2026학년도 경찰대학 1차 시험

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※ 총 12쪽 45문항(2점 35문항, 3점 10문항)입니다. 각 문항 B: I know! And the way they used the old maps to reveal
의 답을 하나만 고르시오. the final clue was super clever. I love movies that make
us think.
[1-5] 밑줄 친 단어의 뜻으로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오 . A: The actress who played Captain Eva was fantastic, too.
She was so tough but also so easy to connect with.
1. It is vain of us to think that we can manage it all. B: Yeah, she was the best part. I hope she’s in the sequel,
① humble ② respectful ③ arrogant if they make one.
④ considerate ⑤ indecisive A: __________________________________________. It’s a date.
2. The pressure for conformity in high school can often
B: Absolutely. I’ll even buy the popcorn next time.
stifle individual expression and creativity. ① Well, if they do, we’re definitely going to see it together
① uniformity ② tradition ③ adjustment ② Honestly, I found the entire movie to be quite boring
④ integrity ⑤ authority ③ Let’s go online and write some good reviews
④ I don’t think I’ll be watching any more movies of this
3. The absence of any mandatory identification has created genre
a headache for law enforcement agencies. ⑤ I think I’d rather just wait for it to come out on
① required ② organized ③ legal television
④ voluntary ⑤ historical
4. The object is not to get it over with as quickly as
possible, but to prolong the treatment.
7.
① lengthen ② maintain ③ shorten A: Hey, Min-jun. You look exhausted. What’s been going on?
④ neglect ⑤ estimate B: It’s this new project at work. The deadline is next
5. The revision also includes a deeper integration of Friday, and we’re way behind schedule. I’ve been
evolutionary principles, including a new key concept and working overtime every single day.
two new figures on the common effects of ecology and A: That sounds incredibly stressful. Do you take breaks?
evolution. B: Honestly, I don’t have time. I even ate lunch at my
① opposite ② shared ③ delayed desk today just to save a few minutes. I’m just so
④ linear ⑤ limited worried about not finishing on time.
A: I understand the pressure, but you’re going to burn
yourself out. Your health is important, too. Maybe
taking a short walk or just stepping away for ten
minutes could actually make you more productive.
B: You’re probably right. I just feel guilty whenever I’m
not working on it.
A: I get it, but remember, .
[6-7] 다음 대화의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 You’ll be no good to the project if you’re completely
고르시오. drained.
B: Thanks, Yuna. I really needed to hear that. I’ll go get
A: You know, I’m still thinking about that movie, The some fresh air now.
6.

Crimson Compass. I was surprised by how much I ① two heads are better than one
enjoyed it. ② a leopard cannot change his spots
B: Right? I told you it was more than just a treasure hunt ③ you can’t have your cake and eat it too
movie. The plot twist at the end was brilliant. ④ you have to sharpen the axe to cut the tree
A: It really was. I honestly did not see that coming. I ⑤ a ship in harbor is safe, but that is not what ships are
thought the professor was helping them the whole time! built for
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[8-10] 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것을 고르시오. 10.
In addition to dividing government powers into three
8.
Scales and rubrics are necessary if students are to branches, the Constitution includes a Bill of Rights ① that
is designed to protect specific individual rights and freedom
understand the progression of knowledge they are ① expected from government interference. Some of the guarantees in
to learn. The terms scales and rubrics are frequently the Bill of Rights concern the freedom of expression. The
interchangeable, but there are important distinctions. government may not interfere ② with an individual’s
Rubrics tend to ② be specific to one task. For example, a freedom of speech or freedom of religious worship, or the
teacher might design a rubric to examine student right to assemble. The Bill of Rights also guarantees the
performance on a specific writing prompt like “Describe right of a fair criminal procedure for ③ those accused of
your favorite animal and ③ what makes the animal breaking laws. These rights are sometimes called “due
special.” A scale is more general and ④ describes a process.” They include provisions that someone accused of
progression of knowledge or skill. For example, a scale a crime must be charged with the crime and ④ are
might describe the progression of knowledge leading up to presumed innocent until proven guilty. The accused has the
a clear understanding of the concept of buoyancy or the right to an attorney, and there must be a trial ⑤ declaring
progression of knowledge leading up to an ability to someone guilty before punishment is given. Thus, the Bill
convert fractions into decimals. ⑤ Despite rubrics have of Rights is another statement of the American belief in
their place in the classroom, The New Art and Science of the importance of individual freedom. [3점]
Teaching focuses on the use of proficiency scales,
especially for academic content.
* buoyancy: 부력 ** decimal: 소수 [11-13] (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로
가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

11.
Color has been used effectively in architecture
since Paleolithic times, as the paintings in caves
(A) suggest / protest . Fragments of plaster used to cover
the wooden Neolithic houses at Hăbăşeşti, Romania, built
about 3130 BCE, are covered with decorative painted
patterns. Dwellings built on Crete during the Minoan period
9. in the Mediterranean (c. 2000−1300 BCE) had brilliant red
Human Resource Management (HRM) emerged in the columns, while ceremonial and living chambers were vividly
1980s as a philosophy of how people should be painted with murals and decorative bands, as seen in the
managed and an alternative to traditional forms of restored palace at Knossos, built around 1600 BCE. Later,
personnel management. At the time there were the Greeks similarly painted their white marble temples ─ a
questions about ① whether there was a significant fact that long went (B) unnoticed / recognized , since the
difference between them. An answer to this was provided exposed ruins had been bleached by centuries of
at that time by the writer as follows: HRM is regarded by exposure to the sun and rain. Only in the mid-nineteenth
some managers ② as just a set of initials or new wine in century did the French architect Jacques-Ignace Hittorf
discover in the protected recesses of the ornament of
old bottles. It could indeed be no more and no less than Greek temples in Sicily the traces of intense red, blue,
another name for personnel management, but as usually and other saturated colors that had been used to pick out
perceived, at least it has the virtue of emphasizing the and (C) accentuate / understate parts of the temples. [3점]
virtue of treating people as a key resource, the * bleach: 색이 바래지다 ** recess: 후미진 곳
management of ③ which is the direct concern of top (A) (B) (C)
management as part of the strategic planning processes of ① suggest …… unnoticed …… accentuate
the enterprise. Although there is nothing new in the ② suggest …… recognized …… understate
idea, insufficient attention has been paid to ④ it in ③ suggest …… unnoticed …… understate
many organizations. The new bottle or label can help to ④ protest …… recognized …… understate
⑤ overcoming this deficiency. ⑤ protest …… unnoticed …… accentuate

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12. (A) (B) (C)
Scientific knowledge is often perceived as a linear ① producing …… increase …… adequate
accumulation of facts. However, the philosopher of science ② producing …… reduce …… inadequate
Thomas Kuhn proposed a different model that has ③ removing …… increase …… adequate
profoundly influenced how we understand scientific ④ removing …… reduce …… inadequate
progress. According to Kuhn, science operates within ⑤ removing …… reduce …… adequate
‘paradigms’ ─ comprehensive frameworks of theories,
methods, and assumptions that are accepted by the
scientific community. During periods of ‘normal science’, [14-15] 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지

researchers work to (A) reinforce / ignore the existing 않은 것을 고르시오.

paradigm, solving puzzles within its established 14.
boundaries. Yet over time, anomalies ─ results that the Stoicism, an ancient Greek school of philosophy, offers a
current paradigm cannot adequately explain ─ begin to compelling guide to achieving a tranquil and resilient life.
accumulate, leading to a period of crisis. This crisis is not Its central principle is the idea that while we cannot
resolved by minor adjustments but by a ‘paradigm shift’, control external events, we can control our judgments and
a (B) gradual / revolutionary change where the old responses to them. The Stoics taught that virtue is the
framework is replaced by a new, incompatible one. This sole good and that external things like health, wealth, or
process demonstrates that established scientific ‘truths’ are pleasure are ① indifferent, meaning they have no bearing
not immutable; they can be (C) preserved / abandoned on our ultimate happiness. This philosophy encourages
entirely when a more powerful explanatory model emerges. individuals to focus their energy only on what they can
* immutable: 불변의 influence ─ their own thoughts and actions. By doing so,
one can achieve a state of inner peace, or apatheia, which
(A) (B) (C) is a state of being ② undisturbed by passion. This does
① reinforce …… gradual …… preserved not mean suppressing emotions, but rather understanding
② reinforce …… revolutionary …… abandoned them without being enslaved by them. It’s a doctrine that
③ reinforce …… revolutionary …… preserved ③ promotes a sense of empowerment, as it frees individuals
④ ignore …… revolutionary …… abandoned from the anxieties of uncontrollable outcomes. However,
⑤ ignore …… gradual …… abandoned this path requires constant vigilance and self-reflection,
making it a ④ demanding practice. The goal is to live in
13. ⑤ conflict with reason, navigating life’s challenges with
UN-appointed human rights experts have opposed the plan, wisdom and composure. [3점]
as have environmental activists. Greenpeace has released * tranquil: 평온한 ** vigilance: 경계
reports casting doubt on TEPCO’s treatment process, alleging 15.
it does not go far enough in (A) producing / removing “Korean industry is ① struggling to move on from the
radioactive substances. Critics say Japan should, for the old model,” says a former South Korean trade minister. “It
time being, keep the treated water in the tanks. They hasn’t worked out what comes next.” One of the reasons
argue that this buys time to develop new processing why it is proving so hard to reform the “old model,” say
technologies and allows any remaining radioactivity to economists, is because it has been so ② successful. The
naturally (B) increase / reduce . There are also some achievements of South Korea’s state-guided capitalism,
scientists who are uncomfortable with the plan. They say it which took it from an ③ impoverished agricultural society
requires more studies on how it would affect the ocean bed to a technological powerhouse in less than half a century,
and marine life. “We’ve seen an (C) adequate / inadequate have come to be known as the “miracle on the Han River.”
radiological, ecological impact assessment that makes us InJapan. 2018, South Korea’s GDP per capita ④ surpassed that of
very concerned that Japan would not only be unable to practice The managing partner of consultancy McKinsey’s
in Seoul notes that South Korea made two great
detect what’s getting into the water, sediment and ⑤ falls ─ one between the 1960s and the 1980s, when the
organisms, but if it does, there is no recourse to remove it,” country moved from basic goods to petrochemicals and
marine biologist Robert Richmond, a professor with the heavy industry, and the second between the 1980s and
University of Hawaii, told the BBC’s Newsday programme. 2000s, when it moved to high-tech manufacturing. [3점]

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16. Belo에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하는 것은? ① He was the owner of a steamship company.
Belo was born on February 3, 1948, in the village of ② He wrote several songs while walking down the Pee
Wailakama, the fifth of six children. At the time of his Dee River.
birth, East Timor was a colony of Portugal and remained ③ He lived near the Swanee River.
so until 1974. Belo’s father, Domingos Vaz Felipe, was a ④ He saw the Union Army marching along the Swanee
River.
school teacher, but the family also worked as rice farmers. ⑤ He was broke at the time of his death.
Belo’s father died when his son was only three and, as a
young child, Belo shepherded water buffalo, possibly to
supplement his family’s income. He had access to education
as well, however, and attended East Timor’s Roman
Catholic missionary schools. In 1973, he traveled to
Portugal to commence study for the priesthood, then
returned for a brief period to teach at a school run by the
Salesian religious order in the town of Fatumaca. He
returned to Portugal in 1975 to enter the seminary and then
traveled to Rome, where he attended Pontifical Salesian 18. 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
University. Belo was ordained a priest of the Salesian order The Rosetta Stone, discovered in 1799 by a French
in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1980. The following year he returned soldier in Egypt, is a granite slab that proved to be the
to East Timor to serve as director of Fatumaca College. key to deciphering ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs. The stone
* ordain: (성직에) 임명하다 is inscribed with a decree issued at Memphis, Egypt, in
① 아버지가 의사였다. 196 B.C. on behalf of King Ptolemy V. What makes it so
② 이웃을 돕기 위해 들소를 돌보았다. significant is that this decree is written in three different
③ 1973년에 성직자가 되기 위해 로마로 건너갔다. scripts: Hieroglyphic, used for important or religious
④ 포르투갈의 Pontifical Salesian University에 다녔다. documents; Demotic, the common script of Egypt; and
⑤ 1981년에 동티모르로 돌아왔다. Ancient Greek, the language of the rulers. Since Ancient
Greek was understood by scholars, the stone offered a
unique opportunity to unlock the meanings of the other two
17. Stephen Foster에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하는 것은? unknown scripts. The work of decipherment was a long
and collaborative effort, but the final breakthrough is
Stephen Foster is often referred to as the “father of credited to the French scholar Jean-François Champollion in
American music.” In 1846, Foster moved to Cincinnati, 1822. He correctly deduced that hieroglyphs were not
Ohio, and became a bookkeeper with his brother’s merely symbolic but represented a complex system
steamship company. By 1848, he’d achieved some success combining alphabetic, syllabic, and determinative elements.
with “Oh! Susanna” and other songs, so he returned home This discovery opened up the world of ancient Egypt to
to concentrate on his songwriting. “Swanee River,” also modern historians as never before.
known as “Old Folks At Home,” is about a longing for * decree: 법령
home. Foster originally wrote the song with the opening
line, “Way Down Upon the Pee Dee River.” His brother, ① The Rosetta Stone was found by a French soldier at
Morrison Foster, told him it was a bad idea. Stephen took the end of the 18th century.
down an atlas from the top of his desk, and Morrison ② The text on the stone was a royal decree issued on
helped him find the perfect name, which turned out to be behalf of King Ptolemy V.
“Swanee.” The song quickly became popular, and the Union ③ Three different languages are written on the stone:
Army used “Swanee River” as a marching song during the Hieroglyphic, Demotic, and Ancient Greek.
Civil War. “Swanee River” is the best-selling sheet music ④ The meaning of the hieroglyphs was revealed through
song of all time. It has sold more than 20 million copies comparison with the understood Greek script.
since its publication in 1851. Despite this, Stephen Foster ⑤ Champollion concluded that hieroglyphs were purely
died penniless in 1864. symbolic picture-writing.

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[19-20] 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. ① The Writing Crisis in Secondary Schools
② Why Students Hate Writing Assignments
The concept of social media marketing was coined almost ③ Reading vs. Writing: A Teacher’s Dilemma
19.

a decade ago, but customer demands and technology ④ The Digital Revolution in English Classrooms
advances have been evolving the essence and mechanism ⑤ From Chore to Power: Reimagining Writing Education
of social media marketing. On the one hand, customers
want more convenience and better consumption experiences
when using social media for commercial purposes such as
discovering interesting products or services. On the other
hand, mobile technology, cloud computing, 5G technology,
ecommerce technology and artificial intelligence (AI) have
evolved social media features and social media content.
People can find that today’s social media is fundamentally
different from what it was. As a consequence, these two
aspects have changed social media marketing. In terms of
media formats, with the advent of 5G technology, social
media marketing offers more smooth, interactive and
immersive media formats such as social videos and live [21-22] 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
streaming. With respect to media content, social media has 21.
allowed recommending more personalized commercial The development of a coastal area for tourism, featuring
content for customers. Precision marketing is becoming new hotels and attractions, is often viewed as a purely
possible in today’s social media marketing campaigns. positive economic driver for a region. It promises jobs,
① How to Create Interactive Live Streams infrastructure improvements, and an influx of revenue.
② Social Media Marketing: The New Frontier However, this perspective frequently overlooks the hidden
③ The Risks of Relying on Precision Marketing
④ Redefining Social Media Marketing in the Digital Age costs associated with the destruction of natural habitats,
⑤ The Impact of Social Media on Traditional Advertising such as mangrove forests, that are cleared to make way
for this development. These mangrove ecosystems provide
invaluable services, such as protecting the coastline from
storm surges, serving as a nursery for a variety of fish
species that support local fisheries, and filtering pollutants
20.
from the water. While the revenue from tourism is easily
Writing is a mirror of the self, the soul and the world. measured, the far-reaching economic losses from the
Through writing, we can give voice to our most intimate degradation of these natural services are often completely
thoughts and give free rein to our imagination; through ignored in the decision-making process, leading to
writing, we can shape and articulate new knowledge, new unsustainable outcomes that can eventually harm the local
ideas, and new philosophies; through writing, we can reflect economy.
on the past and imagine the future. Yet the sad truth is * influx: 유입
that, for many students in secondary English classrooms, ① economic consequences of ignoring non-market
writing is a chore, something which has to be done and ecosystem values
which many would avoid if they could. English teachers ② technological solutions for restoring degraded coastal
often choose teaching English as a career so that they can ecosystems
open up the world of reading to young minds, but we need ③ challenges of evaluating the long-term profitability of
to be just as aspirational and as inspirational in the way tourism
we think about teaching writing. Enabling young writers to ④ the role of government regulation in protecting natural
be confident communicators of the written word, both on habitats
paper and in digital formats, gives them access to power. ⑤ the importance of diversifying a tourism-based economy

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22. ① Germany works with slow economies in Southern Europe
A painting of a crying clown, a porcelain figurine of a to deal with economic problems.
wide-eyed puppy, or a snow globe with a famous landmark ② Germany’s economic success is due to the euro and the
─ these items often provide a direct and unambiguous low levels of individual debt.
emotional cue. They offer instant, easy-to-digest emotions ③ Stable interest rates in Germany help the German
without demanding complex thought or critical engagement. economy become powerful.
This aesthetic is known as Kitsch, a term for art or ④ The quality of German products is the key to success
objects considered to be in poor taste because of excessive in overseas markets.
garishness or sentimentality. Originating in the ⑤ At the core of Germany’s economic might is foreign
19th-century Munich art markets as a label for cheap, currency reserves.
popular pictures, Kitsch often imitates high art in a
mass-produced and simplified manner. While traditionally
looked down upon by the art world, some modern critics
and artists have re-examined Kitsch. They have started to
find value in its strong connection to popular culture and
its unintentional, and often revealing, honesty about
common tastes and desires.
* garishness: 화려함
① investigating the historical origins of the 19th-century
German art market
② the process of Kitsch becoming universally accepted as
a form of high art
③ the definition, characteristics, and changing perception of [24-28] 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을
Kitsch 고르시오.
④ exploring the development and a shift in modern
aesthetic standards 24.
⑤ the use of simplified emotional cues in sentimental Imagine an invitation to cooperate with someone, which
forms of popular art would bring a common income of $100. Will you accept the
invitation, given you get $40? Many would agree: there is
23. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은? [3점] a lot of cooperation in the world, but much less equality.
There is no doubt that Germany has benefited greatly Realists would warn states against such a decision. What
from the euro. By getting into bed with slower economies matters for them is not that you get $40, but what your
in Southern Europe, Germany adopted a much weaker partner gets $60, thus gaining a $20 advantage.
currency than would otherwise have been the case. This Consequently, states seek relative advantages in their
has provided a terrific boost to German exports, which are relations with each other. For them it is important to be
cheaper to overseas consumers as a result. But this goes stronger than their potential rivals; absolute gains are
only some way to explaining Germany’s current economic . Guided by seeking relative advantages and
might. Just as important are the relatively low levels of not trusting one another, states usually do not engage into
private debt. While the rest of Europe gorged on cheap long-term partnerships. Integration is assessed by realists
credit throughout the 1990s and 2000s, German companies through the lenses of coalition theory, as they cannot fully
and individuals refused to spend beyond their means. One account for states’ voluntary renunciation of sovereignty,
reason for this, says David Kohl, deputy chief economist at supposed to be a sacred priority. In general, relations
Frankfurt-based Julius Baer Bank, is that real interest among states are dominated by distrust, suspicion and
rates in Germany remained stable, unlike those in other anticipation of the worst.
European economies. “In the UK, Italy, Spain and Portugal,
for example, higher inflation meant real rates moved down, * coalition: 연합 ** renunciation: 포기
so there was a huge incentive to borrow money,” he says. ① rare ② primary ③ extraordinary
* gorge: 실컷 즐기다 ④ secondary ⑤ costly
12 - 6
25. ① prioritize quantitative data over subjective experiences
Goal orientation theory was specifically developed to ② abandon quantitative metrics in favor of qualitative
explain children’s learning and performance in school analysis
settings. As Ames summarises, the theory highlights two ③ acknowledge the context and narrative surrounding the
contrasting achievement goal constructs, or orientations, numbers
that students can adopt towards their academic work: they ④ focus on developing more precise tools for statistical
can follow a mastery orientation and pursue mastery goals measurement
with the focus on learning the content; or they can follow ⑤ separate the collection of data from its subsequent
a performance orientation in pursuit of performance goals interpretation
with the focus on demonstrating ability, getting good
grades, or outdoing other students. Thus,
. Central
to a mastery goal is the belief that effort will lead to
success and the emphasis is on one’s own improvement 27.
and growth. In contrast, a performance orientation views Meaning is not a stable element residing in the text for
learning only as a way to achieve a goal and the us to uncover or passively consume. Meaning is created by
accompanying public recognition. the reader in the act of reading. Or, more precisely,
① mastery and performance goals represent different meaning is produced by the play of language through the
reasons for engaging in achievement activity vehicle of the reader, though we generally refer to this
② both mastery and performance goals contribute to process as “the reader.” Furthermore, the meaning that is
students’ self-efficacy created is not a stable element capable of producing
③ performance goals play more important roles in growth closure; that is, no interpretation has the final word.
than mastery goals Rather, literary texts, like all texts, consist of a multiplicity
④ students fall short of goal setting because of the lack of of overlapping, conflicting meanings in dynamic, fluid
mastery goals relation to one another and to us. What have been
⑤ mastery and performance goals are strongly related to considered the “obvious” or “commonsense” interpretations
each other of a given text are really ideological readings ─
interpretations produced by a culture’s values and beliefs ─
26. with which we are so familiar that we consider them
In our modern, data-driven world, there is a tendency to “natural.” In short, we create the meaning and value we
believe that quantitative metrics offer the most objective “find” in the text. Just as authors can’t help but draw on
and therefore most valuable form of understanding. We the assumptions of their cultural milieux when they
measure success through sales figures, academic construct their texts, readers can’t help but
performance through test scores, and social trends through . Therefore,
statistics. This reliance on numbers is based on the both literary and critical texts can be deconstructed. [3점]
assumption that they are impartial and free from the * milieu: 환경
biases that can affect qualitative judgments. However, this ① discover the single, stable meaning intended by the
perspective overlooks a critical truth: data does not author
interpret itself. The decision of what to measure, how to
measure it, and how to interpret the results is a ② separate the text from the cultural milieu in which it
fundamentally human process, subject to our values, was written
priorities, and limitations. By focusing exclusively on what ③ evaluate texts based on essentially objective and
can be easily quantified, we risk ignoring essential but less universal standards
tangible qualities like creativity, ethical integrity, and ④ draw on the assumptions of theirs when they construct
emotional well-being. Therefore, a truly comprehensive their readings
understanding of any complex phenomenon requires that ⑤ limit their interpretation to the text’s formal linguistic
we . structures

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28. 30.
A central and enduring debate within the field of Beethoven never formally left the Catholic Church, but
jurisprudence, the philosophy of law, concerns the very some identify him more the tradition of theists who believe
nature of what makes a law truly valid and legitimate. One in God but don’t follow a particular religion. ① Others
major school of thought, legal positivism, asserts that a suggest that Beethoven remained a Catholic, but he just
law’s validity is determined solely by its established source redefined Catholicism in a more liberal understanding to
and the proper legislative process through which it was accommodate the current Enlightenment thinking and his
enacted. In this view, whether a law is ‘just’ or ‘moral’ is a own spiritual exploration of music. ② In terms of music,
separate, secondary question from whether it is legally he did compose specific religious music such as Missa
binding. In direct opposition stands the theory of natural Solemnis, the great choral symphony. ③ Furthermore, his
law. This tradition argues that for a law to be truly valid, freer and more explorative musical ideas caused problems
it . with his more classical teachers like Haydn and Salieri.
Proponents of this view would echo St. Augustine’s famous ④ When asked whether he thought this work was intended
maxim that ‘an unjust law is no law at all’. This creates for church or the concert hall, Beethoven replied that such
an enduring tension between what is legally decreed and a distinction was not so important. ⑤ He wrote, “My chief
what is considered morally right, a conflict that continues aim was to awaken and permanently instill religious
to shape legal and ethical debates today. [3점] feelings not only into the singers but also into the
① must reflect the changing customs of society listeners.”
② should promote the greatest good for the most people
③ must align with fundamental principles of justice and
morality
④ has to be based on the direct and explicit consent of
the governed
⑤ must be correctly created by a legally recognized
political authority

[29-31] 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장을 고르시오.

29. 31.

Evolutionary psychologists consider memory to be It is a curious paradox of human nature that those
optimally adapted for the information we need to suit the who are least competent in a skill are often the most
environment we frequent. Anderson and Milson argued confident in their abilities. ① This cognitive bias, known
that the superior speed of recall for words frequently as the Dunning-Kruger effect, is related to the
encountered versus non-frequently experienced words is metacognitive inability of the unskilled to recognize their
an adaptive design. ① It makes sense to be able to own shortcomings. ② In essence, the same incompetence
formulate intelligent predictions of the words that are that leads them to make poor decisions also robs them of
useful to us and to access them more speedily than those the ability to realize their own mistakes. ③ Many studies
we encounter infrequently. ② They further consider the suggest that humor and a positive attitude can
process of repetition priming and how this too enables us significantly improve workplace productivity and
to access useful words quickly as we encounter them teamwork. ④ This phenomenon caused by the cognitive
again. ③ It is the consensus that memory evolved to bias can be observed in various domains, from academic
support how we make decisions. ④ Modern technology performance to business leadership. ⑤ Therefore, gaining
has changed the way people store and retrieve true competence in a subject not only makes one better at
information. ⑤ Decision-making relies on information and the task but also provides the insight to more accurately
this information can be accessed through stored memories. assess one’s own skill level.
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[32-35] 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 34.
적절한 곳을 고르시오.
It also leads us to make some fairly foolish
32. judgements, particularly about language.
In our modern diverse societies, however, cognitive Ours is a society that tries to keep the world sharply
biases are generally harmful. divided into masculine and feminine, not because that is the
A cognitive bias is a type of error in thinking that way the world is, but because that is the way we believe
occurs when people are processing and interpreting it should be. ( ① ) It takes unwavering belief and
information from the world around them. It makes us considering effort to keep this division. ( ② ) Because we
biased towards accepting a particular answer or point of think that language also should be divided into masculine
view rather than another. This is not always bad. ( ① ) and feminine we have become very skilled at ignoring
Psychologists believe that many of these biases serve an anything that will not fit our preconceptions. ( ③ ) We
adaptive purpose ─ for example, we jump to conclusions would rather change what we hear than change our ideas
quickly based on limited information or past experience. about the gender division of the world. ( ④ ) We will call
( ② ) This could save our life or protect us from potential assertive girls unfeminine, and supportive boys effeminate,
harm. ( ③ ) Most cognitive biases are a barrier to good and try to change them while still retaining our stereotypes
critical thinking. ( ④ ) They reduce our capacity to reach of masculine and feminine talk. ( ⑤ ) This is why some
fair and objective conclusions, even when we think we are research on gender differences and language has been so
being fair and objective. ( ⑤ ) They can make us believe interesting. [3점]
things that are not true.

33.

But this apparent simplicity is deceptive, as the 35.

process involves a complex interplay of cognitive
functions. The arrival of the printing press in Europe, however,
fundamentally altered this reality.
In our daily lives, we decode street signs, browse news
articles, and lose ourselves in novels, often without a Before the mid-15th century, the creation of books was a
second thought. Reading is a skill so fundamental to laborious process exclusively carried out by hand. Scribes
modern life that we often take its complexities for granted. would spend months or even years meticulously copying a
( ① ) For a skilled reader, this process becomes so single manuscript. ( ① ) As a result, books were rare,
automatic that it feels effortless, almost like a reflex. ( ② ) expensive, and accessible only to a small elite. ( ② ) This
The brain must not only decode visual symbols into monopoly on written materials meant that the vast
phonetic sounds but also instantly access a vast vocabulary majority of the population remained illiterate, their
to assign meaning to words. ( ③ ) It simultaneously works knowledge shaped primarily by oral tradition. ( ③ ) This
to understand grammatical structures, make inferences single invention allowed for the rapid and widespread
about unstated information, and connect the text to dissemination of knowledge on a scale that had never been
pre-existing knowledge. ( ④ ) This entire sequence of seen before. ( ④ ) Ideas that were once confined to specific
events occurs in fractions of a second, a testament to the regions or social classes, such as those of the Renaissance
remarkable efficiency of our neural pathways. ( ⑤ ) humanists, could now cross borders and ignite intellectual
Therefore, what appears to be a simple act of seeing movements across the continent. ( ⑤ ) It effectively laid the
words on a page is, in fact, one of the most sophisticated groundwork for the Reformation, the Scientific Revolution,
mental operations a person regularly performs. and the Age of Enlightenment.
* testament: 증거 * dissemination: 전파

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[36-38] 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 (B) Because of this widespread adoption, millions of people
것을 고르시오. learned to type on the QWERTY layout, making it the
36. established convention. Decades later, more efficient
To understand where AI has come from and where layouts were invented, but they failed to replace
it is going, it is useful to distinguish narrow (or weak) QWERTY due to its overwhelming market dominance
and strong AI ─ the latter is usually referred to as and the sheer number of trained users.
artificial general intelligence or AGI. Here an analogy (C) Early mechanical typewriters had a significant flaw: the
may be helpful. metal arms, which held the letters, would frequently
clash and get stuck if a typist typed too quickly. This
(A) Now imagine a skilled carpenter who makes wooden was especially true for common letter combinations in
chairs by hand. She can create unique chair designs. English.
She gets better at her craft over time, learning from
her successes and mistakes. She teaches herself to use ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C)
new and more sophisticated carpentry tools, and she ③ (B)-(C)-(A) ④ (C)-(A)-(B)
takes pride in her work. The skilled carpenter ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
represents AGI, which is indistinguishable from human
intelligence.
(B) Imagine a chair that is mass-produced in a factory.
The machine that assembles the individual parts of the
chair follows very specific instructions. The machine
cannot decide to create another furniture item ─ let’s 38.
say a table ─ unless it is programmed to do so.
The education of the new immigrant children
(C) When the machine breaks down, it cannot fix itself. It provides
is very good at performing a pre-defined task greatest challenges. the public school system with some of its
(assembling a chair) quickly and efficiently, but it
cannot solve problems and it cannot do new things or (A) Many of the children come from countries where they
adapt to new situations. This is narrow AI. have not had strong educational preparation, and their
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) academic skills are below grade level. Others have
③ (B)-(C)-(A) ④ (C)-(A)-(B) come from school systems with standards similar to, or
⑤ (C)-(B)-(A) even more advanced than, the American schools, and
their academic adjustment is much easier.
(B) However, there are more than 400 languages spoken in
the United States, and some school districts report that
100 or more different languages are spoken by children
in their schools. It is not uncommon for five or six
different native languages to be spoken by the students
37. in one classroom.
The QWERTY layout found on virtually all (C) However, all these children must learn English. This
English-language keyboards today was not designed means that they are trying to learn new concepts at
for speed, but for a very practical, mechanical reason. the same time that they are struggling to learn a new
(A) This arrangement, known as the QWERTY layout, language. There are some bilingual programs in areas
where there is a large concentration of one language
separated commonly used letter pairs to prevent these group, particularly Spanish speakers. [3점]
jams, thus allowing for faster and more reliable typing.
The design was so successful that it was sold to the ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C)
Remington company and became the standard for their ③ (B)-(C)-(A) ④ (C)-(A)-(B)
popular typewriters. ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
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[39-40] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오. [41-42] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

Everything, no matter how disgusting, is something else’s

We experience patterns in our everyday life and we find
lunch. As Jonathan Swift put it, “a flea has smaller fleas
comfort in them. But imagine what life would be like if
that on him prey; and these have smaller still to bite’em,
sometimes when you let go of an object it fell up instead
and so proceed infinitely.” Thus losing any plant or of down. What if one day apples were essential nutrition,
creature from what used to be called the Great Chain of
but when you bit into an apple the next day you
Being can have all kinds of . “If we
discovered that they were (a) deadly? What if,
allow ourselves to eliminate animals because they don’t
unpredictably, one day the Sun rose at noon and set at
happen to be attractive to us, then we are acting on 1:00 P.M., the next day it rose at 6:00 A.M. and set at
emotion rather than on objective criteria,” he said. In any
10:00 P.M., and the next day the Sun did not rise at all?
event, the peskiest species ─ like mosquitoes and In fact, objects do fall toward the ground. The biochemistry
cockroaches ─ are far from facing extinction, “I’m sorry to
of the food we eat remains the same. The Sun rises, sets,
say,” he added. and then rises again at (b) predictable times. Spring turns
“I’m not going to take up the cause of the sewer rat, but
into summer, summer turns into autumn, autumn turns into
there are species for which humans do not hold great winter, and winter turns into spring. The rhythms of
affection that may in fact be quite important,” said Stephen
nature produce patterns in our lives, and we (c) count on
Edwards, executive officer of the Species Survival these patterns for our very survival. If nature did not
Commission. “Crocodiles for example.” It seems they have
behave according to regular patterns, then our lives ─
an important role in keeping rivers clean. indeed, life itself ─ would not be possible. The patterns that
make our lives possible also make science possible. The
39 . 윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은? goal of science is to identify and characterize these
① Ugly and Attractive Animals patterns and to use them to (d) understand the world
② Wider Consequences of Biological Diversity around us. Some of the most regular and easily
③ The Complex Food Chain of Small Animals identified patterns in nature are the patterns that we see
④ Human Beings: The Cause of Species Extinction in the sky. What in the sky will look different or the
⑤ How Can Animals Be Used to Improve the Environment? same a week from now? A month from now? A year
from now? Most of us probably lead an indoor and
intown existence, removed from an everyday awareness
of the patterns in the sky. Away from the smog and
40 . 윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
glare of our cities, however, the patterns and rhythms of
the sky are as (e) hard to see today as they were in
① energy crises ancient times.
② plausible excuses
③ unforeseen effects 41. 윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
④ invaluable rewards ① The Unpredictable Patterns of Nature
⑤ ethical implications ② Changes in Essential Nutrition for Survival
③ How Science Complicates Unexpected Events
④ Patterns Make Our Lives and Science Possible
⑤ The Disconnection Between Sky Patterns and City Life

밑줄 친 (a)∼(e) 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지

42.
않은 것은? [3점]
① (a) ② (b) ③ (c) ④ (d) ⑤ (e)

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[43-45] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오. . 주어진 글 (A)에 이어질 내용을 순서에 맞게 배열한 것으로
43

(A) 가장 적절한 것은?

“Look at that, Charley. It’s driving unsteadily,” Peter ① (B)-(D)-(C) ② (C)-(B)-(D)
said, pointing at the gray car in front of them. The ③ (C)-(D)-(B) ④ (D)-(B)-(C)
two friends were taking a road trip to the Red Rock, ⑤ (D)-(C)-(B)
which they had planned for a long time. They had
graduated from the same high school and successfully
completed their third year of college. Before getting too
busy preparing for graduation and a job search, they . 밑줄 친 (a)∼(e) 중에서 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과
44
decided to take some time together. Initially, it was 다른 것은?
Peter’s idea to drive to places they had never visited
and enjoy an adventure, and of course, (a) the other ① (a) ② (b) ③ (c) ④ (d) ⑤ (e)
agreed.
(B)
Charley slowed down and parked his car just behind . 윗글에 관한 내용으로 적절하지 않은 것은?
the gray car. “Should we go over there?” (b) his buddy 45

asked hesitantly. “Yeah, let’s do it together,” Charley ① Peter와 Charley는 대학 3학년을 마치고 여행을 떠났다.
replied. They got out of their car and walked to the ② Charley는 차를 세운 뒤 회색 차의 운전자에게 다가갔다.
other one. Through the window, Peter saw a man in ③ Peter는 앞서가는 차의 운전자가 졸음운전을 한다고 추측
the driver’s seat. The man was holding the wheel, and 했다.
his head was resting on it. “Sir, are you okay?” ④ Peter는 아픈 운전자가 안전띠 푸는 것을 도왔다.
Knocking on the window, Peter asked loudly. The man ⑤ 구급차가 도착하는 데에는 오랜 시간이 걸리지 않았다.
barely raised his head and opened the window.
(C)
However, this was not the adventure they had
expected. The car in front of them was swerving from
side to side. “Right, it seems unstable,” Charley said.
“Why don’t (c) you flash your high beams and honk?
The driver must be sleepy,” Peter said. Charley
followed his companion’s suggestion. For a while, they
saw little change, but then the car slowly pulled over
to the side. It was getting dark, and the road was
empty except for the two cars. Peter did not feel right,
and (d) his friend was a little frightened.
(D)
“I’m ill. Call 911, please,” the man pleaded, and weakly
added, “I have a heart problem.” Peter called 911 while
his friend helped the man unfasten his seat belt and
relax. Fortunately, it didn’t take long for an ambulance
to arrive. The man was quickly attended to by
paramedics. Before the ambulance left, the man thanked
the two young men for their help. Peter said, “It was
the right decision to signal the car, even though we ※확인사항
were afraid of the unknown situation.” “Yeah, I’m glad ▷ 답안지의 해당란에 필요한 내용을 정확히 기입․표기
that we helped,” (e) his mate returned. 했는지 확인하시오.

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