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detect poisons. Experiment has shown that heat causes the emerald to
lose water but does not affect its colour, hence the reports of the
“sweating” emerald cannot be set aside as mythical. Specimens of the
beryl family have been found in tombs and in old excavations, and there is
little doubt that the stones “of the colour of transparent sea-water” found
by the old Romans at Cyprus belonged to it. The Romans greatly
esteemed the emerald as an eye stone and a natural specific for
ophthalmia, holding that what healed and calmed the spiritual eye would
heal and calm the natural eye. The Persians applied ashes of burnt
emeralds to ulcers with curative effect. They said that the emerald
brought mental tranquility, cured unnatural thirst, stomach troubles,
jaundice, liver troubles, obstructions, gravel, stricture, bodily pains and
epilepsy. Albertus Magnus also recommends it as a cure for epileptic
attacks. Mystics have always regarded the emerald as of the highest
worth. It is spoken of by Cardanus as an ideal gem for divinatory
purposes—no doubt because of its pure spiritual import. Aristotle writes
that an emerald hung from the neck or worn on the finger protects from
the “falling sickness.”
The ancient writers held that all kinds of divination were helped by the
emerald, and when worn during the transaction of honest business it gave
favour to the wearer. In Brazil, medical students on becoming doctors of
medicine wore on their fingers rings of emeralds as an indication that they
had received their diploma. The lighter emerald, or beryl, bound man and
wife together in mutual love, and raised the wearer to success and
honour.
Among the Hindoo philosophers the emerald held its place as a gem of
the zodiacal Taurus, and in the First Heaven of the Muslims the tents of
the faithful are represented as studded with emeralds, pearls and jacinths.
Mr. E. W. Lane (“Modern Egyptians”) writes that the inhabitants of
Paradise are said to be clothed “in the richest silk, chiefly of green, and all
superfluities from their bodies will be carried off by perspiration which will
diffuse an odour like that of musk”—a plant recognized by old astrologers
as belonging to the sign Taurus. Paracelsus wrote that the emerald was in
sympathy with the metal copper—also recognized as the chief metal of
Venus. Mr. King notes a fine emerald, a quarter inch square, belonging to
the earliest Christian periods, on which is cut a fish, which besides being
an early Christian emblem is symbolical of Venus and later of the Virgin.
Venus is exalted in the Zodiacal sign of the Fishes which enters largely
into the Christian mysteries. The beryl was used in magical rites as an
instrument for foretelling future happenings. For special magical purposes
the stone was held in the mouth when—says Freeman, writing in the early
part of the 18th century—a person may call an elemental and receive
satisfaction for any question he might ask. In this connection one is
tempted to think of the delightful Venusian spirit Ariel in Shakespeare’s
“Tempest.” Again the beryl is recommended by Leonardus as a charm
against diseases of the throat and jaws. In the “water divination” of the
Middle Ages a beryl stone was suspended just to touch the surface of the
water in the bowl, and it answered questions by automatically striking the
edges of the vessel. It was also thrown into a shallow dish of water,
information being gathered from the reflections seen in sunlight in the
water.
Herodotus tells the story of the Thalassokrat (Sea-king) Polycrates of
Samos whose never-failing fortune so alarmed his friend and ally, the
Pharaoh Amasis of Egypt, that he wrote to him begging him to sacrifice
something he valued most highly to propitiate the fateful Nemesis,
goddess of retribution. In obedience to this request Polycrates, with many
regrets, threw from a boat his precious emerald ring into the sea far from
the shore. Some few days afterwards a fisherman caught a fish so large
and shapely that, thinking it a prize for the King, he took it to the palace
of Polycrates. When the cook was preparing the fish for the King’s table he
found within it his master’s emerald ring. Amasis, when informed of the
incident by Polycrates, was greatly concerned as it foretold to him a fatal
end for the Thalassokrat, with whom he broke off negotiations and
alliances. Polycrates, being induced by his crafty enemy the Persian satrap
Oroetes to visit him, was seized and crucified. The story is discredited by
some historians—notably Grote—but this is not the only story of a fish
swallowing a ring or some other article of value. The legend of Solomon’s
ring has been already alluded to. Mr. King collecting evidence from
Herodotus, Pausanius, and other old writers finds that the ring of
Polycrates was a “signet of emerald set in gold, the work of Theodorus of
Samos.” That famous father of the church, Titus Flavius Clemens, better
known as Clemens Alexandrinus, says that on the emerald ring of
Polycrates was engraved “a musical lyre.” A fine quality emerald bearing a
similar device was found about fifty years ago in a vineyard at Aricia, and
that this may have been the famous ring is not impossible.
 In the reign of Philip II, of Spanish Armada repute, there appeared in
Spain a strange ring of gold, in the centre of which was an emerald cut so
as to contain a ruby surrounded by diamonds. This curious ring is said to
have been the symbol of misfortune wherever it came. The church which
received it as a gift from the King was destroyed by fire; the fatal ring,
rescued from the fire, was placed in a museum that was badly damaged
by lightning; whilst again in the possession of the King of Spain, Spain
was defeated in the war with the United States of America. Then this ring
of ill-omen was buried in an iron coffin in a secret place. Its evil influence
can readily be accounted for in the light of occult philosophy—the ruby is
a stone under the Celestial Leo, the emerald is under Taurus. These signs
form the evil square, being counted in astrological science 90° apart. A
square aspect is always accounted an evil one. The admixture of the
beautiful crystal symbols was unfortunate. Spain again is under the
celestial Sagittarius, and would not hold gems of Taurus. Philip II himself
had an evil influence on Spain. Astrologically neither the emerald nor the
ruby would be in harmony with his nativity and the diamond would be
fatal.
John of Salisbury states that Pope Adrian VIII confirmed the right to
hold and govern Ireland on Henry II of England with the gift of a rare
emerald set in a ring of gold, and the Papal bull or seal. The right to
bestow all islands was claimed by the Pope by virtue of the laws of
Constantine. It is curious in connection with this historical transaction that
Ireland and the emerald come under Taurus, and that the right of Henry II
as sovereign of Ireland is confirmed by the Papal Bull!
Tennyson in “Elaine” says that Arthur, “the glorious King”

“Had on his cuirass worn our Lady’s Head,

Carved of one emerald centred in a sun
Of silver rays, that lighten’d as he breathed.”

The beryl was the symbol of undying youth, the emerald of

incorruptibility and triumph over sin, the aquamarine of social uplifting.
One of the four rings sent by Pope Innocent III in the year 1205 to King
John of England was an emerald which, wrote the donor, is the emblem of
faith. To dream of beryls is said to denote happy news to come; to dream
of aquamarines is interpreted as symbolical of loving friendships; to dream
of emeralds is set down as a sign of worldly benefit and goodness. The
Angel of the beryl family is the inexpressibly beautiful and tender Anael.
Emanuel Swedenborg says that the beryl signifies “the good of charity and
faith or the spiritual love of truth; the emerald the appearance of the
divine sphere of the Lord in the lowest heavens; the emerald family as
indicating the sphere of divine love and wisdom.”
The wonderful aquamarine which adorned the crown of James II of
England has been recently found to be merely a piece of coloured glass.
This fact was recently communicated by Sir George Younghusband, so
well known as the keeper of the Jewel House in the Tower of London. It is
presumed that the real stone was replaced by this imitation, but how and
when is a matter of speculation. The whole emerald family were regarded
as stones of fortune for King James II.
Before closing this account of the beryl family it may be interesting to
recall the fatal emerald of Russia. This large and beautiful gem was given
to Peter of Holstein-Gottorp (afterwards Peter III), by Empress Elizabeth
Petrovna. Peter was assassinated. Emperor Paul wore it next and was
strangled. Alexander II then had the stone newly set and it fell from his
finger after his assassination. Alexander III would not wear it, but
Nicholas II, allured by its beauty, did. Who now has the fatal emerald?
 CHAPTER XIV
BALAS—CRYSOCOLLA

BALAS: BLOODSTONE: BONE TURQUOISE: CAIRNGORM, AN ANCIENT

CAUTERISER: CARBUNCLE: THE PATHWAY OF THE FOURTH HEAVEN
ILLUMINATED THE ARK OF NOAH: “A BURNING GEM”: THE MAGICIAN OF
KING KAJATA: THE LUSTROUS CARBUNCLE OF CEYLON: NATHANIEL
HAWTHORNE’S STORY: VIRTUES OF THE STONE: A CAPTAIN’S TALISMAN AT
GALLIPOLI: CARNELIAN AND THE SARD: SENSITIVENESS OF THESE
STONES: SARD INTAGLI: ALARIC THE GOTH AND HIS CARNELIAN: MADAME
BLAVATSKY AND THE SHAMANS OF TARTARY: OCCULT VIRTUES OF THE
CARNELIAN: MEANING IN ROSICRUCIAN MYSTERIES: MOSLEM TRADITION.
CATSEYE, ITS CURIOUS OPALESCENCE: LORE OF THE CATSEYE: RABBI BEN
ADOULAH’S ASSERTION: THE EYE OF BELUS: CEYLINITE: CHALCEDONY:
PERSIAN CYLINDERS: SIGNET OF DARIUS: EARLY IDENTIFICATION BY
ALBERTUS MAGNUS: PLINY’S DESCRIPTION: STONE OF ST. STEPHEN:
VIRTUES OF THE CHALCEDONY: CHALCEDONYX: CHERT: CHIASTOLITE:
STONE OF ST. JAMES: PEDRO THE CRUEL: MIGUEL PEREZ AND THE BLOOD-
RED CROSS: MARSHAL SOULT’S PLUNDER: THE STONE OF COLUMBUS:
CHRYSOBERYL, ITS VIRTUES: CRYSOCOLLA, A MUSICAL CHARM.

BALAS. See SPINEL.

BLOODSTONE. See HAEMATITE and JASPER.

BONE TURQUOISE or Odontolite. Bone turquoise is often mistaken

for true turquoise. It is really fossil teeth or bones coloured blue by
the action of phosphate of iron. Its organic difference can easily be
seen under a good glass. ODONTOLITE is under the influence of the
zodiacal Capricorn; it is a degree less in hardness than the true
turquoise, being in this respect equal to apatite and lapis lazuli.
 BORT. (See DIAMOND.)

CAIRNGORM or SCOTCH TOPAZ.

“O Caledonia, stern and wild!”

Scott.

The mountain cairngorm, the name of which comes from the

Gaelic CARNGORM, meaning Blue Cairn, is between the shires of
Aberdeen, Banff and Inverness, and it is there that the cairngorm
stones are mostly found. The stone is a variety of quartz of a fine
smoky yellow or brown colour. It is found in other places than the
Cairngorm Mountains, and has usurped many of the attributes of the
true topaz. It is remarkable for its brilliance and beauty, and was
known to the ancients. According to Pliny, this stone was used by old
physicians for cauterizing affected parts of the body by directing the
sun’s rays through it after the manner of a “burning glass.” It was
carried in times of epidemics as a protective charm, and it was held
to bestow a degree of craft and subtlety on the wearer. As a martial
stone in harmony with Scotland, it was set in the head of dirks and
other knives, and adorned the Highland dress. The Cairngorm was
considered a talisman against venereal diseases, sore throats, etc.
It is under the zodiacal Scorpio.

CARBUNCLE

“The Carbuncle
Which from it such a flaming light
And radiancy ejecteth
That in the very darkest night
The eye’s to it directed.”
Drayton.

The name Carbuncle is derived from the Latin CARBUNCULUS,

diminutive of CARBO, a coal. During the past centuries it has been
written as charbucle, charbokel, charbokll, cherbukkill, carbokyl,
charboncle, carbunculum, karboncle, carbunacle, carbuncle stone. Of
it Dr. Wilkins writes: “It is believed that a carbuncle does shine in the
dark like a burning coal, from whence it has its name.”
The carbuncle is the Iron Alumina Garnet known as Almandine or
Almandite, which varies in colour shades from red, ruby red,
columbine red to brownish red. The name is said to be derived from
the town of Alabanda in Asia Minor where, according to Pliny, the
Carbunculi Amethystozontes were cut. Dr. Holland’s translation of the
passage relating to the carbuncle in Pliny, Book XXXVII, is as follows:
“Amongst these red gems the rubies otherwise called carbuncles
challenge the principall place and are esteemed richest; they have
their name in Greek of the likenesse unto fire, and yet fire hath no
power of them which is the reason that some call them apyroti.” The
apyroti is our pyrope which indicates “fiery” in Greek. It is a
magnesia alumina garnet and was, as it now is, cut en cabochon.
Specimens chosen for this purpose are from deep to black red.
Almandines form the pathways of the Fourth Heaven (Dar as-
Salam) of the Muhammedans; and the traditional symbol of the Ark
illuminated by a large carbuncle stone occurs in the Rabbinical
writings. To students of the mysteries this must ever appeal as a
forceful and subtle symbol of man’s immortality and sublime power.
Leonardus writes of the carbuncle “brandishing its fiery rays on
every side and in the dark appearing like a fiery coal.” “It is
regarded,” he says, “as the first among ‘burning gems.’” That the
carbuncle gave out a glowing light without reflection is frequently
repeated by ancient authors, and the Palace of the Magician in the
Russian story of King Kajata was hewn out of a single carbuncle
which lit up the whole surrounding district. Sir E. Tennant quotes
from a Chinese work a narrative which tells that “early in the 14th
century the Emperor sent an officer to Ceylon to purchase a
carbuncle of unusual lustre which was fitted as a ball to the cap of
the Emperor of that country. It was upwards of an ounce in weight
and cost 100,000 strings of cash. Each time a grand levee was held
at night the red lustre filled the palace, and hence it was designated
the Red Palace Illuminator.”
Nathaniel Hawthorne’s beautiful story of “The Great Carbuncle” in
his “Twice-told Tales” is based on the Indian tradition which is, he
says, “too wild and too beautiful to be adequately wrought up in
prose.” Nevertheless the author does so with old-world charm:
“Some few believe that this inestimable stone is blazing as of old,
and say that they have caught its radiance like a flash of summer
lightning, far down the valley of the Saco. And be it owned that
many a mile from the Crystal Hills I saw a wondrous light around
their summits and was lured by the faith of poesy to be the last
pilgrim of the Great Carbuncle.”
In the Middle Ages the carbuncle was worn as a charm to protect
the wearer against the plague, and it was said to protect travellers
on long voyages by sea from drowning, and by land from accidents.
It was also credited with the power of resisting poisons, of averting
evil thoughts and dreams. It was an up-lifter of the soul and a
preserver of the health of the body. When its lustre changed, the
death of the wearer was indicated. In addition to being the stone of
undying hope and the dispeller of sadness, the Indians and Arabs
credit it with protecting from wounds and harm in the midst of
battle. A story was told to the author by the mother of an Australian
Captain born, according to astrology, with the Sun rising in the sign
of the Archer. This officer wore at the author’s suggestion a ring of
carbuncle. At Gallipoli he, with a few men, was cut off by incessant
gunfire which, although directed their way, did not injure them and
from which they were eventually rescued. During this ordeal the
Captain looked often at his calm, flame-burning ring, the unearthly
brightness of which seemed to him an emblem of salvation.
Emanuel Swedenborg compared the carbuncle with the good of
celestial love, and it was regarded as a heart stimulant by some old
medical writers. It represents the red arterial blood and is connected
with the fiery sign of the zodiac Sagittarius. A great part of Australia
is much influenced by this sign according to astrology and large
quantities of extremely beautiful almandines—which were at one
time mistaken for rubies and termed “Australian rubies”—have been
already found.
To dream of the carbuncle was said to indicate acquirement of
wisdom.
The carbuncle is under the zodiacal Sagittarius.
 CARNELIAN

“Let not the Muse the dull Carnelian slight,

Although it shine with but a feeble light.”
Marbodus.

The Carnelian obtains its name from the Latin word Carnis, flesh,
which describes its colour. The Sard (Greek, Sarx, flesh) called by
Swedenborg and the ancients the “sardine Stone,” of a deeper
brownish red is said by Pliny to have been named from Sardis in Asia
Minor. Carnelian is also written cornelian, cornelien, and carnelion.
Woodward in his “Natural History” (1695) alludes to the ancient
Roman tradition that the pale red carnelians were called females and
the deeper colours males. The yellow carnelian was anciently
regarded as the female loved by the Sun. These gems are extremely
sensitive, being affected by oils and acids. It has been demonstrated
from olden times that carnelians exposed to the rays of the sun were
brightened and heightened in colour, a result which could not be
obtained by ordinary heat. The carnelian and sard were greatly used
in all ages, and many beads, charms and ornaments have been
found in the old lands. The writer had in his possession two beautiful
Etruscan scarabs of sard—one bearing a portrait of Æsculapius and
the snake, the other portraying Venus disrobing—neither of which
had suffered much from the attacks of time.
Mr. King describes a sard intaglio showing an Ibis stepping out of
a nautilus shell, seizing a snake—a symbol of the eternal war
between the Sun, represented by the Ibis, on the stone of the Sun,
and the earth moistures, represented by the snake. Another from
the Rhodes collection represents Venus showing Cupid how to use
the bow, appropriately cut on a sard or heart stone; another, also
cut on sard, shows Cupid riding on a lion—symbol of the Sun and
the heart (organ of the Sun in astrophilosophy).
Alaric the Goth entered the city of Rome with his victorious army
August 27th in the year 410 A. D. His birthday cannot be ascertained
with any degree of certainty, but it may have been somewhere near
that time for he wore on his finger a large carnelian talismanic ring
on which was engraved: “Alaricus Rex Gothorum.”
Madame Blavatsky relates stories of the Shamans of Tartary who
carried carnelians under their left arms, and by employing these
stones in certain ways they were enabled to separate the astral from
the physical body. The carnelian was used by them in certain
magical work and was reputed to be a stone of wonderful power. It
is significant that these Shamans carried the carnelians on their left
sides, near the great Sun of the human body—the heart. Madame
Blavatsky herself possessed a carnelian to which special virtue was
attached. She was born when the Sun was in the sign of the Lion,
and the carnelian was therefore one of her chief talismanic gems.
The carnelian was called the Stone of the Martyrs. It is said to
bestow the power to see into the astral plane if, when placed before
a light for about four minutes, it is steadily gazed upon. Considering
the powerful effect the Sun has on the carnelian, it were best that, if
phenomena of this order are to be obtained through the agency of
such an instrument, the stone be first exposed to the rays of the
Sun. It is inadvisable, however, to look directly at the sun with the
naked eye.
The carnelian is said to bring content to the wearer, and Albertus
Magnus said that it made the soul happy, drove away the evil effects
of sorcery, witchcraft, enchantment and fear. It was the stone of the
victor and of victory, and was used as a charm against bad temper—
for bad temper according to the masters is a form of black magic.
Black magic was evilly directed in the light of a waning moon, and it
was detected by the varying sheen of the protective carnelian or
sard. Also in dreams the stone was a symbol that evil thoughts were
being directed against the dreamer. It represented the magical force
of Faith and the weakening folly of scepticism in the Rosicrucian
mysteries. Medicinally the stone was used to stop bleedings, and in
the Middle Ages it was administered in powdered form. At this period
it was stated that the yellow variety was the gem for Dies Solis or
Sunday. Both the carnelian and sard are attached to the zodiacal
Leo, the Mansion of the Sun, and the connection apart from tradition
is proven scientifically by the effect of the solar rays on the stone
itself. It is said to promote coolness in argument and dignity in
dispute, and the Muhammedan tradition tells that Muhammad held
that to procure contentment and blessings, it was necessary with
right mind to Allah, to wear a carnelian.

CATSEYE

“The Catseye is one of the jewels of which the Singhalese are

especially proud.”
Tennent’s “Ceylon.”

The catseye is a chalcedonic quartz, translucent, of various colours

—yellow-green, yellow-brown, hyacinth-red, grey, green-grey, etc. It
is of a peculiar opalescence, resembling the eye of a cat, when cut
en cabochon, an effect produced by amianthoid asbestos filaments
which run parallel through the stone. The virtues ascribed to the
catseye are many. It was said to put colour into pale faces, to give
pleasure to the mind, to relieve the soul of melancholy, to cure
chronic disorders and wasting diseases, and to keep the wearer from
financial distress and ruin. It is said to have been successfully
employed in relieving croup and asthma. Pressed on to the forehead
between the eyes it aided thought and helped foresight. Carried by
those with Capricorn rising in the horoscope, or with the Sun, Jupiter
or Venus in Capricorn, it is credited with especial value as a charm
for success in speculative ventures. Enwrapped in women’s hair, it
was employed as a birth charm, and if calcined and applied to
wounds, said Rabbi Ben Adoulah, it healed them. Further, it cured
inflammations of the eyes, if lightly rubbed on the closed lids. To
dream of a catseye was said to warn of treachery. It was the Eye of
Belus in old Assyria, and a talisman which made the wearer invisible
to his enemies. Old Indian masters advise that the specimen worn
be as perfect as possible, saying that bad stones should not be worn
at all.
The Catseye is attached to the sign Capricorn.

CEYLONITE. (See SPINEL.)

 CHALCEDONY

“With lustre fair is the Calcedon graced.”

Marbodus.

The chalcedony obtains its name from Chalkedon in Asia Minor,

and appears written as calcedony, calsydoyne, calcidoine, chalcedun,
calcideny, chalcidonye, calcedon, calchedonie.
This stone includes a number of varieties such as carnelian, sard,
agate, catseye, prase, plasma, heliotrope, chrysoprase, moss agate,
onyx, sardonyx, hornstone or Chert, and flint. Chalcedony is classed
under the great Silica family. It is translucent, waxy, white, pale grey,
light brown or bluish.
The Blue Chalcedony is identified with the ancient Sapphirine—a
stone confused with our sapphire. Mr. King says that the “finest
Persian cylinder known, engraved with the usual type of the King
fighting with the lion, was formed out of this variety: the signet
doubtless that once graced the wrist of some Darius or Artaxerxes of
the latter days of the Persian monarchy.”
It is said that Albertus Magnus first identified the chalcedony of
today in the 13th century, although according to many authorities
this was not done until the 15th century at the very earliest. The
ancient chalcedony is classed amongst such stones as the
Leucachates and Cerachates. Pliny describes the ancient chalcedony
as of “green mixed with blue as the feathers of the peacock’s tail or
of the pigeon’s neck,” and Holme quoting from Pliny in the Armoury,
1688, says: “The chalcedon or calchedoine, being well chafed and
warmed, will draw a straw or a rush to it.” The calcedon described
by Pliny was not found in his time, but our chalcedony was greatly
used in fine art work in all ages. A chalcedony showing tiny red and
brown spots has been termed the stone of St. Stephen, in allusion to
the martyrdom of that Saint as described in Chapter 7 of the Acts.
The chalcedony is a symbol of enthusiasm, and is the emblem of
Victory Divine amongst the jewels of the Rosicrucians. It has also
been termed the Mother Stone, and under the name of Leucachate
was sacred to Diana. It protected the voyager on the ocean tracts
from tempests and terrors, drove away evil spirits, banished sadness
and melancholy, secured public favour and protected the wearer in
times of political revolutions.
The chalcedony is under the zodiacal Cancer.

CHALCEDONYX. The chalcedonyx is really a chalcedony adorned

with lines of white and grey. It is included in the zodiacal Cancer.

CHIASTOLITE

“On her white breast a sparkling cross she wore.”

Pope.

The Chiastolite obtains its name from the Greek word CHIASTOS,
crossed. It is also known as Macle, from the Latin Macula, a spot. It
is a form of Andalusite found in certain metamorphic rock. During
the process of crystallization certain impurities of a carbonaceous
nature are dispersed across the stone which displays from this cause
different forms of cross, tessellated or lozenge-shaped markings,
which show out curiously when the stone is cut or broken. The
hardness of the stone is not great—specimens sometimes being as
low as 3 in Mohs’ scale. The colour varies from grey to yellow, pink,
red, white, and deep brown.
The chiastolite is reported to have been first found in Andalusia in
Spain, at which place legend says St. James suffered martyrdom. A
further amplification of this legend tells that the origin of the
chiastolite dates back to that time when it sprang into being just
where the Apostle laid his hands on the rocks. At the time of Pedro
the Cruel of Spain (14th Century), a peasant, by name Miguel Perez,
found a rare specimen of this stone over an inch in diameter,
exhibiting two crosses, the most marked being of a rich dark red
hue. Wishing to obtain this remarkable gem as a present for his ally
Edward the Black Prince (whose title, be it said, was not bestowed
from the colour of his armour but as Froissart says, “from the terror
his arms inspired”), Pedro ordered the peasant to bring it to him.
When Perez was ushered into his presence the King demanded the
gem under pain of death. The terrified peasant, after faltering for a
few moments in nervous fear, at length held out the gem for the
King to take. As Pedro was about to seize it, the blood-red cross met
his gaze and he fell in a swoon on the palace floor. The stone seems
to have disappeared for a long period, and it is believed to have
been discovered in the possession of Philip V of Spain who carried it
as a jewel charm till his death when it was hung about the neck of
the statue of St. James in the St. Jago di Compostella. Marshal Soult,
having plundered the Cathedral during the Peninsular War, gave the
stolen stone to Napoleon Bonaparte, who presented it to Murat.
Astrologically, the chiastolite would not be a fortunate stone for
Pedro, Soult, Napoleon, Murat or the Black Prince—notwithstanding
the latter’s name. It would be a fortunate stone for Philip V.
It is quoted as a fact that when Columbus sailed on his voyage of
discovery to America he wore a charm of chiastolite. The historical
Chiastolite of Spain is said to be at the present time in the
possession of the French family De Bodts.
The chiastolite is a symbol of prudence, faith, caution and
sincerity. To dream of one is a sign of struggle, delay or limitation. It
is a stone of the zodiacal Capricorn. Chiastolite is also written as
chiastolith and chiastolithe. The name was bestowed on it in the
year 1800. Some very fine specimens have recently been found in
South Australia.

CHRYSOBERYL

“Time will run back and fetch the Age of Gold.”

Milton.

The name is derived from CHRYSOS, golden, and BERYLLOS,

beryl. Suitable stones are cut into catseyes of opalescent gleam. The
chrysoberyl is harder than the topaz, and is composed of alumina
and glucina. The colours of the stone are asparagus green, grass
green, greenish white. The Alexandrite variety changes its colours in
real and artificial light.
 The chrysoberyl was credited as a charm against evil spirits and a
disordered imagination, against deceit, craft and conspiracy. To
dream of a chrysoberyl was a warning against waste. It is under the
zodiacal Pisces.

CRYSOCOLLA. This hydros copper silicate derives its name from

the Greek CHRYSOS, gold, and KOLLA, cement. It obtained its name
from its resemblance to a gold solder known and used by the
ancient Greeks. It is a very soft, light substance, varying in colour
from a blue-green to a sky or turquoise blue. The texture is
enamellike, and the occurrence is earthy and massive. Chrysocolla is
a musical charm, to dream of which was favourable for musicians,
florists and singers. It is under the zodiacal Taurus.
 CHAPTER XV
CHRYSOLITE—CRYSTAL

CHRYSOLITE: “EVENING EMERALD”: THE ANCIENT AMIANTHUS: BANISHER OF

EVIL INFLUENCES: STONE OF INSPIRATION: “THE PRECIOUS STONE”:
CHRYSOPRASE: STONE OF DREAMS AND HAPPINESS: BAD EFFECT OF
EXCESSIVE LIGHT: CINNAMON STONE: CITRINE OR FALSE TOPAZ: ITS
TALISMANIC VIRTUES: COAL: BLACK DIAMONDS: “HAULING OVER THE
COALS”: TAX ON COAL: FIRST COAL LICENCES: PROCLAMATION AGAINST
THE USE OF COAL: FIRST COAL EXPORTED TO PARIS: THE NATURE OF
CORAL: OLD BELIEF: TREVISA ON THE CORAL: CORAL SPECIES: PERSEUS
AND THE MEDUSA: THE WORK OF THE SEA-NYMPHS: THE RISING OF THE
LOVE GODDESS: THE EVIL EYE: FASCINATION: ROMAN CUSTOM: CORAL
AND HEALTH: DISPELLER OF EVIL SPIRITS: INCUBI AND SUCCUBI: DR.
HARTMANN’S TESTIMONY: BARTHOLOMEUS AND THE WYTCHES’ STONE:
MYSTICAL PROPERTIES ASCRIBED TO CORAL: CUSTOM OF OLD GREEK
SAILORS: LEMNIUS AND CORAL: THE GEM OF THE GARDEN OF
EVERLASTING LIFE: A 17TH CENTURY PRESCRIPTION: THE STONE OF THE
DANCERS: CORUNDUM: CORDIERITE: CROCIDOLITE: CRYSTAL: EARLY USE
ON SCARABEI, ETC.: TRIAL OF PSYCHE: THE ETHIOPIAN KING AND THE
CRYSTAL TOMBS: THE HAPSBURG CRYSTAL VASES: CRYSTAL IN CHINA AND
JAPAN: THE TALISMAN OF CONCENTRATION: THE MEDICINE INDIANS:
AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINALS AND THE CRYSTAL: RAIN STONE: THE
CORADGEE: CRYSTALLOMANCY AMONGST THE NATIVES OF AUSTRALIA:
CRYSTAL BALLS AND THE SUN’S RAYS: DR. BABBITT’S REMARKS ON THE
CONVEX LENS: HYDROLITES: THE THIRD EYE: AN ANTIQUE SEAL RING:
CRYSTALS IN THE HIGHLANDS: SIR WILLIAM RIDGEWAY ON CRYSTALS:
SWEDENBORG’S STONE OF TRUTH.

CHRYSOLITE
 “When morning rose, to land
We haul’d our bark, and moored it on the strand,
Where in a beauteous grotto’s cool recess
Dance the green Nereids of the neighboring seas.”
Homer. (Pope’s Translation.)

The Chrysolite obtains its name from the Greek CHRYSOS, gold,
and LITHOS, a stone. This gem is of a light greeny-yellow; when
deep olive green it is known as a Peridot, when yellowish-green as
True Olivine. Among the ancients the Chrysolite was our topaz. Its
name, literally “Golden Stone,” indicates the beautiful golden topaz
so highly esteemed by gem-lovers, which, we are told, derives its
name from that mysterious Island of the Mists which Pliny calls
Topazion. Dr. G. F. Herbert Smith writes of the variety peridot as
bearing the pretty name of “the evening emerald,” and the most
charming specimens resemble the light green of the sea waters near
the shore, illuminated by the setting sun. This gem appears to be
the Amianthus of post-Biblical writers, known as “the gem of
miracles,” which drove away the spirits and influences of evil,
protected against obsession, dissolved enchantments, and the
phantoms of the night, gladdened the heart with hope, strengthened
the soul, inspired thought, banished illusion, despair, madness, aided
the faculties of inspiration and prophecy.
In the History of Monsieur Oufle—quoted by Brand—it is advised:
“To expel phantoms and rid people of folly, take the precious stone
chrysolite, set it in gold, and let them wear it about ’em.” Francis
Barrett says that it is good for the lungs and cures asthmatical
complaints; also that when held under the tongue it cures fevers,
aids prophecy, bestows eloquence and inspiration. The peridot was
known as “the” precious stone, and was often valued more than the
diamond.
The hardness of the chrysolite is from 6 to 7 on Mohs’ scale. It is
under the zodiacal Pisces.

CHRYSOPRASE
 The chrysoprase derives its name from the Greek CHRYSOS,
golden, and PRASON, a leek. It is an apple-green chalcedony, the
colour being caused by oxide of nickel. The chrysoprase was
esteemed the perfect stone of dreams in ancient Egypt, Greece and
Rome. It was believed that if one condemned for any offence
whatever held a chrysoprase in his mouth he would escape
punishment. It was a stone for the voyager on deep seas, a kindler
of the imaginative faculties, a banisher of greed, selfishness and
carelessness. It was the stone of happiness and enterprise,
awakening slumbering faculties. It calmed irritability, the pains of
gout, and, bound to the left arm, it prevented or cured the stone. It
was the stone of prudence, adaptability and versatility, rousing to
action, progress and adventure. To gaze into the chrysoprase was
said to strengthen the eyes, especially when the Moon was passing
through Taurus and Cancer. In many ways the chrysoprase was a
religious symbol. In its Hebrew name of NOFEK it was the fourth
stone of the Breastplate, and as the tenth jewel of the Rosicrucians
it was the symbol of strength, moral and physical, and of invisible
power. Swedenborg sees in it “the supreme heavenly love of truth,”
and the Fathers see “triumph over sin.” Its symbology is reflected to
the gateway through which the soul passed when entering the
sphere of earth, and its dream influence was like an angel’s smile.
Light in excess has an unfavourable effect on this stone, robbing it of
its colour. Introduced into England in the reign of Ann, it was much
loved by the Queen. It enjoyed great popularity during the times of
the 3 Georges, and was a favorite gem of Queen Victoria.
The chrysoprase is under the zodiacal Cancer.

CINNAMON STONE. (See ESSONITE.)

CITRINE
Citrine is a clear light yellow quartz crystal, obtaining its name
from its citron tint. It is correctly called False Topaz, and incorrectly
Brazilian Topaz. It presents no cleavage like the topaz. It is also
known as Spanish topaz and Occidental topaz. The citrine was
carried as a protective talisman against miasmatic exhalations,
plague epidemics, eruptive diseases, evil thought forms, alcoholic
and other forms of indulgence. It was also employed as a charm
against the bites of snakes, venomous reptiles and insects, and
against scandal, libel and treachery.
The Citrine is under the zodiacal Scorpio.

COAL

“A live coal from the altar (Is. VI. 6) signifies divine love from
which all purification is derived.”
Swedenborg.

Coal derives its name from the Anglo-Saxon word KOL, to kindle.
It is a well-known solid black combustible substance, the remains of
old forests and earth vegetation which chemical action has changed
chiefly by the elimination of oxygen and hydrogen. Many dyes, acids,
gases, flavourings, etc., are obtained from this important product.
Amongst these are tar, coke, creosote, carbolic acid, naphtha, sal-
ammoniac, ammonia, various explosives, drugs, mineral vanilla, etc.
Dr. Brewer explains that to “haul over the coals” is historically and
literally true: “At one time,” he says, “the Jews were ‘bled’ whenever
the Kings or barons wanted money, and one very common torture, if
they resisted, was to haul them over the coals of a slow fire to give
them a roasting.” Sir Walter Scott alludes to this practice in
“Ivanhoe.” Professor John Henry Pepper, writing, on “Coal and Coal
Mines,” introduces the following interesting details: "In olden time,
before a cargo of coals could be discharged from a collier, it was
necessary to obtain the permission of the Lord Mayor who, for a
certain consideration, granted the required permission. This much
honoured magistrate and his worthy coadjutors, the aldermen, with
the common councilmen and livery called the Corporation were
permitted to lay a tax upon the “black diamonds” that amounted to
something like £50,000 per annum. In 1830 the heaviest of the coal
duties were abolished: and since that time the trade has assumed
gigantic proportions which have made it the marvel of the civilized
world. The first licences to dig coals were granted to the burgesses
of Newcastle by Henry III and in 1281 a very good trade existed in
that fuel. A proclamation in the reign of King Edward I shows the
introduction of coal as a substitute for wood, and a charter of
Edward II indicates that Derbyshire coal was used in London. In the
same reign coals were first sent from Newcastle for the benefit of
those trades which required fuel: and in 1316 a petition was made
from Parliament to the King praying His Majesty to forbid all use of
the new and pestilent fuel called “coals,” which was acceded to, and
a proclamation made, commanding all use of coals to cease and
determine, and threatening all who burnt coals to be mulcted, and
on a second offence to have their furnaces demolished. In the reign
of Queen Elizabeth the burning of stone coal was again prohibited
during the sitting of Parliament. At a subsequent period, about 1648,
coals were once more placed under a ban.... In 1520 Newcastle coal
was first exported into Paris."
A piece of coal was carried by thieves in the belief that it would
protect them from detection, and help them to escape when
pursued. To dream of coals is indicated as a symbol of
disappointment, trouble, affliction and losses, except if the coals be
burning brightly when the symbol gives promises of uplifting and
advancement, for the fire symbol of Mars is rousing to action the
coal symbol of Saturn. Coal is under the celestial Capricorn.

CORAL

“In the pleased infant see its power expand

When first the coral fills his little hand.”
Sprague.

Coral is a carbonate of lime effected by gelatinous marine

mollusks known as “polypi.”
For long ages coral was supposed to be a marine plant of which
Trevisa wrote in 1495: “Corall is gendred in the Red See, and is a
tree as long as it is coveryd with water, but as it is drawen out it
torneth into stone,” and Jordan in 1699 tells us that “coral also being
a plant and nourished with this juice, turns to a stone.” The name is
derived from the Greek word Korallion, and is found written as
corale, corral, correil, curalle, curroll, quyral, etc.
The various species have been set down as follows:

Pink Coral
Red Coral
White Coral
Black Coral
Blue Coral
Yellow Coral, etc.

In more modern times species have obtained names from their

appearance. Thus:

Brain Coral
Cup Coral
Mushroom Coral
Organpipe Coral
Star Coral

The appeal of coral to the poet finds expression in some charming

legends:
Ovid (Metamorphoses) wrote that Perseus, after he had cut the
head from the body of the dreadful Medusa, laid it on the branches
of the trees which grew by the sea shore; but the power never
departing, turned these branches, as it had turned every other living
thing, into stone. The sea nymphs drew these fossils beneath the
waves and they became the coral seeds. A variation of this legend
tells that the blood which fell from the bleeding head on to the
shrubs, flowers and trees turned them into seeds of coral which the
sea nymphs drew beneath the waves. It arose again in flower-like
beauty with Venus when she emerged in all her glory from the sea,
symbolical of the exaltation of Venus in the zodiacal Pisces, and in
this connection also concealing a deeper meaning. No gem has been
more employed as a charm for averting the fell spell of the evil eye
than the innocent coral which was credited with the power of
destroying the first stroke of the glance, after which it—like the
drawn fang of the serpent—was rendered incapable of injury. Scot
writes in “Discovery of Witchcraft:” “The coral preserveth such as
bear it from fascination or bewitching and in this respect corals are
hanged about children’s necks.” Pliny mentions that the Romans
hung on babies’ cradles and around their necks pieces of red coral
as an aid in teething and an influence against the falling sickness
and infantile diseases. Plato says: “Coral is good to be hanged about
children’s necks, as well to rub their gums as to preserve them from
the falling sickness. It hath also some special sympathy with Nature,
for the best coral, being worn about the neck, will turn pale and wan
if the party that wears it be sick, and comes to its former colour
again as they recover health.” Brand mentions a similar idea in the
“Three Ladies of London,” 1584: “Coral will look pale when you be
sick.” Little bells were also attached in the Middle Ages to children’s
coral charms in order to ward off evil spirits, storms and pestilence,
and scare away the Furies; this same belief exists in Japan, China
and other countries. It is a fact that coral is affected by the health of
the wearer; some writers say that it becomes spotted or stained
when the illness is of a serious nature. It was regarded as a very
potent charm for women. In Italy the coral was also called the Witch
Stone, because it was said to protect women from the wizards and
men from the witches. In connection with these Paracelsus writes:
“They are the outgrowths of an intense and sensual imagination of
men and women, and which Rabbinical traditions relate in an
allegorical manner, are connected with Adam (the animal Man), and
Lilith, his first wife. They are afraid of red corals as dogs are afraid of
a whip: but the brown corals attract them. Red corals are
disagreeable to monsters, Incubi, Succubi, Phantasmata and all evil
spirits, but brown corals are not, and they delight in them.” In
commenting on this Dr. Franz Hartmann, a physician of note and
distinguished writer, says that he knew of cases of melancholy,
depression of mind, hypochondria, etc., that had been successfully
treated by the wearing of red corals, while other articles employed
for the same purpose had no effect, the cure therefore not being
merely attributable to the belief of the patient. He concludes: “The
ignorant will find it easier to ridicule such things than to explain
them.”
A curious passage in Bartholomeus (“De Proprietatibus Rerum,”
1536) is of interest: “Wytches tell that this stone withstondeth
lyghtnyng, whirlewynde, tempeste and stormes fro shyppes and
houses that it is in. The Red Corall helpeth ayenst the feudes, gyle
and scorne, and ayenst divers wonderous doyng and multiplieth
frute, and spedeth begynnyng and ending of causes and of nedes.”
Oriental mystics warn against the wearing of dull, dirty or
discoloured specimens. The pure coral was deemed a protection
from plague, poison, storm and tempest. In a house it charmed
away disharmony, envy and evil influences. It banished evil dreams
and the “terrors of the night,” wild animals, the lightning stroke,
witchcraft, epilepsy, stomach complaints, night sweats, etc. It was a
cure for sores, diseased gums, whooping cough, disorders of the
spleen, teething troubles, troubles of the feet and toes, madness,
etc.
It is interesting to note that natural corals in the form of vegetable
growths were, and in some places still are, tied to fruit trees to
ensure their fertility, and that women of ancient times wore such
specimens as charms against sterility. Thus, “she who hath risen
from the sea foam,” Venus, was regarded as employing the
moistures so needed in perfecting the material dresses of the
animal, mineral and vegetable worlds when entering earth
conditions: and the ancient masters held that such examples of the
doctrine of Sympathies, Similitudes, Signatures and Correspondences
guide man to a correct knowledge and understanding of the
mysteries of Nature. The ancient Greeks attached coral to the prows
of their ships to protect them from the onslaughts of sea and storm.
Lemnius says: “Bind corall to the neck, it takes off turbulent dreams
and allays the nightly fears of children.” The gem of the Arabian
Garden of the Everlasting Life—Jannat al Khuld—is the yellow coral.
To dream of red, pink and coral of beautiful lustre is said to denote
recovery to the sick and good health to any one, but ill-conditioned
specimens symbolize the opposite. As a cardiac stimulant, for
stopping hæmorrhages, warding off contagion, etc., the old
physician Rulandus (Medicina Practica, 1564) prescribed half a
drachm of powdered coral.
The following 17th century prescription was administered as a
cure for colic, purging and vomiting, and is given here as of especial
interest:

Tabellæ Corallatæ
(Transcription)

Amongst the Spaniards it was usual at one time for conjurers and
jugglers especially to wear tight-fitting coral-coloured costumes.
Good specimens of coral are greatly esteemed by dancers. It is
especially a luck gem of the ballet, the sign Pisces of the Zodiac,
under which all corals are placed—ruling the feet.

CORUNDUM. Also written at earlier periods as coriundum,

corundon, corindon. (See under Ruby, Sapphire.)

CORDIERITE. See IOLITE.

 CROCIDOLITE. Also written Krokydolite, krocidolite. This stone
was named in the year 1831, from the Greek KROKIS, a variation of
KROKUS, the nap of woollen cloth, and LITHOS, a stone. It is well
described as an asbestiform variety of hornblend of indigo-blue,
leek-green or golden-brown colour—the latter variety being also
known as Tiger’s Eye. When cut en cabochon this stone has a fine
chatoyant effect. There is little doubt that the ancients knew of this
stone of the asbestos family under the zodiacal Gemini. It was
regarded as a fortunate stone for people of literary or mercurial
tendencies, and as a nerve and lung soother. Held against the
temple when the Moon is passing through the sign Gemini, in good
aspect to Mercury, it would assist thought and mental speculation.

CRYSTAL
The crystal obtains its name from the Greek word KRUSTALLOS,
ice. It is a pure and transparent variety of Quartz, so called because
of its resemblance to clear ice. In literature it appears as cristalla,
cristal, crestal, kristall, cristalle, christall, chrystal. Webster writes
that the English spelling was gradually changed to CRYSTAL between
the 15th and 17th centuries. We have evidence of its early use by
man, Egyptian scarabei and Babylonian cylinders having been found,
dating back as far as 1500 B.C. In the trial of Psyche—that
beautifully symbolic legend—Venus gives this graceful lover of Eros
the magical vase of pure crystal with the request that it be filled with
the waters from the Fountain of Forgetfulness. The Fountain waters
flowed through a narrow channel at the summit of a steep
mountain, and they murmured: “To attempt is to perish. Be warned.
Be warned. To attempt is to perish; fly from us.” Psyche saw two
caves, one on each side of these icy waters, and in these caves were
two terrible dragons. With the precious vase in her trembling hands,
the faithful lover prayed for help in her perilous task. Jupiter heard
her prayer in pity, for love had been kind to him, and he sent his
eagle to her. The eagle drew the vase from Psyche and, filling it with
the waters, brought it to her. Then she ran to Venus, thinking that
pitying love would exact no more. “Thy witchery has gained thee
these waters,” said the Goddess, “I have another test for thee.”
 The King of the Ethiopians showed the messengers of Cambyses
amongst other wonders the tombs of pure crystal in which could be
seen the bodies of the departed, perfect in form and feature. In the
imperial vault of the Hapsburgs in the Church of the Capucins,
Vienna, there are 150 crystal vases, gold mounted, with a crown on
the top of each, which contain the hearts of the Royal members of
the Family. This practice dates from Duke Francis who, dying in
Switzerland, directed that his heart should be preserved and sent to
Vienna.
In China and Japan the crystal is called SINSHO. The Japanese
know it also as Tama or Jewel of Perfection, and it is used by them
for making crystal balls and beautiful objects of art. It is cut in the
shape of a ball, esteemed in Japan as the Stone of Concentration,
and several in a family will sit round gazing at a specimen in which
they see guidance and help in the path of life. In China it is also
known as CHING, and symbolized as an upright triangle of three
suns, it has always been highly esteemed. It is cut with great
patience into figures of deities and sacred objects. The Chinese
regard it as a talisman of concentration and perseverance; it recalls
to them the magnificence and immensity of what man calls space,
this “jewel of perfection” which the Japanese also term “Breath of
the White Dragon.”
The Medicine Indians of South America say that a holy spirit is in
the crystal, and for this reason the sacred stones must not be seen
except by initiates. The aboriginals of Australia and Tasmania
regarded the crystal in a mystic way. It was known by the Murray
tribes as Katto and Maako. The South Australians generally termed
large crystals Kanwenmuka, and smaller specimens Kanyappa. It is
the Teyl of the West Australian, the Leeka and Heka of the
Tasmanian and it is called Tendeagh by the East tribe and
Mughramallee by the South. The late Mr. James Bonwick says that
the natives usually wore the crystal in its bag, suspended from the
neck; he gives their song of magic as follows:

Kano Kano (lizard)

wimmari
 Kano Kano (crystal)
Kanwemuka
Kano Kano (flint)
Makkitya
Kano yeruka
Makkitya
Makkitya
mulyeria.

Gazing Crystal on Dragon Stand.

Presented to the Author by the Late
Judge Casey of Victoria, Australia.
 Mr. Bonwick also gives instances of the prevalence of
Crystallomancy amongst the aboriginals, the use of the Rain Stone,
the Coradgee Stone which was wrapped in hair and was not to be
seen by a female, “not always a simple white stone, it was more
commonly a quartz crystal.” He says further “Some men, by proper
use of this magical agency (the crystal) could work wonders.” Thus,
the crystal has been employed by savage and civilized man in all
ages. It was said to enclose within its bright form all the knowledge
and secrets that have ever been; if worn during sleep it banishes evil
dreams and spells, and guards the wearer against sorcery,
witchcraft, secret enemies and evil thoughts. It was said to indicate
the presence of poison by clouding or by breaking—hence its
employment in the manufacture of precious goblets by the ancients.
It was employed as a preventive of watery, wasting and infectious
diseases, tumourous complaints, blood impurities, heart, bowel and
feet troubles, renal affections, etc. Pliny recommends it as an
external medicine for women when in the form of fine powder mixed
with honey. With regard to the employment of crystal balls and
lenses for medical purposes, this venerable author says: “I find it
asserted by physicians that when any part of the body requires to be
cauterized it cannot be better done than by means of a crystal ball
held against the sun’s rays”; it is interesting to compare this
statement with a more recent one made by the late Dr. E. D. Babbitt,
M.D.:
“Sunlight can lubricate and even vesicate the skin without causing
much pain or without leaving any permanent scars like those formed
by sinapisms, moxas, lancings, etc. Many a tumour which under the
old system is cut out without even reaching the cause, is destroyed
by concentrating the light upon it through a convex lens.”
Many beautiful crystals bearing intagli of a large size have been
discovered. Mr. King mentions two choice specimens of Valerio il
Vicentino and his rival Geo. del Castel Bolognese. Some crystals have
been found encasing drops of water very much like the spirit in the
spirit-level. These are known as Hydrolites or, as Pliny writes them,
Enhydros. They are mentioned by the poet Claudian as—
 “A stream unfettered pent in crystal round,
A truant fount by hardened waters bound.”

Mr. King received information that miners in California have died

from drinking the water from a hydrolite, and this circumstance
exhibits the subtle action of some of the stones attached to the sign
of the Fishes. The crystal, wrongly but frequently termed “beryl”
stone, is highly esteemed as an instrument for heightening the
imagination and bringing out the gazing power of the third eye
previously mentioned. Mr. William Jones gives an illustration of the
seal of a divination ring from Licini’s “Antiqua Schemata.” It shows a
half nude woman holding a serpent in her left hand, the head of
which is bending towards a crystal ball held by a nude man, his right
leg resting on a wooden stand, his left stretching towards an altar on
which the sacred fire is burning. The female bends over the male
who gazes intently into the crystal ball. The work is full of expression
and force.
In the Highlands of Scotland large pieces of crystal were used for
charms, and cattle were given to drink water which had been poured
over crystals. Similar crystals were employed for the protection of
cattle in Ireland, a fine specimen being still kept by the Tyrone
family.
The sign Pisces is the natural 12th celestial House, ruling large
cattle. It is also the sign of occult and mysterious things and of the
elevation of Venus. Thus, all the legends, stories and philosophies
connected with this bright stone of the sign Pisces are easily
understood. Professor Sir William Ridgeway, of Cambridge, England,
in his work, “The Drama and Dramatic Dances of Non-European
Races,” draws attention to the fact that “crystals have always been
and are still regarded as the most amuletic of precious stones, and
comedians also are frequently cut into faceted shapes by the Arabs
and others. The diamond and spinel are both octahedral. The
Japanese are especially fond of rock crystal, one of their favorite
amulets being a double gourd cut out of such a crystal.” Swedenborg
recognized in the crystal “Divine Truth in all its brightness” and truth
certainly has its correspondence in the clear glistening magnetic
crystal.
 CHAPTER XVI
THE DIAMOND

ARNOTT’S OBSERVATION: EXTREME HARDNESS: BOYLE AND DU FAY PROVE

ELECTRICAL QUALITIES: DR. KUNZ AND PHOSPHORESCENCE: SIR WILLIAM
CROOKS ON RADIUM AND THE DIAMOND: EXPERIMENTS IN ARTIFICIAL
PRODUCTION BY MARDEN, MOISSAN AND CROOKS: SIR CHARLES PARSONS’
CONCLUSIONS: “SEARCH FOR THE ABSOLUTE”: DISCOVERY OF A LARGE
DIAMOND AT JACOB’S FARM ON THE ORANGE RIVER: SIR WILLIAM
WODEHOUSE’S PURCHASE: DIAMONDS IN MUD BRICKS: AUSTRALIAN
DIAMONDS: FIRST DIAMOND BROUGHT TO EUROPE: GOLCONDA: BRAZIL:
FLORENTINE DEMONSTRATION OF THE TRUTH OF BOETIUS’S BELIEF AND
NEWTON’S DEDUCTIONS: BOYLE’S EXPERIMENTS AT HIGH TEMPERATURE:
AVERANI PROVES THE FORCE OF THE SUN’S RAYS ON A DIAMOND: EASILY
BURNED BUT UNAFFECTED BY ACIDS: THE GNOMES OF THE
ROSICRUCIANS: GNOME LEGENDS: SIR JOHN MANDEVILLE ON THE
DIAMOND: RABBI BENONI, BOETIUS DE BOODT AND THE HINDU WRITERS:
ES-SINDIBAD OF THE SEA AND THE VALLEY OF DIAMONDS: SIMILAR
STORIES: EL-KAZWEENEE: MARCO POLO: MR. MARSDEN’S OBSERVATIONS:
GOLCONDA: LITTLE PRINCESS MARY’S DIAMOND MARRIAGE RING: LORD
LISLE’S DEATH DIAMOND: THE DIAMOND HEART RING OF MARY, QUEEN OF
SCOTS: QUEEN ELIZABETH AND SIR WALTER RALEIGH: DIAMOND SAVES
THE LIFE OF QUEEN ISABELLA OF SPAIN: EX-PRESIDENT KRUGER’S
UNLUCKY DIAMOND: KING ARTHUR AND THE DIAMOND JOUSTS: THE
AFFAIR OF THE DIAMOND NECKLACE: INDIAN DIAMOND CUTTERS: LOUIS
VAN BERGHEM: CHARLESMAGNE’S DIAMOND CLASP: HERMAN THE
LAPIDARY: PERUZZI: CLEMENT BIRAGO AND JACOPO DA TREZZO ENTER
THE SERVICE OF PHILIP II: POPE HILDEBRAND SENDS A DIAMOND RING TO
WILLIAM OF NORMANDY: THE DIAMOND SWORD IN THE TALE OF THE
YELLOW DWARF: THE ZODIACAL SIGNS OF THE DIAMOND: THE DIAMOND
IN LOVE AND MARRIAGE: BORT.

DIAMOND
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