INDOOR THERMAL COMFORT ANALYSIS: A CASE STUDY OF

TRADITIONAL/VERNCULAR AND MODERN IN DIRE DEWA

CITY, ETHIOPIA.

Yoseph haileyesus haileselasie

A Research Proposal submitted to the Department of Architecture

School of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Urban Planning and Design

Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of

Science in Environmental architecture

Office of Graduate Studies Adama Science

And
Technology University

Adama
Dec-2022

i
INDOOR THERMAL COMFORT ANALYSIS: A CASE STUDY OF
TRADITIONAL/VERNCULAR AND MODERN IN DIRE DEWA
CITY, ETHIOPIA.

By: Yoseph Haileyesus Haileselasie

Advisor: Belay Zeleke (PhD)

A Proposal submitted to the Department of Architecture School of Civil

Engineering & Architecture, Urban Planning and Design

Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of

Science in Environmental architecture

Office of Graduate Studies Adama Science

And
Technology University

Adama
Dec-2022
ii
 Declaration
I declare that this thesis proposal entitled “indoor thermal comfort analysis: a case study of
traditional/vernacular and modern in Dire Dewa city, Ethiopia” is my own work and has not
been submitted to any university for similar purpose. The references used in this proposal are duly
recognized by proper citations.

Yoseph Haileyesus haileselasie _____________________ _______________

Name of student Signature Date

iii
 Recommendation of Advisors/ Supervisors
I, the major advisor/supervisor of this research proposal, hereby certify that I have closely
advised/supervised the student while developing this proposal and read the draft thesis/dissertation
proposal entitled “indoor thermal comfort analysis: a case study of traditional/vernacular and
modern in Dire Dewa city, Ethiopia” prepared under my guidance by Yoseph Haileyesus
Haileselasie. Therefore, I recommend the submission of the proposal to the department for further
review and evaluation.

Belay Zeleke (PhD) _____________________ _______________

Major Advisor/Supervisor Signature Date
_________________________ ______________________ _______________
Co-advisor/Co-supervisor Signature Date

iv
 Approval Page Thesis Proposal
I hereby certify that the recommendation and suggestion given by the proposal review the
committee are appropriately incorporated into the final thesis/dissertation proposal entitled
“indoor thermal comfort analysis: a case study of traditional/vernacular and modern in Dire
Dewa city, Ethiopia” by Yoseph Haileyesus Hailesilasie.

Belay Zeleke (PhD) _________________ _______________

Major Advisor/Supervisor Signature Date

_________________________ _______________ _______________

Co-advisor/ Co-supervisor Signature Date

v
 Approval Board of Reviewers
We, the undersigned, members of the Board of Reviewers of the proposal open defense by Yoseph
Haileyesus Haileselasie have read and evaluated the thesis/dissertation proposal entitled “indoor
thermal comfort analysis: a case study of traditional/vernacular and modern in Dire Dewa
city, Ethiopia” and assessed the understanding of the candidate about the proposed research. This
is, therefore, to certify that the thesis/dissertation proposal is accepted and we recommend the
implementation of the proposal. --------------------------------- ---------------------------------.
_________________________ ________________ ___________________
Chairperson Signature Date
_________________________ ________________ ___________________
Reviewer 1 Signature Date
_________________________ ________________ ___________________
Reviewer 1 Signature Date

Finally, approval and acceptance of the thesis/dissertation proposal is contingent upon submission
of its final copy to the Office of Postgraduate Studies (OPGS) through the Department Graduate
Council (DGC) and School Graduate Committee (SGC).

_________________________ ________________ ___________________

Department Head Signature Date
_________________________ ________________ ___________________
School Dean Signature Date
_________________________ ________________ ___________________
Office of Postgraduate Studies, Dean Signature Date

vi
Table of contents
Motivation ............................................................................................................................................... xi
PROPOSAL SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................. 1
CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................................... 2
1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 2
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY........................................................................................................ 2
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ...................................................................................................... 3
1.3. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE........................................................................................................................ 3
1.3.1. General objective ........................................................................................................................ 3
1.3.2. Specific objectives ....................................................................................................................... 4
1.4. RESEARCH QUESTIONS ...................................................................................................................... 4
1.5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ........................................................................................................... 4
1.6. THE SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH .......................................................................................................... 4
1.7. EXPECTED OUTCOME OF THE STUDY................................................................................................ 5
1.8. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF THE STUDY....................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................................... 6
2. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................ 6
2.1. THERMAL COMFORT ..................................................................................................................... 6
2.1.2. TOOLS TO STUDY THERMAL COMFORT OF A BUILDING ........................................................... 6
2.2. BASIC FACTORS OF THERMAL COMFORT ......................................................................................... 7
2.2.1. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ........................................................................................................ 7
2.2.2. PERSONAL FACTORS.................................................................................................................... 7
2.3. DESIGN FACTORS OF THERMAL COMFORT ...................................................................................... 8
2.4 METHODS FOR EVALUATING THERMAL COMFORT .......................................................................... 8
Chapter Three ........................................................................................................................................... 9
Materials and Methods ............................................................................................................................ 9
3. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 9
3.1. Description of the study area ........................................................................................................... 9
3.1.1. Study Area ................................................................................................................................... 9
3.1.2. Study Period ............................................................................................................................... 9
3.2. Research Design .............................................................................................................................. 10
3.3. Data Type and Sources .................................................................................................................... 10
3.4. Data collection process ................................................................................................................... 10

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3.5 Sample size ....................................................................................................................................... 10
3.6 Sampling technique .......................................................................................................................... 11
3.7. Study instruments (Data collection tools) ...................................................................................... 11
3.7.1. Environmental variables data collection................................................................................... 11
3.7.2. Software analysis tools ............................................................................................................. 11
3.8. Data analysis and interpretation .................................................................................................... 12
3.9. Ethical consideration ....................................................................................................................... 12
4. Budget ................................................................................................................................................. 13
5. WORK SCHEDULE ................................................................................................................................ 14
Reference ................................................................................................................................................ 15

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Psychometric Chart_ Source (Psychrometric Chart, n.d.).............................................................. 6
Figure 2.Location Dire Dewa city. ................................................................................................................ 9
Figure 3.environmental variables measurement tool ................................................................................ 11
Figure 4.software tool ................................................................................................................................. 11

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Budget of the research ................................................................................................................... 13
Table 2.work schedule of the research ........................................................................................................ 14

x
 Motivation
I was able to use the Dewa City as a case study and work location for my Master's first-year,
second semester design studio project, which focused on the interaction between thermal comfort,
climate, and architecture design. In addition, I went on a work-related site excursion to visit dire
dewa after I finished the master's studio. I had the opportunity to observe the people's way of life
during my stay, and I noticed that their thermal comfort was incompatible with the modern
residential home. I noticed a gap in the use of new buildings in relation to the tough climatic
conditions in my area because the majority of modern homes are modeled after other climatic
zones. However, most of the time is spent in conventional buildings made of mud blocks. For the
aforementioned reason, my research provided the opportunity to demonstrate which building type
is thermally comfortable and compatible with the local climatic conditions.

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 PROPOSAL SUMMARY
The introduction, literature review, research methodology, research work schedule, and required
budget for the study are the five chapters that make up this research proposal. The next subsection
provides a quick overview of each of these chapters. The first chapter provides a summary of the
entire thesis, outlining the theoretical framework and the main issues with residential structures in
Dire Dewa City that served as the basis for this investigation. This chapter also covers the scope
of the study, the aim and objectives, and the research questions. The second chapter, which gives
a critical analysis of the body of literature that has been written about the research topic, is essential
to the thesis. The literature review covered thermal comfort of traditional and contemporary houses
the buildings, sustainability in architecture and energy efficient buildings. The third chapter will
provide an overview of a brief discussion on various research methodologies, sample size and
technique, the method recommended for this study, and the process for gathering and analyzing
data. The budget needed to complete the research is discussed in chapter four. The duration of the
research is covered in the fifth chapter.

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 CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
The study will compare the thermal comfort of contemporary and older houses and provide
suitable housing plans that take into account the Dire Dewa city's local environmental factors.
When determining what constitutes a pleasant working temperature, thermal comfort refers to
taking into account a variety of environmental, work-related, and personal aspects. It is one of the
factors used to assess a building's sustainability. Since the local population built their homes using
locally accessible materials and methods while taking into account the local climatic conditions,
most developing countries, like Ethiopia, have a long history of using vernacular housing and
vernacular solutions to maintain adequate indoor air conditions. However, the majority of Ethiopia
today, including dire dewa city, the population, and the city administration, are depicted in the
majority of modern buildings without taking into account the regional climate, the availability of
materials, or the material choice. The communities are made uncomfortable by the heat as a result.
This create the thermal discomfort all over the communities. This concept will encourage more
comparative thermal comfort research on traditional and modern buildings in order to better
comprehend the current situation.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Development activities on the needs of social and economic growth have an impact on global
environmental issues in recent years. Unprecedented increase in global temperature is attributed
to higher rates of greenhouse gas emission from human activities. Global warming contribute to
ecological system problems such as reduction of the ozone layer, acid rain, forest and agricultural
land can destroy the economic, social and political, and thus could affect national security
internationally (F. Azar,2013). The climate change, global warming and extreme weather
conditions have now threatened human and ecosystem sustainability. Moreover the increasing of
world population presents confronts in providing sustainable residential building facing declining
natural resources and climate change (T. AlKhidir and S. Zailani,2009).
Currently, global warming, climate change and the excessive use of energy and natural resources
are threatening the sustainability of life on earth (Nicol, 2008). In the tropical region, climatic
factor notably affects the microclimate and indoor thermal comfort in a building. Challenges in
sustainable buildings are to reduce the input of resources such as energy, materials and water and
waste production. The aim of sustainable building is to improve the quality of the building indoor
environment without compromise the impact to the environment. Hence, adapting the sustainable
development concept design as strategies to residential building can improve the indoor thermal
comfort and healthy environment.
The majority of developed nations place a greater emphasis on thermal comfort for all of their
indoor activities and attempt to regulate the thermal comfort of their buildings using various
techniques rather than merely relying on a behavioral adjustment that our bodies are naturally
capable of making in order to regulate the temperature governing the thermal balance. To control
thermal comfort, they dress differently and employ a variety of mechanical cooling and heating
systems like air conditioners. As a result, they were exposed to the high expense of installing these

2
devices, as well as the high electric power consumption of the machines themselves. (de Dear &
Brager, 1998).
Ethiopians employ a range of traditional methods to maintain their thermal comfort even though
there hasn't been any research on how underdeveloped countries do it; as a result, they are unable
to afford an air conditioner. Instead, they make an effort to regulate using resources that are close
at hand, including mud blocks, grass roofs, and landscaping. In case of Dire Dewa city, which is
located in the zone of Mid-Latitude Steppe and Desert Climate, the communities there use a variety
of locally accessible traditional materials and traditional ways to control their body temperature
and metabolic rate.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Buildings are a significant and direct source of manufactured risk due to the amount of capital,
energy, and raw materials they consume as well as the pollutants they release. Therefore, architects
play a unique and important professional role in lowering this danger. It is crucial to keep in mind
the value of incorporating tried-and-true solutions from traditional architectural principles into
contemporary building design. Following growing urbanization and design standardization, this
issue even got worse. The need for housing and infrastructure in cities will rise as a result of this
increase in urbanization. These massive demands across all industries, followed by these enormous
city construction projects. Dire dewa as a city is no different it's one of the most growing cities in
Ethiopia with a harsh climate condition that demands proper adaptation of modern design and
construction.
Ethiopia has a long tradition of employing locally accessible building materials that are sensitive
to the current climate, specifically solar radiation, and allowing for natural ventilation to maintain
suitable indoor air temperatures. Despite this successful past, contemporary dire dewa architecture
suffers from harsh indoor environments since the current tendency failed to take the context, which
includes local microclimates and construction materials that are readily available, into account.
In addition to harming the environment and socio-cultural structure, the pursuit of thermal comfort
in modern buildings through the use of subpar materials, strategies, and solutions also poses a
health risk to the occupants. For example, cheap air conditioning systems produce disturbing noise
that is unevenly distributed. Ethiopia and other developing nations should make use of the
extensive local expertise to lessen the environmental impact of modern development. Therefore,
the purpose of this study is to conduct more thorough thermal comfort investigations utilizing both
objective and subjective evaluation techniques in the area with the relatively highest climate. The
research also intends to create passive techniques and solutions that are economical, especially for
low-income households, culturally acceptable, and minimize energy consumption. These solutions
and strategies should also meet the city's climate characteristics.

1.3. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

1.3.1. General objective
The general objective of the research is to evaluate the thermal comfort of modern buildings with
respect to the traditional residential building in dire dewa city.

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1.3.2. Specific objectives
The specific objectives of the study are
 To evaluate the environmental & physical variables of both modern & traditional existing
buildings concerning thermal comfort.
 In terms of thermal comfort, assess the user's preference between a traditional house and a
modern residential buildings.
 To compare the indoor thermal comforts of traditional houses with respect to modern
houses.

1.4. RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research questions are formulated based on the specific objective of the study.
1. What is the current state of the thermal comfort of the modern and the traditional house?
2. What are the societal perceptions of living in a modern versus a traditional house in terms of
thermal comfort?
3. Which building type is most comfortable for residents in terms of thermal comfort?

1.5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study will be very important for improving thermal comfort in residence in a variety of ways,
including;
For professionals
 To help professionals to guide on how to adapt local techniques and strategies into
contemporary buildings.
 Inspirations and opens doors for future researches.
For inhabitant
• Cost, deduction of energy cost through energy-efficient design using local materials and
strategies.
• To improve the thermal comfort of the dwelling to enhance the productivity and the morale
of the residents as well as to protect the residences from different health problem
• Protection of the environment, the environment will be protected from the green gas effect
resulting from energy and building material production using fossil fuel.

1.6. THE SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH

Thematic scope
The focus of the research paper is understanding and examining vernacular & modern architecture
of the dire dewa city. In the process, the existing vernacular architecture will be sustainable
features and their thermal cooling features will be studied. The topics in the research focus on the
assessment of indoor thermal comfort variables features of vernacular dwellings in comparison
with the modern one.

4
Spatial scope
Spatially the study is confined within the dire dewa city administration. Both modern & traditional
buildings are found in all over the city but this study focused on only Kebele 02 & Kebele 08, the
study will evaluates and analyzing the thermal comfort of the both type buildings which found at
Kebele 02 & Kebele 08.

1.7. EXPECTED OUTCOME OF THE STUDY

Because the majority of modern structures are imported into developing nations like Ethiopia
without any justification and without taking into account the local climatic conditions or the
context of the local population, it stands to reason that traditional structures would be more energy-
efficient and thermally comfortable than modern ones.

1.8. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF THE STUDY

The term of the key concept of evaluation of thermal comfort of dire dewa city traditional &
modern buildings discussed below.
Microclimate: A microclimate is a local atmospheric region where the cli-mate differs from the
encircling area. The term may refer to areas as small as a few square meters or as large as many
square kilometers (Erell et al., 2011).
Thermal comfort: Refer to an acceptable temperature, humidity and air velocity in which as the
condition of mind which expresses satisfaction and residents able to be feel healthy and becoming
productive. (Njomo, 2010).
Traditional/vernacular: built environment that is based on local demands, defined by the avail
ability of certain materials unique to its particular region, and exhibits local customs and cultural
practices. (Brunskill & Brunskill, 2000).

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 CHAPTER TWO
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
This section's goals are to give the study's literature background, highlight variables of importance,
and discuss thermal comfort strategies of Dire Dewa architecture.
The following literature review will examine and describe broader ideas in detail in accordance
with the paper's title and context. In order to provide the proper techniques, definitions, standards,
importance, parameters, theories, tools, and strategies for analyzing the concepts later on, the paper
discusses the following three primary topics.
2.1. THERMAL COMFORT
Thermal Comfort can be defined as the ideal situation in which only a small amount of extra effort
is needed to maintain the human body's temperature regulation. Different natural factors (including
surface temperatures, mugginess, speed, and discuss temperature) and psychosocial elements
(including clothes, exercise, age, and sex) affect human comfort. (Callejon-Ferre et al., 2011).
2.1.2. TOOLS TO STUDY THERMAL COMFORT OF A BUILDING
Bioclimatic diagrams
Different bioclimatic graphs are used as measuring tools to determine comfort levels. The Victor
Olgyay and Baruch Givonito graph, which was accepted by ASHRAE, is the most widely used to
determine indoor and outdoor comfort. It may be calculated using the relative stickiness and
temperature values. (Freire et al., 2008).

Figure 1. Psychometric Chart_ Source (Psychrometric Chart, n.d.)

6
Thermal comfort study approach
There are now two basic methods for calculating a person's thermal comfort. The percentage of
dissatisfied voters (PDV) and the predicted mean vote (PMV) (PPD) (Backer and Paciuk, 2009;
Homod et al., 2012). These methods, which are based on Fanger's work, take into account both
environmental elements like mean radiant temperature and dry bulb temperature as well as human
factors like metabolic rate and thermal resistance. (Jang et al., 2007).

2.2. BASIC FACTORS OF THERMAL COMFORT

The factors affecting thermal comfort are both environmental and personal. These factors may be
independent of each other, but together contribute to an employee's thermal comfort. (Jang et al.,
2007)
2.2.1. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
 Air Velocity- It has been defined as “The speed of air moving across the worker and may
help cool the worker if it is cooler than the environment” (Liu et al., 2014)
 Air temperature- According to Health and Safety Executive (HSE), air temperature is the
temperature surrounding the body it can be in degree Celsius or Fahrenheit. When talking
about air temperature, it is mean the most affective aspect in the entire environmental
factors. This is because human being is very sensitive to temperature (Hanqing et al., 2006).
 Humidity- According to ISO-7730 (2005), humidity is the absolute humidity expressed as
water vapor pressure in the air which influences the evaporation heat loss from a person.
If water is heated and had evaporated the surrounding area, it will increase the percentage
of humidity at the air. Relative humidity is the percentage between the current amount of
evaporative water and the actual amount of water that the air can hold at a given air
temperature (Liu et al., 2014).
 Mean radiant temperature- It is the heat that radiates from a heated object which is
existing in the environment. In some cases, this aspect could have a greater influence than
air temperature itself. Sun could be the most important radiated object that could be taken
into account. However, there are several examples as well such as cookers, dryers, hot
surfaces and ovens. (HSE, 2012).
2.2.2. PERSONAL FACTORS
 Thermal resistance- It can be classified as part of the insulation that protects the body
from the surrounding environment. (Sakka et al., 2012)
 Metabolic rate- it is one of the main factors that are affecting thermal comfort. It related
human activity. There are many types of buildings and each one has its own purpose and
level of activities required. As a result, the activity of people in schools is different from
that one in offices which will lead to major differences in thermal sensation. It can be
defined as “heat that we produce inside our bodies as we carry out physical activity”
(Mustapa et al., 2016)
 Clothing insulation-according to Oliveira et al. (2011) has indicated that the assessment
of the thermal insulation of clothing is quite important as far as the study of human thermal

7
 exists. With regard to clothing insulation it provides a thermal resistance between the body
and the environment.

2.3. DESIGN FACTORS OF THERMAL COMFORT

One of the elements that affects the thermal comfort within a house is its design.
 Orientation- Correct orientation is a low cost option to improve occupant’s thermal
comfort and decrease cooling and heating energy. An appropriate building orientation will
allow the desirable winter sun to enter the building and allow ventilation in the summer by
facing the summer wind stream. (Woods, 2014).
 Building walls- Energy required in building is mostly towards providing thermal comfort.
Energy savings in a building can be achieved by appropriate energy efficient design of
building walls. Building walls comprise a configuration of building materials, the thermos
physical properties of which determine the climatic response of the wall to reduce the
energy consumption in building, it is necessary to understand the thermal performance of
the building envelope on the indoor environment.
 Building openings- human’s comfort in the building is affected by a number of factors,
openings are one of the major factors. With the rapid growth of the sector building services,
humans sought to ensure thermal comfort in contemporary buildings by using modern
mechanical means represented in air conditioners which lead to an increase in using energy.
 Roof- Heat transfer in the form of radiation occurred between outside and inside surface
of the buildings and it causes heat gain in the buildings. Roof as an element in the building
contributes to heat gains production. Roof as one of building surface that dominantly
exposed to the sun is obviously caused most of heat gains in the building.
 Building function & use- The function and use of a building can make a massive
difference in terms of the opportunity of adaptive thermal comfort for occupancy. The
difference in building function depending on the activity style they perform inside. In
residential buildings, for instance, variations in indoor temperature is more acceptable than
the case in hotels or hospitals.

2.4 METHODS FOR EVALUATING THERMAL COMFORT

Thermal comfort can be assessed using two different methodologies, such as subjective evaluation
and objective evaluation, in accordance with ASHRAE 55. By utilizing the ASHRAE thermal
sensational scale, questioners, and interviews, subject evaluation is a type of evaluation that is
based on the residents' feelings. A method for objective evaluation is based on assessing the indoor
thermal comfort factors of the interior environment and comparing the value with benchmarks that
were covered by ASHRAE 55.

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 Chapter Three
Materials and Methods
3. Introduction
Under this chapter the methodology used in this research work will be included and it will provides
information about the research design, research instrument, data collection, method of data
analysis and model specification, procedure of data collection, data analysis, Ethical consideration.
This gives justification in the choice of methods used to achieve the objective of the study.

3.1. Description of the study area

3.1.1. Study Area
The study will be conducted in Dire Dewa city Ethiopia, on Kebele 02 & Kebele 08.

Figure 2.Location Dire Dewa city.

3.1.2. Study Period

This research study will be carried out within the prescribed time frame as per attached work
schedule/plan from December 2022.

9
3.2. Research Design
The thermal comfort of both traditional and modern buildings in Dire Dewa city will be evaluated by this
study. Using both descriptive and explanatory research methodologies, this comparative study will be
designed. Quantitative and qualitative data were combined in this blended method. By using quantitative
and qualitative methods. In addition to comparing the thermal comfort of traditional and modern homes,
this study will look at how comfortable they are and how the various aspects in Dire Dewa affect that
comfort greatly. It will also evaluate people's preferences and the basis on which they are based.

3.3. Data Type and Sources

In order to achieve this objective, this study will evaluate the thermal comfort of both traditional and modern
structures in Dire Dewa city utilizing information from both primary and secondary sources. As sources for
secondary data, government publications, books, journal articles, and official papers were used. In order to
achieve this, primary data were gathered through questionnaires and interviews given to respondents who
have lived in both types of homes, while pertinent literature was analyzed to summarize other nations'
experiences regarding the significance of and weight given to indoor thermal comfort. Additionally,
individual measurements of the temperature and humidity inside of structures yield data that is deficient in
the categories of primary data.

3.4. Data collection process

A number of approaches will be used for data collection. These are survey questionnaire, key informant
interview and case study by taking the selected projects. Data will be gathered from site survey,
observations and questionnaires. After analyzing all collected information, conclusions and
recommendations will be suggested based on the findings.

3.5 Sample size

The respondents for the questionnaires were chosen among those who reside in Keble 02 and 08
and have experience living in both traditional homes and modern structures. A formula created by
(Kish, 1665) will be used to calculate the sample size.

Where
n = sample size
N = Total population size
n 1 = S 2 /v2
S = maximum standard deviation among the population of elements
V= standard error of the distribution
S 2 = p (1-p) where p represents the proportion of the population elements belonging to the class
defined

10
3.6 Sampling technique
The population will first be divided into smaller groups that have a common attribute for the purposes of
this study, which will use the stratified random sampling technique. It will be used when we need to make
sure that all subgroups are represented and we can fairly expect that the measurement of interest will
differ between the various subgroups. Therefore, the study is qualitative and is founded on a quick yet in-
depth investigation of a set sample size.

3.7. Study instruments (Data collection tools)

3.7.1. Environmental variables data collection
The data of indoor and outdoor environmental variables will collect by using HOLDPEAK Digital
Anemometer, Handheld Wind Speed Meter Heat Stress Meter Thermal Anemometer CFM for
Wind Speed, Temperature, Humidity, WBGT Alarm, recorder in both the traditional house as well
as the standard

Figure 3.environmental variables measurement tool

3.7.2. Software analysis tools

The empirical studies part of this research is based on computer simulation and assessment
software products. The main software used is Design Builder. Design Builder is a Building
Performance Simulation (BPS) tool that evaluate the total discomfort hours, PMV & PPD, CFD
& it evaluate the building thermal performance in a comparison of ASHRAE 55 standard.

Figure 4.software tool

11
3.8. Data analysis and interpretation
MS Excel's spreadsheet program will be used for data analysis. The spreadsheet was used to create
tables showing the percentage of temperature and humidity as well as the mean value of
environmental factors. The collected temperature and humidity data, which were displayed in
linear charts to compare the conditions in traditional and modern homes, would be the subject of
the first stage of study. The questionnaire data from the second stage of data analysis were
presented in tabular forms, charts, and were examined using a combination of descriptive statistics.
Analysis graphs that were employed. This material provides a summary of both types of buildings.
3.9. Ethical consideration
Understanding the fundamentals of ethical research and how they could impact the study project
is crucial. The researcher is well-intentioned and will address all ethical concerns that could
unintentionally damage the participants when interacting with them. Some of these concerns
include the following:
 Psychological Harm

 Financial Harm

 Social Harm

12
4. Budget

No Material Required Unit Quantity Unit Price Total Price

(Birr)
1 Secretarial cost

Paper Package 1 300 300

Printing Color pages 100 10 1000

Black pages 650 3 1950

Binding 5 400 2000

Sub-total 1 5250

2 Personal cost

Payment for data 2 persons For 10 days 300 6000

numerators

Per diem for researcher 1 person 30 days 400 12,000

Sub-total 2 18000
3 Transportation 8 days 800 6400

Sub-total 3 6400

4 TOTAL = Sub-total 1+ 29650

Sub-total 2+ Sub-total 3

Table 1. Budget of the research

13
 Months and weeks in 2022/2023
Work Schedule/Plan December January February March April May June
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Identification of the problem .
Pre-survey to identify critical
problem of specific site . .
Collection of related data for the study ..
Literature review .
Proposal development ..
Writing a proposal ..
Advisor contact . .. .. .. . . . . .

14
Submit the proposal to the advisor .
Prepare final proposal .
.

Table 2.work schedule of the research

Proposal defense
Data Gathering Phase I ....
Data Gathering Phase II ... . ........ . .
Data analysis ..... . . .
5. WORK SCHEDULE

Draft report preparation .. . . .

Final report preparation ..
Final submission and presentation ..
Reference
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Systems,” World Appl. Sci. J., vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 739–746, 2013.
-T. AlKhidir and S. Zailani, “Going green in supply chain towards environmental sustainability,”
Glob. J. Environ. Res., vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 246–251, 2009.
-Nicol, J. F. (2008). A handbook of adaptive thermal comfort: Towards a dynamic model.
Teaching resource, University of Bath.
-Erell, E., David, P., Williamson, T., 2010. Urban Microclimate-Designing the Spaces between
Buildings, City Weathers: Meteorology and Urban Design 1950–2010. Earthscan/James & James
Science Publishers, London, p. 266p
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