​ ​ ​ ​ SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT - 1

Preliminary Tests
S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Colour: The colour of the salt is White Absence of Cu2+,Fe2+

noted. Ni2+,Co2+
2. Smell :Take a pinch of salt Vinegar like smell May be presence of
between your fingers and rub it CH3COO- ion
with drop of water.
3. Action of Heat: Take a small Vinegar like smell May be presence of
amount of salt in dry test tube and CH3COO- ion
strongly heat.

4. Flame Test : Take a small No characteristic flame is Absence of Ba+2, Ca+2,

amount of salt in a watch glass observed Cu+2, Sr2+, ions
add conc. HCl to make a paste
that is exposed through a glass
rod in a non luminous flame
5. ASH Test :Take a salt in test No characteristic flame is Absence of Zn+2, Mg+2,
tube add one or two drops of observed Al+3 ions
HNO3 and then cobalt nitrate
solution. Filter paper dipped
in it and burnt.
6. Action of NaOH: Take a salt in No characteristics observation Absence of
a test tube add NaOH solution NH4+ ion
and Heat.
Identification of Acid Radical

7. Action of Dilute H2SO4: Take a Colourless vapour with smell of May be presence of
little amount of salt in a test tube vinegar on warming the test tube CH3COO- ion
add dilute. H2SO4.
8. Action of Conc H2SO4: Take a No characteristic reaction Absence of Cl - , Br -,
little amount of salt in a test tube NO - ions
3
add Conc H2SO4.
9. Action of BaCl2 test: Add White precipitate is formed and Absence of SO42-,CO32-
BaCl2 solution to salt solution is soluble in conc.HCl ion
10. Ammonium molybdate test Canary yellow precipitate is not Absence of PO4-3 ion
To the salt solution add formed
conc.HNO3 and ammonium
molybdate
 Confirmation tests for the Acid Radical
Preparation of water extract (W.E):
[Acetates, nitrates and halides are soluble in water ]
Water extract is prepared by dissolving 1-2 gm of given salt in 10-15 mL of distilled water in a boiling test
tube,this solution is called water extract (W.E)

​ ​ ​ ​ Confirmation tests for Acetate ion (CH3COO- )

S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Ester formation: An acetate salt Pleasant fruity smell is Presence of CH3COO- ion
when heated with ethanol and observed is confirmed
conc Sulphuric acid.
2. Action of FeCl3: add Ferric A brown red precipitate is Presence of CH3COO- ion
chloride solution to the (WE) salt formed is confirmed
solution and heated

Identification of Group cation (Basic Radical)

Preparation of Original Solution
(for Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, CH3COO-, PO43- salts) Take a little amount of salt in a clean boiling tube and add a few mL
of water and Shake it. If it is not dissolved, heat the boiling tube till the salt is dissolved and is taken as Original
Solution (O.S)

GROUP SEPARATION
S.NO GROUP EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Add dilute HCl to White precipitate is formed Presence of group I
1. original solution
I ion.(Pb+2 )

Confirmation tests for the Basic Radical

Confirmation test for Pb+2 (I group)

S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Add K2CrO4 solution to the OS Yellow precipitate is Presence of
formed Pb+2 salt is confirmed

2. Add KI solution to the OS Yellow precipitate is Presence of

formed,when it is mixed with
hot water and then cool under Pb+2 salt is confirmed
tap water golden yellow
spangles are formed
Result : The given simple salt contains

(i)​ Anion : Acetate (CH3COO-)

(ii)​ Cation : Lead (Pb+2 )

(iii)​ Salt : Lead acetate (Pb(CH3COO)2)

​ ​ ​ ​ SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT - 2
Preliminary Tests
S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Colour: The colour of the salt is White Absence of Cu2+,Fe2+

noted. Ni2+,Co2+
2. Smell :Take a pinch of salt No characteristics May be absence of
between your fingers and rub it NH4+or CH3COO- ion
with drop of water. smell

3. Action of Heat: Take a small Brown colour gas May be presence of

amount of salt in dry test tube and NO3-. ion
strongly heat.

4. Flame Test : Take a small No characteristic flame is Absence of Ba+2, Ca+2,

amount of salt in a watch glass observed Cu+2, Sr2+, ions
add conc. HCl to make a paste
that is exposed through a glass
rod in a non luminous flame
5. ASH Test :Take a salt in test No characteristic flame is Absence of Zn+2, Mg+2,
tube add one or two drops of observed Al+3 ions
HNO3 and then cobalt nitrate
solution. Filter paper dipped
in it and burnt.
6. Action of NaOH: Take a salt in No characteristics observation Absence of
a test tube add NaOH solution NH4+ ion
and Heat.
Identification of Acid Radical

7. Action of Dilute H2SO4: Take a No characteristics observation Absence of

little amount of salt in a test tube CO32-,CH3COO- ion
add dilute. H2SO4.
8. Action of Conc H2SO4: Take a Reddish brown gas is evolved May be presence of
little amount of salt in a test tube NO3- ions
add Conc H2SO4.
i) Action of Conc H2SO4 + Copper Red brown vapours evolved Presence of nitrate
tunings: Take a little amount of (NO3- ) ions
salt add copper tunings and conc
sulfuric acid and heat strongly
9. Action of BaCl2 test: Add White precipitate is formed and Absence of SO42-,CO32-
BaCl2 solution to salt solution is soluble in conc.HCl ion
10. Ammonium molybdate test Canary yellow precipitate is not Absence of PO4-3 ion
To the salt solution add formed
conc.HNO3 and ammonium
molybdate
 Confirmation tests for the Acid Radical
Preparation of water extract (W.E):
[Acetates, nitrates and halides are soluble in water ]
Water extract is prepared by dissolving 1-2 gm of given salt in 10-15 mL of distilled water in a boiling test
tube,this solution is called water extract (W.E)

​ ​ ​ ​ Confirmation tests for Nitrate ion (NO3-)

S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Action of Conc H2SO4 + Copper Red brown vapours Presence of nitrate (NO3- )
tunings: Take a little amount of evolved ions
salt add copper tunings and conc
sulfuric acid and heat strongly
2. Brown ring test: To the salt Brown ring formed at the Presence of nitrate (NO3- )
solution (WE),add freshly prepared junction of two layers ions
Ferrous sulphate solution. Then
add conc sulfuric acid along the
sides of the test tube dropwise

Identification of Group cation (Basic Radical)

Preparation of Original Solution
(for Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, CH3COO-, PO43- salts) Take a little amount of salt in a clean boiling tube and add a few mL
of water and Shake it. If it is not dissolved, heat the boiling tube till the salt is dissolved and is taken as Original
Solution (O.S)

GROUP SEPARATION
S.NO GROUP EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Add dilute HCl to White precipitate is formed Presence of group I
1. original solution
I ion.(Pb+2 )

Confirmation tests for the Basic Radical

Confirmation test for Pb+2 (I group)

S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Add K2CrO4 solution to the OS Yellow precipitate is Presence of
formed Pb+2 salt is confirmed

2. Add KI solution to the OS Yellow precipitate is Presence of

formed,when it is mixed with
hot water and then cool under Pb+2 salt is confirmed
tap water golden yellow
spangles are formed
Result : The given simple salt contains

(i)​ Anion : Nitrate (NO3-)

(ii)​ Cation : Lead (Pb+2 )

(iii)​ Salt : Lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2)

 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT - 3
Preliminary Test
S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Colour: The colour of salt is White May be absence of

noted Cu+2, Ni2+, Fe2+, Co2+ion

2. Smell: Take a pinch of salt between No characteristic smell

your fingers and rub it with drop of Absence of NH4+, ion or
water CH3COO- ion.
3. Action of Heat : Take a small Colourless pungent smelling May be presence of Cl -
amount of salt in dry test tube and gas evolves. ion
strongly heat
4. Flame Test: Take a small amount of salt Apple green flame is May be Ba2+ ion.
in watch glass and add conc.HCl to observed
make a paste that is exposed through a
glass rod in non luminous flame
5. ASH Test: Take a salt in test tube add No characteristic Ash is Absence of Zn2+ ,
one or two drops of HNO3 and then observed Mg2+, Al3+ ions.
Cobalt nitrate solution. Filter paper
dipped in it and burnt.
+
6. Action of NaOH : Take a salt in a test No characteristic gas evolves. Absence of NH
4
salt.
tube add NaOH solution and heat.

Identification of Acid Radical

7. Action of dilute H2SO4 : No characteristic reaction. Absence of CO 32-,

Take a little amount of salt in a test CH3COO-
tube add dilute H2SO4. ions.

8. Action of conc. H2SO4: Colourless pungent smelling Chloride ion (Cl - )

Take a little amount of salt in a test gas evolved which gives May be present.
tube add conc. H2SO4. dense white fumesof NH4Cl
when a glass rod dipped in
aq.ammonia solution and
exposed to the mouth of the
test tube
i) Manganase di oxide test: Greenish yellow vapours Presence of Cl- ion.
Mix a pinch of salt with a pinch of with pungent odour is
MnO2 and add 3 to 4 drops of conc. evolves.
H2SO4 and heat the mixture.
ii) Action of conc H2SO4 with Copper No Reddish brown vapours Absence of nitrate
tunings: Take a small amount of salt are evolved. ion.
add copper
tunings , conc. H2SO4 and heat
strongly.
9. Action of BaCl2 test : Add BaCl2 White precipitate is not Absence of CO3 2-,
solution to salt solution. formed. SO4 2- ion
 S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
10. Ammonium molybdate test: To the Canary yellow precipitate is not Absence of
salt solution add conc. H2SO4 and formed PO43- ion
Ammonium
molybdate

​ ​ ​ ​ Confirmation test for the Acid radical

Preparation of water extract (W.E) : [Acetates, nitrates , halides are soluble in water ] Water extract is
prepared by dissolving 1-2 gram of given salt in 10 – 15 ml distilled water in a boiling test tube, this
solution is called Water Extract(W.E).

Confirmation Test for Chloride ion (Cl- )

S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Manganase - di - oxide test: Greenish yellow Presence of Cl-
Mix a pinch of salt with a pinch of vapours with ion.
MnO2 and add 3 to 4 drops of conc. pungent odour is
evolves.
H2SO4 and heat the mixture.
2. Silver Nitrate Test: Salt solution is White curdy ppt. is Cl- ion is
mixed with dilute HNO3 and silver formed . It is soluble confirmed.
nitrate solution. in ammonium
hydroxide solution
​ ​ ​ Identification of Group cation (Basic Radical)
Preparation of original solution: Take a small amount of salt in a clean boiling tube and add a few ml
of water and shake it, till the salt is dissolved and is taken as Original solution(O.S).
GROUP SEPARATION
S.NO GROUP EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. I Add dilute HCl to the original No White ppt is Absence of I -group
solution formed (Pb2+)
2. II O.S + dilute HCl + H2S No Black ppt. is formed Absence of II -group
ion (Cu2+)
3. III O.S is saturated with No characteristic ppt. is Absence of III -group
solid NH4Cl and then formed. ion (Al3+ , Fe2+)
add excess NH4OH.
4. IV O.S + NH4Cl + NH4OH+ H2S No characteristic ppt. is Absence of IV – group
formed. ions(Co2+ ,Ni2+ )
5. V O.S + NH4Cl + NH4OH+ White ppt. is Presence of V – group
(NH4)2CO3 formed ions(Ba2+,Ca2+ , Sr2+)

Confirmation test for Ba2+ (V group)

S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Add potassium di chromate Yellow ppt. is formed Ba2+ ion is confirmed
solution to the O.S
2. Flame Test: Take a small amount Apple green flame Ba2+ ion is confirmed
of salt in watch glass and add conc. is observed
HCl to make a paste that is exposed
through a glass rod in non
-luminous flame.
 and add conc. HCl to make a
paste that is exposed through a
glass rod in non -luminous
flame.

RESULT: The given simple salt contains

1.​ Anion : Chloride ion (Cl- )

2.​ Cation : Barium ion (Ba2+)
3.​ Salt​ : Barium Chloride [ BaCl2 ]
​ ​ ​ ​ SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT - 4
Preliminary Tests
S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Colour: The colour of the salt is White Absence of Cu2+,Fe2+

noted. Ni2+,Co2+
2. Smell :Take a pinch of salt No characteristics May be absence of
between your fingers and rub it NH4+or CH3COO- ion
with drop of water. smell

3. Action of Heat: Take a small Brown colour gas May be presence of

amount of salt in dry test tube and NO3-. ion
strongly heat.

4. Flame Test : Take a small No characteristic flame is Absence of Ba+2, Ca+2,

amount of salt in a watch glass observed Cu+2, Sr2+, ions
add conc. HCl to make a paste
that is exposed through a glass
rod in a non luminous flame
5. ASH Test :Take a salt in test No characteristic flame is Absence of Zn+2, Mg+2,
tube add one or two drops of observed Al+3 ions
HNO3 and then cobalt nitrate
solution. Filter paper dipped
in it and burnt.
6. Action of NaOH: Take a salt in No characteristics observation Absence of
a test tube add NaOH solution NH4+ ion
and Heat.
Identification of Acid Radical

7. Action of Dilute H2SO4: Take a No characteristics observation Absence of

little amount of salt in a test tube CO32-,CH3COO- ion
add dilute. H2SO4.
8. Action of Conc H2SO4: Take a Reddish brown gas is evolved May be presence of
little amount of salt in a test tube NO3- ions
add Conc H2SO4.
i) Action of Conc H2SO4 + Copper Red brown vapours evolved Presence of nitrate
tunings: Take a little amount of (NO3- ) ions
salt add copper tunings and conc
sulfuric acid and heat strongly
9. Action of BaCl2 test: Add White precipitate is formed and Absence of SO42-,CO32-
BaCl2 solution to salt solution is soluble in conc.HCl ion
10. Ammonium molybdate test Canary yellow precipitate is not Absence of PO4-3 ion
To the salt solution add formed
conc.HNO3 and ammonium
molybdate
 Confirmation tests for the Acid Radical
Preparation of water extract (W.E):
[Acetates, nitrates and halides are soluble in water ]
Water extract is prepared by dissolving 1-2 gm of given salt in 10-15 mL of distilled water in a boiling test
tube,this solution is called water extract (W.E)

​ ​ ​ ​ Confirmation tests for Nitrate ion (NO3-)

S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Action of Conc H2SO4 + Copper Red brown vapours Presence of nitrate (NO3- )
tunings: Take a little amount of evolved ions
salt add copper tunings and conc
sulfuric acid and heat strongly
2. Brown ring test: To the salt Brown ring formed at the Presence of nitrate (NO3- )
solution (WE),add freshly prepared junction of two layers ions
Ferrous sulphate solution. Then
add conc sulfuric acid along the
sides of the test tube dropwise

Identification of Group cation (Basic Radical)

Preparation of Original Solution
(for Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, CH3COO-, PO43- salts) Take a little amount of salt in a clean boiling tube and add a few mL
of water and Shake it. If it is not dissolved, heat the boiling tube till the salt is dissolved and is taken as Original
Solution (O.S)

GROUP SEPARATION
S.NO GROUP EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Add dilute HCl to original No White ppt is formed Absence of I -group
1. solution (Pb2+)
I
2. II O.S + dilute HCl + H2S No Black ppt. is formed Absence of II -group
ion (Cu2+)
3. III O.S is saturated with No characteristic ppt. is Absence of III -group
solid NH4Cl and then formed. ion (Al3+ , Fe2+)
add excess NH4OH.
4. IV O.S + NH4Cl + NH4OH+ H2S No characteristic ppt. is Absence of IV – group
formed. ions(Co2+ ,Ni2+ )

5. V O.S + NH4Cl + NH4OH+ White ppt. is formed Presence of V – group

(NH4)2CO3 ions(Ba2+,Ca2+ , Sr2+)

Confirmation tests for the Basic Radical

Confirmation test for Ba+2 (V group)

S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Add potassium di chromate Yellow precipitate is formed
1. Presence of
solution to the O.S
Ba+2 salt is confirmed
 S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

2. Flame Test: Take a small amount Apple green flame is

Presence of
of salt in watch glass and add conc. observed
HCl to make a paste that is exposed Ba+2 salt is confirmed
through a glass rod in non
luminous flame.

Result : The given simple salt contains

​ Anion : Nitrate (NO3-)

​ Cation : Barium(Ba+2 )

​ Salt : Barium nitrate (Ba(NO3)2)

 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT-5
Preliminary Test
S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Colour: The colour of salt is noted White May be due to

absence of Cu2+ Fe2+
,
,
2+ 2+
Ni , Co
2. Smell: Take a pinch of salt No characteristic Absence of NH4+, ion or
between your fingers and rub it with smell CH3COO- ion.
drop of water
3. Action of Heat : Take a small No characteristic Absence of CO32-, Cl -,
amount of salt in dry test tube and observation CH3COO- ,NH4+
strongly heat
4. Flame Test: Take a small amount of No characteristic Absence of Ba2+, Ca2+,
salt in watch glass and add conc. HCl flame is observed Sr2+, Cu2+ ion.
to make a paste that is exposed
through a glass rod in non luminous
flame
5. ASH Test: Take a salt in test tube add Pink Ash is observed May be Mg2+ ion.
one or two drops of HNO3 and then
Cobalt nitrate solution. Filter paper
dipped in it and burnt.

6. Action of NaOH : Take a salt in a test No characteristic Absence of NH4+ salt.

tube add NaOH solution observation.
and heat.

Identification of Acid Radical

7. Action of dilute H2SO4 : No characteristic reaction. Absence of

Take a little amount of salt in a test CO32-,CH3COO-
tube add dilute H2SO4. ions.
8. Action of conc. H2SO4: No characteristic reaction.
Absence of Cl-, Br-,
Take a little amount of salt in a test
tube add conc. H2SO4. NO3- ions.
9. Action of BaCl2 test : Add BaCl2 White precipitate is formed.It is SO42- ion
solution to salt solution. insoluble in conc.HCl. may be present.

10. Ammonium molybdate test: Canary yellow precipitate Absence of PO43-

To the salt solution add conc. is not formed ion
HNO3, and Ammonium molybdate

​ ​ ​ ​ ​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Confirmation test for the Acid radical

Preparation of water extract (W.E) : Water extract is prepared by dissolving 1-2 gram of given salt
in 10 – 15 ml distilled water in a boiling test tube, this solution is called Water Extract(W.E).
 Confirmation Test for Sulphate ion (SO42-)

S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Action of BaCl2 test: Add White precipitate is Sulphate (SO42-)
Barium chloride solution to the formed.It is insoluble ion is present.
salt solution in conc.HCl
2. Lead Acetate test: To the salt White precipitate is SO42- ion is confirmed.
solution,add lead acetate formed.It is soluble in
solution. ammonium
acetate solution.

Identification of Group cation (Basic Radical)

Preparation of original solution: Take a small amount of salt in a clean boiling tube and add a
few ml of water and shake it, till the salt is dissolved and is taken as Original solution(O.S).
GROUP SEPARATION

S.NO GROUP EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. I Add dilute HCl to the original No White Absence of I -group (Pb2+)
solution precipitate is formed
2. II O.S + dilute HCl + H2S No Black precipitate Absence of II -group ion (Cu2+)
is formed
3. III O.S is saturated with No characteristic Absence of III -group ion (Al3+ ,
solid NH4Cl and then add precipitate is formed. Fe2+)
excess NH4OH.
4. IV O.S + NH4Cl + NH4OH + No characteristic Absence of IV –group ions
H2S precipitate is formed. (Co2+,Ni2+ )

5. V O.S + NH4Cl + NH4OH + No characteristic Absence of V –group

(NH4)2CO3 precipitate is ions (Ba2+, Ca2+ ,Sr2+)
formed.
6. VI O.S + NH4Cl + NH4OH White precipitate is Presence of VI – group
+ Na2HPO4 formed.it is soluble in ion (Mg2+)
acetic acid.
​ Confirmation test for Mg2+ (VI group)

S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. To the OS add magneson White precipitate is Mg2+ ion is confirmed.
reagent(an alkaline solution of formed.It is soluble in
p-nitro benzene azo resorcinol) excess NaOH solution.
and excess of
NaOH
2. ASH Test: Take a salt in test tube Pink Ash is observed. Mg2+ ion is confirmed.
add one or two drops of HNO3
and then Cobalt nitrate solution.
Filter paper
dipped in it and burnt.
RESULT: The given simple salt contains

1.​ Anion : Sulphate ion (SO42-)

2.​ Cation : Magnesium ion (Mg2+)
3.​ Salt. : Magnesium sulphate [MgSO4]
 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT - 6
Preliminary Test
S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Colour: The colour of salt is noted White May be due to

absence of Cu2+ Fe2+
,
,
2+ 2+
Ni , Co
2. Smell: Take a pinch of salt No characteristic Absence of NH4+, ion or
between your fingers and rub it with smell CH3COO- ion.
drop of water
3. Action of Heat : Take a small No characteristic Absence of CO32-, Cl -,
amount of salt in dry test tube and observation CH3COO- ,NH4+
strongly heat
4. Flame Test: Take a small amount of No characteristic Absence of Ba2+, Ca2+,
salt in watch glass and add conc. HCl flame is observed Sr2+, Cu2+ ion.
to make a paste that is exposed
through a glass rod in non luminous
flame
5. ASH Test: Take a salt in test tube add Blue Ash is observed May be Al3+ ion.
one or two drops of HNO3 and then
Cobalt nitrate solution. Filter paper
dipped in it and burnt.
6. Action of NaOH : Take a salt in a test No characteristic Absence of NH4+ salt.
tube add NaOH solution and heat. observation.

Identification of Acid Radical

7. Action of dilute H2SO4 : No characteristic reaction. Absence of CO32-,

Take a little amount of salt in a test CH3COO- ions.
tube add dilute H2SO4.
8. Action of conc. H2SO4: No characteristic reaction. Absence of
Take a little amount of salt in a test -
tube add conc. H2SO4. Cl-,Br-, NO3 ions.
9. Action of BaCl2 test : Add BaCl2 White precipitate is formed.It is SO42- ion may be
solution to salt solution. insoluble in conc.HCl. present.

10. Ammonium molybdate test: Canary yellow precipitate is Absence of PO43-

To the salt solution add conc. not formed ion
HNO3, and Ammonium
molybdate

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Confirmation test for the Acid radical

Preparation of water extract (W.E) : Water extract is prepared by dissolving 1-2 gram of given salt
in 10 – 15 ml distilled water in a boiling test tube, this solution is called Water Extract(W.E).
 Confirmation Test for Sulphate ion (SO42-)

S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Action of BaCl2 test: Add White precipitate is Sulphate
Barium chloride solution to the formed.It is insoluble in (SO42-) ion is
salt solution conc.HCl, present.
2. Lead Acetate test: To the salt White precipitate is formed.It Sulphate (SO42-) ion
solution,add lead acetate is soluble in ammonium is confirmed.
solution. acetate solution.

Identification of Group cation (Basic Radical)

Preparation of original solution: Take a small amount of salt in a clean boiling tube and add a
few ml of water and shake it, till the salt is dissolved and is taken as Original solution(O.S).

GROUP SEPARATION

S.NO GROUP EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. I Add dilute HCl to the No White Absence of I -group (Pb2+)
original solution precipitate is formed
2. II O.S + dilute HCl + No Black precipitate Absence of II -group
H2S is formed ion (Cu2+)
3. III O.S is saturated with White Presence of III – group
solid NH4Cl and then add precipitate is ion (Al3+)
excess NH4OH. formed.
​ Confirmation test for Al3+ (III group)

S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Action of NaOH : White precipitate is Al3+ ion is confirmed.
Add NaOH solution dropwise to the OS formed.It is soluble in
excess NaOH
solution.
2. ASH Test: Take a salt in test tube Blue Ash is observed. Al3+ ion is confirmed.
add one or two drops of HNO3 and
then Cobalt nitrate solution. Filter
paper dipped in it and burnt.

RESULT: The given simple salt contains

​ Anion : Sulphate ion (SO42-)
​ Cation : Aluminium ion (Al3+)
​ Salt : Aluminium sulphate [Al2(SO4)3]
 ​ SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT -7
Preliminary Tests
S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Colour : The colour of the salt is White May be due to absence of

noted. Cu2+ ,Fe2+ ,Ni2+ ,Co2+

2. Smell :-Take a pinch of salt No characteristic smell Absence of NH4+ ion or

between your fingers and
rub it with drop of water. CH3COO- ion
3. Action of Heat : Brown colour gas May be NO3- ion
Take a small amount of salt
in dry test tube and strongly heat.
4. Flame Test :Take a small Brick red flame is observed May be Ca2+ ion
amount of salt in a watch glass
add conc. HCl to make a paste
that is exposed through a glass
rod in a non luminous flame
5. ASH Test : Take a salt in test No characteristic flame is Absence of Zn+2, Mg+2,
tube add one or two drops of observed Al+3ions
HNO3 and then cobalt nitrate
solution. Filter paper dipped in it
and burnt.
6. Action of NaOH : Take a salt in No characteristic reaction Absence of NH4++ Salt
a test tube add NaOH solution
and Heat.

Identification of Acid Radical

7. Action of Dilute H2SO4 :- No characteristic reaction Absence, of CO32-
Take a little amount of salt in a test
tube add dilute. H2SO4. CH3COO- ions
8. Action of Con H2SO4 :- Reddish brown gas is evolved. NO3 - may be present
Take a little amount of salt in a test
tube add conc H2SO4.
i) Action of conc. H2SO4 + copper Reddish brown vapours are Reddish brown
tunings :- evolved vapours are evolved
Take a little amount of salt add
copper tunings, conc.H2SO4 and
heat strongly.
9. Action of BaCl2 test: Add BaCl2 White precipitate is not formed Absence of CO32-,
solution to salt solution
SO4-2 ions
 10. Ammonium molybdate test Canary yellow precipitate is not formed Absence of PO4-3 ion
To the salt solution add
conc.HNO3 and ammonium
molybdate

Confirmation tests for the Acid Radical

Preparation of water extract (W.E):-​ [Acetates, nitrates and halides are soluble in water. Confirmatory tests
for those anions can be performed with water extract.]
Water extract is prepared by dissolving 1-2gm of given salt in 10-15ml distilled water in a
boiling test tube; this solution is called water extract (W.E).

Confirmation test for Nitrate ion (NO3-)

S.N o EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Presence of Nitrate (NO3 )-

1. Action of conc. H2SO4 + Reddish brown vapours
copper tunings :- Take a little are evolved ion
amount of salt add copper
tunings, onc.H2SO4 and heat
strongly.
2. Brown ring test :- To the (WE) salt Brown ring is formed at NO3 - ion is confirmed.
solution add freshly prepared Ferrous the junction of two layers.
sulphate solution. Then add
conc.H2SO4 along the sides of the
test tube dropwise.

Identification of Group cation (Basic Radical)

Preparation of Original Solution

Take a little salt in a clean boiling tube and add few mL of water and shake it. If it is not dissolved, heta the
boiling tube till the salt is dissolved and is taken as Original Solution (O.S)
 GROUP SEPARATION
S.No GROUP EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Add dilute HCl to No white precipitate is Absence of I – group (Pb+2)

1. I original solution formed
OS + dilute HCl + H2S No Black precipitate is Absence of II– group
2. II formed (Cu+2)
O.S is saturated with No characteristic Absence of III- group
3. solid NH4Cl and then precipitate (Al+3, Fe+2) ions
III add excess NH4OH
OS + NH4Cl + NH4OH No characteristic Absence of IV- group ions
4. IV + H2S precipitate (Zn2+ ,Ni2+)
OS + NH4Cl + NH4OH White precipitate is Presence of V- group ions
5. V + (NH4)2CO3 solution formed (Ba+2, Ca+2,Sr+2)

Confirmation tests for the Basic Radical

Confirmation tests for Ca+2 ion (V group)

S.N o EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Add ammonium oxalate White precipitate is formed. Ca+2 ion is confirmed.

solution to the OS
2. Flame Test:- Take a small Brick red flame is observed Ca+2 ion is confirmed.
amount of salt in a watch glass
add conc. HCl to make a paste
that is exposed through a glass
rod in a non luminous flame.

Result : The given simple salt contains

(i)​ Anion : Nitrate (NO3-)

(ii)​ Cation : Calcium (Ca2+)

(iii)​ Salt : Calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2)

​ ​ ​ ​ SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT - 8
Preliminary Tests
S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Colour: The colour of the salt is White Absence of Cu2+,Fe2+

noted. Ni2+,Co2+
2. Smell :Take a pinch of salt Ammonical smell May be presence of
between your fingers and rub it NH4+ ,CH3COO- ion
with drop of water. Vinegar like smell

3. Action of Heat: Take a small Vinegar like smell May be presence of

amount of salt in dry test tube and NH4+ ,CH3COO- ion
strongly heat. Smell of NH3

4. Flame Test : Take a small No characteristic flame is Absence of Ba+2, Ca+2,

amount of salt in a watch glass observed Cu+2, Sr2+, ions
add conc. HCl to make a paste
that is exposed through a glass
rod in a non luminous flame
5. ASH Test :Take a salt in test No characteristic flame is Absence of Zn+2, Mg+2,
tube add one or two drops of observed Al+3 ions
HNO3 and then cobalt nitrate
solution. Filter paper dipped
in it and burnt.
6. Action of NaOH: Take a salt in A colourless gas is evolved. May be presence of
a test tube add NaOH solution When a glass rod is dipped in NH4+ Salt
and Heat. conc.HCl and exposed above the
mouth of the test tube. White
dense (NH4Cl) fumes observed
Identification of Acid Radical

7. Action of Dilute H2SO4: Take a Colourless vapour with smell of May be presence of
little amount of salt in a test tube vinegar on warming the test tube CH3COO- ion
add dilute. H2SO4.
8. Action of Conc H2SO4: Take a No characteristic reaction Absence of Cl - , Br -,
little amount of salt in a test tube NO - ions
3
add Conc H2SO4.
9. Action of BaCl2 test: Add White precipitate is formed and Absence of SO42-,CO32-
BaCl2 solution to salt solution is soluble in conc.HCl ion
10. Ammonium molybdate test Canary yellow precipitate is not Absence of PO4-3 ion
To the salt solution add formed
conc.HNO3 and ammonium
molybdate
 Confirmation tests for the Acid Radical
Preparation of water extract (W.E):
[Acetates, nitrates and halides are soluble in water ]
Water extract is prepared by dissolving 1-2 gm of given salt in 10-15 mL of distilled water in a boiling test
tube,this solution is called water extract (W.E)

​ ​ ​ ​ Confirmation tests for Acetate ion (CH3COO- )

S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Ester formation: An acetate salt Pleasant fruity smell is Presence of CH3COO- ion
when heated with ethanol and observed is confirmed
conc Sulphuric acid.
2. Action of FeCl3: add Ferric A brown red precipitate is Presence of CH3COO- ion
chloride solution to the (WE) salt formed is confirmed
solution and heated

Identification of Group cation (Basic Radical)

Preparation of Original Solution
(for Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, CH3COO-, PO43- salts) Take a little amount of salt in a clean boiling tube and add a few mL
of water and Shake it. If it is not dissolved, heat the boiling tube till the salt is dissolved and is taken as Original
Solution (O.S)

GROUP SEPARATION
S.NO GROUP EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
To the salt solution Reddish brown ppt. is Presence of Zero group
1. Nessler’s reagent is formed.
0 ion.(NH4+ )
added
Confirmation tests for the Basic Radical
Confirmation test for NH4+ (0 group)

S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Action of NaOH: Take a salt in a A colourless gas is evolved. Presence of
test tube add NaOH solution and When a glass rod is dipped NH4+ Salt is confirmed
Heat. in conc.HCl and exposed
above the mouth of the test
tube. White dense (NH4Cl)
fumes observed

2. Nessler’s Reagent test:To the salt Reddish brown ppt. is Presence of

solution Nessler’s reagent is added formed.
NH4+ Salt is confirmed
Result : The given simple salt contains

(i)​ Anion : Acetate (CH3COO-)

(ii)​ Cation : Ammonium (NH4+ )

(iii)​ Salt : Ammonium acetate (CH3COONH4)

​ ​ ​ ​ SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT - 9
Preliminary Tests
S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Colour: The colour of the salt is White Absence of Cu2+,Fe2+

noted. Ni2+,Co2+
2. Smell :-Take a pinch of salt Ammonical May be presence of
between your fingers and rub it NH4+ ion
with drop of water. smell

3. Action of Heat :Take a small Smell of NH3 May be NH4+ ion.

amount of salt in dry test tube and
strongly heat.

4. Flame Test : Take a small No characteristic flame is Absence of Ba+2, Ca+2,

amount of salt in a watch glass observed Cu+2, Sr2+, ions
add conc. HCl to make a paste
that is exposed through a glass
rod in a non luminous flame
5. ASH Test :Take a salt in test No characteristic flame is Absence of Zn+2, Mg+2,
tube add one or two drops of observed Al+3 ions
HNO3 and then cobalt nitrate
solution. Filter paper dipped
in it and burnt.
6. Action of NaOH: Take a salt in A colourless gas is evolved. May be presence of
a test tube add NaOH solution When a glass rod is dipped in NH4+ Salt
and Heat. conc.HCl and exposed above the
mouth of the test tube. White
dense (NH4Cl) fumes observed
Identification of Acid Radical

7. Action of Dilute H2SO4: Take a No characteristic reaction Absence of CH3COO- ,

little amount of salt in a test tube CO32- ions
add dilute. H2SO4.
8. Action of Conc H2SO4: Take a No characteristic reaction Absence of Cl - , Br -,
little amount of salt in a test tube NO - ions
3
add Conc H2SO4.
9. Action of BaCl2 test:Add White precipitate is not formed Absence of CO32- ,
BaCl2 solution to salt solution
SO4 -2 ions
10. Ammonium molybdate test Canary yellow precipitate is May be presence of
To the salt solution add formed PO4-3 ion
conc.HNO3 and ammonium
molybdate
 Confirmation tests for the Acid Radical

Preparation of Sodium carbonate extract (SE):

1 gm of powdered mixture, 1-2g of sodium carbonate, 10mL distilled water is taken in a boiling tube.
Heat with stirring for 5-10 minutes. Cool the contents and filter. The filtrate is called Sodium carbonate
extract (SE)

Confirmation tests for Phosphate ion (PO43- )

S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Ammonium molybdate test Canary yellow precipitate is Presence of PO4-3 ion
To the salt solution (WE) add formed
conc.HNO3 and ammonium
molybdate
2. To the sodium carbonate extract A Violet precipitate is formed. PO4-3 ion is confirmed
add Cobalt nitrate solution. It is soluble in acetic acid
solution

Identification of Group cation (Basic Radical)

Preparation of Original Solution
(for Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, CH3COO-, PO43- salts) Take a little amount of salt in a clean boiling tube and add a few mL
of water and Shake it. If it is not dissolved, heat the boiling tube till the salt is dissolved and is taken as Original
Solution (O.S)

GROUP SEPARATION
S.NO GROUP EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
To the salt solution Reddish brown ppt. is Presence of Zero group
1. Nessler’s reagent is formed.
0 ion.(NH4+ )
added
Confirmation tests for the Basic Radical
Confirmation test for NH4+ (0 group)

S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Action of NaOH: Take a salt in a A colourless gas is evolved. Presence of
test tube add NaOH solution and When a glass rod is dipped NH4+ Salt is confirmed
Heat. in conc.HCl and exposed
above the mouth of the test
tube. White dense (NH4Cl)
fumes observed

2. Nessler’s Reagent test:To the salt Reddish brown ppt. is Presence of

solution Nessler’s reagent is added formed.
NH4+ Salt is confirmed
Result : The given simple salt contains

(i)​ Anion : Phosphate (PO4-3)

(ii)​ Cation : Ammonium (NH4+ )

(iii)​ Salt : Ammonium phosphate (NH4(PO4)3)

​ ​ ​ ​ SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT - 10
Preliminary Tests
S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Colour: The colour of the salt is White Absence of Cu2+,Fe2+

noted. Ni2+,Co2+
2. Smell :Take a pinch of salt Ammonical smell May be presence of
between your fingers and rub it NH4+ ,CH3COO- ion
with drop of water. Vinegar like smell

3. Action of Heat: Take a small Vinegar like smell May be presence of

amount of salt in dry test tube and NH4+ ,CH3COO- ion
strongly heat. Smell of NH3

4. Flame Test : Take a small No characteristic flame is Absence of Ba+2, Ca+2,

amount of salt in a watch glass observed Cu+2, Sr2+, ions
add conc. HCl to make a paste
that is exposed through a glass
rod in a non luminous flame
5. ASH Test :Take a salt in test No characteristic flame is Absence of Zn+2, Mg+2,
tube add one or two drops of observed Al+3 ions
HNO3 and then cobalt nitrate
solution. Filter paper dipped
in it and burnt.
6. Action of NaOH: Take a salt in A colourless gas is evolved. May be presence of
a test tube add NaOH solution When a glass rod is dipped in NH4+ Salt
and Heat. conc.HCl and exposed above the
mouth of the test tube. White
dense (NH4Cl) fumes observed
Identification of Acid Radical

7. Action of Dilute H2SO4: Take a Colourless vapour with smell of May be presence of
little amount of salt in a test tube vinegar on warming the test tube NH4+ ,CH3COO- ion
add dilute. H2SO4.
8. Action of Conc H2SO4: Take a No characteristic reaction Absence of Cl - , Br -,
little amount of salt in a test tube NO - ions
3
add Conc H2SO4.
9. Action of BaCl2 test:Add White precipitate is formed and CO32- may be present
BaCl2 solution to salt solution is soluble in conc.HCl
10. Ammonium molybdate test Canary yellow precipitate is not Absence of PO4-3 ion
To the salt solution add formed
conc.HNO3 and ammonium
molybdate
 Confirmation tests for the Acid Radical

Confirmation tests for Carbonate ion (CO32- )

S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. To the pinch of a given salt,add Colourless, odourless gas is Presence of CO3-2 ion is
dil.H2SO4 / HCl evolved with brisk confirmed
effervescence.
2. Add more salt in the same test tube Lime water turns milky Presence of CO3-2 ion is
and pass the gas through freshly confirmed
prepared lime water
3. Action of BaCl2 test:Add BaCl2 White precipitate is formed Presence of CO3-2 ion is
solution to salt solution and is soluble in conc.HCl confirmed

Identification of Group cation (Basic Radical)

Preparation of Original Solution
(for Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, CH3COO-, PO43- salts) Take a little amount of salt in a clean boiling tube and add a few mL
of water and Shake it. If it is not dissolved, heat the boiling tube till the salt is dissolved and is taken as Original
Solution (O.S)

GROUP SEPARATION
S.NO GROUP EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
To the salt solution Reddish brown ppt. is Presence of Zero group
1. Nessler’s reagent is formed.
0 ion.(NH4+ )
added
Confirmation tests for the Basic Radical
Confirmation test for NH4+ (0 group)

S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Action of NaOH: Take a salt in a A colourless gas is evolved. Presence of
test tube add NaOH solution and When a glass rod is dipped NH4+ Salt is confirmed
Heat. in conc.HCl and exposed
above the mouth of the test
tube. White dense (NH4Cl)
fumes observed

2. Nessler’s Reagent test:To the salt Reddish brown ppt. is Presence of

solution Nessler’s reagent is added formed.
NH4+ Salt is confirmed
Result : The given simple salt contains

(i)​ Anion : Carbonate (CO3-2)

(ii)​ Cation : Ammonium (NH4+ )

(iii)​ Salt : Ammonium phosphate (NH4(CO3)2)