oR Q1G coamettecyeteottv sto due emptone teen transmission, and control of HIV. Life Cycle of HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus): 1. Attachment and Entry: + HIV binds to 6D receptors on helper Foals and fuses with the cell membrane 2, Reverse Transoription: + Vieal RNAs converted nto DNA by reverse transcriptase 3. Integration + Veal DNAs integrated into the hest genome by integrase 4 Replication: + Host machinery prectices new viral RNA and proteins 5. Assembly and Release: + New viruses are assembled and bud off the hast cell, Symptoms of HIV/AIDS: + Fle symptoms ntiay + Weak immune eyetem + Frequent infections (6, pneumonia) + Weight oss + Skin lesions or rashes ‘cu. _-Paper Ih Botany Section C. Transmission of HIV: + Unprotected sexual conisct + Tranefusion of infected blood + Sharingneedles/syringes + From mother to chilé during bith or breastfeeding Treatment: + ART (Antiretroviral Therapy) ~ combination of drugs that suppress HIV replicate Control and Prevention: + Sate sex practices + Useof eterle needles + Blood screening + Public awareness + Antverovtl treatment for pregnant women with HIVQ.No.16: Describe reproduction in bacteria in detail. ‘Answer: Reproduction in Bacteria Bacteria reproduce asexually, mainly through a process called binary fission. Binary Fission Process: Pa per » Botany 1. DNA Replication Sec tio nc + The circular DNA molecule replicates. 2. Cell Growth * Cell elongates, and the two DNA copies move to opposite ends. 3. Septum Formation + Apartition forms in the middle of the cell 4. Division + The cell splits into two genetically identical daughter cells. Other Modes of Reproduction: 1. Conjugation Transfer of plasmid DNA between bacterial cells via pill 2. Transformation ~ Uptake of free DNA from the environment 3. Transduction ~ Transfer of DNA by bacteriophages (viruses).Q.No.15: Define Translocation. Elaborate the mechanism with suitable diagram. Definition: ‘Translocation is the movement of organic nutrients (mainly sucrose) through phloem from the source (leaves) to the sink (roots, fruits, etc.) Mechanism of Translocation - Pressure Flow Hypothesis: 1, At the Source (Leaves): + Sucrose is actively loaded into the phloem sieve tubes. + Water enters by osmosis from xylem. + This creates high turgor pressure in the phloem. 2. Flow through Phloem: + The pressure causes the sap to flow towards the sink (roots or storage organs) 3. Atthe Sink + Suerose Is actively or passively unloaded into sink cells. + Water leaves the phloem, reducing pressure. Diagram: Leaves (Source) Paper » Botany 4 (Sucrose loading) © (Gicreoe ueading) Section C. Roots/Fruits (Sink)Q.No.14: Describe the light-independent reaction of Photosynthesis with suitable chart. Answer: Light-Independent Reaction (Calvin Cycle) The light-independent reaction, also called the Calvin Cycle or C, Cycle, occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts. It uses ATP and NADPH (produced in the light reaction) to fix carbon dioxide and synthesize glucose Paper » Botany Phases of the Calvin Cycle: Section C. 1. Carbon Fixation + CO, from the atmosphere is fixed with Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) (2 5- ‘carbon compound) + Enzyme Rubisco catalyzes this reaction, + A6-carbon compound is formed but immediately breaks into two molecules of 3-PGA (3. phosphoglycerate) 2. Reduction Phase + ATP and NADPH are used to convert 3-PGA into GaP (glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate), @ 3-carbon sugar. 3, Regeneration of RuBP + Some G3P molecules leave the cycle to form glucose. +The rest regenerate RUBP using ATP so the cycle can continue, Chart / Summary Table: step Input output Carbon Fixation C0, RUBP 3GA Reduction 2:PGA + ATP + NADPH 6aP (auger) Regeneration ap ATP RuBP Overall Reaction: 6CO, + 18ATP +12NADPH — Cy HO + 18ADP + 18P, + 12NADPQ.No.11: Role of Auxin and Gibberellins in Plant Growth + Auxin: Promotes cell elongation, root initiation, apical dominance, and phototropism, * Gibberellins: Stimulate stem elongation, seed germination, and fruit development. Q.No.12: Photosynthetic Pigments and Their Role Pigment Role Chlorophyll a Main pigment; directly involved in ight reaction Chlorophyll ‘Accessory pigment; tranafera energy to chlorophyll a Carotenoids Protect chlorophyl abeorb additional light wavelengths Q.No.13: Structure of Bifacial Leaf & Gaseous Exchange Mechanism + Structure: * Upper epidermis (with cuticle) + Palisade mesophyll (photosynthesis) + Spongy mesophyll (air spaces) + Lower epidermis (with stomata) * Gaseous Exchange: + Takes place mainly through stomata on the lower epidermis, * CO, enters, 0, exits, and water vapor is lost by transpiration.Q.No.9: Diagram Labelled Diagram of Mitochondria Outer Membrane | Inner Membrane |< / | ‘Matrix | / | Include labels: Pa per .. + Outer membrane + Inner membrane =e Botany = Matrix (You can also draw Golgi bodies with cisternae, vesicles, and labeling) Q.No.10: Define Chemoautotrophic Bacteria & Their Types Chemoautotrophic Bacteria: These bacteria obtain energy by oxidizing Inorganie substances and use CO, as a carbon source Types: 11. Nitrifying bacteria (e.¢., Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter) 2, Sulfur bacteria (e.g., Thiobacillus) 3. Iron bacteria (e.g, Gallonella) 4, Hydrogen bacteria (e.g, Hydrogenomones)Q.No.7: How are proteins and fats used instead of glucose in cellular respiration? When glucose is unavailable: * Fats are broken into fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids undergo f-oxidation to form acetyl-CoA, which enters the Krebs cycle. + Proteins are broken into amino acids, which are deaminated (removal of amino group), and the remaining carbon skeletons enter the respiration pathways. Q.No.8: Role of Plasma Membrane in Cell-Environment Interaction The plasma membrane reguiates the entry and exit of substances through: + Selective permeability « Receptor proteins that detect chemical signals « Endocytosis and exocytosis processes for bulk transport * Communication with neighboring cellsQ.No.5: Why Calvin Cycle is also called C, Cycle? The Calvin Cyele |s called the C, cycle because the first stable product formed during carbon fixation is a 3-carbon compound called 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA). ‘Q.No.6: Definitions (8) Halophytes: Plants that grow in saline (salty) enviranments, such as mangraves. They have special adaptations to survive in high salt concentration. (b) Glycocalyx: Asticky, sugary coating found outside the plasma membrane in some cells, especially bacteria. It helps in protection and attachment (d) Photoperiodism: The response of plants to the length of day or night, affecting flowering and other developmental processes. {c) Carnivorous Plants: Plants that trap and digest insects or small animals to abtain nutrients, especially nitrogen, &.g., Venus flytrap, pitcher plant. +SECTION — B (Short Questions) Q.No.2 Differentiate between: (ii) Gram Positive Bacteria vs, Gram Negative Bacteria Characteristics Gram Positive Bacteria Gram Negative Bacteria coll Wall “Thick peplidontyean layer Thin peptidogijean layer ‘outer Mernbrane Absent Present Staining Color Retain crystal violet (purple) Appear pink or ed after coumerstain ‘Toxin Produced Exotoains Endotonins and exotoxing Examples Staptylococeus, Streptococcus Ecol, Salmonella Q.No.3: How de Cilia and Flagelta bend during movement? Cilla and flagelia bend due to the sliding of microtubules powered by a protein called dynein. Dynein arms attached to one microtubule doublel use ATP to "walk' along an adjacent doublet, causing the microtubules to slide against each other. This sliding is, converted into a bending motion because the base of the clllum or flagellum anchors the microtubules. Q.Ne.4: Symptoms of AIDS + Weak immune system . < renee Paper + Weight loss: ie Botany. + Diarrhea + Skin rashes: + Swollen lymph nodes + Opportunistic infections lke pneumonia or tuberculosisSECTION - A (MCQs) Q. No. 1: Choose the correct answer from the given optior: No. Question Mad cow infection is caused by: DNA found in of cells. Acetyl Co-Enzyme A contains: Phloem consists of: Protein that causes pathogenicity in humans is: Promotion of flowering by a cold treatment is called: RuBisco performs during photorespiration. Bacterial cell wall is composed of: Botany MCQ » Correct Option (©) Prions (d) Allof these (c) 02 Carbon (b) Sieve tube element (c) Virus (a) Vernalization (b) Decarboxylation (b) Murein