading. After you will
answer questions based on this brief reading and your review of the weather expressions.
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República Dominicana, el país que comparte una isla con Haití. Cuando tenía dieciocho
años, salió de la República Dominicana para Madrid. Estudió arte y pintura. La moda era
interesante y fascinante para él. Decidió estudiar la moda. Su ropa ha inspirado a muchas
personas por todo el mundo. A algunas mujeres famosas como las esposas de unos presi-
dentes, les gustan sus diseños. Su ropa no es solamente para la gente rica. Unas tiendas
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
We are fortunate today to have many resources from which to learn about culture. Design-
ers from all over the world have multiple platforms from which to sell their clothing and often
times one may knowingly or unknowingly have clothing from around the world in one’s closet.
Sometimes patterns and colors together with the style of the clothing give us a glimpse into
the norms in other societies. Examples of this are labels as Zara, Mango, Blanco, etc. As
we begin this unit, you will learn basic terms for clothing. Later in the unit, you will gain expo-
sure to various traditional outfits from Spanish speaking countries. As in the English speaking
world, Spanish vocabulary will have some country specifics. The more exposure you gain to
the culture of each region, the more you will learn these differences.
In the following page you will find a list of vocabulary for you to learn. We selected the more
common words in the Spanish speaking world, but keep in mind the differences that you will
find. Remember to print the vocabulary list from the online platform and bring it to each class.
You should consider creating flashcards for words or expressions that you find difficult. Your
flashcards may be English to Spanish or a picture on one side and Spanish on the other. Re-
view the following list and identify the items necessary based on the weather descriptions to
the right of the list.
La ropa
3. ________________________________
1. ________________________________
2. ________________________________
3. ________________________________
1. ________________________________
2. ________________________________
3. ________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Cuando regresas a casa en las vacaciones de diciembre, ¿qué ropa escoges para traer a la
universidad para el semestre en el invierno?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
As we commented before, some words have a different meaning depending on which Span-
ish-speaking country you are in and even within some regions in the same country. Let’s
analyze some of these changes in our vocabulary list. One word that everybody recognizes is
jeans. You will find that in Spain the word “tejanos”, los pantalones tejanos or los vaque-
ros are other terms used for jeans. This is a result of when these clothes came to Spain by
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people from Texas. They recognize “jeans” as “TEJANOS” for that reason. Notice that they
write the word with “J” and not with “X” as we spell Texas in English.
As you remember, the use of the “J” instead of “X” is common in Spain. It is the reason why
we see in several books “Méjico” for the country Mexico. For Mexicans, it is very important
to write the name of their country with “X” for historical reasons. The pre-hispanic culture
(cultura pre-hispánica: the culture that lived in América before Spain “hispanic” discovered
the Americas) is the region, where México is today. This was known as the Mexicas and also
known as Aztecs. In memory of their ancestors Mexicans like to write México with “X”, but
the phonetic still sounds like a “J”.
Los jeans o tejanos, en diferentes países de América son conocidos como “vaqueros”
(cowboys). As you can imagine the name came from the cowboys who were the famous West-
erners that swept across the continent.
Obviously los jeans, los tejanos o vaqueros, are not the only words that have a histo-
ry. Las sandalias for example are known as chanclas, chancletas, playeras, alpargatas,
zapatillas, chinelas, babuchas, o guaraches. If we look for the definition of “culture” we
would find: “ it is the sum total of ways of living built up by a group of human beings and
handed down from one generation to another. It is the artistic and intellectual activities
and products as a result of the human activity(1).” Language is the expression of the cul-
ture; to speak a language we need to know the culture that the language expresses!
WordReference Random House Learner’s Dictionary of American English © 2015
De regreso a la moda:
Cuando tienes que describir a alguien que no conoces, a veces puedes señalar a esta per-
sona por una descripción de lo que se lleva. Los adjetivos ayudan a describir no solamente
a la persona sino también lo que se lleva puesta. Los adjetivos pueden ser los colores, las
telas o patrones en la ropa.
Adjetivos para usar con la ropa
Describe la ropa con adjetivos e indica si te gusta o no te gusta la prenda. No olvides la im-
portancia de que los adjetivos deben concordar en género (femenino, masculino) y núme-
ro (singular, plural) con la prenda que describes. Sigue el ejemplo.
elegante.
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2 ______________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
CL: Doble X
Llegan a la caja.
CL: En efectivo. Perdón, pero sólo tengo un billete de 500 euros ¿Está bien?
DEP: Ningún problema. Aquí está su cambio y el ticket, tiene un mes para devolverlo si quiere
un reembolso.
CL: Gracias
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5. Piensa en el progreso natural de una conversación de compras. En el fin del diálogo la de-
pendiente dice “Aquí está su cambio y el ticket, tiene un mes para devolverlo si quiere un
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Juguemos en clase, be prepared! Let’s play “Guess Who?” ¿Adivina quién es?
Look at the photos on the slides on the online platform (notes 2.2.2) and
create in Spanish, 10 questions that may be answered with either “sí” or “no”. Your
questions will be used to play the game in class to see if you and your partner can
guess who each is describing. Examples are below of the types of “sí or no” questions
you may create.
1. ¿Es una mujer? For this example, assume that your partner said “sí”
3. ¿ la mujer usa una gorra azul? (Notice, the adjective placement) a “sí”
Make your questions specific with adjectives but make sure they are yes/no questions. If you
don’t come prepared to class, you will be not able to participate.
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La estructura GUSTAR: fill in the notes based on what you read in the PowerPoint.
How to form sentences (declarative, exclamatory or interrogative) with gustar and verbs like
gustar. Generally, the formula for the three types of sentences placement is:
_________________________________________________________________________
_______ to him, her, you (formal) _______ to them, to you all, to you (formal)
You learned the indirect object pronouns above and saw in the examples that we added em-
phasis by stating “to me”, “to us” or “to Anita.”
When you use “le” or “les” you do not know exactly to whom something is pleasing so you
may opt to add the preposition “a” meaning to and then the name of the person.
The preposition “a” before the name of the person is called the personal “a”, as you can
imagine it is called this because it is used before the name of a person when referring to a
direct object as part of the predicate of the sentence.
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How does one ask what someone likes? Generally singular gusta is used but you may use
gustan.
Otros verbos que siguen la estructura GUSTAR: Sigue el ejemplo y escribe los verbos
en el presente del modo indicativo.
Unas preguntas—practica los verbos que funcionan como gustar. Contesta las preguntas
con oraciones completas y con detalles.
A preposition is a word that shows the relationship of one word to another word. These words
usualy are nouns or pronouns. Prepositions normally indicate location, direction, time or date.
You will have to memorize prepositions as vocabulary, but prepositions in all languages are
very tricky because each language use prepositions differently. That is the reason why you
need to pay special attention to their meaning and use. In Spanish we don’t use the same
prepositions as in English. Some times Spanish requires a preposition but you don’t need it
in English or vice versa.
As we studied before, a verb with a preposition or with a conjuntion has a specific meaning
that changes if we use the verb without these:
Tengo que comprar la ropa para el invierno. à I have to buy clothes for winter.
Our recommendation is that when you learn a verb that is usually followed by a particular
preposition or conjuntion, always study the verb with the preposition or conjuntion. In the fol-
lowing chart you will find some of the Spanish prepositions with their equivalents in English.
The prepositions a, de, en, por, para have many English equivalents because their meaning
varies according to the noun that follows. Unfortunately these are prepositions that we use
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very frequently. To help you to master the use of Spanish prepositions we will introduce you
to some of the meanings and use. In subsequent courses we will delve deeper into the topic.
Be careful as prepositions are tricky and every language uses them differently. Pay attention
to the following chart to some of the differences that you will find between the prepositions in
English and Spanish. Remember, never translate an English verb + preposition with a word
for word Spanish translation equivalent.
English Español
Change of prepositions To laugh at Reirse de (of)
To consist of Consistir en (in)
Preposition vs no preposition To look for buscar
To look at mirar
No preposition vs preposition To leave Salir de
To enter Entrar en
Believe it or not, you already know some of the general rules that apply to Spanish preposi-
tions. In the following sections you are only formalizing your knowledge.
1. One rule that you already know, as it applies with some of the structures that we already
studied, is that when a verb immediately follows a preposition, it is always in the infini-
tive form.
2. The second rule that you already know occurs when pronouns follow a preposition. The
form of the pronouns is the same as subject pronouns, except for the forms corresponding
to the first and second persons in the singular (yo and tú) which are mí and ti. Remember
we studied this when you learned gustar and similar verbs:
Remember “mí” (me) has a diacritical stress to differentiate it from “mi” the possesive ad-
jective “my.”
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This rule applies to all the prepositions not only to the personal “a”:
Something new is how with the preposition “con”, the pronouns mí and ti become conmigo
and contigo. Notice that conmigo is without stress, we don’t require the diacritical stress
now. It follows the natural stress rules of a word ending in a vowel—emphasis on the second
to last syllable.
¡Claro! tengo un boleto para ti. Of course, I have a ticket for you.
3. As we already studied, some verbs such as necesitar, poder, preferir and querer may
be directly followed by an infinitive, in other words, these verbs don’t require a preposition
between them:
Puedo hablar más español de lo que pienso. I can speak more Spanish than I think.
Prefiero escribir español que japones. I prefer to write Spanish than Japanese.
4. You already know some of the structures formed by a verb + prepositions + infinitive.
In the following chart we are introducing you to some verbs frequently used in Spanish that
require a preposition. Pay attention, some of these verbs need to be followed by a place, a
person or an infinitive.
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A dictionary will usually give you the verb and the preposition that follows it when one is re-
quired.
a) La preposición A:
As we studied in the chart above the preposition “a” can mean “to or at”. But because the
use of prepositions change in each language, we would like you to understand when you
need to use the preposition “a” and consider it part of the expression rather than translate it
literally. You already studied the following uses of the preposition a:
1. Structure ir + a:
4. To indicate direction
5. Structure gustar
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Now we will study a new use of the preposition “a” à The personal a
The personal a is used when someone does an action to another person. In other words, we
use the “a” when we have a person as the direct object. Remember the components of the
sentence in the following example:
Núcleo: visita
Complemento:
The action is “visitar” and José Luis is visiting (is doing the action) to another person, in this
case Lupita. We use the personal a à a Lupita. There is no literal translation in English for
this. It is a structure to emphasize and point out the person receiving the action.
El marichi le canta una canción a Rosario. à ¿a quién canta? A Rosario. à proper noun
Mariana le da una empanada a Juan. à ¿a quién da? A Juan. à proper noun
Juan José mira a Laura. à ¿a quién mira? A Laura. à proper noun
Roberto invita a Javier. à ¿a quién invita? A Javier. à proper noun
El doctor revisa al paciente. (patient) à ¿a quién revisa? Al paciente. à a + el = al* à
common noun
Pablo le regala una flor a la profesora. à¿a quién regala? A la profesora. à common noun
*Note: When the preposition “a” immedately precedes the article “el” the contraction “al” is
mandatory.
As you recall, we have two types of articles: definite and indefinite articles. In both cases the
article always is placed before a noun. The agreement of gender and number of the article
with the noun is crucial to keep in mind. In almost all the Spanish speaking countries, it is not
polite to use an article with the proper name of a person. “Mira a la Juana” may be consid-
ered an insult. As in all languages we will find regional differences. In some regions in Spain,
it is common to find the use of the articles as an expression of a close relation, for example:
Yo amo a la Manuela.”
Perhaps you may have realized you have just studied sentences with direct and/or indirect
objects. Of course all these sentences can take an indirect or direct object pronoun. Rewrite
the sentences using pronouns and eliminate the actual indirect object or direct object.
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Practiquemos:
In the following story we are practicing the use of the preposition “a”. Remember the man-
datory contraction in cases where the preposition “a” is followed by the article “ the”. If the
preposition “a” is not needed mark the space with a “X”.
_____Mary le encanta viajar por eso aceptó un trabajo en Paraguay. Va _____ser profesora
de inglés. Ella espera poder viajar _____ los países cercanos, _____ ella quiere poder ir ____
Argentina.
¡_____Mary está muy sorprendida con Paraguay! El 99% de la población habla guaraní,
lengua oficial y nacional, además del español. ____ ella le fascina la historia de Paraguay y
siente un gran respeto por este país. Durante “La Guerra Grande” (1865 a 1870) contra Uru-
guay, Brasil y Argentina, Paraguay perdió el 85% de su población. El 15% que sobrevivió, en
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Mary va ___ estar trabajando en una escuela trilingüe. En la escuela enseñan español y
guaraní, pero también enseñan inglés. _____ los paraguayos están muy orgullosos de su
condición bilingüe (guaraní y español) pero saben que el inglés es un idioma internacional
La escuela tiene otros dos profesores de inglés, _____ Scarlet, una profesora australiana y
______ Sean un profesor británico. ¡______ Mary le encanta conocer ____ gente de otros
países! Los tres están siendo muy buenos amigos. _____ ellos les gusta trabajar juntos.
er que tolerarlos.
_______Mary tiene una amiga que se llama_____ Sofía._____ su amiga quiere ir ________
visitar el Chaco Paraguayo, una reserva ecológica impresionante._____ Mary va _____ tratar
de terminar de calificar sus exámenes para poder ir. ______ Mary le interesan las colonias
menonitas que viven en el Chaco desde 1920, es una experiencia que no puede perderse.
Keep in mind that other uses of the preposition “a” exist which you will learn in future les-
sons. In Spanish, there are several structures formed by a verb followed by a preposition
“a” and often an infinitive. You need to learn them as you come across them. There is no
reason as to which verbs are followed by a prepositions. Learn them as expressions. In
the following chart you will find some examples:
Some verbs followed by the preposition “A”
Asistir a à Ella asiste a clases todos los To attend à She attends classes every day.
días.
Enseñar a à Yo les enseño a los chicos To teach à I teach the boys how to read.
a leer.
Volver a à Él vuelve a casa a las 10:00 en To return à He returns home at 10 o’clock.
punto.
*Ayudar a, enseñar a are some of the verbs that we already studied that normally take the indirect object pronoun.
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b) La preposición DE:
+ Tengo un coche.
As we studied in the previous chart the preposition “de” can mean in English “of or from”.
In English we can express possession using the “ ’s”: Paco’s car. The equivalent of the “ ’s”
in Spanish is the preposition “ de “.
Another usage of “de” is to express “origin”; from where the person, animal or thing comes.
Sí, ellos llegan hoy de Lima. Yes! They arrive today from Lima.
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In this last section did you notice how the use of the preposition “de” changes? In English, we
use the preposition “of ” to show the characteristic of the person, animal or thing, including
contents or what something is made of.
As we have The White House, the official residence of the President of the United States,
Buenos Aires has the Pink House, which is the President’s house of Argentina.
As you remember, there are several structures formed by a verb followed by a preposition
“de” and then an infinitive. There is no reason as to which verbs are followed by a prep-
osition. You need to learn them as expressions. In the following chart you will find some
examples:
Acabar de à Acabo de comprar las prendas. To have just done something; to just do
something à I just bought the clothing.
Deber de à Deben de ser de algodón. Must be à They must be made of cotton.
(Indicates probability)
Salir de à Salgo de casa. To leave à I leave home.
*the verbs that have “se” attached to the infinitive are reflexive verbs.
We studied that when the preposition “a” immedately precedes the article el, the contraction
“al” is mandatory. The preposition “de” has the same rule. When “de” is followed by the
article el, meaning “the,” they form the contraction “del”. Remember, the personal pronoun
“he = él” has a diacritical stress to distinguish it from the article “el”. The rule above applies
only for the article el, never for the personal pronoun él.
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Las flores del (de el) bosque à The flowers of the forest
Vs. Las flores de él à His flowers
You will occasionally see other uses of de, although those above are the most common. There
are also many expressions and verb combinations using de that were not listed above. For
now, we will practice the uses that we just studied in the following reading. As we learn about
Isla de Pascua, an island belonging to Chile that is located in “Oceanía” (in Latin culture this
refers to the continent of Australia.)
Use the preposition “a”, “de” or their contractions as needed. Write an “X” if the preposition
is not needed. Don’t forget to apply the contraction when you see: “a+ el = al or del = de”.
La Isla de Pascua
La Isla _______ Pascua está ubicada en la Polinesia en medio _____el Océano Pacífico,
la Isla ______ Pascua es uno ________ los mayores atractivos turísticos ________ Chile,
con sus playas ______ arenas suaves y aguas color azul turquesa, volcanes dormidos con
o pre-colombina) que existe ______la isla. Cada año llegan _______ docenas (dozens)
__________ miles de visitantes que buscan disfrutar (enjoy) y explorar esta fantástica isla.
isla tiene el 52% ______ las frutas y verduras que necesita anualmente ______ el continen-
te. “Los agricultores (farmers) _________ la zona deben ________ reducir su producción o
recurrir ______el agua potable (drinkable) para regar (to water) durante estos meses, por lo
que el precio ______sus productos son muy caros (pricey) ______ comparación _______
los productos ______ el continente”, explica Carolina Cuevas, la jefa del proyecto _______
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Sustentabilidad ______ la Fundación Chile que, junto con el apoyo de actores locales, busca
La primera fase _______el proyecto fue(was) todo un éxito (success), pues una pequeña
planta desaladora (desalination) _______ agua ________ mar diseñada para las condiciones
c) La preposición EN:
“En” means “in, on or at”. But “en” can also be translated as “about,” “by,” “on top of,” “upon,”
“inside of” and other ways, so its use isn’t as simple as it may appear. Don’t worry we will study
some uses of the preposition “en” and with practice and time you will be able to use other
ones. The great news, is that the correct use of the preposition “en” is very simple for English
speakers that are learning Spanish.
There are some verbs that need the preposition “en”. For certain verbs “en” will mean
“in” with others “on”.
Let’s learn some examples “en:”
Examine the following visual organizer and some examples in English to Spanish:
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Another meaning for “en” is “by” to express how an object or person is transported.
They are traveling by plane. à Ellos están viajando en avión.
My sister comes by bus. à Mi hermana viene en autobús.
Practiquemos:
Complete the following sentences with the correct preposition “en, a, con or de”. Remember
the mandatory contractions with the prepositions “a” and “de” with the article “el” when
applicable.
gusta.
8. _____ Juan y ________ Pedro les falta estudiar para la clase _______ química.
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11. Empiezo ________ entender los diálogos que leo ______ mi compañero.
14. Blanca Rosa va _____ ir ______ el* cine _________ (yo—with me) _______ la noche.
*Remember the contraction.
Some of the most difficult concepts to learn are when we have two words in Spanish that
mean the same word in English or viceversa. We already studied the verb to be as ser or
estar and the verb to know as saber or conocer. Also we studied the preposition en has dif-
ferent meanings in English: in, on or at. Now we are going to study the prepositions por and
para which mean for in English. As we did before, the best way to differentiate between por
and para is to know the specific ways in which they should be used.
Remember the general rule for the prepositions: verbs that directly follow a preposition, por
or para in this case, must be in the infinitive. With this in mind, review the following chart with
some of the uses of por and para. Later on, we will review other uses.
Usos de para
¿Para qué es eso?
To indicate purpose Es para comer.
( in order to ) ¿Para qué quieres estudiar?
Para tener buenas notas.
To indicate direction Voy para la clase de español.
toward a destination El avión va para Costa Rica.
To express deadline La tarea es para mañana.
To indicate the recipient El regalo es para mi mamá
of a thing or an action La tarea es para el profesor.
Usos de por
To express duration of an action Voy a estar en Geneseo por 4 años.
You can use durante instead or Voy a estar en Geneseo durante 4 años.
just the period of time Voy a estar en Geneseo 4 años.
To express a general time period Visito a mi madre por Navidad.
Estudio por la mañana y trabajo por la tarde.
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While you master the different uses for por and para, we would like to share with you a little
“trick”. It is not a rule, it is just a “trick”:
Practiquemos:
10. ¿ Cuánto tiempo vas a estar con tus padres en el verano? _______________________
You have already learned some uses of the prepositions por and para. In the following chart,
you will find the uses that you already know for por and para in a graphic representation and
also some new uses.
Observa los apuntes (2.2.4) about all the prepositions we have studied
along with the graphic below to note other differences between por and para.
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In place of
Transportation mode
PARA
USE DEFINED AS EXAMPLES
Purpose/Goal To/In order to Para bailar la bamba...
POR
USE DEFINED AS EXAMPLES
Duration/general time period During/for Como por tres horas por la
mañana.
Exchange In exchange for Trabaja por 10 dólares.
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POR vs PARA
In the following table you will find different sentences using the prepositions por and para. You
need to write the reason why the sentences use por or para. The graphic above and your
previous knowledge will help you understand the reason.
1. El pastel se hornea (bake) por 35 minu- Duración, puedo usar durante o el periodo
tos. de tiempo.
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a con de en
acercarse a casarse con acabar de confiar en
comenzar a disfrutar de
decidirse a dudar de
correr a enamorarse de
empezar a olvidarse de
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quejarse de
invitar a
salir de
enseñar a
ir a tratar de
jugar a
volver a
¡Practiquemos!
Apply the correct prepositions (a, de, en, por, para, con, sin) and where applicable, the con-
tractions to the story below about Carolina Herrera, a fashion designer from Venezuela. You
will use some of the grammatical structures studied above. With the exercise below, it is
helpful to use your strategies to read for word recognition and then re-read for compre-
hension or the general idea before filling in the missing words.
Remember when the prepositions “a” or “de” precede the article “el” that we need to make
a contraction a + el = al; de + el = del. The only exception to this contraction rule is when
referring to a proper name such as the newspaper “El País”. We would say, “The news is
from El País à Las noticias son de El País.”
Apply the correct prepositions (a, de, en, por, para, con, sin) and again, use contractions
when applicable.
Carolina es ________Venezuela pero ahora pasa tiempo _________ NY. Le gusta viajar
Soy _________ Caracas, la capital _________ Venezuela. Mi país limita (borders) ________
Colombia, Guyana y Brasil. _________ (to the) norte, tenemos el mar Caribe. Durante la
mayor parte ______ (of the) año, disfrutamos _________ buenas temperaturas pero ten-
_______ años recientes uno ________ los productos más importantes es el petróleo pero
Venezuela tiene otras riquezas también. Tenemos mucha variedad territorial. El país cuenta
_________ montañas y
llanos (plains) y ________ eso (for this reason), tenemos muchos productos agrícolas. Hoy
Carolina: Sí, vas _______ venir ____________ (with me), ________ (in order to) ver mi
fábrica. Producimos ropa ________ buena calidad y ________ gran estilo. ____las mu-
jeres famosas como Jaqueline Kennedy y _________ otras celebridades, les encantan los
vestidos elegantes. Es la marca _______ mi ropa. Ahora como soy ciudadana (citizen)
_______ los Estados Unidos, veo la necesidad _______ crear ropa ________ otras perso-
nas, abrimos otra fábrica. ___________ (in order to) seguir _______ (in) el mercado, hay
que diversificarse. Es un poco diferente _______ los Estados Unidos. La gente en general
_________ o __________ (with or without) dinero quiere mucha ropa pero muchas veces es
______ baja calidad. Al contrario, en los países hispanos, ______ las personas les importa
tener pocas piezas pero de buena calidad. Estoy muy agradecida (grateful) _______ mi
mamá porque ella siempre me mostraba la moda y el estilo clásico. Bueno, vamos ________
Yo: Gracias Carolina __________ mostrarme todo. No sé que haría ________ ti. (I don’t
Carolina: ______ nada. Siempre es un placer ver _______ una buena amiga.
Another strategy to help you master the prepositions is to write the reason above them as
to why you chose the answer. “Personal a” does not have a translation in English so often
times that is the one to practice the most. In the previous notes on prepositions, the “personal
a” was noted. Remember, if there are names or references to people as part of the predicate
(after the verb), you need to “announce them” with the personal a. Visito a mi abuela. Doy a
mi hermano un regalo.
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Pay attention to when the “personal a” is used and when it is not used such as after ex-
pressions with tener. Esperamos que seas un experto de las preposiciones para pas-
ar al próximo tema.
A verb is a word that typically expresses action, state or relation; it is marked for tense, mood
and voice. We already studied mood and tense, but let’s review these important concepts.
El modoàmood: a category or set of categories of a verb that indicates the attitude of the
speaker toward what is being said, as in expressing a fact, a question, a possibility, a wish, or
a command.
The indicative mood is used to indicate facts. This is the most common mood, and most
of the verb forms that we use in everyday conversation belong to the indicative mood.
We have been studying the indicative mood in the present tense with all our regular and ir-
regular verbs.
El tiempoàtense: of a verb indicates when the action of the verb takes place: at the pres-
ent time, in the past or in the future:
I study à present à yo estudio
I studied à past
Just putting the verb in the different tenses and without giving any additional information such:
I am studying now, I studied yesterday or I will study tomorrow, we are able to know
when the action takes place.
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Now we will study the subjunctive mood which is used to express the feelings or opinions
so that another person performs an action of the verb. In English, this mood is not divided
into tenses, but in Spanish, this mood is also divided in tenses. As you may recall, it is the
subjunctive mood that indicates uncertainty about the action.
Here is a reminder of our chart with the moods and the tenses in Spanish.
Remember: mood and tenses are linked; each mood has its specific tenses. To conju-
gate a verb first you need to decide the mood and then the tense.
Is defined as an action that is Is based on commands and Is defined as something that is un-
actual, factual and certain. giving orders. certain, nonexistent, doubtful, hy-
pothetical, based on the emotions,
wishes, wants, hopes, needs of
one subject toward the actions of
another subject.
The indicative, the subjunctive and the imperative are not tenses, they are moods!
The chart above defines the Subjunctive mood as something that is uncertain, nonexistent,
doubtful, hypothetical, based on the emotions, wishes, wants, hopes and needs of one sub-
ject toward the actions of another subject. Keeping this in mind…
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What you will see GENERALLY when forming sentences in the SUBJUNCTIVE:
+ 2 different subjects.
+ A pattern similar to one of the formulas below (again this will serve for the majority of
sentences with the subjunctive but other words may be included in a sentence.)
+ Verb 1 is in the present indicative (the present tense you are used to using). There are
certain verbs in this clause that invoke the subjunctive. Not all verbs require that you
use subjunctive in the 2nd half of the sentence.
+ Extra details in either clause are optional such as a time frame or adverbs, etc.
+ Que has to be present in the sentence (but may be replaced with words as Ojalá, tal
vez, quizás that we will study later.) In English, we do not always use “that” as part of
a subjunctive sentence.
Think about the following English examples and label the parts per the formulas above.
4. I want the Buffalo Bills to win a Superbowl. (Do I know if this will happen? _________)
5. She needs a seat that is close to Hugh Jackman at the fashion show.
7. Oscar de la Renta and Carolina Herrera suggest they wear shoes not sneakers with
their suits.
What about these sentences? Are they subjunctive or indicative moods? Explain why:
6. We’re happy that you are going to our graduation party. ___________________________
Verb 1: The verb for verb 1 has to be part of an “elite” group that indicate emotions or opinions
about the actions of someone else.. Just because I want or will something to happen, does
not mean that it will happen. There are many expressions and triggers for subjunctive that
you will learn in subsequent courses but for now we will learn how to express what we want
or need another subject to do and opinions on what others do.
When forming sentences in the present subjunctive, Verb 1 may be in the following tenses
for the indicative mood: present, present progressive, future and, sometimes the im-
perative mood will be used but as you know the imperative has just one tense which is the
_________________________.
You will see with practice how naturally you will be able to communicate with this mood and
tense the following thoughts.
I want you to come to my party. It is important that you see your teacher for help. They
need me to be at work by 8AM. Notice the first verb is in the present tense and is a reality
to the speaker, hence the indicative form is used for the first verb.
Did you also notice there is a second subject highlighted in green? This is where the sub-
junctive mood in the present tense is used. The first subject has no control over the second
subject’s actions. The second subject’s actions are not completed, have not happened
yet, are outside of reality or non-existent which is the whole meaning of the subjunctive
mood.
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We already studied how to conjugate the regular verbs in the indicative mood in the present
tense. We take off the end of the infinitive and we use the next endings for each person for the
indicative mood in the present tense:
To conjugate a verb in the subjunctive mood in the present tense is very simple:
First step: Use the form of the verb in the present tense indicative in the first person singular:
“yo.”
You just learned how to conjugate the verbs in the subjunctive mood in the present
tense!
To add to your vocabulary, study the following verbs. Some you may recognize from our verb
formation practices. For practice, write the present indicative and present subjunctive forms.
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Cortar To cut
Costar (o—ue) To cost
Cuidar To care / to take care of
Doblar to turn
Encontrar (o—ue) To meet/encounter
Esperar To hope, wish
Funcionar To function
Girar To turn
Hacer (irreg yo) To make
Limpiar To clean
Mantener (irreg) To maintain
Pagar To pay
Pasar (pasar por) To pass/to pass by
Pedir (e—i) To ask for
Poder (o—ue) To be able/can
Poner (yo—go) To put
Prestar To borrow/loan
Quedar To be located
Recomendar (e-ie) To recommend
Saber (irreg- yo) To know a fact
Sugerir (e—ie) To suggest
Tener éxito (irreg) to be successful
Visitar To visit
In the indicative mood in the present tense we studied many irregular verbs. The subjunctive
in the present tense also has irregular verbs. To help you remember the irregular
verbs in the subjunctive mood in the present tense you can use DISHES:
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Before creating sentences in the subjunctive mood, let’s analyze the indicative vs the sub-
junctive mood:
Indicative Subjunctive
• Expresses facts, actual, known in- • Subjective/hypothetical/uncertain. (It reflects the
formation or definite events—CER- speaker’s feelings, needs, or attitudes / doubts,
TAINTY. fears, UNCERTAINTY toward another event or
subject’s actions.)
• Used to express well-wishes
• This part of the sentence can stand • This part of the sentence does not stand by it-
alone. It is an independent clause. self and thus is a dependent clause.
• Is based on trigger words that are in the
INDICATIVE mood for the first half of the sen-
tence/question.
Remember the conditions requiring the use of the subjunctive mood, we are going to start with
the letter “W = Will/Wishes”. We are going to learn how to express desire of one subject to-
ward the actions of another subject. It is crucial to keep in mind that we are talking about
the desire of one subject about the action of another subject.
Sentence formation in the subjunctive and in this case, the present subjunctive may be looked
at somewhat formulaically:
What you will see GENERALLY when forming statements in the SUBJUNCTIVE:
+ The two clauses are linked by the preposition “que” forming the statement.
+ A pattern similar to one of the formulas below (again this will serve for the majority of
statements with the subjunctive but other words may be included.)
Aprendamos la fórmula para el subjuntivo:
Estudiemos el ejemplo:
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Yo(subject 1) quiero (verb 1) sinceramente (extra info.) que mi novia (subject 2) me visite (verbo 2)
pronto (extra info)
The trick to knowing if a sentence will include the subjunctive mood is looking for the triggers
that indicate desire such as those that indicate Will/Wishes” as “querer” (to want), “de-
sear” (to desire/want), or “esperar” (to wish). Don’t forget it is the desire, emotion or hope
of one subject about the action of another subject that dictates if a sentence will use the
subjunctive.
Notice the subjunctive is a very different concept in English; we are not translating the sen-
tences to avoid confusion. It is important that you understand the concept in Spanish.
vs.
Modo indicativo tiempo presente Modo indicativo tiempo presente
Only one sentence. Two clauses linked with the preposition “que”.
The subject has a want but the want is The subject has a want, wish or desire that
directed toward himself. someone else do something.
Ella quiere tomar un café. Ella quiere que su novio le compre un café.
El doctor quiere estudiar español. El doctor quiere que su hija estudie español.
Ellos esperan una bufanda. Ellos esperan que su mamá les haga una
bufanda.
Queremos llevar un traje a la boda. Queremos que los novios lleven la ropa formal
a la boda.
You are able to express desire and hope for a third person using the subjunctive mood. Need
is another emotion that can trigger the subjunctive. You know that “necesitar = to need”.
Let’s examine the following examples:
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¡Tus profesores quieren que tú sepas la diferencia entre el modo indicativo y el modo
subjuntivo!
TAREA: You have just been accepted to university! Write your thoughts based on the follow-
ing prompts: Please complete the following list. Remember to incorporate the subjunctive
when applicable:
+ 5 statements about the characteristics you want in a roommate or things you want him/
her to bring. (subjunctive).
You should have 20 or more statements written. Make sure to double space so your professor
can offer suggestions and edits as necessary.
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In Spanish, we can ask someone to do something very directly, using commands, or in a very
polite way, using the subjunctive. The commands are the imperative mood which we will study
in the following unit. For now we will study the Spanish polite form to give opinions. Often
times impersonal expressions, expresiones impersonales, are the way to give advice, sug-
gestions or recommendations in a very polite way in Spanish.
Es importante que … It’s important that… Es importante que comas bien todos
los días.
Es necesario que… It’s necessary that … Es necesario que hablemos varios idi-
omas.
Es aconsejable que… It’s advisable that … Es aconsejable que seas bilingüe.
Es preferible que … It’s preferable that … Es preferible que estudies para sacar
buenas notas.
Es recomendable que … It’s recommended that… Es recomendable que practiques tu
español.
Here is a list of a few common impersonal expressions that trigger the use of the subjunctive.
It is important that you learn these expressions. As usual, we recommend the use of flash
cards, an easy tactic to review and practice the acquisition of new vocabulary.
Analicemos unas oraciones—let’s analyze a few sentences. Identify if the sentences are
in the subjunctive or indicative present tense by writing an “S” or “I” next to the sentence. Re-
member to look for the elements in a subjunctive sentence and the triggers. A trigger may be
in the sentence, but if the other elements are not in the sentence such as two subjects and
que, it will be an indicative sentence.
4. ________ Es recomendable que los estudiantes miren los videos y practiquen mucho.
7. ________ Es preferible que nosotros visitemos los palacios, los museos y las plazas.
8. ________ Mi amiga necesita escuchar a su médico y ella tiene que tomar la medicina.
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To summarize, the ability to communicate in the subjunctive mood allows you to request or
suggest that someone or something do or not do some action. The subjunctive mood offers
opportunities to recommend, give advice and opinions on outcomes for which we have no
control.
2. Su novio espera que ella ____________ (llevar) un vestido blanco para su boda.
4. Mis amigos esperan que nuestros padres no ___________(venir) a casa durante la fiesta.
6. La madre de la novia quiere que el dependiente ___________ (hacer) los cambios a los
7. Es necesario que los vestidos, trajes y zapatos ________________ (llegar) antes del 16
de mayo.
10. Espero que ____________(ser) aceptable llevar una falda y una blusa formal a la cena.
Notice a pattern to the examples above. There were essentially two parts to the sentences.
What tense and mood do you notice before the “que”? ____________________________
_____________
Subjuntivo vs. Indicativo: José Luis is talking about his new apartment to his mom and she
is giving him some advice and recommendations. Put the verb in parenthesis in its correct
form. Pay attention to the mood of the sentence (indicative or subjunctive). Perhaps the
verb should stay in the infinitive form such as in the cases where there are two verbs
together. In all cases below we are using the present tense (the only tense that we have
studied for the two moods).
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Unidad 2: De compras y la ropa
sidad. Así ____________(poder) caminar a tus clases. Espero que ___________(tener) dos
portante que _____________(tener) ventanas grandes para tener luz (light). Espero que no
_____________(ser) muy grande (big) y que no ________(tener) que limpiar mucho (clean).
You’ve just read about what one might want or need in an apartment at the university. Now
you will learn expressions to help you shop for clothing that you might need at your new
school.
Tarea: As a review of the clothing vocabulary and the concepts we have studied to date, ac-
cess the Spain versions of Corte Inglés o Zara for their clothing sites. You will work with a
representative of the store to provide you with as many outfits as possible within your budget.
Write a brief dialogue between you and the clerk that includes at least 10 different ex-
changes per person in which you apply the concepts studied along with various cloth-
ing related vocabulary. Remember to include descriptions of the clothes within your dia-
logue. Include his/her wants, needs, suggestions, recommendations and opinions along with
your own questions/comments to ensure to include the 10 examples of correct statements
using the present subjunctive within your dialogue. Stretch yourself to include questions to
which you reply with the object pronouns. This will be at least 20 statements (10 exchanges
each person.) Type this assignment in 12 size font and double spaced. You will also submit
a budget as follows.
Presta atenciónàTienes 1.000 (mil) euros para llenar tu armario con ropa nueva.
Al fin del diálogo, escribe lo que vas a comprar y el precio en números y palabras.
Ejemplo: Dependiente: Muy buenos días. ¿En qué puedo servirle, señora?
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Cliente: Muy buenos días. Por favor, ¿me muestra los vestidos formales?
El presupuesto—the budget. Comienza con mil euros (1.000), escribe la ropa y el costo
en palabras y números para determinar si te queda dinero en tu presupuesto. Intenta gastar
todo el dinero y no sobre-gastes. (You will have more lines on the budget that you submit with
your homework. Below is an example.)
Remember the subjunctive is a mood (its opposite so to speak is called the Indicative.)
Within these 2 moods, languages have tenses (tenses simply means time periods referring to
present, past, future etc.)
En esta ocasión viajaremos a varios países hispanoamericanos. Recuerdas, ¿cuáles son los
países hispanoamericanos? ¿Por qué se caracterizan?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
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Unidad 2: De compras y la ropa
Feria cultural
You are helping at a cultural fair (una feria cultural) with representatives from various coun-
tries that will demonstrate traditional clothing as part of the festivities. Translate the sentences
below using the structures that support the subjunctive formula and constructions.
1. For the cultural fair, we need the girl from Perú to wear the pink, orange and blue hat.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. It is good that the lady from México brings her “rebozo”. Do you know who is she?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3. We hope the man with the hat from Argentina rides the horse. The man is a gaucho.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
4. It is important to show the “torero” (bullfighter) with the traditional clothing, “ traje de luces”,
and his long pink cape “capa”.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
5. They want the couple from Cuba, the man with his black outfit and the woman with her pink
with blue polka-dotted clothing, to dance.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
6. It is necessary that the women from Guatemala put on the traditional blouses (the huipil)
with the beautiful patterns.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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Based on the clues in the sentences you just translated, write the name of the country below
the photo that is represented. There is an extra photo but you may know the origin of this
person already.
__________________________ _______________________________
____________________________ __________________________________
Analicemos--Now let’s analyze the next sentences using everything that we have learned
about sentences, moods and tenses.
5. ¿Cuál es el modo?________________________________________________________
6. What is the conjunction that is the link for the second clause? ______________________
1. The verb is the action; it is the most important component in the sentence.
3. The subject is the person (first, second, third person singular or plural) that does the action
(verb).
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4. All conjugated verbs in Spanish tell us who the person is that does the action (first, sec-
5. All conjugated verbs tell us the attitude of the speaker toward what he or she is saying. If
the speaker is talking about facts (Indicative Mood), Orders (Imperative Mood) or feelings
6.Each mood has its own tenses, only the Imperative Mood has one tense (present).
7. The difference between indicative and subjunctive is the difference between certainty/
8. The subjunctive habitually contains a main clause to warrant the use of the subjunctive.
10. Usually the main clause and the second clause are linked with the conjunction “que”.
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Unidad 2: De compras y la ropa
[ ] Yes [ ] No Can I recognize and apply the rules for stress on Spanish words?
[ ] Yes [ ] No Can I recall word patterns and their equivalents in both Spanish
and English? For example, words ending in “ty” = dad or tad
words in Spanish.
[ ] Yes [ ] No Can I identify, compare and contrast the clothing worn in some
Spanish speaking countries to that of my country?
[ ] Yes [ ] No Can I identify and understand the differences between the moods
and the tenses in verbs?
If you answered “No” to any of these questions, review those sections again and see
your professor.
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Vocabulary
Español M/F Inglés Clasificación
abrigo El overcoat Sustantivo
aburrir to bore Verbo Regular
algodón El cotton Sustantivo
almacén El department store Sustantivo
ancho/a wide Adjetivo
arreglar to fix Verbo Regular
atrevido/a daring Adjetivo
bata La robe Sustantivo
blusa La blouse Sustantivo
bolso/a El, purse Sustantivo
La
botas (pl.) Las boots Sustantivo
bufanda La scarf Sustantivo
calcetines (pl.) Los socks Sustantivo
camisa La shirt Sustantivo
camiseta La t-shirt Sustantivo
chanclas (pl.) Las sandals Sustantivo
chaqueta La jacket Sustantivo
cinturón El belt Sustantivo
claro/a light (colored) Adjetivo
cómodo/a comfortable Adjetivo
conjunto El outfit Sustantivo
contener (go + e—ie) to contain Verbo Irregular
corbata La tie Sustantivo
corto/a short Adjetivo
coser to sew Verbo Regular
cuero El leather Sustantivo
de cuadros checked Adjetivo
de lunares polka-dotted Adjetivo
de rayas striped Adjetivo
desvestir(se) (e—i) to undress Verbo Irregular
disgustar to dislike Verbo Similar a Gustar
doler (o—ue) to hurt Verbo Irregular/ Similar a
Gustar
elegante elegant Adjetivo
encantar to really like or be pleas- Verbo Similar a Gustar
ing
escoger (g—j) to choose Verbo Regular: Cambio
Fonético
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Unidad 2:
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Las comidas y los Unidad
restaurantes 3
Objectives
1. Gain awareness of the meal times and components of a meal in hispanic
countries.
2. Identify regional traditional foods in Spanish speaking countries.
3. Learn restaurant etiquette and meal vocabulary to communicate your
preferences.
4. Learn how to make recommendations and suggestions politely.
5. Make comparisons about foods, meals, restaurants and apply comparison
structures in general conversations.
6. Learn typical vocabulary to enable you to read and follow a recipe.
Overview
1. Aprendamos sobre las comidas y las expectativas en un restaurante. 142
Vocabulary167
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The more you expose yourself to Spanish language, the more fluent you will be.
Hungry for more Spanish knowledge? Empecemos una charla sobre las comidas.
Each Hispanic country has its own differences and particularities in the Spanish language and
their own traditions that make it unique. However, there are three features that are common
in all these countries.
The first one is la familia. As we studied before, Hispanic families are very close to their im-
mediate and extended family which makes up just one family. There is no
difference between immediate and extended as you recall from the ex-
pression “es de los nuestros”. The responsibility that they feel for other
members of the family is amazing and the respect for the elderly members
is critical, they advise and help to raise the younger generations.
The final characteristic is the importance of the meal, la comida. Meals are the events
where the family can share their lives. This is the center of the importance of the meals, the
gathering of the family. Most holidays and celebrations are centered on or have their origins
in religion. All celebrations include all the family members and the family cannot be together
without sharing a good meal.
Below is a list of foods, various ways in which to prepare certain foods, and verbs that support
the theme. Creating flashcards with pictures on one side and Spanish
on the other side will help you retain the words with visual cues. Chal-
lenge yourself to think about the Spanish word for items that you shop
for al supermercado o en un restaurante. Remember: There are re-
gional differences, so you might encounter different words.
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Unidad 3: Las comidas y los restaurantes
la anfitriona
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Cocción
crudo/a rare; raw
bien cocido/a well done
bien hecho/a well cooked
termino medio medium
poco hecho rare
caliente hot (temperature)
helado/a iced
duro hard-boiled
La comida—this term means both food and a meal. The names of the meals and the times
in which they are eaten are noted below in the reading. Note the differences in terms of Latin
America and Spain. Even these traditions feel the effects of our changing world. With global-
ization and flexible schedules in the workplace becoming more appealing, the times and the
traditions are changing too. In the reading you will find more information about this important
aspect of Hispanic culture. Take notes and highlight the key ideas and differences. Keep
in mind there are 22 Spanish speaking countries with each one of them having their own tra-
ditions, inclusive of regional differences within each country.
En Latinoamérica al igual que en España, se acostumbran comer tres comidas fuertes y dos
comidas intermedias. Generalmente, el desayuno es entre las siete y las nueve y media de la
mañana. Consiste en algo muy ligero. En general, se toma un poco de pan con café o leche.
La siguiente comida es alrededor del mediodía (12:00 pm), esta comida es frecuentemente
para la gente joven que está en los colegios o las universidades. Frecuentemente se le da el
nombre de lunch (palabra adoptada del inglés) o almuerzo, es una comida ligera formulada
por algún bocadillo o sándwich. Los adultos, en las áreas de trabajo, acostumbran tomar un
café acompañado por alguna galleta o bizcocho.
La gente acostumbra iniciar a trabajar entre las 8 de la mañana y las nueve. A eso de las dos
de la tarde es costumbre realizar un alto en el trabajo para la comida principal. En algunos
lugares se conoce también con el nombre de almuerzo, pero generalmente nos referimos a
ella como la comida. Esta se sirve entre las dos y las cuatro de la tarde. El tiempo asignado
es de unas dos horas. Es la comida más abundante del día y consiste de tres platos. El
primer plato es una entrada, un pequeño aperitivo o botana (snack) para iniciar la comida.
Pueden ser entremeses de carnes frías (jamón, salami, pavo), quesos, encurtidos (verduras
en vinagre como las aceitunas, corazones de alcachofa, palmitos, etc…). El segundo plato
generalmente consiste en alguna sopa o caldo (broth), ensalada, pasta o arroz. El tercer plato
consiste de carne, pescado o pollo acompañado de verduras. Muchas veces existe algún tipo
de postre como frutas o algo especial como una torta, helado o galletas. No se considera una
buena comida, si no se termina con algo dulce.
La hora de la comida resulta tan importante que los niños y adultos dejan los colegios o sus
trabajos respectivamente para irse a casa a comer con la familia. La duración es aproxima-
damente de unas dos horas y es un tiempo para charlar y convivir. En las zonas de mucho
calor se acostumbra reposar o digerir los alimentos con la tradicional siesta. Evitando de
esta forma los calores extremos y regresando luego a trabajar. Resulta preferible trabajar
más horas por la tarde cuando la temperatura ha bajado. La siesta generalmente es entre 4
y 5 de la tarde. A las 6 la gente regresa a sus trabajos y se quedarán hasta las ocho o nueve
de la noche.
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Unidad 3: Las comidas y los restaurantes
Si bien estas tradiciones se buscan mantener vivas hasta hoy en día, podemos observar
como el ajetreo (el movimiento) del mundo moderno y la globalización está terminando poco
a poco con ella. Los hombres han sido los primeros que han dejado de asistir a la hora de la
comida por las distancias y los compromisos de trabajo. Las mujeres que no se han integrado
a la fuerza laboral siguen practicando las comidas con sus hijos en la medida de sus posibil-
idades. Obviamente las comidas en los fines de semana han tomado mayor importancia por
las dificultades durante la semana.
Entre las seis y siete de la noche se da la merienda, nuevamente es una comida ligera que
se da antes de la cena, puede ser nuevamente un bocadillo o sándwich, algún bizcocho, fru-
ta, galletas con queso, etc. Esta merienda es normalmente para los niños, yéndose a dormir
posteriormente. Los adultos, frecuentemente tomarán un café con algún pan, o bien pueden
tomar alguna copita de vino, una cerveza o algún licor con patatas fritas (chips), aceitunas
(olives), trocitos de jamón (ham), etc.
La cena suele ser a eso de las nueve o diez de la noche. Si tienen invitados, la cena será
nuevamente igual de fuerte que la comida, con sus tres platos. De lo contrario la cena será
sencilla; alguna tortillita de huevo (omelet), verdura o sopa en el invierno.
Algo fundamental que no se puede pasar por alto en las comidas o en las cenas, es la so-
bremesa. Es un tiempo al final de los alimentos donde se platica tomando una taza de café o
algún licor. Las sobremesas son famosas en la cultura hispanohablante, nunca sabes cuánto
tiempo te llevarán y resulta sumamente inconsiderado levantarte de la mesa al terminar tus
alimentos sin ser parte de la sobremesa.
Recuerda, las características aquí descritas buscan darte una idea general de las costumbres
más comunes, encontrarás grandes diferencias en cada país de habla hispana e inclusive,
encontrarás diferencias dentro de cada país en cada región geográfica.
Del vocabulario y la lectura anterior, indica qué te gusta comer en cada categoría. Indica
también la hora en que se come.
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+ Aceitunas à Olives.
Each Spanish-speaking country has its own distinct dish using the typical agricultural prod-
ucts of the region. In some countries such as Spain, Argentina, Chile and Uruguay, their
food is based on wheat, which is why bread is a fundamental element of their meals. For
example, in Spain you eat enticing tapas, almost all the tapas have a piece of bread. Other
countries use corn; instead of bread they often cook tortillas. Mexico is famous for their tor-
tillas, but El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Honduras enjoy tortillas too!
In these countries you’ll always have tortillas to accompany your meal. Several Mexican
dishes are based on tortillas.
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Unidad 3: Las comidas y los restaurantes
• Chilaquiles: • Quesadilla:
Soft tortilla with egg or chicken. Tortilla with cheese filling.
• Enchilada: • Tostada:
¿Cuáles son algunos comentarios sobre la comida que los viajeros que visitan a España
hacen?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
En algunos lugares, (some places), especialmente en las carnicerías, tienen todas las partes
del animal disponibles para comprar. ¿Te importa o te molesta ver esto?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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Yo Puedo 2 by Silvaggio-Adams & Vallejo-Alegre
_________________________________________________________________________
Escribe unas observaciones sobre la comida que hay en Madrid y en todas partes de España.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Presta atención al plato que se presenta al fin del segundo video. ¿Qué es una paella? ¿Qué
incluye? Busca en el internet información sobre una paella valenciana y escribe la infor-
mación aquí:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Aunque los supermercados y los hipermercados existen, todavía los países de habla hispana
tienen tiendas que se especializan en un tipo de comida específica. Escribe lo que antici-
parías en cada una de estas tiendas. (Te recomendamos que escribas unas tarjetas de vo-
cabulario sobre cada lugar.)
Notice a pattern with the “ería” at the end of each word. That makes it easier to recall many of
the places in the community that deal with shops. Even non-food specialty shops have these
endings.
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Unidad 3: Las comidas y los restaurantes
TAREA: Como en todas nuestras clases revisaremos los siguientes ejercicios. América se
divide en tres grandes regiones: América del Norte, América Central y el Caribe, América
del Sur. En la siguiente página vas a encontrar un mapa que corresponde a cada una de
estas tres regiones.
1. Identifica cada país by writing the name in Spanish of the country on its loca-
tion.
2. En la página a continuación de los mapas, vas a encontrar una tabla. Escribe el
nombre de la capital en español de cada uno de los países. In the same table
write the Spanish name of one of the main dishes associated with that country
and translate the key ingredients in the dish in English.
América
Escribe los nombres de los países hispanohablantes de América del norte, América Central y
el Caribe, así como de América del Sur.
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After you have had time to determine what is in each of the dishes, answer the follow-
ing questions:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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Unidad 3: Las comidas y los restaurantes
¡Buen provecho!
El anfitrión: Muy buenas noches. Bienvenidos a La Cabrera. ¿Les gustaría una mesa
para dos?
Enrique: Sí, nos encantaría una mesa cerca de las ventanas para disfrutar de la bella
vista de la ciudad.
El anfitrión: Por supuesto. Ustedes pueden seguirme. (Ahora están a la mesa.) Su ca-
marera va a estar aquí en unos momentos.
Enrique y Carmen: Gracias. La vista es perfecta. (Se dicen: ¡qué romántico!, ¿no?)
Carmen: Deseo un vino tinto argentino. Como estamos visitando el país, sería bueno
probar algo de aquí. ¿Qué sugieres, mi amor?
La camarera: Por supuesto. Les recomiendo que prueben Montesco. Es una línea de vino
moderno, que destaca la personalidad de los vinos de Altura, con su elegan-
cia y frescura, con una gran integración de frutas y madera. Sugiero que lo
tomen con nuestro plato “bife de chorizo”.
Carmen: El vino me parece bien también. Necesito unos momentos con el menú.
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La camarera: Perdón, aquí está el vino y una cesta de pan con mantequillas de varios
sabores, limón, ajo y un poco de aceite de oliva. ¿Les gustaría pedir ahora?
Enrique: Vamos a la Boca, uno de los barrios más famosos de Buenos Aires. Cami-
namos por Caminito para ver las artesanías y a los artistas. Sabes que las
casas son de varios colores y son brillantes. Es una maravilla que atrae a
muchos turistas.
Carmen: Sí, a mí, me gustaría ver eso y si tenemos tiempo, quiero tomar unas lec-
ciones de tango, el baile original de esta zona.
Enrique: ¡Por supuesto! Pero cuando regresemos a casa, no quiero que bailes en
“Bailando con las estrellas.” Tienes que reservar todos los bailes para mí.
La camarera: Es un placer. Espero que les guste el plato. Como Argentina es conocida
por sus asados y el bife de chorizo es una de nuestras especialidades, creo
que ustedes lo van a disfrutar mucho. En un momento regreso con el plato
principal.
Carmen: Tenemos que ver la Casa Rosada que es la casa del Presidente y la Plaza de
Mayo. Me interesa ver el lugar de las protestas y el lugar donde las madres
valientes de los desaparecidos proclamaron sus derechos para averiguar
qué pasó con sus hijos.
Enrique: Sí, debemos de aprovechar y ver lo más posible mientras estamos aquí.
Enrique: Las empanadas no están nada mal. Realmente todo está delicioso.
Carmen: ¡Qué ensalada! Y tan sencilla: tomate, cebolla y lechuga con aceite de oliva
y vinagre.
Enrique: Estoy de acuerdo, la comida está fantástica. Definitivamente por eso Argen-
tina tiene fama por sus asados. ¿Quisieras probar el postre? Los alfajores
con dulce de leche son toda una tradición.
Carmen: ¡Cómo no! Pero después debemos bailar mucho para quemar las calorias.
Enrique: (Ve a la camarera y ella se les acerca). Nos gustaría pedir un alfajor, por
favor, para compartir?
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Unidad 3: Las comidas y los restaurantes
La camarera: (regresa). Aquí está su alfajor con dos cucharas. Buen provecho.
Carmen y Enrique siguen disfrutando del postre y charlando de sus planes en Buenos Aires,
la capital de Argentina. Cuando deciden que es la hora de salir, Enrique mira a la camarera
y ella viene.
Carmen: ¿Nos ofrecen el café al final del postre y no junto con el postre?
La camarera: Aquí está su cuenta. Espero que sigan disfrutando mi país. Gracias por venir
a La Cabrera.
Enrique y Carmen: Gracias a usted. (En este momento, Enrique le da una propina a la
camarera directamente y ellos se van.)
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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You may have noticed the use of the following phrases in the dialogue. These structures are
used to show courtesy and politeness to one another in requesting something. You will
study the conditional tense in the indicative mood and the imperfect subjunctive at another
time but for now, learn the polite ways to communicate.
Learn them so they become part of your vocabulary and use them when you would like some-
thing. Notice that with gustar forms you will need the indirect object pronouns…but you
knew that, ¿verdad?
The phrases studied above are a polite way of asking to someone to do something that we
need, showing respect for other people, and respect is one of the strong traditions in the
Spanish speaker world.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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Unidad 3: Las comidas y los restaurantes
1. _______________________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________________
4. _______________________________________________________________________
5.________________________________________________________________________
6. _______________________________________________________________________
7. Cuándo se lee una cuenta, a parte de los precios de la comida, ¿qué más se puede en-
contrar en la cuenta? ________________________________________________________
____________________
Poco a poco, las cosas cambian y la práctica de dejar una propina en efectivo cada día está
más en desuso. Cada día es más común añadir la propina al recibo (lo que se firma cuando
se presenta una tarjeta de crédito).
As you recall the mood is a category or set of categories of a verb that indicates the attitude
of the speaker toward what is being said, as in expressing a fact, a question, a possibility,
a wish, or a command*.
*To express commands, we use the imperative mood. We will study this third mood in subsequent les-
sons.
Each one of the moods has its own tenses. The tense of the verb indicates when the action
takes place.
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+ The indicative mood has present, past preterit, past imperfect, future and condi-
tional.
Spanish has different options to be polite, the subjunctive mood is useful in this sense.
The subjunctive helps us to politely suggest something to someone.
You may have noticed in the dialogue with Carmen, Enrique y la camarera that they asked and
provided recommendations or suggestions of one another. Let‘s see the following example:
La camarera: Por supuesto. Les recomiendo que prueben Montesco. Es una línea de
vino moderno, que destaca la personalidad de los vinos de Altura, con
su elegancia y frescura, con una gran integración de frutas y madera.
Sugiero que lo tomen con nuestro plato “bife de chorizo”.
The subjunctive is a polite way of offering advice without being overbearing and direct.
or
Although we studied the following triggers for the subjunctive, there are other reasons or trig-
gers for the use of the present subjunctive. You will learn more of them in your next course,
but for now we will focus on providing recommendations and suggestions.
If you look at the subjunctive sentence formation formula, you will see how the waitress’ reply
corresponds with the mood and the elements of subjunctive.
Identify the parts of the subjunctive below the following statement that the waitress makes:
In order to make suggestions or recommendations, the first verb or the verb in the part of
the statement that is referred to as an independent clause is in the present indicative. Write
the present indicative conjugations for these two subjunctive triggers.
As you recall the formation of the verb in the 2nd half of the sentence, the dependent clause
referred to as verb 2 in the formula, is:
As in the indicative mood in the present tense we studied many irregular verbs. The subjunc-
tive in the present tense also has irregular verbs. To help you remember the irregular verbs in
the subjunctive mood in the present tense you can use DISHES:
Tarea: Using the present subjunctive, make recommendations and suggestions about the
food on campus. Provide at least 10 opinions of the various eateries on campus and off cam-
pus including what foods one should eat at the eateries and which places or meals you sug-
gest should be avoided. You will hand this assignment in to your instructor.
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To quantify a noun:
To compare items using numbers, we would say más de o menos de and then the number.
The 4 “irregulars” in which you do not need to use “más or menos”. In English, we do not say
“more good”; we use the term “better”. However in Spanish, you may use the literal translation
of the two words to mean better “más bueno” or simply state “mejor”.
Comparison irregulars:
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Unidad 3: Las comidas y los restaurantes
Answer the following questions using the comparison structures when applicable
based on the restaurants El Perro Viejo and El Botín.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
6. ¿Cuál restaurante tiene más magia e historia (en la descripción del Web)?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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The structures above were used to make comparisons between two things or people. To state
that some thing is as good as something else or someone is as smart, tall, short, witty, etc as
someone else, we use comparisons of equality. Refer to the comparison notes from 2.3.6 if
you need a refresher on the concept.
The comparisons of equality were also noted in the powerpoint on comparisons. What are
the key word combinations to form comparisons of equality?
adjective _________
adverb ________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2.The desserts with fruit are as delicious as the desserts with chocolate.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Remember the first part of the comparison of equality is describing a noun. Tanto or a varia-
tion of it is acting as an adjective so it must agree with the noun that it modifies. Write the vari-
ations of tanto according to the gender and number of the following types of nouns:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Aprendamos los superlativos: One final note on comparisons deals with when you want to
state something is the best or worst, tallest, shortest or in general the most or least char-
acteristic being compared in a group. These are referred to as superlatives.
Superlativo
To say someone or something is the most or the least.
Fórmula:
Noun + verb + definite article (the) + noun + más /menos + adjective + de + definite article
+ noun.
Often, you do not need to repeat the noun after the definite article as it is understood to what
you are referring. Take the example of “He is the best player on the team.” I could simply say,
“He is the best on the team.” One would know that I was talking about a player so there is no
need to repeat that word.
Lionel Messi es el mejor del mundo. If you are familiar with soccer, you will know from the
context of the sentence that “Lionel Messi is the best soccer player in the world without stating
“soccer player” again.
Veamos otro ejemplo: Ella es la más inteligente de la clase. (Notice we did not repeat stu-
dent”).
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Think about the application of this concept in terms of the information in the chart below.
¡Elena es la mejor!
Escribe unas oraciones sobre los restaurantes, el plato y/o el vino y sus precios usando los
superlativos.
1. _______________________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________________
4. ______________________ son los animales más preciosos de todos del reino animal.
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Looking for fun and easy ways to remember these words. Estudialas en el
Website 2.3.8 Después de estudiarlas, vas a aprender a preparar “Una
Auténtica Tortilla Española” en el Video 2.3.9.
De acuerdo con el vocabulario estudiado y al video contesta las siguientes preguntas. Utiliza
los verbos en el tiempo presente del modo indicativo como repaso de este tiempo mien-
tras aprendes el vocabulario nuevo.
En este video, nosotros vamos a aprender hacer una auténtica tortilla española. Es uno de
los platos más tradicionales que tú puedes probar si visitas España.
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
(echar) las cebollas en la sartén con las patatas. Es importante no freír las patatas sino solo
Ellas __________________(tener) que estar en el aceite por quince minutos con un poco de
sal.
tes.
clar) las patatas y los huevos y los __________________(poner) en la sartén muy caliente.
ber) que la sartén está caliente por el hecho que el huevo se _________________(formar).
dola. Cuando __________ (ver) el color dorado, la tortilla de patatas ¡____________ (estar)
Un poco de repaso:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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Repasemos las instrucciones para una receta: Después del video sobre la tortilla españo-
la, tendrás hambre y querrás hacer algo para comer. Por favor, en este espacio, escribe el
plato favorito que tú cocinas.
+ Finge que (Pretend that) estás enseñando a un amigo cómo hacer tu plato favorito.
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
Al final escribe unas sugerencias o recomendaciones para que tu amigo siga tu receta con
todo éxito.
Es importante que …
Es necesario que …
Es aconsejable que …
Es recomendable que…
Es conveniente que …
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
You have just taken a gastronomical tour of various Spanish speaking countries and with most
recently a palatable journey through some of Argentina and Spain’s eateries. Esperamos que
te haya gustado.
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[ ] Yes [ ] No Can I express my likes, dislikes and interests using polite forms
as vocabulary?
[ ] Yes [ ] No Can I recall the meal times and general meal practices in Spain
vs Latin America?
[ ] Yes [ ] No Can I discuss in general the sights and foods one may encounter
in main cities such as Madrid or a typical dish of a few Spanish
speaking countries?
[ ] Yes [ ] No Can I identify by a store name, what the store’s specialty is?
[ ] Yes [ ] No Can I read, write, listen to and comprehend basic instructions for
a recipe?
If you answered “No” to any of these questions, review those sections again and see
your professor.
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Vocabulary
Español M/F Inglés Clasificación
a la parrilla grilled Adjetivo
aceite El oil Sustantivo
agregar to add Verbo Regular
agrio sour Adjetivo
agua (con hielo) El water (with ice) Sustantivo
al horno baked Adjetivo
almorzar (o—ue) to have lunch Verbo Irregular
almuerzo El lunch Sustantivo
andar to walk Verbo Regular
anfitrión El host Sustantivo
anfitriona La hostess Sustantivo
arroz El rice Sustantivo
asado/a roasted; grilled Adjetivo
atún La tuna Sustantivo
ave* El, Las poultry Sustantivo
azúcar* El, Las sugar Sustantivo
batir to mix/beat Verbo Regular
beber to drink Verbo Regular
bien cocido/a well done Adjetivo
bien hecho/a well cooked Adjetivo
bistec El steak Sustantivo
botana … en cuaquier La snack Sustantivo
momento en el día
café El coffee Sustantivo
caliente hot (temperature) Adjetivo
camarones (pl.) Los shrimp Sustantivo
carne La meat Sustantivo
carnecería La butcher’s shop Sustantivo
cebolla La onion Sustantivo
cena La dinner Sustantivo
cenar to have dinner Verbo Regular
cereal El cereal Sustantivo
cervecería La brewery Sustantivo
cerveza La beer Sustantivo
chile El chili pepper Sustantivo
cocer (o —ue) z* to cook (in terms of how Verbo Irregular
something is cooked)
cocido/a boiled; baked Adjetivo
cocinar to cook Verbo Regular
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Estudiando en el Unidad
extranjero 4
Los objetivos
1. Communicate about the past using regular verbs in the preterit indicative.
2. Increase your abilities communicating in past using the irregular verbs in
preterit.
3. Follow models.
4. Cronological order.
5. Paragraph structure.
6. Avoid redundancy.
7. Increase vocabulary related to travel.
8. Compare travel and study abroad options and discuss opinions.
9. Communicate about the past using the imperfect in the indicative mood.
10. Summarize preterit vs imperfect tenses in the indicative mood.
Contents
1. Comunicándonos en pretérito en el modo indicativo. 173
10. Resumiendo los tiempos pasados en el modo indicativo: Pretérito e imperfecto. 211
Vocabulary214
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Daily work and the many activities we do sometimes make us lose perspective of achieve-
ments. Therefore, before proceeding with the next unit we would like you to realize what you
are able to express in Spanish:
Tú puedes hacer comparaciones, expresar tus gustos, tus posesiones y tus planes.
While you can express facts, wishes, advice and opinions, you are limited as you can only
express yourself in the present tense. As you may remember, the tense indicates when the
action is happening. The present tense indicates the action is happening at the present time.
• Future
• Future perfect
• Conditional
It is time to expand your skills by expressing yourself in other tenses. The next tense that we
will study is the past tense in the indicative mood.
The past tense is used to express an action that ocurred in the past. In Spanish, as in En-
glish, there are several verb tenses that indicate that an action took place in the past. Let’s
see the verb forms that we have in English:
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Each past tense in Spanish has its own set of endings, just as when we studied the present
tenses in each one of the moods. For now, we will focus on two of the past tenses that Span-
ish has in the indicative mood:
Pretérito à Preterit
Imperfecto à Imperfect
The preterit in the indicative mood is a simple tense formed by adding a set of endings to
the stem of the verb. As we studied with the different present tenses in the different moods,
the preterit has many irregular verbs that we need to learn.
The imperfect in the indicative mood is also a simple tense formed by adding a set of end-
ings to the stem of the verb. The conjugation is very regular, and we have only three irregular
verbs in the imperfect tense.
To use the preterit or the imperfect in the indicative mood, we need to learn their endings
and their rules to know when and how to use them. Before we start with el pretérito en el
modo indicativo we recommend you make flashcards to help you study the verbs in the
preterit.
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Think of this logically, one starts or finishes something one time. It is not an ongoing
start or end.
Knowing when to use the preterit is useful as a person tends to speak about one’s present,
past or future more than other timeframes.
Visita el web site 2.4.1 donde encontrarás como conjugar los verbos en el
tiempo pretérito del modo indicativo. Write the translations of some of the common time
frame vocabulary that indicates one is talking about the past and remember to make
flashcards for these new vocabulary words to practice as well as the irregular verb
patterns to help you study and recall them. Write your notes in the charts below:
Verbos regulares: In this section, write the infinitive endings for the AR, ER, IR verbs in the
preterit.
Sujeto AR ER/IR*
yo**
tú
él, ella, Ud.**
nosotros/as
vosotros/as
ellos, ellas, Uds.
Time frame vocabulary: (These time frames are commonly used with the preterit but may
also be with the imperfect tense depending on the reasons one uses the imperfect which you
will learn soon.)
*With the expression hacer and a time frame, you are indicating the subject did something X
number of minutes, days, months or years ago.
A continuación aplica las terminaciones del tiempo pretérito en el modo indicativo de los sigui-
entes verbos regulares. Escribe su significado en inglés junto al infinitivo.
Practiquemos los verbos regulares en el pretérito del modo indicativo. Por favor utiliza
respuestas completas.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
5. ¿Viviste en otro estado cuando eras niño/a? ¿En cuál estado viviste? _____________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________
10. ¿Planeaste algo para el pasado fin de semana? ¿Qué planeaste? ________________
_________________________________________________________________________
vosotros/as
ellos, ellas, Uds.
*Note: There are no orthographic stresses for SER, IR, DAR and VER in these preterit
monosyllable verbs.
Did you notice, SER and IR share the same forms? How will you know what they mean in
terms of was or went? Look at the context of the sentence or question and you will easily
determine the meaning.
amigo, Emilio. Mis hermanos _________________ (ir) conmigo porque Emilio es su amigo,
también.
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panadera el año pasado pero ________________(dejar) el trabajo para estar en casa con
sus hijos. Los chicos _____________________ (jugar) por una hora. Luego nosotros
ing). También _______(llegar) su tío Eduardo y sus primos, Juan y Paco. El papá de Emilio
oger) los dulces. Después nosotros ____________________ (ir) a la mesa para ver la tor-
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Ahora que hemos visto algunos de los elementos que caracterizan las fiestas de cumpleaños
en los países hispanohablantes, leeremos un poco sobre las piñatas, en algunas regiones no
puede existir una buena fiesta de cumpleaños, si no hay una piñata.
Otros, aseguran que el origen de las piñatas se encuentra en la cultura azteca; cultura que se
ubicó en el centro de lo que hoy conocemos como México. Se dice, que los aztecas tenían un
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juego con una olla de barro llena de semillas de cacao y que al romperse los chicos recogían
las semillas. Los misioneros decoraron estas ollas en forma de estrella con siete picos, repre-
sentando los 7 pecados capitales. El romper la piñata, representaba vencer las tentaciones.
Los dulces y frutas dentro de la piñata eran el premio por vencer al pecado. Las piñatas
fueron muy utilizadas durante el periodo de evangelización.
A través de los años, las piñatas perdieron su significado religioso. Hoy en día, son un sím-
bolo de diversión y alegría. Aunque para todos los latinos: españoles, italianos, mexicanos,
argentinos, guatemaltecos, etc. una fiesta de niños, no puede ser fiesta sin una piñata. Las
piñatas ya no son únicas de esta cultura, podemos encontrarlas en todas las naciones.
Ahora en base a la lectura responde las siguientes preguntas, busca que tus respues-
tas sean completas
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Repasemos unos verbos regulares y los irregulares. Llena los espacios con la forma correc-
ta de los verbos en el presente y el pretérito del indicativo.
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The stem changing verbs in the present tense are noted with an asterisk. AR & ER stem
changing verbs do not change in the preterit.
Vuelve a ver el documento 2.4.2 donde puedes buscar los verbos que
tienen conjugaciones irregulares o cambios en su escritura.
Deberás llenar la siguiente tabla.
¿Qué piensas que ocurre con verbos con prefijos como contener o mantener?
_________________________________________________________________________
U group: Write the meanings of the verb next to the infinitive. While some of these are men-
tioned in the video, we have provided you with some of the “yo” forms to help you get started
on the spelling changes. Remember the endings of these verbs are just like the example from
the video for poder or poner. Watch for the spelling changes within the verb.
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*Do you remember “Hay” and that it means there is or there are? This word comes from the
verb Haber. Haber will have just one form in any simple tense: “Hubo” to mean there
was or there were. Unos ejemplos son: Hubo clase ayer. Hubo muchas personas en la
fiesta.
I group: These verbs have several spelling changes. Your best strategy is to study them via
flashcards and writing practice.
J group: These verbs also have a change in the 3rd person plural. Remember the sound
or the flow of the word is important in Spanish so for the ellos, ellas, Uds form, the “I” is
eliminated before eron.
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¿Trajiste tus apuntes y las listas de vocabulario a clase? No, no los traje entonces con-
duje a casa para obtenerlos.
To summarize, many of the common irregular verbs have the following endings. You just have
to be careful with the “J” group verbs that drop the “I” before eron. Remember, none have
accents on them.
Recuerda: Nuestros amigos HACER (from the “i” group) y DECIR (from the “j” group)
son muy raros. Practice these two often. You will hear the questions” What did you do?” or
“What did you say?” or these expressions using other subject pronouns.
There are a few songs to help you remember the irregulars. One of these songs is to the tune
of “Twinkle Twinkle Little Star.” Hint: To fill in the song, you need to write 4 verbs per line.
The 4 verbs are in the “yo” form preterit of the following infinitives.
The first 2 lines are repeated and the tune that will help you remember the song is to “Twin-
kle, Twinkle Little Star.” Write the lyrics to that song following the instructions that we just
explained to you.
_____________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
El año pasado, nosotros _______________ (ir) a España con nuestra clase de español.
Seis horas después cuando llegamos, nosotros ______________ (ver) la cantidad de edifi-
(andar) al consulado. Ellos nos _______________ (decir) que no procesaban más visados
Anosotros no nos _______________ (gustar) conducir por la ciudad, por eso ________________
Como nosotros no ___________________ (traer) ropa, ni las cosas para pasar la noche,
para la noche.
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(pasar) por el Parque Central y ____________ (ir) al monumento conmemorativo del Once de
(tener) un buen inicio al compartir el primer viaje a la ciudad de Nueva York con mi mamá.
Añadamos—There are many irregular verbs in the preterit tense. You have learned quite
a few already but there are a few more. The following set deals with the verbs that you
learned as stem changers or boot verbs in the present tense. We have less stem changers or
boot verbs in the preterit tense. Those that are irregular with “stem changes” have one thing
in commonà they are all: ”IR” verbs.
Mira el video 2.4.3 para los verbos en el pretérito con cambio en la raíz.
Presta atención: In this video, there is a refresher of the present tense stem changers then
a discussion on the preterit stem changers. One thing that should stand out to you via the
video and the highlighted notes below is that the changes only occur in the 3rd person singu-
lar and plural. You are no longer thinking about a boot or shoe form.
Do all the verbs that change in the stem in the present tense change in the preterit? ______
_________________________________________________________________________
You might be saying to yourself, “I thought there were stem changes from “e” to “ie” and “e”
to “i” in the present tense. These all just change “e” to “i” in the preterit. You are correct!
There are verbs that change from “e” to “ie” and “e” to “i” in the present tense but in the
preterit tense, we only have “e” to “i” stem changers for “IR” verbs and “o” to “u”
which you will see after this section.
Here are a few more “IR” stem changers in the preterit. Remember to look up their meaning
if you do not know them.
1. Is the verb an IR verb? (If yes, go to the next question. If no, then it is not a stem change in the
preterit.)
2. Is the IR verb a stem changer in the present tense? (If yes, go to the next step. If no, then
conjugate as a regular “ir” verb.)
3. Conjugate the “IR” verb in the preterit tense but remember the stem changes only in
the 3rd person singular and plural forms. This is why those conjugations are highlighted
for you to see the pattern more clearly.
The same rules apply to the “IR” ending “o” to “ue” stem changers from the present tense.
The difference here is that the “o” now changes to “u” in the third person singular and plu-
ral.
Mira el video 2.4.4 para poder identificar los cambios en el pretérito del modo
indicativo en el siguiente grupo de verbos.
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_________________________________________________________________________
2. ¿Cuáles son algunas características que a tus padres les gustaron de la universidad?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
4. ¿Cuáles son algunas características que a tus padres no les gustaron de la universidad?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
7. ¿Qué comida sirvió el restaurante de la universidad en aquel día de vuestra visita? _____
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
11. ¿En la primera clase, tus profesores te dieron tarea en tus clases? ________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
The first is the “y” group. For this group, to avoid 3 vowels in a row, we change the “i” in
the third person singular and plural to a “y”. Think of it this way, “just say no to three vow-
els in a row.” This trick may help you recall the pattern and to change the “i” to a “y”. Write
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the preterit conjugations for the verbs keeping in mind the “y” is part of the third person sin-
gular and plural forms.
The second group deals with verbs that change to maintain the sound. You studied these
previously. The change pertains to just the yo form for verbs ending in “CAR”, “GAR” or “ZAR”
for phonetic reasons. The endings are the regular “AR” verb endings in the preterit.
Remember the chart that we studied before. If you understand the phonetic, you don’t need
to memorize these changes.
Practiquemos: Fill in the conjugations for the verbs noted below per the subject and then
answer the question.
You would fill in “leíste”. Next you would answer the question. No, no leí el periódico hoy.
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If you really want to show your Spanish structure style, you could say, “No, no lo leí.” (The
“lo” is the direct object pronoun that referred to “el periódico” or “the newspaper” that you
already referenced in the question.) As you recall, Spanish doesn’t like redundancy. If we
already know that we are talking about “the newspaper”, in Spanish we prefer not to use the
word in the answer again. This is why we use the direct object pronoun or the indirect ob-
ject pronouns, where appropriate. Apply the concepts of preterit tense for the questions. In
the sections marked “la respuesta” reply with the object pronouns and then the preterit tense
for the verbs.
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As you can see, there are many preterit irregulars. Written and oral practice is key to really
learning them.
OMG ! Oh My God!
¡ADM! ¡Ay Dios mío! Diferentes
significados en el
pretérito.
Believe it or not! Some Spanish verbs have a change of meaning in English when used in
the preterit!
Present Preterit
conocer to know met (for the first time)
saber to know to have found out
no poder not to be able was/were not able to and didn’t do it
to fail
no querer not to want refused to do something
tener que to have to, had to and did it.
Yesterday, I arrived to Peru and met some of the family with whom I am going to live during
the semester.
_________________________________________________________________________
The father was not able to come because he had to work all day.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
She wanted me to learn (que yo aprendiera) Spanish and she was right! I did it! “Yo hablo
español”!
_________________________________________________________________________
Currently, you are able to communicate in the indicative mood in the present and preterit;
in the subjunctive in the present and in the imperative in the present. Also you are able to
use the structure “ir + a + infinitive” to express future: Voy a ir a estudiar a Perú.
At this moment you have the knowledge of the grammar concepts, but we need to develop
a plan to effectively use all these concepts in real life to be able to communicate. We need a
strategy!
When we hear the word strategy we imagine something complex, something that specialists
do. Images of generals and famous CEOs of big companies come to mind immediately. Strat-
egy is a method or plan chosen to bring about a desired result, such as the achievement of a
goal or solution to a problem. Strategies are part of our daily life. The difficult part is selecting
the correct strategy because the ways to achieve a goal or resolve a problem can be infinite.
With this in mind, we are sharing with you some of the strategies that language learners
have implemented in order to achieve their goal of proficiency in a second language.
Keep in mind that the strategies are not difficult or unattainable. They are plans and deci-
sions. A successful person employs a strategy. You are empowered to make these decisions;
it is your follow through with these strategies that will lead to your success.
With this in mind, we present to you some strategies for written communication. They are sim-
ple ideas, but if you apply these ideas you will see what powerful strategies they are and you
will succeed in taking your Spanish written communication to the next level.
It is very important that you learn expressions that are normally used. Sometimes these ex-
pressions may not be logical for you or perhaps you cannot understand the grammar structure
that they are following. Another very important element is the cultural factor that is implied in
these expressions. Understanding and using these expressions are great strategies to help
you to express yourself in a socially correct context. That is our objective; for you to be able to
communicate using Spanish in a socially correct context and with the correct grammar. When-
ever you write a letter, an email or a composition, you always need to look for some examples
before starting to write.
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¡Practiquemos! Lee el siguiente correo electrónico que Ana María está escribiendo a sus
padres al empezar un nuevo semestre en Geneseo. Ana María es colombiana y es la primera
vez que está fuera de casa.
Queridos papás:
¿Cómo se encuentran? ¿Cómo está mi hermanito? Espero que esté estudiando mucho
para que él también venga a Geneseo a estudiar. ¿Cómo sigue la abuelita? No saben
cómo extraño las comidas de los domingos y sus cocadas de postre. ¿Qué tal el tío
Pepe? ¿Se ha recuperado de su brazo? ¿Ya ha empezado la terapia? Por favor cuént-
enme cómo están todos, mis primos José, Laura y Pedro y no olviden contarme sobre
la tía Aurora y su nueva pastelería.
¡No saben qué ocurrió ayer! El club de español organizó una visita al mercado en
Rochester. Fue como visitar un mercado en mi querido Bogotá. Vendían mariscos,
carnes, frutas, vegetales, una gran cantidad de productos extranjeros y comida. Co-
mimos unas empanadas deliciosas. El próximo evento del club es ir a un restaurante
llamado D’Mangus, es de comida de la República Dominicana. Me gustaría tanto poder
asistir a todos los eventos que organicen. Pienso estar muy pendiente de sus planes,
no quiero perderme ninguno. El problema es mi clase de química orgánica, es la clase
más difícil. Mi amiga Ashley dice que la clase de español es más difícil ¡yo no lo creo!
Lo bueno es que vamos a estudiar juntas, ella me va a ayudar con mi clase de química
orgánica y yo voy a ayudarle con su clase de español.
¡Escríbanme pronto!
Ana Mary
Identifiquemos el patrón o estructura que sigue el correo electrónico de Ana María, así como
frases o expresiones importantes
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Observa como Ana María no firma con su nombre, firma con su apodo (nickname), observa
también el uso de los dos puntos (colon).
TAREA: Ahora escribe un email a tus padres de 300 palabras mínimo y con 3 párrafos por
lo menos, siguiendo el modelo analizado. Pon atención en los párrafos en que el correo
electrónico está dividido. (Este es tu primer borrador à first draft.). Escríbelo en Word e im-
prime (print) dos copias, vas a entregar una copia a tu profesor(a) al comienzo de la próxima
clase. Vas a usar la segunda en clase.
Adverbios de tiempo
Luego o más tarde And then
Entonces So then
Por la mañana/tarde/noche In the morning/afternoon/evening; at night
Primero first
Después de + infinitivo After __ing
Después Then
Más tarde Later
Por fin At last, finally
A la una At one o´clock
A las dos/tres/etc… At two/ three/etc… o´clock
Recuerda: utilizar tarjetas (flashcards) para estudiar los adverbios de tiempo, incrementa-
rán tu vocabulario para tener una mejor expresión escrita y oral.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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b) El modo y el tiempo de los verbos: To use this strategy correctly we need to be precise
in terms of knowing what the action is and who is doing the action. This is the heart of the
sentence; the verb. As you remember, it is not a sentence if we don´t have a conjugated verb.
The conjugated verb is the most important element of the sentence. For this reason let’s re-
view some key facts:
2. For both, English and Spanish the persons have a number: singular and plural,
and for each person and number we have the personal subject pronouns.
3.
4. The infinitive form of the verb, is when the verb is not conjugated. In English, we
recognize a verb in the infinitive because it is composed of two words: to study, to eat,
to live, etc. In Spanish we recognize the verbs in the infinitive because the ending:
estudiar, comer, vivir. Writing with only an infinitive verb is not a sentence in English
or Spanish, we need a conjugated verb always.
5. In Spanish, the conjugated verbs indicate the subject of the sentence, the person
that is doing the action, along with the action. That is possible because the conju-
gated form for each verb is unique for each one of the persons. In English, our
conjugations don´t change as much for each one of the “persons.”
In other words, because Spanish has a different verb form for each one of the persons,
we don´t always need to use the personal pronoun to know who the subject is that
is doing the action in the sentence. The conjugation tells us who the subject is. If I
say ‘estudiamos en la universidad´ we know that estudiamos is the first person in
plural, then the subject is nosotros/as. We use the personal pronouns only for clarifi-
cation. In this case, we are clarifying the point of the subject being ‘we (all the girls and
I)’ are studying, so we express that as ´Nosotras estudiamos en la universidad´. In
English, we need to always use the personal pronouns, for example ´study in the col-
lege´ doesn´t make sense! We need the personal pronoun in English in the sentence
to know who the subject is ´we study in the college.´
6. The verb is not just indicating the action and the subject. It also tells us the attitude
of the speaker toward what he or she is saying; we know this as the mood.
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7. As we studied before for each mood we have different tenses. The tenses of the
verb tell us when the action is happening. You already know for the indicative mood:
You also are able to express yourself in Spanish in future using the structure “ir + a
+ infinitive”
8. In the Imperative mood, we have only the present tense: ¡Corramos a la clase
de español!
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9. In the Subjunctive mood, we have 3 different tenses. We have only studied the
present tense to express wishes for a third person and to give advice or recommen-
dations:
10. The next table is a summary to help you remember each mood with their tenses.
Several tenses:
• Present
The timeframe is the present only
• Preterit has one tense or time—present— Several tenses:
which makes sense when you
• Imperfect think about if you give someone • Present
• Present perfect a command you want them to do
the action now (in the present.) • Imperfect
• Past perfect
• Present perfect
• Future
• Future (literature
• Future perfect based)
• Conditional • Past perfect
• Conditional perfect (pluperfect)
A second strategy related to chronological order is used in texts such as news reports, his-
tories, biographies or travelogues. One of the characteristics of these types of texts is that we
are talking about actions that are actual, factual and certain. In other words, we are talking
about the indicative mood and need to use the tenses that correspond in the indicative
mood. First, you need to talk about the things that happened (past tense), then things that
are happening (present tense) and then talk about the things that will happen (future tense).
Review the third paragraph of the email from Ana María and then review your third paragraph
to answer the next questions:
In the following table you will see a summary of your grammar knowledge and how you
can use it to express chronological order using the indicative mood:
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Unidad 4: Estudiando en el extranjero
Structure Gusta + infinitive For likes and dislikes Mood Indicative: Present
tense
Gusta/n + article + noun And similar verbs…
Structure Querer + infinitive What the person wants to Mood Indicative: Present
do tense
Expressing future
Structure Pensar + infinitive What the person thinks Mood Indicative: Present
about doing tense
Expressing future
Preterit What the person did Mood Indicative: Preterit
tense
En el espacio a continuación vas a escribir nuevamente el primer párrafo del correo electróni-
co a tus padres. En esta ocasión utiliza la tabla recién estudiada. Agrega más información. El
objetivo es que escribas un párrafo tipo un reportaje periodístico (newspaper) donde haces
un relato de tu vida usando el presente, pretérito y futuro (aplicando la formación del futuro
que ya sabes—ir + a + infinitivo.).
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
At the beginning of each paragraph normally we will find the topic sentence, the rest of the
paragraph has supporting details. In all languages, when we are writing formally or informally,
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it is common to use a paragraph. The paragraph helps us to organize the information to have
clear communication, which is the reason why we recommend that you use paragraphs.
El correo electrónico de Ana María tiene 4 párrafos, analicemos la información de cada pár-
rafo indicando la idea general de cada uno:
First: Use the personal pronouns only when you would like to emphasize. In Spanish,
if you constantly use the personal pronouns such as “yo”, it can give the perception of the
speaker being presumptuous and self-promoting. This is interpreted in a negative way cul-
turally.
Second: Use the direct and indirect object pronouns to avoid needless repetition.
her/you Lo leesàYou read it. (Se)* for him/for her/for you (when the direct object
is lo, la, los, las)
( el libro)
Le haré un pastel.
La escribesàYou write it.
I will make for him/her or you a cake.
(la carta)
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Os you all Os miramosàWe watch you all. Os to or for you all Os pagaré.
Los/las them Los quieroàI love them. Les to or for them Les daremos la comida.
We need them.
*Se is used when both a direct and indirect object
(las plumas) pronoun beginning with ‘L” are in the same sen-
tence. This helps break up the sounds and avoids
using the word that means silly.
Third: Use synonyms or antonyms to avoid repetitions. One rule is that you should not
use a word two times in the same paragraph. Using synonyms or antonyms can help you to
resolve this problem. It helps demonstrate a richer, more robust vocabulary in your speech
and written communication.
Synonyms Antonyms
Moderno Actual, Nuevo Viejo, Anticuado
Simpática Amable, Cordial Desagradable, antipática
Me gusta Me encanta, Me fascina Me molesta, Me disgusta
Isa es mi mejor amiga. Isa estudia para ser doctora. Mi mejor amiga tiene una hermana en
Florida. Su hermana es muy simpática. Su hermana estudia para ser maestra de español.
Su hermana tiene un coche nuevo y ella va a venir a visitar a Isa a Geneseo. Yo quiero con-
ocer a la hermana de Isa y también yo quiero tener un coche nuevo.
Now avoid the redundancy: Isa es mi mejor amiga, estudia para ser doctora. Tiene una
hermana muy simpática en Florida. Estudia para ser maestra de español. Tiene un coche
nuevo y va a venir a visitarla a Geneseo. Quiero conocerla y también me gustaría tener un
coche nuevo.
Repasemos cómo evitar la redundancia en preguntas y respuestas: Using the verb con-
jugations, we have avoided repeating the use of personal pronouns and subjects in the last
paragraph. As you studied, In Spanish, the direct and indirect object pronouns are used to
avoid redundancy in a question/answer situation. Review the following chart.
Es muy importante que recuerdes qué ocurre cuando tenemos los pronombres de ob-
jeto directo e indirecto no los podemos separar, siempre deben de estar juntos. Tampoco
puedes olvidar que los pronombres de objeto indirecto en las terceras personas “le/les”
cambian a “se” antes de “lo, la, los o las”. Recuerda el orden àID=keep your ID with
youàindirect then direct then the verb.
Las siguientes preguntas son para practicar el concepto de los complementos directos
e indirectos. Es un repaso del presente del modo indicativo. Contéstalas como el
ejemplo.
TAREA: You already have your draft of your email to your parents corrected by your profes-
sor. Incorporate the corrections and also, make changes to avoid redundancy. Now type a
new version of your email avoiding the redundancy.
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¿Cómo vamos a llegar allí y después visitar las ruinas? Hay muchos medios de trans-
porte. A ver cuáles son.
¡Visitemos Perú! Para poder realizar cualquier viaje lo primero que debemos aprender el vo-
cabulario de los medios de transporte. A continuación se te presenta una lista con los medios
de transporte más comunes.
Español Inglés
el auto, el coche, el carro car
la motocicleta / la moto motorcycle
la bicicleta / la bici bicycle
el autobús bus
el camión truck
el barco ship, boat
el tren train
el taxi taxi
el avión plane
el ferrocarril railroad
el metro subway
la lancha small boat
la nave ship/craft
4. Las ___________________ consumen menos gasolina que los coches, pero son más
peligrosas.
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7. Mi hermano tiene una _________________ que usa en el lago durante los veranos.
10. En Madrid los ______________ son muy caros, es mejor usar el metro o el autobús.
Hoy en día los aviones son un medio de transporte muy común, sobre todo para hacer viajes
al extranjero a países lejanos, como es el caso de Perú. La siguiente lista posee vocabulario
muy útil para un viaje por avión.
el boleto sencillo
el pasaporte passport sin escala non-stop
el horario schedule el retraso delay
1. Vas a Perú el 15 de junio y regresas el 30 de junio. ¿Qué tipo de billete necesitas? ___
_________________________________________________________________________
8. Cuando esperas entre los aeropuertos para el próximo vuelo en tu viaje hay una
Datos Personales
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Datos de Origen:
TAREA: Perú es un país lleno de historia, cultura, tradiciones, paisajes que lo distinguen del
resto de los países hispanohablantes. Tu profesor(a) de español, desea saber cómo la estás
pasando y que estás aprendiendo. Le vas a escribir un correo electrónico de 300 palabras.
a) Para poder escribir sobre Perú, debe de investigar sobre este país, su historia,
alimentos, lugares arqueológicos, tradiciones, etc.
Los estudios en el extranjero se caracterizan porque llegas a casa de una familia del lugar.
Además de ser más económico es la mejor manera de conocer la cultura, comprender las
costumbres y practicar el idioma. Durante tus estudios en el extranjero, es muy fácil que
realices algunos viajes los fines de semana para conocer otros lugares cercanos. En estas
ocasiones, te quedas en algún hotel. A continuación se te presenta el vocabulario que te
permite comunicarte en estas circunstancias.
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Piensa en tus últimas vacaciones o tus vacaciones favoritas: Contesta las preguntas en
español con oraciones completas. Debes de contestar con respuestas completas. Si no re-
cuerdas las palabras interrogativas, búscalas en el repaso.
(en euros)
Transporte al hotel Veinticinco euros por Incluido De Barcelona. Más
cada persona cincuenta euros cada
persona
Los días en que hay El 2 de agosto o el 9 de Todos los días El 14 de agosto o el 21
vuelos de Madrid agosto de agosto
Los días en que hay El 7 de agosto o el 15 de Todos los días El 21 de agosto o el 28
vuelos a Madrid agosto de agosto
Escalas En Barcelona, media No hay escalas. Termina en Barcelona
hora y tienes que viajar 84
Hay vuelos directos. KM por tren, autobús o
coche
La hora de la salida 13.30 10:00 7:45
La hora de la llegada 15:45 y treinta minutos 12:50 y cuarenta minu- 8:50 (en Barcelona) y
más para llegar al hotel tos en autobús para una hora y quince en
llegar al hotel coche al hotel
El alojamiento Cama doble Cama doble y sencilla Cama doble
El costo por noche Ochenta y cinco euros Ciento veinte euros Sesenta y cinco euros
Hay un balneario Sí, cuarenta euros cada Sí, ofrecemos una visita No
visita gratis
Hay aire acondicionado Sí Sí Sí
Hay botones Sí Sí No
Hay guías para los lug- Sí Sí No
ares turísticos
Actividades recreativas Bucear, ciclismo, alpin- Bucear, tomar el sol, Visitar los museos es-
ismo, tomar el sol en la visitar los lugares pecialmente las ruinas
playa, casinos históricos, los casinos, romanas, tomar el sol
ciclismo
La duración del viaje Ocho horas cuarenta Catorce horas y treinta Cinco horas directo—
con la opción de condu- minutos minutos no necesitas tomar un
cir y tomar un barco de barco
Valencia.
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Contesta con oraciones completas y cuando sea posible, escribe las respuestas con
las comparaciones y los superlativos. No olvides evitar la redundancia en tus respues-
tas.
2. ¿Cuál viaje es para una persona que le gusta más la actividad? ____________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
4. Es más cara una noche con servicio de balneario en Ibiza o Mallorca? _______________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
6. Tengo nauseas en los aviones y los barcos. ¿Hay una opción para mí?______________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
8. Para una persona con un presupuesto (budget), limitado ¿cuál viaje es el mejor? ____
_________________________________________________________________________
9. Considerando el tiempo de vuelo y para llegar al hotel, ¿cuál viaje es el más corto?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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Apply reading strategies such as skimming for general understanding or words that you rec-
ognize. At the end of the passage, there is an exercise for you to identify the verbs. Once you
have done that, re-reading the passage for comprehension may be easier.
Emilio: Es difícil decir. Hay mucho que me encantó de allí. Me quedé con una buenísima
familia cerca de la universidad. Me trataron como parte de la familia. Unos de sus
hijos, Arturo, asistió a la misma universidad también entonces conocí la universidad
y la ciudad por él. Me presentó a muchos de sus amigos y disfrutamos los días en la
escuela y las noches por la ciudad.
Emilio: Bueno, por la mañana tomamos algo ligero para el desayuno. Salimos de la casa
a eso de las nueve menos cuarto y llegamos a la universidad para la primera clase.
Como yo asistí a las clases para extranjeros y a las clases para mejorar mi español,
nos despedimos y conocí a otros estudiantes de muchos países. El programa es
muy bueno porque tienen clases para todos los niveles y a partir de eso, estás con
otros estudiantes que también son como tú—lejos de casa intentando aprender la
cultura y la lengua española. Arturo y yo regresamos a casa para comer. Recuerda
que la comida principal del día es a las dos de la tarde. Disfruté este tiempo porque
la comida que la mamá hizo fue riquísima y charlamos mucho en las sobremesas.
Por la tarde, tuvimos clases hasta las siete y volvimos a casa.
Emilio: Pues aparte de vivir con la familia, mi programa incluyó unos talleres sobre la gas-
tronomía de Cádiz. Me gustaron los días en los talleres (o los cursos cortos) de
paella, las tapas y de tortilla española. Un día después de terminar el taller, mi fa-
milia me llevó al mercado en la Bahía de Cádiz donde vimos las pescaderías y las
marisquerías. Algunos fines de semana, Arturo, sus amigos y yo hicimos el surf y
un domingo montamos a unos caballos para explorar otras partes de Cádiz. Como
Cádiz es un puerto que bordea el océano Atlántico, es bien conocido por el pescado.
Emilio: Sí, un montón. Mis maestros me comentaron sobre la parte vieja de la ciudad. Hay
muchos monumentos, plazas e iglesias porque Cádiz es una de las ciudades más
antiguas de Europa o sea de la parte oeste de Europa. Nos explicaron de la historia
de Cádiz y las influencias fenicias, romanas y musulmanes. Vimos la Plaza de Mina,
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Emilio: ¡Sí! Como Cádiz es parte de la región de Andalucía hay muchos lugares históricos y
fascinantes por allí. Viajé en autobús a Huelva, Córdoba y Granada. Observé la ar-
quitectura de diferentes culturas que vivieron en esta zona como la de los visigodos
y los musulmanes, hasta que fueron expulsados 1492 cuando los Reyes Católicos y
sus ejércitos tomaron el control. Hay que experimentar toda la historia y la grandeza
de los reinos en estas regiones, visitando sus majestuosas construcciones. Al estar
en la Alhambra o en las mezquitas o en las iglesias de Córdoba, sientes como que la
historia es palpable alrededor de ti.
Mónica: Muchas gracias por compartir conmigo tu experiencia. Parece mentira como los
países hispanohablantes pueden tener tantas cosas en común y ser tan diferentes al
mismo tiempo. Necesito hacer un análisis para poder tomar mi decisión.
1. Review the reading and highlight all the verbs in the preterit. When you re-read the
passage keep in mind these are the actions that were in the past.
2. Review the reading and circle the present tense verbs. These are actions that are cur-
rent or in the present time.
Re-read the dialogue with these time frames in mind. Take notes within the dialogue of what
you understood. The dialogue is double spaced for you to write your notes. This will help you
piece together a general understanding of the message.
TAREA: Tú has investigado sobre Perú y después de leer la experiencia de Emilio, puedes
ayudar a Mónica a hacer un análisis de las diferencias culturales en estos dos países his-
panohablantes.
d) Por último le darás 2 sugerencias a Mónica para evitar cualquier tipo de problemas
en su viaje. En este caso estarás utilizando el modo imperativo, en su único tiem-
po: el presente.
Mira los videos 2.4.6 y 2.4.7 donde vas a encontrar la práctica de las
terminaciones para los verbos regulares e irregulares en el pasado imperfecto del
modo indicativo. Although the videos refer to these as past imperfect verb tense, they
are also known as the imperfect with the following conjugations.
Escribe las conjugaciones para el imperfecto del modo indicativo según los videos que
acabas de ver:
There are certain reasons when one would choose to conjugate a verb in the imperfect tense
vs the other past tenses.
• I was singing …
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Notice: This first part of the sentence would use verbs conjugated in the
imperfect.
b) You may have another part of the sentence that has a different verb tense in
it while something else was happening or happened.
Notice: the actions in bold are a one-time event (preterit) vs. the actions in bold
and italics are on-going in the past (imperfect).
• I was going to wear the dress, but I didn’t. Yo iba a llevar el vestido, pero no
lo hice.
• They were going to watch the game. Ellos iban a mirar el partido.
d) For describing things, conditions, age, weather (if no specific time was given),
emotions in the past use Imperfect.
• What did you do when you were a child? ¿Qué hacías cuando eras niño?
• Isa was 5 years old when I was 7 years old. Isa tenía 5 años cuando yo tenía
7 años.
Inglés Español
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En el Power Point vas a encontrar ejemplos de oraciones utilizando el imperfecto del indicati-
vo. En la siguiente tabla escribe 6 ejemplos, como se muestra en el ejemplo.
Inglés Español
Weather: It was raining during the game. Llovía durante el juego.
Practiquemos—let’s practice with a few simple translations. Remember the imperfect tense
can mean “used to” so you do not need a separate verb for “used to”; it is all part of the con-
jugations.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
5. When I was a kid, we went (used to go) by bus to school each day. __________________
_________________________________________________________________________
In the next two translations, you will have a verb in the imperfect and one in the preterit.
6. How old were you when you went to Disney? (Ojo: Age is expressed with tener) ______
_________________________________________________________________________
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Unidad 4: Estudiando en el extranjero
_________________________________________________________________________
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TAREA: On the on-line platform you will find a multi-page practice packet called Manu-
al-practice packet- Preterit vs Imperfect that you must print and bring to class each day.
We will work on various parts of the packet in class with partners.
Imperfect Preterite
What was happening... What happened
Repeated action Single event
Mental activity Physical action
Process Beginnings/Endings
Action being interrupted* Interrupted action*
Time in the past
Physical description
An interrupted action is a concept frequently used to teach preterit vs imperfect, but it is better
to say that it is an action that happened at the time that another action was happening.
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Unidad 4: Estudiando en el extranjero
If you answered “No” to any of these questions, review those sections again and see
your professor.
¡Terminaste la Unidad 4!
Tú puedes…
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Vocabulary
Español M/F Inglés Clasificación
a tiempo on time Expresión
aduana La customs Sustantivo
aduanero/a El, La customs agent Sustantivo
aeromozo/a El, La flight attendant Sustantivo
agente de viajes El, La travel agent Sustantivo
aire acondicionado El air conditioning Sustantivo
alojamiento El lodging Sustantivo
aparcar to park Verbo Regular
arreglar to pack (a suitcase) Verbo Regular
ascensor El elevator Sustantivo
autobús El bus Sustantivo
averiguar to find out Verbo Irregular
avión El plane Sustantivo
azafata La stewardess Sustantivo
balneario El spa Sustantivo
barco El ship, boat Sustantivo
bicicleta La bicycle Sustantivo
billete El ticket Sustantivo
boleto El ticket Sustantivo
boleto de ida El one way ticket Sustantivo
boleto de ida y vuelta El round trip ticket Sustantivo
boleto sencillo El one way ticket Sustantivo
botones El bellboy Sustantivo
cama doble La double bed Sustantivo
cama sencilla La single bed Sustantivo
cambio El exchange Sustantivo
camión El truck Sustantivo
cancelación La cancellation Sustantivo
casa de cambio La exchange house Sustantivo
cheque de viajero El traveler’s check Sustantivo
cinturón de seguridad El seatbelt Sustantivo
clase turista La tourist class Sustantivo
con destino a with destination to Preposición
con retraso delay Expresión
disponible available Adjetivo
efectivo El cash Sustantivo
elegir (g—j) to choose Verbo Regular: Cambio
Fonético
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Unidad 4: Estudiando en el extranjero
Página 216
Consejos para Unidad
tus estudios en el 5
extranjero
Los objetivos
1. Develop an awareness and appreciation of different Spanish-speaking
countries.
2. Understand advice about a study abroad experience via a review of moods
and tenses.
3. Learn some facts about Puerto Rico, a U.S. territory.
4. Gain insights as a future international student.
5. Learn the demonstrative adjectives & pronouns.
6. Discuss one’s personal experience studying abroad using the pretérito vs
imperfecto.
7. Review of the challenging Spanish grammar aspects: ser/estar, pretérito/
imperfecto, pronombres directos/indirectos, indicativo/subjuntivo, por/para,
mandatos afirmativos/negativos.
Contents
1. Apreciemos la inmensa diversidad de los países hispanohablantes. 218
Vocabulary245
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Do you remember Mónica? She was the student that was very interested in a study abroad
experience and was analyzing two options: Spain and Perú. You already helped her with
some information about Perú and her friend Emilio shared his experience in Spain. Mónica
would like to have all the information to be able to make the best decision. Surprisingly for
Monica the more she researched her different options, the more confused she became be-
cause she is finding new and exciting alternatives.
Monica started to recognize the unique characteristics of each of the Spanish speaking coun-
tries. There are so many unique characteristics in all countries that Monica decided to focus
her research on only one topic at the beginning. Her passion is history and the ancient cul-
tures. Monica believes that studying the different ancient civilizations that lived in these coun-
tries helps us to understand the contemporary culture today. Much of the cultural information
she found in both Spanish and English but she preferred to challenge herself by reading in
Spanish to master her second language skills.
Mónica empezó estudiando España, “la madre patria”, como es llamada por los países
hispanohablantes como un reconocimiento de la gran influencia cultural que tuvo y tiene en
todos estos países. Comprender las civilizaciones que vivieron en España, no solamente
nos ayuda a entender a los españoles; también nos ayuda a comprender a todos los demás
países que formaron parte del Imperio Español; el cual inicia en 1492 con la exploración de
América y termina en el año 1898.
Si bien gran parte del imperio español se concentra en el continente americano. Observa
en el mapa como llega a tener territorio en los demás continentes (Europa, Asia, África y
Oceanía). Por ello Carlos V solía decir: “En mi reino nunca se pone el sol”. En otras palabras,
siempre era de día en alguna parte del imperio español.
Mónica preparó el siguiente cuadro, en el cuál identifica algunas de las culturas de mayor
influencia en españa, el periodo de tiempo en el que habitaron y algunas de sus mayores
aportaciones a la actual cultura española.
*Actual significa present day; es un cognado falso.
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Mónica nunca pensó que la cultura española que conocemos actualmente fuese el resul-
tado de la combinación de tantos otros pueblos: fenicios, griegos, cartagineses, romanos,
visigodos, árabes. Las palabras árabes, griegas, fenicias, etc… son adjetivos gentilicios.
Es decir son los adjetivos que nos permiten identificar el origen de un sustantivo (persona,
animal o cosa). El origen puede ser un país, un continente, una ciudad, o cualquier otro lugar.
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Mónica sabe que los griegos son las personas de Grecia, los romanos de Roma y así
sucesivamente. Pero Mónica no sabía dónde estaba Fenicia. Descubrió que Fenicia hoy en
día corresponde a los países de Israel, Siria y Libano. Obviamente cuando nos referimos
a las personas que vivían en Fenicia en esa época, las llamamos los fenicios. Es así como
utilizamos los adjetivos gentilicios para referirnos a las diferentes culturas, a las diferentes
personas, que vivieron o viven en un lugar específico.
La influencia de España se encuentra en todos los países hispanohablantes, pero para la sor-
presa de Mónica, las culturas pre-hispánicas o pre-colombinas* también se encuentran en
la cultura española. Mónica no sabía que productos agrícolas como el maíz, los cacahuates o
los manís (peanuts), las papas y el cacao y su uso como chocolate provinieron de las culturas
pre-hispánicas. Mónica estaba tan sorprendida: ¡El chocolate! su postre favorito, es de origen
prehispánico.
*Nota: Las culturas pre-hispánicas son las culturas existentes antes de la llegada de los
españoles o hispanos (en latín), también conocidas como pre-colombinas al referirse a las
culturas existentes antes de la llegada de Colón.
Cuanto más investiga Mónica queda más sorprendida de la riqueza cultural de las culturas
prehispánicas y como estas se encuentran integradas en nuestra vida diaria. No solamente
utilizamos productos agrícolas, conocimientos o invenciones, sino también utilizamos sus
palabras. ¡Sí! Palabras como chocolate, el postre favorito de Mónica, tiene su origen en la
palabra náhuatl “xocolatl”, encontramos esta palabra junto con el placer que proporciona el
chocolate en todo el mundo.
En el video que Mónica nos enseñó, habla de las culturas del sol: la cultura maya, la cul-
tura inca, la cultura azteca. En este caso los adjetivos gentilicios son azteca, maya e inca.
Encontrarás que existen varios adjetivos gentilicios que no siguen la regla general de la
terminación “-o” para adjetivos masculinos y la terminación “-a” para adjetivos femeninos.
Mónica ha compartido una gran cantidad de información contigo, utilizando el video y lo que
has estudiado hasta este momento debes de escribir un reporte sobre los aztecas, los ma-
yas y los incas. Es importante que identifques el periodo histórico en el que se desarrollaron,
en qué zonas geográficas se establecieron y las características culturales más importantes.
TAREA: El reporte que vas a entregar la próxima clase está basado UNICAMENTE en la
información del video y la información que Mónica ha compartido contigo en este libro. Es
importante que leas varias veces esta sección y tomes notas en español. También observa
el video varias veces y toma notas en español. No debes de utilizar ninguna otra fuente
(source). Las notas que tomes en español para hacer tu reporte debes de entregarlas junto
con este.
Los requisitos para tu reporte se especifican a continuación. De no cumplir con ellos tu tra-
bajo se considera como no entregado.
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REQUISITOS:
+ Doble renglón.
+ Objetivo correr en el maratón de Nueva York à debo correr 5 millas todos los días.
Este libro está desarrollado para ayudarte a lograr tu objetivo: “pensar en español”, para
lograrlo NO debes traducir inglés-español, español-inglés. Desafortunadamente, el pensar
en español no es una decisión conciente, es una “reacción” de nuestro cerebro al buscar
ser más eficiente en el medio que se encuentra. Por eso los estudios en el extranjero te ayu-
dan tanto a desarrollar el idioma, si no quieres estar aislado y quieres formar parte de este
nuevo mundo. ¡Tu cerebro tiene que adaptarse! ¡Tiene que usar el idioma! Tiene que
dejar de traducir! ¡Tiene que pensar en el idioma que lo rodea!
Estando en un salón de clases, lo único que podemos hacer para desarrollar nuestras habil-
idades es presionar a nuestro cerebro, ¡tenemos que hacerlo trabajar!
Los especialistas en el aprendizaje de las lenguas, consideran que la prueba para saber si
nuesro cerebro realmente está pensando en el nuevo idioma estudiado,es cuando ten-
emos pesadillas en ese idioma. In other words, our brain is thinking in the new language
when we have nightmares in the new language. In this case, we will succeed in our goal
the day that you have nightmares in Spanish. In Spanish, not with Spanish! That day
you and your brain can say:
All experts agree that the best way to learn a language is to live in a country that speaks the
language. Being immersed 24 hours 7 days a week does not just familiarize one with the lan-
guage, but allows one to understand the culture. This enables socially acceptable communi-
cation and a richer more profound experience. To introduce you to this topic, Mónica is sharing
with you an interesting article written by Danyanes Rodríguez from the University Albizu in
San Juan, Puerto Rico in which you will find some recommendations and advice.
Read the article located on the online platform Lectura 2.5.2 about planning to
study in another country and answer the questions in Spanish.
El siguiente ejercicio, quizás no sea atractivo, pero ten presente que nuestro objetivo es
lograr que “tú pienses en español”. Por favor, sigue las instrucciones que se te dan.
Modo indicativo:
1. Lee el artículo nuevamente, señalar con un círculo los verbos en presente. Total
de verbos:______
3. Una vez más lee el artículo, subrayar en azul los verbos en imperfecto. Total de
verbos:__________.
A continuación escribe las tres oraciones en futuro, pero utilizando la estructura “ir +
a + infinitivo”
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
5. Te habrá llamado la atención el único verbo en rojo que hay en el artículo: “sería”
este verbo está en el tiempo condicional, al igual que el tiempo futuro lo vamos a es-
tudiar en otra ocasión.
6. Esta vez, leerás el artículo y marcarás con un rectángulo los verbos en el modo
imperativo. Total de verbos____
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7. Lee el artículo, subraya los verbos que se encuentren en presente del subjuntivo.
Total de verbos ___
Observaste cómo cada vez que volvías a leer el artículo, erás capaz de leer más rápido,
entender más palabras e incluso comprender más detalles. El ejercicio obliga a nuestro
cerebro a ejercitarse.
En esta segunda sección vas a contestar una serie de preguntas basadas en el artículo. Es
fundamental que identifiques correctamente el modo y el tiempo que se utiliza en la pregunta
para que respondas acertadamente.
___________________________________________________________________
2. En caso de que tu respuesta sea sí, escribe cuál era tu razón _______________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
6. ¿En qué tiempo están las oraciones del modo subjuntivo? _________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
14. ¿Por qué el autor nunca utiliza el modo indicativo o subjuntivo en pretérito o en
imperfecto? _________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
15. A continuación escribe la peor experiencia que has vivido en unas vacaciones.
Utiliza el pretérito y el imperfecto correctamente.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Como resultado de esta experiencia, escribe 5 consejos que le darías a una persona
que va a estudiar en el extranjero.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Puerto Rico, is a country that Mónica never thought of as a study abroad experience, but after
analyzing the article that you just read; she decided to research it more and she found some
very interesting facts. Puerto Rico is a Caribbean island and an unincorporated U.S. territory.
In other words, Puerto Rico is not a country!
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Cuba fue la última de las colonias españolas en América en independizarse. Esto se logra a
raíz de la guerra Hispano-americana de 1898, una guerra en la que los Estados Unidos de
Norteamérica lucharía contra España en apoyo a la independencia de Cuba. España fue
derrotada y Cuba quedó bajo la tutela de los Estados Unidos, al igual que Puerto Rico, las
Filipinas y Guam. Este enfrentamiento marcó el fin del Imperio español. Cuba no cristalizó
su independencia hasta 1902.
Puerto Rico quedó constituido como un territorio estadounidense, en 1917 la Ley Jones fue
aprobada, erogándole a Puerto Rico la autonomía de los demás estados de la unión y la na-
cionalidad estadounidense a la gente nacida en el territorio puertorriqueño.
Siempre han existido diferentes posturas ante la situación política puertorriqueña. Por ello en
1992 se efectuó un referéndum donde los puertorriqueños votaron y decidieron mantener
esta situación política. En 1998 Puerto Rico institucionalizó su Constitución como Estado
Libre Asociado.
Algunas de las limitantes que poseen los puertorriqueños como estado libre asociado es que
no pueden interferir en las leyes estadounidenses, pero estas rigen la Constitución de Puer-
to Rico. Es decir, el Congreso de los Estados Unidos tiene el completo y absoluto poder de
cambiar las leyes y reglamentos que gobiernan y controlan las relaciones con Puerto Rico.
Hoy en día se sigue cuestionando la política puertorriqueña. Algunos prefieren convertirse en
el estado número 51 de la unión, otros prefieren independizarse como nación. Se requerirá
un nuevo referéndum para establecer un cambio en la situación política actual.
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Unidad 5: Consejos para tus estudios en el extranjero
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. ¿Cuál crees que sea la mejor opción para Puerto Rico políticamente hablando y
por qué?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
6. ¿Qué características comparten Cuba, Puerto Rico, las Filipinas y Guam? ______
___________________________________________________________________
7. ¿Cómo crees que la situación política de Puerto Rico haya afectado su cultura?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Para saber más de otros programas, después de conocer un poquito sobre Puerto Rico, va-
mos a analizar una guía para estudiantes extranjeros que la Universidad Pontifica de Madrid
ha desarrollado. La UPM se caracteriza por ser una de las universidades con el mayor núme-
ro de intercambio estudiantil y por ende con una fuerte participación en el programa Erasmus
(Programa de intercambio Europeo).
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
+ Los estudiantes que deseen permanecer en España para cursar o ampliar estudios,
realizar actividades de investigación, prácticas no remuneradas o servicios voluntarios
¿qué documento deben de obtener para autorizar su estancia en España? _________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
CLIMA
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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Unidad 5: Consejos para tus estudios en el extranjero
SALUD Y SEGURIDAD
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
DINERO
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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COMUNICACIONES
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
IDIOMAS Y RELIGIÓN
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
De forma práctica has estado utilizando/estudiando una gran cantidad de nuevo vocabular-
io. A continuación se te da una lista con las palabras más importantes. En esta ocasión tú
debes escribir su significado en inglés. Evita utilizar el diccionario, lo más importante es el
esfuerzo por comprender y el poder analizar el contexto en la lectura y en el cuestionario para
identificar su significado.
lugares de cambio
I.V.A.
propinas
presupuesto
horarios habituales
horarios comerciales
días festivos
envíos postales
llamar a / llamar de
normas de seguridad
carreteras
combustible
IMPORTANTE: No olvides hacer tus tarjetas del vocabulario que te sea difícil de recordar.
As you travel, you will be making choices on what you need or want or making observations
on many aspects of the culture. Sometimes you will have to point out options by demonstrat-
ing what you want and using the terms this and that as you will learn in this next section.
A demostrative adjective is a word used to point out a noun: This map is blue!
In English, the demonstrative adjectives are this and that in the singular and these and those
in the plural They agree in number with the noun that they modify. This and these refer to
people or objects near the speaker. That and those refer to people or objects away from the
speaker.
A little rhyme to help you remember the demonstrative adjectives spelling is “this and these
have “t”s; that and those don’t.”
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In Spanish, the demonstrative adjectives, as all adjectives, need to agree in number and
gender with the noun that they modify. The peculiarity is that there are three sets of demon-
strative adjectives:
Since English does not have this third set of demonstrative adjectives, there is no good trans-
lation for them. Sometimes you will find “over there” or “way over there” to imply the dis-
tance.
¡Practiquemos!
Escribe el adjetivo demostrativo correspondiente a cada uno de los objetos que se te dan.
Pon atención a la concordancia en género y número. Imagina que cada objeto se encuentra
a la distancia en que se encuentra la estrella. Sigue los siguientes ejemplos:
Vamos a utilizar los adjetivos demostrativos este, ese y aquel como neutros y los utilizamos
cuando hablamos de conceptos abstractos. Por ejemplo:
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Unidad 5: Consejos para tus estudios en el extranjero
¿Te gustaría visitar el lago Titicaca? Would you like to visit Lake Titicaca?
¿El lago Titicaca? ¿Dónde está eso? Titicaca Lake? Where is that?
El lago Titicaca está entre Bolivia y Perú, es el lago navegable más alto del mun-
do.
TAREA: Para la próxima clase investiga 5 datos curiosos sobre Bolivia, escribe las preguntas
y las respuestas como los ejemplos que acabas de leer. Entrega la tarea al principio de la
clase.
Pay attention to the next reading where you will see the past tenses and will study some of
the cultural aspects that you may be exposed to in the event you have the opportunity to study
abroad or travel.
Tenía 17 años, era la primera vez que realizaba un viaje sin mis padres, era la primera vez
que viajaba sola y cruzaba el Atlántico. Tuve la oportunidad de visitar España antes, cuando
tenía 9 años, hacía ocho años que hice el viaje. Lo recordaba con un gran gusto, fue un
viaje lleno de aventuras y cosas nuevas. Cómo disfrutaba con mi hermano corriendo en los
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excursión, en fin era un mundo de recuerdos. Ahora, esta experiencia sería diferente. Iba yo
Como es una tradición en las familias latinas, mi madre habló con familiares y llegué a vivir
a casa de la tía Fina, hermana de mi abuelo. Así no tuve que vivir en la residencia estudiantil,
algo que se acostumbra mucho en España. Me recibieron con los brazos abiertos y llenos
de júbilo. Yo estaba muy cansada, el cambio de horario no era fácil, eran seis horas más que
en NY. Como estaba tan emocionada no había dormido en el avión y ahora los ojos se me
cerraban. Mi tía me dijo: vete a dormir una siesta para que te recuperes. Empecé a apren-
je para abrirlo. Traía recuerditos para todos. Mi madre me insistió mucho, es una tradición
llevar regalos a los familiares y amigos cuando vas de viaje. Salí del cuarto y repartí mis “re-
Mis tíos y primos estaban felices. Nueva York es una ciudad de encanto internacional, todo
el mundo admira la Gran Manzana, fue una gran idea traer estas estatuas. Era la hora de
con aceitunas. ¡Qué cosa más buena! Pero todos quedaron muy sorprendidos cuando me
Aunque siendo hispanohablante y conociendo España de niña, tuve un choque cultural, aquel
primer vaso de vino, fue mi primer problema. Pero pronto aprendí otras costumbres como:
nunca quitarte los zapatos al entrar a una casa, no usar pijamas fuera de la casa, dar dos
besos a todos los amigos y familiares, insistir dos o tres veces para que alguien acepte algo
como un dulce o un bocadillo. Siempre llevar un regalo cuando visitas a alguien. Aprendí que
Los fines de semana organicé muchas excursiones para conocer España. ¡Fue una gozada!
Con eso de que es tan pequeñita desayunaba en Madrid y almorzaba en Barcelona, gracias
a esto logré visitar muchos lugares preciosos. Me encantó El Prado, el museo más importante
y su Alcázar, la fortaleza donde vivieron los reyes Católicos y aún arriba de sus tronos está
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Unidad 5: Consejos para tus estudios en el extranjero
el dicho ”Monta tanto, tanto monta, Isabel como Fernando”. Estos reyes fueron los que uni-
ficaron España y financiaron entre otras cosas los viajes de Cristóbal Colón. En fin conocí
¡Pero todo el tiempo me insistían con el vino! Hasta que mi tía Encarnita me llamó un día
y me dijo: “cada vez que no aceptas beber algo es un grosería para tu anfitrión, simplemente
¡Qué suerte tuve que la tía Encarnita me explicase esta costumbre! No volví a cometer ese
error.
1. En el primer párrafo ¿por qué los verbos fue y disfruté están en modo indicativo
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
__________________
2. En el segundo párrafo, en qué modo y en qué tiempo está la oración que me dijo mi tía:
______________________________________________________________________
3. El modo imperativo se utiliza para dar órdenes y existe solamente en el tiempo: ______
________________________________________________________________
4. En el tercer párrafo, por qué se usa el modo indicativo el tiempo imperfecto en:
5. En la última oración: Me invitaron un vaso de vino y yo dije que no bebía. Explica por
qué invitaron y dije están en pretérito del indicativo y bebía está en el imperfecto. ____
______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
9. ¿Qué costumbres se mencionan en la lectura que son diferentes a las de Estados Uni-
dos? __________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Agreguemos:
Investigar cada una de las alternativas que nos dan la base para una buena decisión, en este
momento cuentas con un buen panorama de lo que sería estudiar en el extranjero. La Guía
de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) resulta una buena herramienta que puedes
aplicar a cualquier otro país, pues te da los elementos claves que debes de investigar. Pero
no puedes tener solo una alternativa, es importante poder comparar la información de diver-
sas opciones para seleccionar la más conveniente o la mejor opción.
Nuestra amiga Mónica, sigue investigando para poder tomar una buena decisión. Una nueva
alternativa se le ha presentado: Argentina. Este hermoso país ubicado en la región sur del
Continente Americano cuenta con interesantes civilizaciones prehispánicas como los tupíes,
los tobas, tehuelches y mapuches. Los mapuches han sido la civilización que más ha llamado
la atención a Mónica. En su investigación encontró que fue la única cultura prehispánica que
nunca fue conquistada por los españoles.
Wenufoye, Bandera Mapuche. Chile
La corona española aceptó hasta cierto punto su autonomía y no sería hasta varios años
después de la independencia de Argentina y de Chile que los mapuches fueran invadidos
y asignados a territorios reducidos. Los mapuches actualmente viven en las ciudades pero
siguen manteniendo estrechos vínculos con sus comunidades de origen. Desafortunada-
mente siguen enfrentando serios problemas para mantener su territorio y preservar su cultura.
TAREA: Para la próxima clase entrega un reporte analizando las alternativas de estudiar en
Argentina o estudiar en España. Debes comparar los elementos fundamentales: clima,
salud, seguridad, dinero, horarios, comunicaciones, idiomas, religión, etc…Puedes
agregar nuevos elementos que consideres de importancia. No olvides que para Mónica
son fundamentales las características de las civilizaciones antiguas. Como resultado de
tu análisis deberás de ofrecerle la mejor alternativa para Mónica. Esta alternativa debe de
contar con fundamentos, es decir, con datos que apoyen la decisión.
Tu reporte será en español, doble espacio, impreso y mínimo de 300 palabras, lo entre-
garás al inicio de la próxima clase.
¿Pretérito o Imperfecto?
Te presentamos una serie de videos que te permitirán revisar los conceptos del uso
adecuado de cada una de estas cuestiones. Diviértete escuchándolos, pon mucha atención
pues debes de escribir los elementos que resumen el uso correcto de cada una de estas
cuestiones.
Ser Estar
que ________ al norte del estado de Nueva York, en Rochester. ¡Geneseo __________ a solo
tres horas de Canadá! La villa ___________ muy pequeñita, todos los bares y restaurantes
Machu Picchu, su ciudad sagrada. Sé que _______________ en los Andes a una gran altura,
he visto algunas fotografías, estar en Machu Picchu será un sueño hecho realidad para mí.
Vivo en los dormitorios de la universidad que ___________ muy cerca de la calle principal
de Geneseo.
Hoy tenemos una fiesta por el fin de clases, la fiesta_____________ en casa de mi amiga
Beth. Ella ______ muy ocupada, ___________ horneando mi pastel favorito. Mis amigos me
regalaron un vestido para mi viaje a Lima; _________ de algodón, ________ muy bonito,
Hoy _____ domingo, el 28 de mayo y ________ mediodía, en dos días más voy a ________
con vosotros.
Mónica
Saber Conocer
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están todos los libros porque la biblioteca no es muy grande. Su familia es de Perú entonces
ella __________________no solamente Lima sino también muchos lugares como Cuzco.
Me pregunta ¿___________ tú que las ruinas de Machu Picchu son de los incas, gente in-
que existen viajes en tren, autobús y hasta en helicóptero, pero yo quiero ________________
el camino como los incas del pasado. También debo ______________ la ciudad de Arequipa,
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Unidad 5: Consejos para tus estudios en el extranjero
Indirectos Directos
Querido Diario:
Acabo de regresar de Perú. No sabes cuánto que ________ gustó Lima. ________ encantó
conocer ese fabuloso país. Solamente ____________ traje algunos recuerditos para mis
padres y para mis amigos más cercanos, pero estoy feliz de compartir________ con ellos.
Al regresar a Geneseo me encontré con muchas sorpresas. Mi amigo Emilio está trabajando
_______ dije que no. No _________ quiero (referente al trabajo). Tengo ganas de irme a Es-
paña entonces voy a solicitar un trabajo en la oficina de estudios internacionales porque ellos
Mónica
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Pretérito Imperfecto
Aquel semestre ____________ (tomar) una clase de gramática española, una clase de civ-
que pasar por Cuzco, la capital del Imperio Incaico. De Cuzco a Machu Picchu ________
(hacer) una caminata de cuatro días siguiendo la ruta de “Camino del Inca”. Existen viajes en
tren, autobús y hasta en helicóptero, pero yo __________ (disfrutar) caminar como los incas
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Unidad 5: Consejos para tus estudios en el extranjero
Si alguna de tus respuestas fue “NO”, por favor revisa el material nuevamente y si aún
tienes dudas por favor acércate a tu profesor.
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Unidad 5: Consejos para tus estudios en el extranjero
Vocabulary
Español M/F Inglés Clasificación
actividad folclórica La traditional activity/folk activity Sustantivo
acuario El aquarium Sustantivo
almazara La press Sustantivo
Año nuevo El New Year Sustantivo
antigua muralla La ancient wall Sustantivo
artesanía La craft Sustantivo
auditorio El auditorium Sustantivo
bar El bar Sustantivo
Cabalgata de los reyes ma- La The Three Kings’ procession/ Sustantivo
gos parade
campo El field Sustantivo
campo de golf El golf course Sustantivo
cancha La field Sustantivo
cancha de baloncesto La basketball court/stadium Sustantivo
cancha de tenis La tennis stadium/court Sustantivo
carnaval El carnival Sustantivo
carrera ciclista internaciona- La international cycling race Sustantivo
les
carretera La highway Sustantivo
castillo El castle Sustantivo
cata de vinos La wine tasting Sustantivo
catedral La cathedral Sustantivo
centro cultural El cultural center Sustantivo
centro histórico El historic center Sustantivo
centro nocturno El evening/nighttime activity center Sustantivo
concierto popular El popular concert Sustantivo
convento El convent Sustantivo
Corpus Cristi El Corpus Christi (celebration of Sustantivo
the eucharist)
corrida de toros La bullfight Sustantivo
cueva y gruta La cave and grotto Sustantivo
Día de muertos El Day of the Dead Sustantivo
embajada y los consulados La embassy and consulates Sustantivo
Epifanía La The Epiphany Sustantivo
espectáculo El show Sustantivo
estadio de fútbol El soccer field Sustantivo
evento deportivo El sport event Sustantivo
excursión La excursion/outing Sustantivo
fallas Las fallas—a Valencian celebration Sustantivo
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Yo Puedo 2 by Silvaggio-Adams & Vallejo-Alegre
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Unidad 5: Consejos para tus estudios en el extranjero
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Verbos y
conjugaciones con
traducción
Modo Indicativo : Tiempo Presente - Regulares
Primera conjugación Segunda conjugación Tercera Conjugación
HABLAR to speak COMER to eat VIVIR to life
hablo hablamos como comemos vivo vivimos
hablas habláis comes coméis vives vivís
habla hablan come comen vive viven
A aprender to learn
arreglar to fix
abrazar to hug asistir to attend
abrir to open atacar to attack
aburrir to bore atrever(se) to dare
acabar to finish averiguar to find out
aclarar to clear out ayudar to help
actualizar to update
afeitar(se) to shave B
agregar to add
alcanzar to reach batir to shake
alegrar(se) to rejoice bañar(se) to bath
alquilar to rent beber to drink
analizar to analyze brindar to offer
andar to walk buscar to search
apagar to turn off
C
aparcar to park
aplicar to apply cambiar to change
apoyar to support cancelar to cancel
apreciar to appreciate casar(se) to marry
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cazar to hunt enfermar(se) to get sick
ceder to relinquish enfrentar to deal
cenar to dine enseñar to teach
cepillar(se) to brush entrar to enter
cobrar to charge entregar to deliver
cocinar to cook escribir to write
colocar to place escurrir to drain
colonizar to colonize esperar to wait/ hope
combinar to combine estimar to estimate
comer to eat estudiar to study
compartir to share evitar to avoid
comprar to buy expulsar to expel
comprender to understand extrañar to miss
concentrar(se) to focus
confiar to trust F
congelar to freeze facilitar to ease
conmemorar commemorate faltar to lack
contestar to answer
fascinar to fascinate
correr to run
firmar to sign
cortar(se) to cut
coser to sew fracasar to fail
creer to believe fracturar(se) to fracture
cruzar to cross funcionar to function
cubrir to cover fusionar to fuse
cuidar to care
G
D girar to turn
deber to have a duty gritar to yell
desarrollar to develop guisar to cook
desayunar to eat breakfast gustar to like
desear to wish
H
disfrutar to enjoy
disgustar to dislike hablar to speak
disparar to shoot hornear to bake
dividir to divide
doblar to turn I
duchar(se) to shower implantar to implant
importar to import
E
impregnar to impregnate
ejercitar(se) to exercise incrementar to increase
enamorar(se) to fall in love insistir to insist
encantar to enchant integrar to integrate
enfatizar to emphasize interesar to interest
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involucrar to involve pronosticar to predict
inyectar(se) to inject proveer to provide
provocar to provoke
L
lanzar(se) to throw Q
lastimar(se) to hurt
quedar(se) to stay
lavar(se) to wash
quemar(se) to burn
leer to read
quitar(se) to take off
levantar(se) to get up
limpiar to clean R
llegar to arrive
recuperar recover
llenar to fill in
razonar to reason
llevar to carry
realizar to do/make
llorar to cry
recibir to receive
lograr to achieve
refrescar to refresh
M registrar to register
regresar to return
maquillar(se) to put on makup relajar(se) to relax
mejorar to improve remontar(se) to soar
mezclar to mix reparar to repair/fix
molestar to bother repartir to distribute
repasar to review
N
reportar to report
necesitar to need reservar to reserve
resucitar to resuscitate
O revelar to reveal
olvidar(se) to forget revitalizar to revitalize
optar to choose revisar to check
rezar to pray
P romper(se) to break
pagar to pay
S
pasar to happen
pegar to paste sacar to take
peinar(se) to comb salar to add salt
permitir to allow sazonar to season
pisar to step secar to dry off
poseer to own señalar to point
preguntar to ask soportar to support
preparar to prepare sumar to add
prestar to lend
T
proclamar to proclaim
profundizar to deepen temer to fear
promulgar to make public tocar to touch
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tomar to drink/take U
terminar to end unir to unite
trabajar to work usar to use
traspasar to go through
V
visitar to visit
vivir to live
G→J
I→Y
C → ZC*
Cambio fonético o irregular
Para mantener el sonido el sonido
suave “ce-ci” con la “C” se utiliza la
“Z”
Conocer → Conozco
E → IE
CERRAR to close
cierro cerramos
cierras cerráis
cierra cierran
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arrepentir(se) to repent merendar to snack
atender to attend pensar to think
comenzar to start preferir to prefer
despertar(se) to wake querer to want
empezar to start recomendar to recommend
encender turn on referir to refer
extender(se) to extend requerir to require
hervir to boil sentar(se) to sit down
invertir to invest sentir to feel
mentir to lie sugerir to suggest
0 → UE
DORMIR(se) to sleep
duermo dormimos
duermes dormís
duerme duermen
COCER to cook
cuezo cocemos
cueces cocéis
cuece cuecen
E→I
PEDIR to ask
pido pedimos
pides pedís
pide piden
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U → UE*
JUGAR to play
juego jugamos
juegas jugáis
juega juegan
* Única
Por fonética C → CZ
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Irregulares: c) Verbos doble irregularidad:
Go + boot verb
detener to detain
contener to contain
mantener to keep
tener to have
ESTAR to be IR to go
estoy estamos voy vamos
estás estáis vas vais
está están va van
VIVIR to live
viví vivimos
viviste vivisteis
vivió vivieron
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I→Y leer to read
CONSTRUIR to build
construí construimos
construiste construisteis
construyó construyeron
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sentir to feel sugerir to suggest
servir to serve vestir(se) to wear
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anduve andar to walk anduve, anduviste, anduvo, anduvimos, an-
duvisteis, anduvieron
cupe caber to fit cupe, cupiste, cupo, cupimos, cupisteis, cu-
pieron
fui ser/ir* to be fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fuisteis, fueron
estuve estar to be estuve, estuviste, estuvo, estuvimos, estu-
visteis, estuvieron
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hablarías hablaríais comerías comeríais vivirías viviríais
hablaría hablarían comería comerían viviría vivirían
Regulares e Irregulares:
+ Usas la tercera persona del plural (ellos) del verbo en pretérito del indicativo
+ Sustituye la terminación “on” por las siguientes terminaciones : a, as, a, áramos, ais,
an…
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hablara habláramos comiera comiéramos viviera viviéramos
hablaras hablarais comieras comierais vivieras vivierais
hablara hablaran comiera comieran viviera vivieran
*Existe una segunda conjugación, puedes utilizar la que más te convenga. Sustituye “ron”
por se, ses, se...
Las irregularidades del pretérito del indicativo se mantienen en el imperfecto del subjuntivo.
Recuerdas “TwinkleTwinkle Little Star”
Afirmativo Negativo
yo no existe no existe
No puedes darte una orden No puedes darte una orden
tú Presente indicativo Presente subjuntivo
3era persona singular 2da persona singular
usted Presente subjuntivo Presente subjuntivo
3era persona singular 3era persona singular
Afirmativo Negativo
Irregulares: Tú afirmativo
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ir to go ve ir to go ve
poner to put/place pon poner to put/place pon
GERUNDIO = ING
Regulares: HABLAR → hablando
COMER → comiendo
VIVIR → viviendo
Irregulares:
caer → cayendo morir → muriendo sentir → sintiendo
creer → creyendo oír → oyendo ser → siendo
decir → diciendo pedir → pidiendo servir → sirviendo
dormir → durmiendo poder → pudiendo traer → trayendo
ir → yendo preferir → prefiriendo venir → viniendo
leer → leyendo reír → riendo
mentir → mintiendo seguir → siguiendo
PARTICIPIO PASADO
Regulares: HABLAR → hablado
COMER → comido
VIVIR → vivido
Irregulares:
abrir → abierto freír → frito reír → reído
caer → caído hacer → hecho romper → roto
creer → creído leer → leído visitar → visto
cubrir → cubierto morir → muerto volver → vuelto
decir → dicho oír → oído traer → traído
escribir → escrito poner → puesto
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Pasado Perfecto (pluscuamperfecto)
“had spoken”
había hablado habíamos hablado
habías hablado habíais hablado
había hablado habían hablado
Formas Progresivas
Existen en todos los tiempos simples y compuestos del modo indicativo y subjuntivo (No en
modo imperativo).
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imperfecto estaba hablando pluscum- había estado hablando
perfecto
“I was speaking” “I had been speaking”
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Verbs: Spanish to
English
Español Inglés Clasificación
abrir to open Verbo Regular
aburrir to bore Verbo Regular
acordar (o—ue) to remember Verbo Irregular
acostar (o—ue) to put in bed Verbo Irregular
agregar to add Verbo Regular
almorzar (o—ue) to have lunch Verbo Irregular
alquilar to rent Verbo Regular
analizar to analyze Verbo Regular
andar to walk Verbo Regular
apagar to turn off Verbo Regular
aparcar to park Verbo Regular
aprender to learn Verbo Regular
arreglar to fix Verbo Regular
asistir to attend Verbo Regular
averiguar to find out Verbo Regular
ayudar to help Verbo Regular
batir to mix/beat Verbo Regular
beber to drink Verbo Regular
buscar to look for Verbo Regular
cambiar exchange in terms of curren- Verbo Regular
cy
cambiar to change Verbo Regular
cancelar to cancel Verbo Regular
cenar to have dinner Verbo Regular
cobrar to charge (a bill) Verbo Regular
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congelar to freeze Verbo Regular
conocer (c—zc) to know/to be familiar Verbo Irregular
conseguir (e—i) to get, obtain Verbo Irregular
construir (i—y) to build Verbo Irregular
contener (go + e—ie) to contain Verbo Irregular
contestar to answer Verbo Regular
correr to run Verbo Regular
cortar to cut Verbo Regular
coser to sew Verbo Regular
costar (o—ue) to cost Verbo Irregular
creer to believe Verbo Regular
cubrir to cover Verbo Regular
cuidar to care / to take care of Verbo Regular
deber to owe/must Verbo Regular
deber (followed by an infini- to must be as in probability Verbo Regular
tive)
decir (e—i) to say/tell Verbo Irregular
derretir to melt, thaw Verbo Regular
desayunar to have breakfast Verbo Regular
desear to want/wish Verbo Regular
despedir (e—i) to say good-bye Verbo Irregular
despertar (e—ie) to wake up Verbo Irregular
desvestir(se) (e—i) to undress Verbo Irregular
devolver (o—ue) to return/give back Verbo Irregular
disgustar to dislike Verbo similar a gustar
dividir to divide Verbo Regular
doblar to turn/flip Verbo Regular
doler (o--ue) to hurt Verbo Similar a Gustar
dormir (o—ue) to sleep Verbo Irregular
elegir (g—j) to choose Verbo Regular: Cambio
Fonético
encantar to really like or be pleasing Verbo Similar a Gustar
encender (e—ie) to turn on (stove for example) Verbo Irregular
encontrar (o—ue) to meet/encounter Verbo Irregular
enseñar to teach Verbo Regular
escoger (g—j) to choose Verbo Regular: Cambio
Fonético
escribir to write Verbo Regular
escurrir to drain Verbo Regular
esperar to hope, wish, wait for Verbo Regular
estar to be Verbo Irregular
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estar casado/a to be married Expresión, Verbo Irregular
estar divorciado/a de to be divorced Expresión, Verbo Irregular
estudiar to study Verbo Regular
faltar to miss, lack Verbo Similar a Gustar
fascinar to be fascinated by Verbo Similar a Gustar
fracasar to fail Verbo Regular
freír (e—i) to fry Verbo Irregular
funcionar to function Verbo Regular
girar to turn Verbo Regular
guisar to cook/stew Verbo Regular
gustar to be pleasing (like) Verbo Regular (Requires
IOP)
hablar to talk, speak Verbo Regular
hacer (go) to do, make Verbo Irregular
hacer falta to need; to be lacking Verbo Similar a Gustar
hervir (e—ie) to boil Verbo Irregular
hornear to bake Verbo Regular
importar to be of importance, to matter Verbo similar a gustar
intercambiar to exchange/give/ receive Verbo Regular
interesar to be of interest Verbo Regular
ir to go Verbo Irregular
jugar (u—ue) to play a sport or game Verbo Irregular
leer to read Verbo Regular
limpiar to clean Verbo Regular
llegar to arrive Verbo Regular
llenar to fill in Verbo Regular
llevar to wear; to take; to carry Verbo Regular
mantener (irreg yo) to maintain Verbo Irregular
mentir (e—ie) to lie Verbo Irregular
merendar to have a snack Verbo Regular
mezclar to mix Verbo Regular
molestar to bother Verbo Regular, Verbo Simi-
lar a Gustar
morir (o—ue) to die Verbo Irregular
mostrar (o—ue) to show Verbo Irregular
necesitar to need Verbo Regular
no gustar to dislike Verbo Similar a Gustar
olvidar(se) to forget Verbo Regular
pagar to pay Verbo Regular
pasar to pass Verbo Regular
pasar (pasar por) to pass/to pass by Verbo Regular
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pedir (e—i) to ask for Verbo Irregular
pegar adhere to/stick/hit Verbo Regular
poder (o—ue) to be able/can Verbo Irregular
poner (go) to put Verbo Irregular
poner(se) (go) to put/to put on Verbo Irregular
preferir (e—ie) to prefer Verbo Irregular
preguntar to ask (a question) Verbo Regular
preparar to prepare Verbo Regular
prestar to borrow; to loan; to lend Verbo Regular
promover (o—ue) to promote Verbo Irregular
quedar to be located Verbo Regular
quedar(se) bien/mal to fit well/poorly Verbo Regular
quemar to burn Verbo Regular
querer (e—ie) to want/wish/love Verbo Irregular
recibir to receive Verbo Regular
recomendar (e—ie) to recommend Verbo Irregular
reducir (c—zc) to reduce Verbo Irregular
regresar to return Verbo Regular
relajar(se) to relax Verbo Regular
remover (o—ue) to remove Verbo Irregular
reparar to repair Verbo Regular
repetir (e—i) to repeat Verbo Irregular
reservar to reserve Verbo Regular
revisar to revise/check Verbo Regular
romper (se) to break Verbo Regular
saber (otros irregulares -yo) to know Verbo Irregular
sacar to take Verbo Regular
sacar (buenas/malas) notas to get (good/bad) grades Verbo Regular
salar to add salt Verbo Regular
sazonar to season Verbo Regular
seguir (e—i) to follow/continue Verbo Irregular
señalar to signal Verbo Regular
sentar(se) (e—ie) to sit Verbo Irregular
sentir (e—ie) to feel, regret, to be sorry Verbo Irregular
ser (muy irregular) to be Verbo Irregular
ser soltero/a to be single Expresión, Verbo Irregular
servir (e—i) to serve Verbo Irregular
sugerir (e—ie) to suggest Verbo Irregular
temer to fear Verbo Regular
tener (go + e—ie) to have Verbo Irregular
tener calor (go + e—ie) to be hot Expresión, Verbo Irregular
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tener celos (go + e—ie) to be jealous Expresión, Verbo Irregular
tener éxito (go + e—ie) to be successful Expresión, Verbo Irregular
tener frío (go + e—ie) to be cold Expresión, Verbo Irregular
tener ganas de… (go + e—ie) to feel like...(doing some- Expresión, Verbo Irregular
thing)
tener hambre (go + e—ie) to be hungry Expresión, Verbo Irregular
tener miedo (de) (go + e—ie) to be afraid (de) Expresión, Verbo Irregular
tener paciencia (go + e—ie) to be patient Expresión, Verbo Irregular
tener prisa (go + e—ie) to be in a hurry Expresión, Verbo Irregular
tener razón (go + e—ie) to be right Expresión, Verbo Irregular
tener sed (go + e—ie) to be thirsty Expresión, Verbo Irregular
tener sueño (go + e—ie) to be tired / sleepy Expresión, Verbo Irregular
tener...años (go + e—ie) to...years old Expresión, Verbo Irregular
terminar to finish Verbo Regular
tomar apuntes to take notes Verbo Regular
trabajar to work Verbo Regular
traer (igo) to bring Verbo Irregular
usar to use Verbo Regular
vestir(se) (e—i) to dress Verbo Irregular
visitar to visit Verbo Regular
vivir to live Verbo Regular
volar (o—ue) to fly Verbo Irregular
volver (o—ue) to return Verbo Irregular
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Glosario Español
¡Qué chévere! How great! expresión
¿Adónde? Where? adverbio
¿Cómo está usted (Ud.)? How are you? (formal) expresión
¿Cómo estás tú? How are you? (informal) expresión
¿Cómo se llama Ud.? What is your name? (formal) expresión
¿Cómo te llamas tú? What is your name? (informal) expresión
¿Cómo? ¡Cómo! How? How! adverbio
¿Cómo? ¡Cómo! What? What! adverbio
¿Cuál? Which? pronombre
¿Cuáles? Which ones? pronombre
¿Cuándo? When? pronombre
¿Cuánto? How much? pronombre
¿Cuántos? How many? pronombre
¿De dónde? From where? preposición
¿Dónde? Where? adverbio
¿Por qué? Why? pronombre
¿Qué hay de nuevo? What’s new? expresión
¿Qué hora es? What time is it? expresión
¿Qué tal? How is it going? (informal) expresión
¿Qué? What? pronombre
¿Quién? Who? pronombre
¿Quiénes? Who? (pl.) pronombre
a at preposición
a to preposición
a fuera de outside of expresión
a la 1:00 at 1:00 times related 1:00 expresión
a la derecha to the right expresión
a la izquierda to the left expresión
a la parrilla grilled adjetivo
a las… >2:00 at … >2:00 clock time expresión
a lo largo throughout expresión
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Glosario Inglés
Glosario Inglés
0 cero adjetivo
1 uno adjetivo
10 diez adjetivo
100 cien adjetivo
100 ciento adjetivo
11 once adjetivo
12 doce adjetivo
13 trece adjetivo
14 catorce adjetivo
15 quince adjetivo
16 diez y seis / dieciséis adjetivo
17 diez y siete /diecisiete adjetivo
18 diez y ocho / dieciocho adjetivo
19 diez y nueve / diecinueve adjetivo
2 dos adjetivo
20 veinte adjetivo
200 doscientos adjetivo
21 veinte y uno / veintiuno adjetivo
22 veinte y dos / veintidós adjetivo
23 veinte y tres / veintitrés adjetivo
24 veinte y cuatro / veinticuatro adjetivo
25 veinte y cinco /veinticinco adjetivo
26 veinte y seis / veintiséis adjetivo
27 veinte y siete / veintisiete adjetivo
28 veinte y ocho / veintiocho adjetivo
29 veinte y nueve / veintinueve adjetivo
3 tres adjetivo
30 treinta adjetivo
300 trescientos adjetivo
31 treinta y uno adjetivo
32 treinta y dos adjetivo
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Glosario Inglés
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Yo Puedo 2 by Silvagio-Adams & Vallejo-Alegre
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Glosario Inglés
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Yo Puedo 2 by Silvagio-Adams & Vallejo-Alegre
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Glosario Inglés
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Yo Puedo 2 by Silvagio-Adams & Vallejo-Alegre
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Objetivos por unidad
UNIDAD 1:
1. Review the Spanish alphabet, some phonetic rules and strategies for writing and
pronunciation.
4. Review the components of the sentence and the Spanish grammatical structures.
6. Differentiate words that have similar “literal” definitions by reiterating their varying
UNIDAD 2:
1. Review the Spanish pronunication rules for stress.
3. Learn some strategies for the correct use of the orthographic stress.
6. Learn, recognize and apply clothing and shopping related words in writing and speech.
8. Apply prepositions for emphasis, possession, expressions and the “personal a”.
11. Gain the ability to be more diplomatic in your wishes, wants, needs of someone else or
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Yo Puedo 2 by Silvagio-Adams & Vallejo-Alegre
12. Recognize the traditional clothing within a variety of Spanish speaking countries.
UNIDAD 3:
1. Gain awareness of the meal times and components of a meal in hispanic countries.
5. Make comparisons about foods, meals, restaurants and apply comparison structures in
general conversations.
UNIDAD 4:
1. Communicate about the past using regular verbs in the preterit indicative.
2. Increase your abilities communicating in past using the irregular verbs in preterit.
3. Follow models.
4. Cronological order.
5. Paragraph structure.
6. Avoid redundancy.
9. Communicate about the past using the imperfect tense in the indicative mood.
UNIDAD 5:
1. Develop an awareness and appreciation of different Spanish speaking countries.
2. Understand advice about a study abroad experience via a review of moods and tenses.
6. Discuss one’s personal experience studying abroad using the pretérito vs imperfecto.
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