mahipalrathore

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Dr. Mahipal Singh Rathore

©DrMahipalRathore
1336 – Vijaynagar Empire formed.

1347 – Bahamani Sultanate breaks free from Delhi.

©DrMahipalRathore
©DrMahipalRathore
 Vijaynagar Empire
• 1336 CE

• Founded by Harihara & Bukka – Officers under

Kakatiyas, and later minsters in the Kingdom of
Kampili (modern Karnataka).

• They were imprisoned and converted when Kampili

was overrun by Mohammad bin Tughlaq.

• Appointed to deal with rebellions in the region.

©DrMahipalRathore
Soon they declared independence, and returned to
Hinduism under the guidance of Guru Vidyaranya.

©DrMahipalRathore
Faced 2 enemies in the beginning –
1. Hoysala ruler of Mysore,
2. Sultan of Madurai.

Sultan of Madurai defeated Hoysalas and executed the

king in a barbarous manner.

The dissolution of Hoysalas = allowed Harihara and

Bukka to take over its complete territories by 1346.

By 1377 – Madurai Sultanate wiped out.

©DrMahipalRathore
©DrMahipalRathore
• Existed for over 3
centuries, ruling over large
part of southern India.

• Named after capital city –

Vijaynagar (present day-
Hampi Karnataka).

©DrMahipalRathore
At this point, Vijaynagar comprised whole of south
India up to Rameswaram.

Major rival = Bahmani Kingdom (founded in 1347).

©DrMahipalRathore
©DrMahipalRathore
Four major dynasties ruled in Vijaynagar:

1. Sangam Dynasty – Shaivites

2. Saluva Dynasty
3. Tuluva Dynasty
4. Aravidu Dynasty

Remaining all 3 dynasties were followers of Vaishnavism

©DrMahipalRathore
 Sangam Dynasty
Harihara I 1336–1356
Bukka Raya I 1356–1377
Harihara Raya II 1377–1404
Virupaksha Raya 1404–1405
Bukka Raya II 1405–1406
Deva Raya I 1406–1422
Ramachandra Raya 1422
Vira Vijaya Bukka Raya 1422–1424
Deva Raya II 1424–1446
Mallikarjuna Raya 1446–1465
Virupaksha Raya II 1465–1485
Praudha Raya 1485 ©DrMahipalRathore
Cause of conflict with
Bahamanis:

1. Raichur Doab – between

Krishna and Tungabhadra
rivers

2. Fertile delta of Krishna

Godavari

3. Konkan strip between

Western Ghats and the sea
(ports like Goa facilitated
trade – import of horses from
Arabia) ©DrMahipalRathore
Raichur doab

©DrMahipalRathore
 Krishna-Godavari
delta

©DrMahipalRathore
 Godavari
delta

Krishna delta

©DrMahipalRathore
• Repeated battles with Bahmanis, and tremendous
slaughter.

1367 – Bukka I assault on Mudkal fortress.

– In revenge, the Bahmani sultan crossed the
Tungabhadra and marched into Vijaynagar, defeated the
king and forced him to retreat to the jungle, long war
and slaughter continued.
– Advantage of the Bahmani sultan was because
of the use of artillery.

Finally, a treaty shared the disputed Tungabhadra

doab between the 2 kingdoms. ©DrMahipalRathore
Vijaynagar expanded to the eastern
coast under Harihara II (1377 to 1404).

Defeated and captured territory from:

Reddis in upper Krishna Godavari

delta
Warangal rulers in lower Krishna
Godavari delta
Ganga rulers of Orissa
Contested Bahmani Sultans (they
were also interested in this region)
©DrMahipalRathore
Other military victories of
Harihara II:

• Captured Goa and Belgaum from

the Bahmanis.

• Sent an expedition to northern

Sri Lanka.

©DrMahipalRathore
• Warangal ruler had seized Golconda and Kaulas from the
Bahmani sultanate.

• Treaty between Warangal and Bahmanis = alliance that

lasted for over 50 years.

This alliance stopped Vijaynagar from taking over the

Tungabhadra doab.

©DrMahipalRathore
Golconda ©DrMahipalRathore
 Deva Raya I (1404 to 1422)
• Defeated by Bahmani Sultan Firuz Shah, in the fight over
Tungabhadra doab.

Had to pay 10 lakh huns, pearls and elephants as

indemnity.

Gave his daughter in marriage to the Sultan (ceded

Bankapur in the Tungabhadra doab, as dowry).

©DrMahipalRathore
Bankapur

©DrMahipalRathore
• Marriage celebrated with great pomp and show for 3 days.

• Sultan Firuz Shah Bahmani had earlier married the princess

of Kherla in Gondwana for political alliance and to ensure
peace.

• However, disputes arose again.

©DrMahipalRathore
Deva Raya alliance with Warangal to
partition the Reddi kingdom between
them

Switch of allegiance of Warangal from

Bahmanis to Vijaynagar

Deva Raya able to defeat Sultan Firuz

Shah Bahmani, and annexed entire Reddi
territory upto the mouth of Krishna river
©DrMahipalRathore
• Deva Raya also constructed dam on Tungabhadra.

• Irrigated cities and villages with canals from this dam.

• Dam on river Haridra.

1420 – Italian traveller Nicolo Conti describes a magnificent

capital city.

©DrMahipalRathore
Kannada inscription of Deva Raya I at the Hazara Rama temple
in modern day Hampi

©DrMahipalRathore
Mallikarjuna temple in Mallapangudi,
built by Deva Raya I

©DrMahipalRathore
 Deva Raya II (1425 to 1446)
• Greatest ruler of the Sangam dynasty.

• Recruited 2000 Muslims in the army (in order to

strengthen it) and gave them jagirs.

Made all Hindu soldiers and officers learn mounted

archery from them.

©DrMahipalRathore
1443 – Crossed the Tungabhadra in order to recover regions
south of the Krishna (Mudkal, Bankapura, etc.)
– After 3 hard battles, both sides agreed to maintain
existing frontiers.

©DrMahipalRathore
Portuguese traveller Nuniz writes:

Quilon, Sri Lanka, Pulicat, Pegu and Tenasserim (Burma and

Malaya) paid tribute to Deva Raya II.

Persian traveller Abdur Razzaq – Deva Raya II’s troops = 11 lakhs.

©DrMahipalRathore
©DrMahipalRathore
 Sangam Dynasty
Harihara I 1336–1356
Bukka Raya I 1356–1377
Harihara Raya II 1377–1404
Virupaksha Raya 1404–1405
Bukka Raya II 1405–1406
Deva Raya I 1406–1422
Ramachandra Raya 1422
Vira Vijaya Bukka Raya 1422–1424
Deva Raya II 1424–1446
Mallikarjuna Raya 1446–1465
Virupaksha Raya II 1465–1485
Praudha Raya 1485 ©DrMahipalRathore
1450 onwards – Orissa’s Gajapati rulers made deep raids into south India
up to Madurai.

This weakened Vijaynagar (phase of internal discord after Deva Raya II).

The authority of the Rayas shrunk to Karnataka and some parts of

western Andhra.

Minister Saluva usurped the throne – Saluva dynasty founded.

©DrMahipalRathore
 Saluva dynasty

Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya 1485–1491

Thimma Bhupala 1491

Narasimha Raya II 1491–1505

The Saluvas restored internal law and order.

©DrMahipalRathore
 Tuluva dynasty

Tuluva Narasa Nayaka 1491–1503

Vira Narasimha Raya 1503–1509

Krishna Deva Raya 1509–1529

Achyuta Deva Raya 1529–1542

Venkata I 1542

Sadasiva Raya 1542–1570

©DrMahipalRathore
Krishanadeva Raya (1509 to 1529)
• Greatest Ruler, belonged to Tuluva dynasty.

• Friendly with Portuguese.

• Defeated Bijapur sultan, Gajapati kings of

Odisha.

©DrMahipalRathore
Kannada inscription from 1513, at the Krishna
temple in Hampi describes Krishnadevaraya’s
victories against the Gajapatis of Odisha

©DrMahipalRathore
Had to contend against successor states
to the Bahmanis, Gajapatis, and
Portuguese at Goa.

Alliance between his 2 main rivals =

Bijapur + Orissa

Krishna Deva Raya overran Raipur and

Mudkal.
1520 – Bijapur Sultan defeated.

In the west, Vijaynagar armies reached

Belgaum and destroyed Gulbarga.

©DrMahipalRathore
• However, unlike the Cholas, he paid little attention to
developing a navy.

Portuguese beat him in maritime trade.

1530 – Struggle for succession after his death (his sons were
minor).

©DrMahipalRathore
• Krishnadeva Raya was also known as Andhra Bhoja.

• Wrote a book on polity.

• Patronized 8 eminent scholars/poets in his court

(Astadiggaja).

• Tenaliraman was part of Astadiggaja.

©DrMahipalRathore
Greatest of them was Peddana
(also known as
Andhra Kavita Pitamah).

©DrMahipalRathore
Literature – golden age of Telugu literature
Pedanna wrote
• Manucharitam (Telegu)
• Harikatha saram (Telegu)

Krishanadeva Raya (himself) wrote

• Amukhamaldaya (Telegu)
• Jambavti kalyanam (Sanskrit)

©DrMahipalRathore
• Nandi Thimmana wrote Parijathapaharanam.

• Madayyagari Mallana wrote Rajasekhara Charitramu.

• Dhurjati wrote Kalahasti Mahatyamu.

• Ayyalaraju Ramabhadrudu wrote Sakalakatha

Sangraha and Ramaabhyudayamu.

• Pingali Surana wrote Raghava

Pandaviyamu, Kalapurnodayam and Prabhavate Pradyamana.

©DrMahipalRathore
 Administration
• Absolute monarchy
• Provinces called Mandalams – Mandaleshwara / nayaks

• Empire — Mandalams —Nadus — Sthalas — Grama

• Land tax, ‘sist’ was 1/6th of the produce

• Gold coin → Varaha/Pagoda

• Silver coin  Tara
• Jital, Duggani - smaller units

• Army was strong and well organised – constant wars with Bahamani
©DrMahipalRathore
 Nayak system
• Top-grade officers of the army were known as
Nayaks or Poligars.

• Granted land in lieu of service – amaram.

• Later when Kings became weak and lost control –

the NAYAKS took up rule in Madurai, Tanjore etc in
17th and 18th centuries.

©DrMahipalRathore
 Economy of Vijayanagar
• Wealthy society – foreigners accounts.

• Agriculture – tanks, irrigations canals, dams across

Tungabhadra.

• Crafts and metallurgy flourished.

• Trade with Arabia, Persia, Portuguese, China etc

brought a lot prosperity plus taxes for kingdom.
©DrMahipalRathore
 Foreign Travellers

Ibn Batuta → Morocco

Nicolo-de-Conti → Venice(Italy)
Abdul Razzak → Persia
Barossa → Portugal
Domingos Paes → Portugal
Nuniz → Portugal

©DrMahipalRathore
 Sadashiva Raya (1543 to 1565)
• Real power in the hands of a triumvirate (led by Rama Raja).

• Rama Raja played the Muslim kingdoms against one another.

Entered commercial treaty with the Portuguese – supply of horses

to Bijapur was stopped.

Bijapur, Golconda, Ahmadnagar defeated.

©DrMahipalRathore
• Rama Raja only maintained the
balance of power in favour of
Vijaynagar, against these 3.

1565 – These 3 combined to defeat

Vijaynagar at Bannihatti, near
Talikota (a.k.a Battle of Talikota or
Battle of Rakshasa-Tangadi).

Rama Raja executed, big massacre

of Hindus, Vijaynagar looted and
destroyed.
©DrMahipalRathore
1565 – The Vijaynagar
capital was destroyed
after Battle of
TALIKOTA.

Although the capital

was abandoned and
Vijaynagar empire lost
all its power and glory,
the kingdom
continued to exist till
the 1670s.

©DrMahipalRathore
 Aravidu dynasty
Aliya Rama Raya 1542–1565
Tirumala Deva Raya 1565–1572
Sriranga I 1572–1586
Venkata II 1586–1614
Sriranga II 1614
Rama Deva Raya 1617–1632
Venkata III 1632–1642
Sriranga III 1642–1646 ©DrMahipalRathore
 Cultural Contributions
• Different languages such as Sanskrit, Telugu, Kannada and Tamil
flourished in the regions on Vijaynagar

• Vijaynagar style of temple architecture →

Tall Gopurams
Kalyanmandapam with large number of pillars

• Varadhraja & Ekamparantha temples at Kanchipuram

• Elephant chariot at Vithala temple - Hampi

©DrMahipalRathore
©DrMahipalRathore
Vithala Temple, Hampi
with the Elephant chariot

Hampi – the ruined city is a

UNESCO WORLD
HERITAGE SITE

©DrMahipalRathore
 ©DrMahipalRathore
Virupaksha temple Hampi

©DrMahipalRathore
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