Title Diagnostic reference levels of radiographic and CT examinations
in Jordan: A systematic review
Authors Alzyoud, Kholoud;Al-Murshedi, Sadeq;England, Andrew
Publication date 2024-02
Original Citation Alzyoud, K., Al-Murshedi, S. and England, A. (2023) 'Diagnostic
reference levels of radiographic and CT examinations in Jordan:
A systematic review', Health Physics, 126(3), pp. 156-162. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1097/HP.0000000000001778
Type of publication Article (peer-reviewed)
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Diagnostic Reference Levels of Radiographic and CT Examinations in
Jordan: A systematic Review
A comprehensive search was done to examine the literature on the
diagnostic reference level (DRL) for computed tomography (CT) and
radiographic tests that are currently used in Jordan. EBSCO, Scopus, and
Web of Science were used for the search. 7 papers that reported DRL
values for radiography and CT scans in Jordan were found in the search.
One study reported the DLRs for conventional radiography. Two of those
studies reported the CT DRLs in children and the remaining studies (n=4)
provided DRL values for adults CT scans. The most popular techniques for
determining the DRLs were the entrance surface dose, volume CT dose
index (CTDIvol), and dose-length product (DLP). Variation in the Jordan
DRL values were noted. Lower patient doses and less variation in DRL
values may be achieved by educating and training radiographers to better
understand dose reduction strategies.
Implications for practice: To limit dose variance and enable dosage
comparison, CT DRLs must be standardized in accordance with the
guidelines of the International Commission on Radiological Protection.
Introduction
Increased knowledge of the hazards of ionizing radiation has led to the
need for radiation dose assessment of patients during diagnostic X-ray
examinations. Investigating areas that require dose reduction might be
aided by illustrating patient dose fluctuations and their causes [1, 2].
In 1996, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)
Publication 73 introduced diagnostic reference level (DRL) values (3).
However, a few years before, the notion of designating an exploratory
level for typical radiography operations had been floated. A DRL is an
"investigation level used to aid in optimizing protection in the medical
exposure of patients for diagnostic and interventional procedures,"
according to the commission's definition (4). Since its introduction, the
1
idea behind DRLs has undergone numerous developments. The DRL, on
the other hand, was never meant to be a dose limit but rather a dose
standard developed from data for examinations of particular age groups
and forms. DRL values assist in identifying procedures that subject
patients to radiation doses over the permitted levels at the national or
international levels. DRL readings below these ranges, however, can point
to the acquisition of images with inadequate image quality for diagnosis.
This can be useful in identifying improper procedures used in imaging
tests that subject patients to excessive radiation doses. However, a
significant shortcoming of DRL is its inability to provide details on the
degrees of image quality for radiography and computed tomography (CT)
scans, which is a crucial step in the diagnostic procedure.
The entrance surface dose (ESD) and dose area product (DAP),
incorporating the contribution of backscatter radiation, are frequently
used to set DRL values for radiography examinations. The ICRP advises
utilizing both measurements to ensure that the impact of the radiation
beam size is assessed (4). The imaging device provides the DAP values,
which are calculated as the product of the radiation beam's area times its
intensity. The ESD can be calculated theoretically utilizing the imaging
parameters, such as the source-to-skin distance, the X-ray tube peak
kilovoltage, and radiation dosemeters that do not interfere with the X-ray
images. The CT dose index (CTDI), which is a measurement of dose from a
single rotation of the gantry, is where the amounts that are usually
utilized to determine the DRL values for CT exams come from (5).
The average absorbed dose inside the scanned volume is known as the
volume CTDI (CTDIvol), and it is frequently used to calculate DRL values.
It used to be more common to utilize the weighted CTDI (CTDlw), which is
the weighted average of two measured CTDI values. The dose-length
product (DLP), which takes into account the length of the scan to predict
the amount of radiation that patients will absorb, is another parameter
that is widely used for setting DRL for CT exams. Recently, it has been
suggested that the size-specific dose estimate (SSDE) be used to calculate
DRL values for CT exams in order to get around the fact that none of these
numbers take into account the variations in patient sizes and shapes. The
aim of this review is to explore the literature on the existing DRL values of
radiographic and CT examinations in Jordan.
2
METHOD
Using Web of Science and databases including Medline, ScienceDirect,
Scopus, and EBSCO, as well as CINAHL, a comprehensive search was
carried out. The medical subject heading (MeSH) phrases were used to
find the term "diagnostic reference levels." The acronym "DRL" and the
additional phrases, "dose reference levels," were used to search for
articles in literature that was pertinent but not listed on MeSH. The phrase
"Saudi Arabia" was used to focus the search on articles that reported DRL
values of radiography and CT tests in Saudi Arabia. Additionally, only
publications that had been published in peer-reviewed journals and in
English were included in the search. The preferred reporting items for
systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) were the foundation for
the search, which was carried out in June 2023 (Figure 1) (6). The papers
were manually screened in two stages: first, the titles and abstracts were
used to weed out studies that weren't relevant; second, the qualifying
articles were thoroughly examined to make sure they satisfied the
inclusion criteria.
RESULTS
The search identified 7 studies that reported DRL values for radiographic
and CT examinations in Jordan. The first DRL values of radiographic and
CT examinations in Jordan were published in 2019 and 2018 respectively.
one study that included 100 patients and exams utilizing computed
radiography from three major public hospitals in northern Jordan (KA, PB
and PR). DRL values for chest PA, abdomen AP radiography were
published. The adults were 20 patients from each of KA and PB hospitals,
with 10 patients for each examination. The 60 children involved in this
study were from PR hospital; the children were classified into three
groups based on their ages: 0–1, 1–5, and 5–10 y. The values used in this
research were derived from measurements of the ESDs, which were
obtained directly using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) and
effective dose (ED) was reported in this study (7) which was calculated
using PCXMC program for dose calculations.
Table 1 shows the DRL ED values for radiographic examinations in Jordan.
3
Hospital Examination Age (y) ESD (mGy) ED (µSv)
Mean (min-max) Mean (min-max) Mean (min-max)
Adults
KA Chest 45 (25–66) 0.49 (0.42-0.630) 43 (37–51)
Abdomen 34 (18–73) 12.94 (8.26-16.25) 1,420 (811–1,847)
PB Chest 48 (27–69) 0.35(0.20-0.830) 30 (19–63)
Abdomen 26 (24–28) 2.23(0.97-3.930) 208 (98–396)
Children
PR Chest 0.6 (0–1) 0.131(0.08-0.190) 18 (1–30)
2 (1–5) 0.136(0.05-0.170 14 (7–20)
9 (5–10) 0.191(0.12-0.310 17 (10–35)
Abdomen 0.4 (0–1) 0.198(0.15-0.270 30 (20–36)
2 (1–5) 0.140(0.08-0.170 18 (9–24)
11 (5–10) 0.225(0.15-0.270) 21 (18–24)
Table 1. Distribution value of ESDs mean (minimum [min], maximum
[max]), and mean EDs mean (min-max) for chest (PA) and abdomen (AP)
examination for adults and different age groups of children.
The DRL values for CT examinations were reported in 6 studies, two from
these studied were report the DRL in pediatric (8-9), one reported the DRL
in cardiac CT (10), one reported the DRL for renal CT (11) and the last two
were reported the chest, abdomen, pelvis, brain CT (12-13). All studies
determined the DRL values of the CT scans using patient data. Multiple
techniques were employed to determine the DRLs for the studies that
reported DRL values for CT scans. The two most often used measurements
for determining DRL were the CTDIvol and the DLP. One study included
the effective dose (11) and other study included the SSDE as additional
measurements. The DRLs were typically calculated using the means,
medians, and third quartiles
4
Table 2. Summary of the studies that reported DRL values for pediatric CT examinations.
Authors Year Study design Sample size Examination Age DRL Unit
group
(year) CTDIvol DLP SSDE
Rawashdeh et al. 8 2019 Patients 1818 Brain Median 75th Median 75th Median 75th
47.8 644.8 743.7 -
<1 47.1
-
1-4 51.0 54.7 874.9 981.8
-
5-10 58.8 65.0 1038.4 1129.5
-
11-18 52.1 60.7 1097.5 1207.9
Chest -
<1 5.6 5.6 86.1 124.0
1-4 4.7 7.3 104.6 222.1 -
-
5-10 5.4 12.9 252.0 416.4 -
11-18 12.8 12.9 262.6 496.4 -
Abdominopelvic <1 6.9 12.6 145.8 325.1 -
1-4 9.7 19.8 294.2 408.7 -
5-10 9.7 12.8 336.5 460.5 -
11-18 12.9 16.1 612.5 807.0 -
Chest, abdomen, <1 9.7 16.1 248.4 526.8 -
pelvis
1-4 12.2 16.1 530.0 762.7 -
5-10 9.7 12.9 524.0 759.0 -
373.4 -
11-18 7.7 16.1 808.8
5
Rawashdeh et al. 9 2023 Patient 1818 Brain <1 47.87 47.88 644.82 741.67 54.09 58.40
1-4 51.7 54.79 874.98 979.12 53.14 55.88
5-10 58.8 65.03 1038.44 1129.94 52.92 55.92
11-18 52.1 60.7 1019.1 1207.9 36.90 41.81
mGy*
mGy. cm
Chest <1 5.63 5.65 86.1 124 13.90 13.91
1-4 4.7 7.37 104.66 220.85 9.45 14.68
5-10 5.41 12.57 252 383.9 9.62 22.45
11-18 12.89 12.94 262.65 496.2 17.65 20.49
Abdominopelvic <1 6.94 12.65 145.8 321.5 15.41 28.72
1-4 9.7 16.16 294.2 424.72 18.86 32.68
5-10 9.7 12.34 336.5 450.75 17.848 22.23
11-18 13.12 16.13 612.5 803.07 19.11 23.06
Chest, abdomen, <1 9.7 16.12 248.48 507.72 23.13 38.04
pelvis
6
1-4 12.25 16.13 530.06 742.1 24.77 33.54
5-10 9.7 13.46 524 748.85 18.52 25.69
11-18 16.12 16.13 876.3 1101.5 21.29 23.85
• The units for CTDvol and DLP respectively
Table 3. Summary of the studies that reported DRL values for adult CT examinations.
Authors Year Study design Sample size Examination Method Values DRL Unit
Rawashdeh
10
et al. 2019 Patients 228 CCT* CTDI vol Median -75th 31.93 -47.74 -
DLP 727.0-1035.0 -
Rawashdeh et al. 2022 1418 Renal CT CTDI vol 14.07-16.15 -
Patients Median -75 th
11
DLP 728.17-851.77 -
Radaideh et al. 12 2023 patients 2000 CAP*** Median -75th 13.9-19.3 mGy
CTDI vol
913-1150 mGy.cm
DLP
13.6-17.2 mSv
ED
AP**** Median -75th 13.2-17.8 mGy
CTDI vol
686-923 mGy.cm
DLP
10.2-13.8 mSv
ED
Head CTDI vol Median -75th 51.9-64.3 mGy
DLP 1114-1223 mGy.cm
ED 2.5-2.8 mSv
Chest Median -75th 12.86-16.6 mGy
CTDI vol
453-583 mGy.cm
DLP
6.37-8.1 mSv
ED
7
Al Ewaidat et al. 13 2018 patients - Abdomen Mean** 13.41,18.44,19.42 mGy
CTDI vol
Mean** 588.1,717.21,820.70 mGy.cm
DLP
Chest Mean**
CTDI vol 11.65,15.53,17.11 mGy
Mean** 494.84,591.84,697.6 mGy.cm
DLP 5
Brain Mean** mGy
CTDI vol 64.96,70.2,75.0
Mean** 1117.99,1196.94,131 mGy.cm
DLP 3.26
*CCT: cardiac CT
** the mean DRL for 16, 32, 64 CT slices respectively.
*** CAP: chest, abdomen, pelvis CT
**** AP: abdomen, pelvis CT
- Not mentioned
8
Discussion
DRL methodologies for common radiography and CT examinations as
reported in the literature have been systematically reviewed. There was
one study that mentioned the DLRs for radiographic examinations in
pediatric and adults which masks the comparison within the studies
difficult. It should be note that in this study the DLRs reported in terms of
number of hospitals. For both chest and abdomen exams, significant
variability was seen in the exposure parameters kVp and mAs as well as
FSD focus to skin distance. This could result in significant differences in
ESDs for the same evaluation between and within facilities. The DLRs were
measured in ESD and ED and reported for chest and abdomen. The values
of ESD for adult’s chest were 0.49 and 0.35 in KA and PB hospitals
respectively. These results appear higher europium commotion EC 1996
and IAEA 1996 (0.3 and 0.4 respectively) (15-16). Moreover, these results
appear to be higher (three to forth duple) than the 2012 DRL values for
the United Kingdom (17) and the 2019 DRL values for Greece (18), both of
which were reported to be 0.12 mGy when compared to the DRL values
for chest X-rays that were reported from other nations. The values of ESD
for adult’s abdomen were 12.94 and 2.23 in KA and PB hospitals
respectively.
The authors attributes this to variations in the patient's size and weight.
The diagnostic reference levels employ standard patient and phantom
sizes with AP trunk thickness of 20 cm, and weights are typically
approximately 70 kg (19). Since patients were chosen without regard to
age or weight, the average patient weight in this study is 95 kg.
In regard to the children DRLs the resulting ESDs to the patients
demonstrated a reasonable trend with patient age; children in the 5–10
yr age group received the highest mean ESDs of 0.225 mGy and 0.191 mGy
for abdomen and chest examinations, respectively, while children in the
0–1 yr age group received the lowest mean ESDs of 0.198 and 0.131 mGy
for abdomen and chest examinations, respectively. These results show
that the mean ESDs (mGy) for chest PA radiography are higher for all age
groups when compared with similar international studies (20-23).
The mean effective doses to adult patients in this investigation ranged
from 19 µSv to 63 µSv in the chest examination and from 98 µSv to 1,847
µSv in the abdominal examination. The mean effective dosages for
9
pediatric patients, however, ranged from 1 µSv to 36 µSv for all age
categories. Effective doses for adults in chest and abdomen exams fell
within the reference ranges provided by the European Communities (24)
and other international publication (25). However, the mean effective
dosages from the chest and abdomen examinations of pediatric patients
across all age groups were generally lower than the values published in
international publications (20, 22, 26, 27).
Established adult DRLs for brain, chest and abdominal CT examinations
were also reviewed. The established CT DRLs were based on CTDI vol and
DLP as presented in Table 3. In regard of established pediatric CT DRLs
one study mention the SSDE as extra measurement. Since the majority of
scanners nowadays are multi-slice devices with helical programming that
includes pitch in the quantification of the dosage output for a particular
protocol, the CTDIvol was mentioned in all studies (14). The most often
reported dose metrics identified in this analysis are CTDI (CTDIvol) and
DLP, which are the recommended dose indices for CT DRLs by ICRP and
the European Commission (28-29). These indices are easily documented
because they are visible on the CT scanner's control console. In contrast
to SSDE and ED, which need additional computations from CTDIvol and
DLP, respectively, they also require no additional analysis or computation.
Additionally, there was a considerable difference in the DRL values of the
CT exams that were carried out in Jordan. There were limited studies that
deal with DRLs in Jordan and the there were differences in examinations
that included between the studies which makes the comparison difficult
between the studies that done in Jordan. When looking to literature
almost the studies that reported the DRLs were reported in mean which
add extra difficulty in comparison between the international studies. The
investigations by Al Ewaidat et al. (13) reported DRL values for brain , chest
and abdomen, and utilizing the mean CTDLvol and DLP for establishing
the values. According to this study, the mean values were reported for
different CT slices number. This makes the comparison within the other
studies difficult.
The rest of the studies reported the same quantities values of CTDIvol and
DLP (median and 75th) but for different body Parts (10-12). The median -
75th CTDI vol for adult chest was 12.86-16m Gy and the DLP was 453-
583mGy.cm (12). And for chest abdomen pelvis the CTDIvol-75th were
10
13.9-19 mGy while 913-1150 m.Gy.cm for DLP. The CTDIvol- 75th in CCT
were 31.93 -47.74 m Gy (10). when compared this with the study done by
Alhailiy et al from Sudia Araba as a Arab country these values slightly
lower (73- 43 m Gy) (30). And 727.0-1035.0 m Gy.cm for DLP (10) which is
higher than these value in the by Alhailiy et al study.
Variation in DRL figures is commonly anticipated, and there has previously
been an effort for standardizing the process for calculating the DRL values.
The American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) has suggested
utilizing SSDEs to determine the DRL values of CT examinations since this
unit can get over the problem with CTDIvol, which is that it doesn't take
differences in human body proportions into account (31-32). In recent
years, it has become more and more common to base DRL values on
SSDEs. However, DRL values based on SSDEs have only been published in
one study in Jordan for pediatric CT (9). Rawashdeh et al. reported the
value CTDI vol and 75th for different age groups <1 ,1-4,5-10,11-18 for
brain, chest, abdominopelvic and chest abdomen pelvis examinations.
The SSDEs value for median and 75th in chest for 11-18 age group was
17.65 and 20.49. Since SSDE is not frequently used and there is few
research that have reported these values, it is challenging to compare the
findings from this study with those from other, published studies.
Furthermore, Rawashdeh et al. (9), used pediatric patient.
Conclusion
The DRL values of radiography and CT tests in Jordan have been published
in a limited number of research. The comparison of reported DRL values
are difficult with other DRL values in the literature. Because of the various
methodologies used to determine them and the various imaging
modalities used to acquire radiographic and CT images, observation of the
Jordan DRL values reveals that there are significant variances in these
values. These variations could be due to the variation in body size of
patients involved in the studies and due to the variations of the selected
exposure parameters kVp, mAs, and FSD. This indicates the opportunity
to optimize exposure parameters. Through appropriate instruction and
training, radiographers can become more knowledgeable about dose-
minimizing methods and dramatically lessen variability in DRL readings.
11
12
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