SYLLABUS–NCISM

Rasashastra evam Bhaishajya Kalpana (Part 1)

Ayurvediya Aushadhi Nirmana Vigyana

NCISM
II Professional Ayurvedacharya (BAMS)
Subject Code : AyUG-RB
Summary
Total number of Teaching hours: 450
Lecture hours(LH)-Theory
150 150(LH)
Paper I 75
Paper II 75
Non Lecture hours(NLH)-Theory
300 300(NLH)
Paper I & II 90
Non Lecture hours(NLH)-Practical
Paper I & II 210

Examination (Papers & Mark Distribution)

Item Theory Component Marks Practical Component Marks
Practical Viva Elective IA
Paper I 100
Paper II 100 100 70 - 30
Sub-Total 200 200
Total marks 400

Important Note:-The User Manual II BAMS is a valuable resource that provides comprehensive details about the curriculum file. It will help
you understand and implement the curriculum. Please read the User Manual II before reading this curriculum file. The curriculum file has
been thoroughly reviewed and verified for accuracy. However, if you find any discrepancies, please note that the contents related to the
MSE should be considered authentic.
In case of difficulty and questions regarding curriculum write to [email protected]

Table 2 : Contents of Course

Paper 1 Ayurvediya Aushadhi Nirmana Vigyana
Sr. A2 B2 C2 D2 E2
No List of Topics Term Marks Lecture hours Non-Lecture hours
1 1. Chronological development of Ayurvediya Aushadhi Nirmana 1 05 2 1
Definition, chronological development, significance and scope of
Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana. Concept of Rasashala , Rasa-
mandapa and Bheshajagara Concept of Rasa-Rasayana Briefing
on Indians are first to prepare metal based medicines and Recent
development in Ayurvedic Pharmaceuticals.
2 2. Paribhasha ( Terminology) 1 10 8 4
1. Definition and Importance of Paribhasha
2. Word Derivation- Aushadha, Bheshaja, Kalpana, Kashaya, Pancha
kashaya Yoni, Samskara
3. Dravya/Varga Paribhasha- (Classical Names, English
names,Chemical Composition/ Formula)
A. Rasa, Maharasa, Uparasa, Dhatuvarga, Upadhatu, Ratna,
Uparatna, Sudhavarga, Sikatavarga, Lavanavarga, Visha,
Upavisha, Kajjali, Mitrpanchaka, Dravaka Gana,
B. Sandigdha(Contraversial): Vaikranta, Chapala, Rasanjana,
Pushpanjana, Vahnijara, Girisindura, Kankushtha.
C. Anupalabdha (Not Available): Rasaka, Sauviranjana
D. Krutrima (Artificial): Sasyaka, Gandhaka, Kasisa,
Rasanjana, Hingula
viii jl'kkL=k ,oa HkS"kT; dYiuk
Paper 1 Ayurvediya Aushadhi Nirmana Vigyana
Sr. A2 B2 C2 D2 E2
No List of Topics Term Marks Lecture hours Non-Lecture hours
E. Pratinidhi (Substitute) : Vajrabhave Vaikranta, Suvarna- Suvarna
Makshika
4. Prakriya Paribhasha-
A. Shodhana: Types of Shodhana, Samanya Shodhana, Vishesha
Shodhana, Different techniques used for Shodhana, Swedana,
Mardana, Dhalana, Nirvapa, Nirjaleekarana, Nimajjana,
Bhavana,Bharjana
B. Marana,: Definition, Importance of Marana, Types of Marana-
Agnipaka Method, Putapaka Method, Kupipakwa Method,
Bhanupaka Method, Swanga Sheeta
C. Amrutikarana, Lohitikarana
D. Sattvapatana, Shuddhavarta, Beejavarta
E. Druti: Definition, Druti lakshana
F. Parada Samskara: Definition, Importance, Ashtasamskara Parada
Jaranaa, Murchchhana, Names of Parad-Bandhas
5. Pramanikarana Paribhasha (Terms for Standardization)-
A. Grahy-Agrahyattva, Siddhilakshana
B. Bhasma pariksha: Varitara, Rekhapurnata, Unama, Slakshnattva,
Sukshma, Anjana Sannibha, Dantagre na Kachakacha Bhavati,
Varna, Avami, Apunarbhava, Niruttha, Gata Rasattva,
Nischandrattva, Niramlattva, Nirdhumattva, Jihvagre
adahyamanattva, Dadhi/ Nimbu Pariksha,
6. Puraka Paribhasha (Supplementary)- Rudra Bhaga,
Dhanvantari Bhaga
7. Mana-Paribhasha-
A. Definition, Classical Types
B. Classical and Modern- Conversion chart as per AFI, Scientific
Metrology
C. Essential Kala- mana.

3. 3. Adharbhuta Siddhanta (Application of fundamental principles ) 1 05 4 2

Dravya Sangrha and Samrakshana
•• Time of drug Collection
•• General Rules
•• Specific time for specific plant part collection
•• Time of the day for drug collection
•• Collection of Pranija Dravya
•• Place of Drug collection Bhumi mahabhuta predominance
•• Places from where drugs should not be collected
•• Stage of drug collection
•• Rule of Duplication(Dwiguna Mana Ganana)
•• Ardra and Shushka Dravya mana
•• Dravya Sangraha Vidhi and Dravya samrakshana
•• Rasa, Guna, Virya ,Vipaka, Prabhava Anukta Visheshokta
grahana: Considering Anukta Dravya
Aushadha Namakarana: Naming a Preparation
Aushadha Sevana Kala: Time of Drug Administration
Saveeryata Avadhi (Shelf life of different kalpana)
Aushadha Matra:Dosage / Posology
Anupana & Sahapana (Adjuvant)
Yougika Dravya Siddhanta(Drug Combination)
4. 4. Yantropakaranani- I (Equipments and machineries) Principles 1 05 6 4
involved, currently used yantras, their correlation, utility, and
Instruments used in Large scale Production
Dola Yantra Valuka Yantra Puta Yantra Khalwa Yantra Patana Yantra
Darvika Yantra Ulukhala Yantra Patala Yantra Kupi Yantra Arkapatana
Yantra Pithara Yantra Sharava Yantra Palika Yantra Sthali Yantra
Swedana Yantra Vidyadhara Yantra
Syllabus ix
Paper 1 Ayurvediya Aushadhi Nirmana Vigyana
Sr. A2 B2 C2 D2 E2
No List of Topics Term Marks Lecture hours Non-Lecture hours
Modern Machinery-Grinder Disintegrator Pulverizer Powder Mixer
Mechanical sifter Ball mill Granulator Dryer Tablet compressing
machine Pills making machine Coating pan Polishing pan End runner
machine Edge runner machine Capsule filling machine Ointment
mixer Tube filling machine Sieves & Meshes Liquid filling machine
Distillation plant Strip packing machine Pouch filling machine
Pyrometer
5. 5.Yantropakaranani -II (Equipments, fuel and Heating Devices) 1 05 5 4
Principle involved, importance of temperature, currently used
heating devices utility, quantum of heat and Instruments used in
Large scale Production Puta- Chandra Puta Surya Puta Maha Puta
Gaja Puta Varaha Puta Kukkuta Puta Kapota Puta Lavak Puta Budhar
Puta Gorvara Puta Valuka PutaKumbha / Bhanda Puta
Musha Samanya Musha Crucibles- Silica Mudra Musha Samanya
Musha Crucibles- Silica Mudra Sandhi Bandhan Material
Koshthi Chullika Angar Koshthi Satwapatan Bhrashtri Gas Stove Hot
Plate Heating Mantle Induction Stove Hot Air Oven Muffle Furnace-
Horizontal and Vertical
Heating Material- Solid- Kashtha, coal (wooden / stone), Kshara,
Lavana, Valuka, Shakrit, Dhanya Drava- Jala/ steam, Taila Indirect
heating- Dhanya Rashi, Bhugarbha sthapana
6. 6. Kalpana Nirmana I (Primary & Secondary dosage forms) 1 10 6 4
Definition, classification with suitable examples, reference
ingredients, quantity, method of preparation, principle involved,
instruments used in small and large scale production, siddhi
lakshana, storage, shelf life, modern aspect of related preparation of
the following Panchavidha Kashya Kalpana (Primary dosage forms):
Swarasa, Kalka, Kwatha, Hima, Phanta
Upaklpana (Secondary dosage forms):
Kalka: Churna Kalpana
Kwatha: Pramathya Kalpana, Paniya Kalpana, Ushnodaka, Ksheera
Paka Kalpana, Laksha Rasa, Mamsa Rasa
Hima Kalpana : Mantha Kalpana, Udaka Kalpana, Panaka Kalpana
Phanta Kalpana: Arka
7. 7.Kalpana Nirmana-II (Method of Preparation of different dosage 1 10 5 4
forms& Dietary Supplements) ) Avaleha
Definition, reference, essential ingredients, general method of
preparation, specific rules of avaleha preparation, importance of
temperature, siddhi lakshana, shelf life with examples i.e Vasavaleha,
Kushmanda avaleha, research updates on Avaleha Kalpana,
market survey
Sneha Kalpana
Aims of Sneha Kalpana, definition,reference, essential ingredients,
general method of preparation, specific rules of sneha preparation,
importance of temperature, gritha murchana, taila murchana, sneha
siddhi lakshana, types of snehapaka, Patra(Gandha Paka), time
duration to cook sneha preparation, shef life with examples Phala
grita and Ksheerabala Bala Taila, Concept of Avartana, Research
updates on snehakalpana, market survey
Sandhana Kalpana
Introduction, significance of sandhana kalpana, classification,
difference between Madhya and Shukta Kalpana, general method
of preparation, essential ingredients, anukta Mana, sandhana vidhi,
observations, Burnig candle test, Lime water Test, important factors
in Asava Arishta Preparation like sandhanan patra selection, place for
 x jl'kkL=k ,oa HkS"kT; dYiuk
Paper 1 Ayurvediya Aushadhi Nirmana Vigyana
Sr. A2 B2 C2 D2 E2
No List of Topics Term Marks Lecture hours Non-Lecture hours
fermentaion, importance of room temperature, sandhana kala, adding
of honey, bhasma, prakshepaka dravya, difference between Asava
& Arishta, shelf life and alcohol % with examples Draksharista and
Usheerasava, Research updates on Sandhana Kalpana, market survey
Pathya Kalpana
Definition, significance of Pathya, types, general, method of
preparation Manda, Peya, Yavagu, Vilepi, Anna or Odana Kalpana,
Krashara, Yusha, Takra, Khada, Kambalika, Raga, Shadava, Related
Research updates, Market survey of Dietary Supplements
8. 8.Rasa Dravya Parichaya- I 2 10 12 4
Synonyms, minerological identification, sources, types, grahya
and agrahyata, doshas, shodhana, marana and other processing
techniques, Probable Physico-chemical Changes, importance of
temperature while processing, yoga, Research updates of the
following
Must to know Drugs Parada (mercury) Abhraka (Biotite Mica)
Makshika (Chalco-pyrite) Shilajatu (Asphaltum Punjabianum)
Gandhaka (Sulfur) Gairika (Red Ochre) Kankshi (Alum) Haratala
(Orpiment) Manahshila (Realgar) Kampillaka (Mallotus Philippinensis)
Navasadara (Ammonium chloride) Hingula (Red Cinnabar) Swarna
(Gold) Rajata (Silver) Tamra (Copper) Loha (Iron) Mandur (rust iron)
Vanga (Tin) Naga (Lead) Yashada (Zinc) Mukta (Pearl), Pravala (Coral)
Vajra (Diamond) Kaparda (Cowries) Shukti (Oyster Shell) Shankh
(Conch Shell) Godanti (Gypsum) Samudraphena (Cattle Fish bone)
Kukkutanda twak (Hen’s EggShell) Tankana kshara (Borax)
9. 9. Rasa Dravya Parichaya II 2 5 7 6
Synonyms, mineralogical identification, sources, types, grahya and
agrahyata, shodhana, marana and other processing techniques
with probable chemical reactions, the importance of temperature,
yoga, research updates of the following: Desirable to know drugs:
Sasyaka (Peacock ore) Kaseesa (Green Vitriol), Gauri pashana (Arsenic
oxide); Trinakanta, Akika(Agate), Sudha (Lime stone), Khatika Ajashthi;
Jaharmohara (Serpentine) Dugdhapashana (Talc)

10. 10. Rasadravya Parichaya III 2 5 3 6

Synonyms, Minerological Identification, sources, types, Grahya,
Agrahyata, Shodhana, Marana, Probable Chemical Changes,
Properties,dose, Ashuddha/Apakwa Bhasma Sevanajanya Vydhi
and their shantyupaya, yoga, Research updates
Nice to know drugs: Vaikrantha, Vimala (Iron Pyrite), Chapala Rasaka
Anjana Kankustha Agnijara Giri Sindura (Red oxide of Hg) Mriddara
shringa (Litharge) Kamsya (Bronze) Pittala (Brass) Vartaloha. Manikya
(Ruby) Tarkshya (Emerald) Pushparaga (Topaz) Nilam (Sapphire)
Gomeda (Zircon or Cinnamone stone) Vaidurya (Cats eye) Mriga
shringa (Stag horn) Sikata (Silica) Vyomashma (Sangeyashab - Jade)
Kousheyashma (Asbestos) Badarshama (silicate of lime)
11 11. Kalpana Nirman -III (Method of Preparation of different 2 10 8 6
dosage forms)
Sharkara Kalpana
General method of preparation, difference between sharkara kalpana
and syrup, importance of temperature, precautions, confirmatory
tests, packing, preservation, shelf life with Example of Tulasi Arka
Sharkara
Syllabus xi
Paper 1 Ayurvediya Aushadhi Nirmana Vigyana
Sr. A2 B2 C2 D2 E2
No List of Topics Term Marks Lecture hours Non-Lecture hours
Gudapaka
General Method of Preparation, importance of temperature,
precautions, confirmatory tests, packing, preservation, shelf life with
Example of ManibhadraGuda, Guda Pippali
Lavana Kalpana
General Method of Preparation, importance of temperature,
precautions, confirmatory tests, packing, preservation, shelf life with
Example of Narikela Lavana
Kshara Kalpana
General Method of Preparation, importance of temperature,
precautions, confirmatory tests, packing, preservation, shelf life with
Example of Kadali Kshara, chincha Kshara
Ayskriti Kalpana
General Method of Preparation, importance of temperature,
precautions, confirmatory tests, packing, preservation, shelf life with
Example Ayaskriti
Lepa Kalpana
General Method of Preparation, importance of temperature,
precautions, confirmatory tests, packing, preservation, shelf life with
Example of Avalgunjadi Lepa, Keshavardhaka Lepa.
12. 12. Chaturvidha Rasayana 2 10 4 4
Introduction, definition, importance, types, Procedure, necessary
equipment, Shelf life with following exampleKharaliya Rasayana:
Shwasakuthara rasa and Vatavidwansana rasa
Parpati Rasayana: Loha parpati and sudha parpati
Kupipakwa Rasayana: Rasasidhura and Rasa karpura
Pottali Rasayana: Tamragarbha pottali and Loha grarbha pottali
13. 13.Current and emerging trend in Ayurvedic pharmaceuticals 3 5 3 4
Cosmetics-Formulation, Regulatory Provisions Brief Introduction to
Cosmetics-Formulation, Regulatory Provisions, Plant Layout and other
factory requirements, process used in the manufacture of Cosmetics,
Most commonly used cosmetic Raw materials , Control of microbial
contamination in the manufacture of cosmetics and Quality Control
of cosmetics, Skin Sensitization Sensitivity Testing, In vitro-Tests for
Skin Irritation, Quality Control of Raw materials, Intermediates and
Finished Products, Stability of Cosmetics Introduction to Dosage
forms Introduction, Classification of Dosage forms(Solid dosage
forms, Liquid dosage forms and Semisolid dosage forms), Need of
dosage forms.
14. 14. GMP(Schedule T) & Regulatory aspects of Ayurvedic drugs 3 5 2 4
Brief overview of following
•• Drug and Cosmetics Act 1940 and Rules1945 import, manufacture,
sale distribution of drugs and cosmetics standards of quality,
misbranded, adulterated, spurious drugs and cosmetics as
amended from time to time.
New Acts related to Drugs and Devices.
•• Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) of ASU Drugs in accordance
to Schedule- T
Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) and FDA
Approval Drugs.
Total Marks 100 75hr 57hr

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 fo"k;&lwph

Preface v enZu laLdkj 50

Syllabus–NCISM vi ewPNZu laLdkj 50
ladÍrk{kj lwph xiv mRFkkiu laLdkj 51
ikru laLdkj 51
1- vk;qoZsnh; vkS"kfék fuekZ.k dk dkykuqÿfed fodkl jkséku laLdkj 52
(Chronological Development of Ayurvediya fu;eu laLdkj 52
Aushadhi Nirmana) 1-26 nhiu laLdkj 53
ifjp; 1 ikjn tkj.k 53
izkxSfrgkfld dky (6000&2000 BC) 3 ewPNZu 55
oSfnd dky 4 ikjn&caék 56
dkSfVY; dk vFkZ'kk– 4 A. xzk·&vxzk·Ro] flfºy{k.k 58
lafgrk dky 5 B. HkLe ijh{kk 59
eé;dkyhu jl'kk– dk fodkl 7 iwjd ifjHkk"kk (Supplementary) 62
vkékqfud ;qx esa jl 'kk– dk fodkl 8 eku&ifjHkk"kk 62
jl 'kk– dk egRo 8 3- vk/kkjHkwr flºkar
HkS"kT; dYiuk 9 (Adharabhuta Siddhanta) 79-101
dkykuqÿfed fodkl 10 ÊO; laxzg ,oa laj{k.k 79
oSfnd dky 11 vuq√ fo'ks"kks√ xzg.k 84
lafgrk dky 11 vkS"kék ukedj.k 85
laxzg dky 15 vkS"kék lsou dky 85
jl'kkyk 17 loh;Zrk vofék 87
Hks"ktkxkj @ jl&eaMi 18 vkS"kék ek=kk 89
jl&jlk;u dh voékkj.kk 20 vuqiku 91
vk;qoZsfnd vkS"kfék;ksa esa fodkl 21 ;kSfxd ÊO; flºkar 93
2- ifjHkk"kk 4- ;a=kksizdj.kuh&1
(Paribhasha) 27-78 (Yantroprakaranani - I) 102-149
'kCnkoyh 27 ifjp; 102
lafnXék ÊO; (Contraversial Drugs) 38    1- nksyk ;a=k 102
vuqiyCékrk (Not Availablity) 40    2- ckyqdk ;a=k 103
—f=ke (Artificial) 40    3- iqV;a=k 104
izfrfufék 43    4- [kYo ;a=k 104
A. 'kkséku 44    5- ikru ;a=k 106
'kkséku dÍ izdkj 45    6- nkfoZdk;U=k 108
B. ekj.k 46    7- myw[ky ;U=k 108
C. ve`rhdj.k & yksfgrhdj.k 47    8- ikrky ;U=k 109
D. lŸoikru] 'kqºkorZ] chtkorZ 47    9- dÈih ;U=k 109
E. Êqfr 48 10- vdZikru ;a=k 111
F. ikjn laLdkj 48 11- fiBj ;a=k 112
Losnu laLdkj 49 12- 'kjko ;a=k 112
xii jl'kkL=k ,oa HkS"kT; dYiuk
13- ikfydk ;U=k 113 Muffle Furnace 173
14- LFkkyh ;U=k 114 Heating Material 175
15- Losnu ;U=k 114 6- dYiuk fuekZ.k&1
16- fo|kékj ;U=k 115
(Kalpana Nirmana - I) 183-212
Grinder Machine 115
Disintegrator Machine 117 dYiuk 183
Pulverizer Machine 118 i◊pfoék d"kk; dYiuk (Primary Dosage Forms) 183
Powder Mixer Machine 120 1- Lojl 184
Mechanical Shifter Machine 121 2- dYd 186
Ball Mill 123 3- DokFk 188
Granulator Machine 124 4- fge 190
Dryer 125 5- Qk.V 191
Tablet Compressing Machine 127 midYiuk (Secondary Dosage Forms) 193
Pill Making Machine (Tablet Press) 128 1- dYd dYiuk 193
Coating Pan Machine 129 2- DokFk dYiuk 196
Polishing Pan Machine 130 3- fge dYiuk 202
End Runner Machine 131 4- Qk.V dYiuk 205
Edge Runner Machine 132 7- dYiuk fuekZ.k&2
Capsule Filling Machine 134 (Kalpana Nirmana - II) 213-255
Ointment Mixer Machine 135
Tube Filling Machine 136 voysg 213
Sieves and Meshes 137 Lusg dYiuk 220
Liquid Filling Machine 138 laékku dYiuk 233
Distillation Plant 139 iF; dYiuk 242
Strip Packing Machine 140 8- jlÊO; ifjp;&1
Pouch Filling Machine 141 (Rasa Dravya Parichaya - I) 256-362
Pyrometer 142
ikjn (Mercury) 256
5- ;a=kksizdj.kuh&2 vHkzd (Biotite Mica) 263
(Yantroprakaranani - II) 150-182 ekf{kd (Chalco-Pyrite) 269
iqV 150 f'kyktrq (Asphaltum Punjabianum) 273
ew"kk 159 xaékd (Sulphur) 276
'kCnkoyh 159 xSfjd (Red Ochre) 279
Crucibles 162 dka{kh (Alum) 282
eqÊk 163 gjrky (Orpiment) 284
1- enu eqÊk 163 eu%f'kyk (Realgar) 288
2- gB eqÊk 164 dfEiYyd (Mallotus Philippinensis) 291
lfU/k cU/ku lkexzh 164 uolknj (Ammonium chloride) 292
pwfYgdk 165 fgaxqy (Red Cinnabar) 294
dksíh 165 Lo.kZ (Gold) 297
lŸoikru Hkzkfë™ 167 jtr (Silver) 301
Gas Stove 168 rkez (Copper) 304
Hot Plate 169 ykSg (Iron) 308
Heating Mantle 170 e.Mwj (Rust Iron) 313
Induction Stove 171 oax (Tin) 315
Hot Air Oven 172 ukx (Lead) 319
fo"k;&lwph xiii
;'kn (Zinc) 322 e`x•`ax (Stag Horn) 435
eq√k (Pearl) 325 fldrk (Silica) 437
izoky (Coral) 328 O;ksek'ke (Sangeyashab - Jade) 438
otz (Diamond) 331 dkS'ks;k'ke (Asbestos) 439
dinZ (Cowries) 335 cnjk'ke (Silicate of Lime) 441
'kqf√ (Oyster Shell) 338
11- 'kdZjk dYiuk
'ka[k (Conch Shell) 340
(Sharkara Kalpana) 452-470
xksnarh (Gypsum) 343
lkeqÊQÍu (Cattle Fish Bone) 346 'kdZjk dYiuk 452
dËDdËVk.M Rod (Hen’s Egg Shell) 348 xqMikd 454
Vad.k (Borax) 349 yo.k dYiuk 457
9- jlÊO; ifjp;&2 {kkj dYiuk 459
(Rasa Dravya Parichaya - II) 363-391
v;L—fr dYiuk 462
ysi dYiuk 463
lL;d (Peacock Ore) 363
dklhl (Green Vitriol) 367 12- prqfoZ/k jlk;u
xkSjhik"kk.k (Arsenic Oxide) 370 (Chaturvidha Rasayana) 471-500
r`.kdkUr (Amber) 373 prqfoZék jlk;u 471
vdhd (Agate) 375 [kYoh; jlk;u 471
lqékk (Lime Stone) 378 iiZVh dYiuk 476
[kfVdk 380 dÈihiDo jlk;u 482
vtk vfLFk 382 iksÛyh dYiuk 490
tgjeksgj (Serpentine) 383
13. Current and Emerging Trend in
nqXékik"kk.k (Talc) 384
Ayurvedic Pharmaceuticals 501-525
10- jlÊO; ifjp;&3
(Rasa Dravya Parichaya - III) 392-451 Cosmetics-Formulation,
Regulatory Provisions 501
oSÿkUr 392
Skin Sensitization Sensitivity Testing 506
foey (Iron Pyrite) 395
In vitro-Tests for Skin Irritation 507
piy 397
Intermediates and Finished Products 508
jld 400
Stability of Cosmetics 508
v◊tu 403
Dosage Form and Cosmetic Products 509
dÏdËí 406
Advantages and Disadvantages of
vfXutkj 408
Currently Available Dosage Forms 513
fxfj flUnwj (Red Oxide of Hg) 410
Modification of Classical
e`Ìkj•`ax (Litharge) 411
Ayurveda Dosage 514
dkaL; (Bronze) 413
Route of Drug Administration 515
fiŸky (Brass) 416
14. Drug and Cosmetics Act 526-538
orZyksg 418
rk{;Z (Emerald) 424 Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP)
iq"ijkx (Topaz) 426 of ASU 529
uhye (Sapphire) 428 Food Safety and Standards Authority
xksesn (Zircon or Cinnamone Stone) 430 of India (FSSAI) 533
oSnw;Z (Cats Eye) 432 FDA Approval Drugs 534

“““
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vˆ dksˆ µ vejdks'k fuˆ jˆ (eˆ) µ Jh fu?k.VqjRukdj (ejkBh)
vˆ izˆ µ vdZ izdk'k ;ksˆ jˆ µ ;ksxjRukdj
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vˆ laˆ fpˆ µ v"Vkax laxzg fpfdRlkLFkku jlke`ˆ µ jlke`re~
vˆ laˆ mˆ µ v"Vkax laxzg mŸkjLFkku jlk.kZ ˆ µ jlk.kZo rU=k
vˆ ‚ˆ lwˆ µ v"Vkı ‚n; lw=kLFkku jˆ ;ksˆ lkˆ µ jl;ksxlkxj
vˆ ‚ˆ foˆ µ v"Vkı ‚n; foeku LFkku jˆ ;ksˆ laˆ µ jl ;ksx laxzg
vˆ ‚ˆ 'kkˆ µ v"Vkı ‚n; 'kkjhj LFkku jˆ jˆ leqˆ µ jljRuleqPp;
vˆ ‚ˆ fpˆ µ v"Vkı ‚n; fpfdRlk LFkku jˆ paˆ µ jlp.Mk'kq
vˆ ‚ˆ mˆ µ v"Vkı ‚n; mŸkj LFkku jˆ 'kkˆ µ jl'kkL=k] ih- lqjs'k
vkˆ vkSˆ xqˆ /kˆ 'kkˆ µ vk;qoZsnh; vkS/k"khxq.k /keZ'kkL=k jˆ 'kkˆ µ jl'kkL=k] lh-ch- >k
vkuaˆ daˆ µ vkuUn dUn jlsaˆ iiZˆ µ jlsUÊ iiZVd
vk;qˆ izˆ µ vk;qosZn izdk'k
jˆ lˆ µ jle◊tjh
vk;qˆ lkˆ laˆ µ vk;qosZn lkjlƒ~xzg
jlsaˆ lkˆ laˆ µ jlsUÊlkjlƒ~xzg
dkˆ laˆ µ dk';ilafgrk
jˆ ‚ˆ raˆ µ jl‚n; ra=k
dkˆ lwˆ µ dk';i lw=kLFkku
oSˆ iˆ izˆ µ oS|d ifjHkk"kk iznhi
dkˆ 'kkˆ µ dk';i 'kkjhjLFkku
dkˆ foˆ µ dk';i foekuLFkku (izdYi izdj.ke~)
dkˆ f[kˆ µ dk';i f[kyLFkku 'kˆ dˆ Êqˆ µ 'kCndYiÊqe
dkˆ fpˆ µ dk';i fpfdRlkLFkku 'kkˆ iwˆ [kaˆ µ 'kkıZ/kj laˆ iwoZ [k.M
pÿˆ nˆ µ pÿnŸk 'kkˆ eˆ [kaˆ µ 'kkıZ/kj laˆ e/;e [k.M
pˆ lwˆ µ pjd lw=k LFkku 'kkˆ mˆ [kaˆ µ 'kkıZ/kj laˆ mŸkj [k.M
pˆ foˆ µ pjd foekuLFkku lˆ ;ksˆ µ lgœ;ksx
pˆ 'kkˆ µ pjd 'kkjhj LFkku flˆ HkSˆ eˆ ekˆ µ flº HkS"kT; ef.kekyk
pˆ dˆ µ pjd dYiLFkku flˆ ;ksˆ laˆ µ flº;ksxlƒ~xzg
pˆ fpˆ µ pjd fpfdRlk LFkku lqˆ lwˆ µ lqJqr lw=kLFkku
ʈ xqˆ foˆ µ ÊO;xq.kfoKku (;kno th) lqˆ foˆ µ lqJqr foekuLFkku
/kUoaˆ laˆ µ /kUoUrfj lafgrk lqˆ fuˆ µ lqJqr funku LFkku
c`ˆ jˆ jkˆ lqaˆ µ c`grjljktlqanj lqˆ 'kkˆ µ lqJqr 'kkjhj LFkku
Hkkˆ HkSˆ jˆ µ Hkkjr HkS"kT; jRukdj lqˆ fpˆ µ lqJqr fpfdRlk LFkku
Hkkˆ izˆ µ Hkko izdk'k lqˆ dˆ µ lqJqr dYi LFkku

{
HkS"kT;jRukoyh lqˆ mˆ µ lqJqr mŸkj LFkku
(izksˆ flfºuUnufeJ laLdj.k) A.F.I. – The Ayurvedic Formu-

HkSˆ jˆ µ HkS"kT;jRukoyh lary of India
(iaˆ Jh ykypUÊth A.P.I. – The Ayurvedic Phama-
oS| laLdj.k) copoeia of India

“““
 vk;qoZsnh; vkS"kfék fuekZ.k dk dkykuqÿfed fodkl
1 (Chronological Development of
Ayurvediya Aushadhi Nirmana)

jl 'kk– •• izeq[kflºksa esa fr#ewyj] cksxj] uanh] vkSj dyaxh ukFkj tSls
egku ;ksxh ,oa jlk;uK 'kkfey gSaA
ifjp;
•• flº laiznk; us ikjaifjd ikjs (jl) dÍ eké;e ls jl flfº
;g ifo=k vuq'kklu nks izeq[k fopkjékkjkvksa ij izfrfír gS— izkIr djus rFkk nh?kkZ;q] jksxeqf√ ,oa vkfRed mRFkku gsrq
1- nf{k.kkR; laiznk; (nf{k.kh ijaijk)% ;g Hkkjr dÍ izk;}hih; jlk;u fo|k dk O;kid iz;ksx fd;kA
Hkkxksa esa fodflr gksdj laiUu gqvkA bldh tM+sa nf{k.k Hkkjr 2- ukFk laiznk; (mŸkjh Hkkjrh; ijaijk)%
dh lkaL—frd vkSj ékkfeZd ijaijkvksa esa xgjkbZ ls tqM+h gqbZ gSaA
•• bl ijaijk esa vkfnukFk (Hkxoku f'ko)] eRL;sUÊukFk] vkSj
2- mŸkjkfgdk laiznk; (mŸkjh ijaijk)% ;g Hkkjr dÍ mŸkjh
vapyksa esa dÍafÊr jgh vkSj ogha bldh vfHkO;f√ ,oa ifjiqfë xksj{kukFk tSls egku ;ksfx;ksa dh izeq[k Hkwfedk jghA
gqbZA bl ijaijk esa mŸkj Hkkjr dh nk'kZfud ,oa ékkfeZd ékkjk Lië •• ukFk laiznk; us jlk;u foKku dks u dÍoy 'kkjhfjd vkjksX;
:i ls ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA gsrq] cfYd vké;kfRed mUu;u vkSj ;ksxlkékuk dÍ lkéku dÍ
jl'kk– dh mRifŸk :i esa fodflr fd;kA
•• bl ijaijk esa jlk;u 'kk– dÍ lkFk&lkFk ;ksx] ra=k] vkSj é;ku
,sfrgkfld izek.kksa vkSj vké;kfRed ijaijkvksa dÍ vuqlkj] Hkxoku
f'ko — ftUgsa 'kk˝r] loZK vkSj vkfn xq# ekuk tkrk gS— nsoh dh fofék;ksa dk leUo; ns[kus dks feyrk gSA
ikoZrh dks jl'kk– dk xw<+ vkSj fnO; Kku iznku fd;kA bl laokn flº ukxktZqu vkSj jl'kk– esa mudk ;ksxnku
dks f'ko&ikoZrh laokn dÍ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
{{ ukyank fo˝fo|ky; dÍ izflº ckSº vkpk;Z flº ukxktZqu us mŸkj
ikoZrh ls ;g Kku Hkxoku f'ko dÍ ije Hk√ vkSj okgu uanh us Hkkjr dh tfVy fpfdRlk iz.kkfy;ksa dÍ fy, vfékd O;ogkfjd
izkIr fd;kA uanh us vkxs pydj bl Kku dks vxLR; tSls egku vkSj ljy fodYiksa dh [kkst dhA mUgksaus fpfdRlk foKku dks
Ωf"k;ksa rFkk 18 flºksa (rfey dÍ egf"kZ;ksa) dks iznku fd;kA bu
tulkekU; dÍ fy, lqyHk cukus dk iz;kl fd;kA
flºksa esa iw.kZdÍlj] iqyLR;] vkSj iqfydÎlj tSls egku riLoh vkSj
lkékd izeq[k :i ls mYys[kuh; gSaA {{ bl mÌs'; dh iwfrZ gsrq mUgksaus nf{k.k Hkkjr dh ;k=kk dh] tgk°
mUgksaus vkaékz izns'k dÍ Jh'kSye {ks=k esa jgdj ikjn (ikjk) foKku
flº vkSj ukFk ijEijkvksa dk fodkl
rFkk eD;Zqfj;y iz.kkyh (Mercurial Process) esa fof'kë n{krk
ikjkfoKku (jl'kk–) dk vH;kl eq[;r% nks izeq[k ijaijkvksa esa izkIr dhA
oxhZ—r fd;k tkrk gS%
{{ nf{k.k Hkkjr esa ikjaifjd jlk;u iºfr;ksa esa xgu vH;kl dÍ
1- flº laiznk; (nf{k.k Hkkjrh; ijaijk)% mijkar tc os mŸkj Hkkjr ykSVs] rks mUgksaus jlsaÊeaxy] d{kiqV ra=k
•• bl ijaijk dk usr`Ro egf"kZ vxLR; ,oa mudÍ f'k"; 18 flºksa tSls egRoiw.kZ xzaFkksa dh jpuk dh] tks vkt Hkh jl'kk– dÍ {ks=k
us fd;kA esa vkn'kZ ekus tkrs gSaA
 2 jl'kkL=k ,oa HkS"kT; dYiuk • v/;k; 1
ikSjkf.kd izlax% vxLR; dk nf{k.k vfHk;ku {{ ;g o.kZu flº laiznk; }kjk fodflr jl'kk– dh LFkk;h fojklr
fgeky; esa Hkxoku f'ko vkSj nsoh ikoZrh dÍ fnO; fookg dÍ vkSj mldh le`º lkaL—frd&oSKkfud ijaijk ij izdk'k Mkyrk
volj ij nsorkvksa] Ωf"k;ksa vkSj thoksa dh fo'kky lHkk ,df=kr gS] tks vkt Hkh vé;;u vkSj vuqlaékku dk egRoiw.kZ fo"k;
cuh gqbZ gSA
gqbZ] ftlls i`Foh mŸkj fn'kk dh vksj ÷kqd xbZA bl vlarqyu dks
larqfyr djus dÍ fy, Hkxoku f'ko us egf"kZ vxLR; dks nf{k.k jl dh ifjHkk"kk
Hkkjr dh vksj izLFkku djus dk funZs'k fn;kA jlukr~ loZékkrwuka jl bR;fHkékh;rsA
vxLR; us vkKk dk ikyu djrs gq, nf{k.k Hkkjr dh ;k=kk dhA tjk#ƒ~e`R;quk'kk; jL;rs ok jlks er%AA (j-j-l- 1@77)
ogk° mUgksaus u dÍoy larqyu LFkkfir fd;k] cfYd jl'kk– dÍ {{ ikjs (jl) esa vHkzd vkfn jlÊO;ksa dks vkRelkr (lekfgr)
xw<+ Kku dk izpkj&izlkj Hkh fd;kA ;gha mUgksaus flº laiznk; dh djus dh fof'kë {kerk gksrh gSA ;g xq.k bls vR;ar izHkko'kkyh
uhao j[kh] tks ckn esa nf{k.k Hkkjr dh ,d izeq[k vké;kfRed ,oa vkS"kfék ,oa jlk;u cukrk gSA ,slk fo˝kl fd;k tkrk gS fd
jlk;fud ijaijk cuhA ikjk 'kjhj dks tjk (cq<+kik) vkSj e`R;q tSls izk—frd fouk'kdkjh
izHkkoksa ls eq√ djus dh 'kf√ j[krk gSA
jl'kk– dÍ fodkl dk dkyÿe
{{ bldk izHkko dÍoy euq";ksa rd gh lhfer ugha gS—cfYd
jl'kk– dh ,sfrgkfld fodkl ;k=kk dks pkj izeq[k dky[kaMksa nsorkvksa rd bldÍ ykHk of.kZr gSaA ekuk tkrk gS fd ikjk tho
esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftuesa izR;sd dky dh viuh dks leLr izdkj dh cqjkb;ksa] jksxksa vkSj ckékkvksa ij fot; izkIr
fof'kë fo'ks"krk,° gSa% djus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA
1- oSfnd dky% bl dky esa jl'kk– dh izkjafHkd ÷kyd osnksa esa {{ ;g n`fëdks.k u dÍoy ikjs dh fpfdRlh; egŸkk dks n'kkZrk gS]
ns[kh tkrh gS] tgk° vfXugks=k] lkse jl] ékkrqvksa ,oa vkS"kékh; cfYd bldÍ vké;kfRed vkSj nk'kZfud igyqvksa dks Hkh mtkxj
ouLifr;ksa ls lacafékr dhfe;k (Alchemy) izFkk,° fufgr FkhaA djrk gSA
2- lafgrk dky% ;g dky pjd lafgrk] lqJqr lafgrk rFkk vU; dkykuqÿfed fodkl
vk;qoZsfnd xzaFkksa dh jpuk ls fpf…r gksrk gSA bl le; jlk;u
{{ bfrgkl fofHkUu {ks=kksa dh izxfr vkSj mudÍ vkékqfud Lo:iksa
rŸoksa dk iz;ksx fpfdRlk esa vkjaHk gqvk] fo'ks"kr% ékkrqvksa vkSj
dh le÷k dÍ fy, ,d vewY; [ktkus dÍ :i esa dk;Z djrk
[kfutksa dÍ fpfdRldh; mi;ksx dh ppkZ gqbZA gSA ,sfrgkfld vfHkys[kksa dk xgjkbZ ls vé;;u djus ij] ge
3- laxzg dky% bl ;qx esa vkpk;Z ukxktZqu tSls fo}kuksa us jl'kk– mu ewyHkwr fopkjksa dks mtkxj dj ldrs gSa] ftUgsa ledkyhu
dks ,d lqlaxfBr foKku dÍ :i esa izLrqr fd;kA mUgksaus mUur foKku dh lgk;rk ls vkSj vfékd ifj"—r vkSj fodflr fd;k
izfÿ;kvksa dk fodkl fd;k vkSj jlsaÊeaxy] d{kiqV ra=k tSls tk ldrk gSA
ekSfyd xzaFkksa dh jpuk dhA ;g dky jlk;u dÍ 'kk– :i esa {{ fpfdRlk foKku dh ,d fof'kë 'kk[kk] jl'kk–] bldk ,d
mRd"kZ dk izrhd gSA mR—ë mnkgj.k gS] tks ,sfrgkfld Kku dks vkékqfud 'kksék dÍ
4- vkékqfud dky% orZeku ;qx esa ikjaifjd jl'kk– dks vkékqfud lkFk lefUor djrs gq, fujarj fodflr gks jgk gSA ;g 'kk–
foKku dh n`fë;ksa vkSj rduhdksa dÍ lkFk lefUor fd;k tk jgk ikjaifjd ékkrq&vkS"kékh; foKku dks oSKkfud n`fëdks.k ls tksM+us
gSA ;g dky fpfdRlk vkSj jlk;u foKku esa ikjaifjd vuqHko dk dk;Z djrk gSA
vkSj ledkyhu vuqlaékku dk laxe izLrqr djrk gSA {{ fdlh Hkh oSKkfud {ks=k dh uhao ml {ks=k esa fofHkUu ;qxksa esa fd,
flº ijaijk dk ;ksxnku x, izysf[kr dk;ks± ij vkékkfjr gksrh gSA jl'kk– dÍ lanHkZ esa]
vusd fo}kuksa us ,sls vewY; xzaFkksa dh jpuk dh gS] tks 'kk– dh
{{ flº laiznk; us rfey lkfgR;] fpfdRlk iºfr vkSj lkaL—frd
mRifŸk] fodkl vkSj mRd"kZ dk lk{; izLrqr djrs gSaA
fojklr dks xgjkbZ ls le`º fd;k gSA bl ijaijk dÍ ;ksxnkuksa esa
u dÍoy vké;kfRed vkSj fpfdRlh; Kku dh izpqjrk gS] cfYd jl'kk– dÍ fodkl dh dkyÿekuqlkj ;k=kk
jlk;u 'kk– (jl'kk–) esa Hkh bldh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh gSA 1- izkjafHkd dky (2oha&3oha 'krkCnh bZ-)% bl dky esa
{{ mYys[kuh; miyfCék;ksa esa fpnacje esa izfrfír uVjkt izfrek rFkk jl'kk– dÍ vkS"kékh; vuqiz;ksxksa dh izkjafHkd [kkst vkjaHk gqbZ]
i÷kkuh esa fLFkr dËekjLokeh izfrek dk fuekZ.k izeq[k gSaA ;s nksuksa tks fpfdRlk dÍ {ks=k esa ,d u;k n`fëdks.k ysdj vkbZA
izfrek,° jlk;u foKku vkSj ékkrq foKku dh n`fë ls vf}rh; 2- Lo.kZ ;qx (8oha 'krkCnh dÍ ckn)% ;g vofék mYys[kuh;
ekuh tkrh gSa] vkSj bUgsa flº ijaijk dh oSKkfud n{krk dk mR—ë izxfr vkSj ifj"dkj dk dky jgh] ftlesa jl'kk– ,d
mnkgj.k ekuk tkrk gSA lqO;ofLFkr fpfdRlk iz.kkyh dÍ :i esa fodflr gqvkA
v/;k; 1 • vk;qoZsnh; vkS"kfék fuekZ.k dk dkykuqÿfed fodkl 23

Multiple Choice Questions

1- dkSu ls nks fopkjékkjk,° jl'kk– dh uhao j[krh gSa\ 9- flaékq ?kkVh lH;rk dÍ nkSjku vkStkjksa vkSj midj.kksa
A. flº vkSj ukFk laiznk; dks cukus esa bLrseky dh tkus okyh izkFkfed lkexzh
B. nf{k.kkR; vkSj mŸkjkfgdk laiznk; D;k Fkh\
A. yksgk B. lksuk
C. oSfnd vkSj lafgrk laiznk;
C. rkack vkSj dkaL; D. lhlk
D. laxzg vkSj vkékqfud laiznk;
10- izkphu lH;rkvksa esa fdl jlk;u lkexzh dks mldh
2- jl'kk– dÍ fnO; izorZd fdls ekuk tkrk gS\
'kf√&c<+kus okys xq.kksa dÍ fy, tkuk tkrk Fkk\
A. Hkxoku cz„k B. Ωf"k vxLR;
A. jld B. fgaxqy
C. Hkxoku f'ko D. flº ukxktZqu C. f'kyktrq D. xksnUrh
3- flº laiznk; dk izkFkfed é;ku fdl ij gS\ 11- fdl osn esa lksus vkSj vU; ékkrqvksa dÍ mi;ksx dk
A. vké;kfRed fodkl mYys[k gS\
B. ékkrqdeZ mUufr A. ;tqoZsn B. ΩXosn
C. ikjs dk mi;ksx djdÍ jl flfº izkIr djuk C. vFkoZosn D. lkeosn
D. vk;qoZsfnd lkfgR; dk fodkl 12- vk;qoZsn esa izlaL—r ékkrqvksa dÍ fy, fdl 'kCn dk iz;ksx
4- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu ukFk laiznk; ls tqM+k gS\ fd;k tkrk gS\
A. ékkrq B. ékk=kq
A. vxLR; B. fr#eqyj
C. ykSgékkrq D. vk;q"k—fr
C. vkfnukFk D. iw.kZdÍlj
13- dkSu&lk izkphu xzaFk ékkrqvksa vkSj jRuksa dh igpku dÍ
5- flº ukxktZqu fdldÍ fy, izflº gSa% fy, fn'kkfunZs'k iznku djrk gS\
A. nf{k.kkR; ijaijk dh LFkkiuk A. pjd lafgrk B. dkSfVY; dk vFkZ'kk–
ch- jlsaÊ eaxy vkSj d{kiqV ra=k fy[kuk C. lqJqr lafgrk D. vëkax ‚n;
C. uVjkt dh ewfrZ dk fuekZ.k 14- vk;qoZsn esa lksus dÍ 'kqfºdj.k dÍ fy, dkSu&lh izfÿ;k
D. mŸkj Hkkjr esa jl'kk– dh f'k{kkvksa dk izpkj&izlkj djuk of.kZr gS\
6- fdl egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk us Ωf"k vxLR; dks nf{k.k Hkkjr A. enZu B. ékEekiu
dh vksj vkdf"kZr fd;k\ C. lqo.kZ 'kkséku D. HkLe fuekZ.k
A. ukFk laiznk; dk xBu 15- ΩXosn dÍ vuqlkj vf˝uhdËekjksa }kjk —f=ke 'kY;
B. f'ko vkSj ikoZrh dÍ fnO; fookg dÍ dkj.k i`Foh ÷kqd xbZ fpfdRlk esa fdl ékkrq dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk\
C. flº ijaijk dk izlkj A. rkack B. lksuk
C. yksgk D. oax
D. ukyank fo˝fo|ky; dh LFkkiuk dk vk‡ku
16- fo"kSys na'k dÍ mipkj esa mi;ksx fd, tkus okys ghjs dÍ
7- jl'kk– dÍ fodkl esa dkSu&lk dky pjd lafgrk tSls
fy, vk;qoZsfnd 'kCn D;k gS\
vkékkjHkwr xzaFkksa dh jpuk dh fo'ks"krk gS\
A. otz B. oSnw;Z
A. oSfnd dky B. lafgrk dky
C. ekf.kD; D. izoky
C. laxzg dky D. vkékqfud dky
17- fdl lafgrk esa oax (Tin) vkSj rkez (Copper) tSlh
8- fdl pj.k dÍ nkSjku jl'kk– us vkékqfud jlk;u foKku ékkrqvksa dÍ mi;ksx dk o.kZu vk;q"k—fr rS;kfj;ksa dÍ
ls izHkkfor gksdj iqu#RFkku dk vuqHko fd;k\ fy, fd;k x;k gS\
A. izkxSfrgkfld dky B. Lo.kZ ;qx A. pjd lafgrk B. lqJqr lafgrk
C. lafgrk dÍ ckn dk dky D. 19oha 'krkCnh C. vëkax ‚n; D. ΩXosn
 2 ifjHkk"kk (Paribhasha)

y{k.k 5- ifjHkk"kkvksa dh lgh le÷k lkékd dks u dÍoy 'kk– dk vFkZ

le÷kus esa l{ke cukrh gS] cfYd mls lkékuk esa Hkh lQyrk
vO;√kuq√ys'kks√ lafnXékkFkZizdkf'kdk%A
dh vksj vxzLr djrh gSA
ifjHkk"kk izdF;Urs nhihHkwrk% lqfuf'prk%AA (oS- ifj- iz- 1@4)
O;√køuq√k'p ;s ·FkkZ yhuk ;s pkI;fueZyk%A
1- vO;√ % tks Lië :i ls O;√ u gksA ys'kks√k ;s DofpRL;qLrs"kka pkfi izlkékue~AA (lq- m- 65@4)
2- vuq√ % tks dgka uk x;k gks ;k ftls Lië :i ls mYysf[kr uk vk;qoZsn esa dbZ ,sls 'kCn gSa ftudÍ vFkZ Lië :i ls O;√ ugha gksrs
fd;k x;k gksA gSa vkSj bu 'kCnksa dÍ vFkZ dks Lië djus dÍ fy, ifjHkk"kk izdj.k
3- ys'kks√ % vkaf'kd :i ls O;√ ;k la{ksi esa crk;k x;k gksA dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
4- lafnXékkFkZ % ftldk vFkZ lafnXék ;k vLië gksA 'kCnkoyh
ifjHkk"kk mls dgrs gSa ftldÍ eké;e ls 'kk– dÍ vO;√] vLië]
vkS"kék
vkaf'kd vkSj lafnXék Hkkoksa ;k vFkks± dk Lië ,oa fufˇr Kku
laf{kIr vkSj lkadÍfrd 'kCnksa }kjk izkIr gksrk gSA vkS"kék dk vFkZ gS nok ;k fpfdRlk tks LokLF; dh j{kk vkSj jksxksa
fuxw<kuq√ys'kks√ lafnXékkFkZ iznhfidkA dÍ mipkj dÍ fy, vko';d gSA vkS"kék dk mi;ksx ,dy ÊO;
;k ÊO;ksa dÍ ;ksx ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA pjd lafgrk esa 152 Jsí
lqfuf'prkFkkZ focqékS% ifjHkk"kk fux|rsAA (j-r- 2@2)
,dy vkS"kfék;ksa dk o.kZu gS vëkax laxzg esa 155 vkSj vëkax ‚n;
xw<] xaHkhj] lkadÍfrd 'kCnksa dk Liëhdj.k ifjHkk"kk Kku ls izkIr esa 55 vkS"kfék;ksa dk o.kZu gSA
gksrk gSA fpfdRlk dh n`fë ls prq"ikn dk eq[; :i ls o.kZu fd;k x;k
ifjHkk"kk dk egRo gS ftlesa fpfdRld] vkS"kfék ifjpkjd ,oa jksxh 'kkfey gSA lHkh
ifjHkk"kké;k;eknkS ;ksøékhrs jllkékd%A inkFkZ i◊pegkHkwrksa (i`Foh] ty] vfXu] ok;q ,oa vkdk'k) ls
jlrU=kkFkZfoKkus u l eq·fr dË=kfpr~AA (j-r- 2@1) mRiUu gksrs gSa vkSj 'kjhj Hkh bu rŸoksa dÍ fofHkUu vuqikrksa dk ,d
la;kstu gS bu rŸoksa dÍ vuqikr esa larqyu ls 'kjhj dh LokHkkfod
1- jl lkékd dks fdlh Hkh izfÿ;k dÍ izkjaHk ls igys vius fLFkfr ckfékr gksrh gS ftlls fodkj mRiUu gksrs gSa bl larqyu dks
xq#tuksa ls jl'kk– dh ifjHkk"kkvksa dk xzg.k Kku vko';d iqu% LFkkfir djus dÍ fy, vko';d egkHkwr lajpuk okys inkFkZ
izkIr djuk pkfg,A dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
2- ifjHkk"kkvksa dk lgh le÷k izkIr djus ls jl'kk– dÍ xw< vFkks± vkS"kék Hkh ,d ÊO; gS ;g lE;d~ voLFkk dks iqu% LFkkfir dj jksxksa
dks le÷kus esa vklkuh gksrh gSA dk mipkj djrh gSA izHkkoh jksx izcaéku dÍ fy, vkS"kfék dh lgh
3- ;fn ifjHkk"kkvksa dk Kku igys ls gks rks jl 'kk– dÍ vé;;u igpku mfpr ek=kk ,oa mfpr le; ij iz;ksx djuk vfuok;Z gSA
vkSj izfÿ;kvksa dks le÷kus esa dksbZ dfBukbZ ugha gksrh gSA vkS"kfékfHkfuZOiUua O;kfékfgra rnqiy{k.kA
4- xq# }kjk iznku fd, x, ifjHkk"kk Kku ls jl lkékd dks 'kk– Rokr~ lo± fpfdfRlrekS"kéka :<e~AA (xaxkékj)
dÍ flºkarksa dk lgh vFkZ vkSj mÌs'; Lië :i ls le÷k esa vkS"kék ges'kk jksx ,oa jksxh dÍ fy, fgrdj gksrh gSA vkS"kék 'kCn
vkrk gSA ,d miy{.k dÍ :i esa vkrk gSA
 28 jl'kkL=k ,oa HkS"kT; dYiuk • v/;k; 2
tgk° mi 'kCn & milxZ dks n'kkZrk gSA 2- cgqxq.ka% bldk rkRi;Z gS fd vkS"kfék dÍ vusd xq.k gksus pkfg,A
vks"kks uke jl% lksøL;ka ékh;rs ;Urnks"kfék%A vkn'kZ vkS"kfék esa dbZ fpfdRldh; xq.k gksrs gSa] tks bls fofHkUu
vks"kknjksX;ek|Ÿks rLenks"kfékjks"kék%A (dk-la-) jksxksa dÍ mipkj dÍ fy, izHkkoh cukrs gSaA
vkS"kék 'kCn ls rkRi;Z gS vks"kks & ftldks jl dgk x;k gS ,oa 3- laiUua% bldk vFkZ gS fd vkS"kfék le`º vkSj laiw.kZ xq.kksa ls ;q√
ftlls vkjksX;rk iznku gksrh gSA vkS"kék ,oa vkS"kfék nksuksa i;kZ;okph gksuh pkfg,A og 'kqº] lgh <ax ls rS;kj dh xbZ vkSj iwjh rjg
'kCn gSA lkekU;r vkS"kfék dk vFkZ gS & mu ÊO; ;k inkFkZ ls cus ls izHkko'kkyh gksuh pkfg,A
vuqiz;ksx tks jksxksa dÍ mipkj vkSj LokLF; dks c<+kok nsrh gSA 4- ;ksX;ekS"kéke~% bldk rkRi;Z gS fd vkS"kfék mfpr gksuh pkfg,A
vYiL;kfi egkFkZRoa izHkwrL;kYideZrke~A vFkkZr] og vkS"kfék ml fof'kë jksx ;k fLFkfr dÍ fy, mi;q√
dË;kZr~ la;ksxfo'ys"kdkylaLdkj;qf√fHk%AA (p-d- 12@44) gksuh pkfg,] ftldÍ fy, mldk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA
vkpk;Z pjd dÍ vuqlkj ,slk dksbZ v{kj ugha gS tks ea=k uk fd;k dYiuk
tk,] ,slk dksbZ jksx ugha gS ftldh vkS"kfék uk gks vkSj ,slk ekuo
dYiuk 'kCn dh mRifŸk dYi 'kCn ls gqbZ gS—
ugha gS tks mi;ksxh uk gks] dÍoy la;kstd gh ,d nqyZHk oLrq gSA
—i~ ∂lkeF;Z∏ ékkrq & vpw izR;; æ dYiuk
foLr`r vFkZ esa dksbZ Hkh inkFkZ ;k inkFkks± dk feJ.k tks vk°rfjd
;k ckgjh; iz;ksx dÍ fy, LokLF; dks cuk, j[kus vkSj etcwr dYI;rs foékh;rs vlkS fofék%A ('kCndYiÊqe)
djus euq"; ;k i'kq esa jksx dks jksdus ;k Bhd djus dÍ fy, cuk;k vk;qoZsn esa ∂dYiuk∏ dk rkRi;Z vkS"kékh; mRiknksa dks rS;kj djus
x;k gks mls vkS"kfék dgk tkrk gSA esa mi;ksx dh tkus okyh fofHkUu fofék;ksa ;k izfÿ;kvksa ls gSA ;s
fofék;k° nokvksa dÍ fuekZ.k esa egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSa vkSj buesa dÈVuk]
Hks"kt
ihluk] HktZu] xeZ djuk] ryuk vkSj mckyuk tSlh vusd rduhdÍa
jksxHk;a t;rhfr Hks"kte~A 'kkfey gksrh gSaA
Hks"ka jksxa t;rhfr vkS"kékEk~ bR;ej%AA ('k- d- Êq-) izR;sd rduhd dk ,d fof'kë mÌs'; gksrk gS] tks vafre mRikn dh
rnso ;q√Ï HkS"kT;a ;nkjksX;k; dYirsA (p- lw- 1@134) izHkko'khyrk] lqj{kk vkSj laj{k.k esa ;ksxnku nsrk gSA ;g lqfufˇr
∂Hks"kt∏ ;k ∂HkS"kT;∏ ,sls inkFkks± ;k mipkjksa dks lanfHkZr djrk djrk gS fd lkexzh dÍ vkS"kékh; xq.k vfékdre vkSj lkeatL;iw.kZ
gS tks jksx dÍ Hk; dks de djrs gSa ;k nks"kksa dks larqfyr djdÍ :i ls fpfdRlh; mi;ksx dÍ fy, rS;kj fd, tk,°A
LokLF; dks iqu%LFkkfir djrs gSaA dYiua ;kstufeR;FkZ%A (v#.knŸk)
vk;qoZsn esa ∂iknprqë;∏ dh voékkj.kk thou dÍ lathou dÍ fy, dYiuk 'kCn dk vFkZ gS vk;qoZsfnd vkS"kfék;ksa dÍ fuekZ.k dks ;kstuk
vko';d pkj izeq[k rŸoksa dks lanfHkZr djrh gSA ;s pkj rŸo gSa & ,oa fofék ls djukA
fHk"kd (oS|)] Hks"kt (vkS"kfék)] ifjpkjd (lsod)] vkSj jksxh dYiueqi;ksxkFkZ izdYiua laLdj.kfefr ;kor~ Lojlk&
(jksxxzLr O;f√)A buesa ls Hks"kt] ;kuh vkS"kfék] ,d egRoiw.kZ fncgqy{k.ke~A (pÿikf.k)
LFkku j[krk gS] D;ksafd ;g jksxksa dÍ mipkj vkSj LokLF; dh lqj{kk
dYiuk dk vFkZ gS inkFkks± dks fofHkUu :iksa esa lsou ;ksX; cukus
dÍ fy, vfuok;Z gSA
dh izfÿ;k] tSls Lojl ,oa vU; dYiuk,°A
iz'kLr HkS"kt y{k.k
d"kk;
cgqrk r=kk ;ksX;Roeusdfoék dYiuk laiPpsfr prq"d% v;a
mRifŸk% 'kCndYiÊqe dÍ vuqlkj d"kk; 'kCn dh mRifŸk d"k ;k
ÊO;k.kka xq.k mP;rSA (p-fp- 1@3)
d"kfr 'kCn ls gqbZ gS ftldk vFkZ gS jxM+uk] pksV igq°pkuk ;k ekjukA
cgqdYia cgqxq.ka lEiUua ;ksX;ekS"kéke~A (vk- ‚- lw- 1@28)
ifjHkk"kk
vkpk;Z pjd vkSj okXHkV dÍ vuqlkj fpfdRlk dÍ prq"ikn es HkS"kt
dks egŸoiw.kZ crk;k x;k gS] D;ksafd bldh mipkjkRed egŸoiw.kZ d.BL; d"kZ.kkr~ izk;ks jksxk.kka okøfi d"kZ.kkr~A
Hkwfedk dks ekuk x;k gS— d"kk;'kCn% izkékkU;kr~ loZ;ksxs"kq dYI;rsAA
1- cgqdYia% bldk vFkZ gS fd vkS"kfék cgq&iz;ksxkRed gksuh pkfg,] (dk- f[ky- 3@29&30)
;kuh bls fofHkUu :iksa esa] tSls& dk<+k] pw.kZ] ysi] vkfn esa iz;ksx d"kk; dh O;k[;k 'kCn dÍ ?kVdksa dks rksM+us ls yh xbZ gS%&
fd;s tk ldÍ gSa] tks bldh mi;ksfxrk dks n'kkZrk gSA {{ d (dk) vFkZ gS dk; (dk;k)] ftldk vFkZ gS 'kjhjA
v/;k; 2 • ifjHkk"kk 31

egkjl xksj{k lafgr jlk.kZo jlksifu"kn~ jliºfr

j-j-l- 2@1 j-iz-lq- 5@2 j-‚-ra- 9@4 vk;q-iz- 2@347
ÊO; 2@20 7@2 4@4 1@38
jktkorZ & $ & & & & & &
fgaxqy & & $ $ $ & & &
vatu & & & $ & & & &
dkaryksg & & & & $ & & &

vHkzoSÿkUrek{khdfoeykfÊtlL;dEk~A {{ bu [kfutksa dks izkFkfed [kfutksa] ftUgsa egkjl dgk tkrk gS] dh
piyks jld'psfr KkRokøëkS lƒ~xzgsÊlkUk~AA (j-j-l- 2@1) rqyuk esa de izHkkoh ekuk tkrk gS] tks vfékd 'kf√'kkyh gksrs gSa
Sr. No. ÊO; uke English Name Chemical Formula vkSj jklk;fud rS;kfj;ksa esa lhéks mi;ksx fd, tkrs gSaA
1- vHkzd Mica [HK2] (MgFe)2 {{ ;s vkS"kfék;k° jl vkSj egkjl dh izfÿ;k esa lgk;d dÍ :i esa
(AlFe)2 (SiO4)2 mi;ksx dh tkrh gSaA
2- oSÿkUr Tourmaline or a. Tourmaline-
{{ de izHkko'khyrk dÍ ckotwn] mijl inkFkZ fofHkUu ;ksxksa esa
Flurospar K2OAl2O3.6SiO2
b. Flurospar- CaF2
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSa] tks lexz LokLF; izFkkvksa esa ;ksxnku
3- ekf{kd Pyrites CuFeS2
djrs gSaA
4- foey Iron Pyrite FeS2 {{ vkpk;ks± dk mijl dh la[;k dÍ lacaék esa vyx&vyx er gSA

5- f'kyktrq Mineral Pitch — (ns[ksa rkfydk uhps)

6- lL;d Peacock ore, CuSO4.5H2O xUékk'exSfjdklhl dkƒ~{khrkyf'kyk˛ue~A
Blue Vitriole dÔòía psR;qijlk'pkëkS ikjndeZf.kAA (j-j-l- 3@1)
7- piy Bismuth Bismuth ore
Chemical
8- jld Calamine, a. Zinc oxide- ZnO
Sr. No. ÊO; uke English Name
Formula
Zinc Blende, b. Zinc Sulphide- ZnS 1. xa/kd Sulphur S
Zinc Mineral c. Zinc 2. xSfjd Haematite, Red Fe2O3
Carbonate- ZnCO3 Oxide of Iron
d. Zinc 3. dklhl Green Vitriol, FeSO4
Silicate- ZnSiO4 Ferrous Sulphate
4. dka{kh Alum, Potash K2SO4
Alum, Double AL2(SO4)3.24H2O
mijl Sulphate of
Aluminum and
{{ mijl ,d lewg gS ftlesa f}rh;d [kfut ;k vdkcZfud inkFkZ Potassium.
(In orgenic substance) 'kkfey gksrs gSa] ftUgsa vkS"kékh; mÌs';ksa 5. gjrky Opriment As2S3
dÍ fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA 6. eu%f'kyk Realgar As2S2

mijl ÊO; j-j-l- 3@1 j-‚-ra 9@5 jlk.kZo 7@56 j-pw- 11@1 jlksifu"kn~ 4@5 jliºfr 1@55
xaékd $ $ $ $ $ $
xSfjd $ $ $ $ $ &
dka{kh $ $ $ $ $ &
gjrky $ $ $ $ $ $
eu%f'kyk $ $ $ $ $ $
vatu $ $ & & $ &
dklhl $ $ $ $ $ &
dÏdËí $ $ $ $ & &
jktkorZ & & $ & & &
lkSfojatu & & & $ & &
v/;k; 2 • ifjHkk"kk 37

fo"k jlk.kZo 5@33 j-pw- 9@11 j-j-l-10@82 jlrjafx.kh 24@8 Hkk-iz- (ékkrq vkfn& 191) vk;q-iz- 6@12
dkydÈV $ $ $ $ $ $
•`ıd $ $ $ $ $ $
l√Ëd $ $ $ $ $ $
oRlukHk & $ $ $ $ $
ihr & $ $ & & &
gkykgy & & & $ $ $
iznhiu & & & $ $ $
gkfjÊ & & & $ $ $
cz„iq=k & & & $ $ $
lkSjkfë™d & & & $ $ $
—".k fo"k $ & & & & &
lhrk eqLrk $ & & & & &

7- gkfjÊ mifo"k jlrjafx.kh vk;q-iz- j-j-l-

8- l√Ëd djohj $ $ $
9- oRlukHk ykaxyh $ $ $
English Name dËpyk $ $ $
Monk’s hood, Wolf’s bane, Indian Napellus, Hkkax $ $ $
Helmet Flower xqatk $ $ &
Chemical composition vfgQÍu $ $ &
Aconitine, Pseudoaconitine, Bexaconine, Hypa- tk;Qy $ & &
conitine. HkYykrd $ & $
mifo"k
fo"kfrUnqd chta p RofgQÍu¸ jspue~A
mifo"k jlrjafx.kh vk;q-iz- j-j-l- ékŸkwjchta fot;k xq˛k HkYykrdkfio;%AA
Luwgh {khj $ & & vdZ{khja Luqgh{khj ykıyh djohjde~A
vdZ {khj $ $ $ lek[;krks x.kksø;a rq cqékS#ifo"kkfHkék%AA
ékrwjk $ $ $ (j-r- 24@163&64)
ÿekad ÊO; uke English Name Chemical Formula
1. dËpyk Poison Nut Tree, Quaker buttons, Nux vomica, Strychnine, brucine, loganin, and other indole
Semen strychnos alkaloids.
2. vfgQsu Opium, Opium poppy, White poppy, Opium poppy Morphine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine, and
capsule noscapine.
3. tk;Qy Purging croton, Croton Seeds Myristicin, elemicin, safrole, eugenol, and volatile
oils.
4. /kŸkwjk cht Thorne Apple, Angel’s trumpets Atropine, scopolamine, hyoscyamine, and other
tropane alkaloids.
5. Hkkax Indian Hemp Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol
(CBD), and other cannabinoids.
6. xqatk Crab’s eye, Wild Liquorice, Paternoster pea, Abrin (a toxic protein), abric acid, glycyrrhizin,
Weather plant, Rosary pea. and flavonoids.
7. HkYykrd Marking nut Bhilawanol, phenolic compounds, and
semecarpol.
8. vdZ {khj Latex of Calotropis gigantia Calotropin, calotropagenin, and other cardiac
glycosides.
 v/;k; 2 • ifjHkk"kk 55

lkekU; fofék {{ vU; izfÿ;kvksa dh vis{kk] ewPNZu dÍ iˇkr~ ikjs dks HkLe :i
1- cfgékwZe fofék (Open Method) esa ifjofrZr djuk vko';d ugha gksrkA ewfPZNr ikjs esa fof'kë
jksxuk'kd 'kf√ (O;kfék?kkrdRo) mRiUu gksrh gS] tks bls
2- vUrékZwe fofék (Closed Method)
fpfdRlk dÍ fy, mi;q√ cukrh gSA
tkj.kk dÍ pj.k
{{ ewPNZu dÍ mijkar ikjk viuh ewy fo"kSyh voLFkk esa okil vkus
xzklL; pkj.ka xHksZÊko.ka tkj.ka rFkkA dh laHkkouk ugha j[krk] ftlls mldh vkS"kékh; lqj{kk vkSj
bfr f=k#ikfufnZ"Vktkj.kkojokfrZdS%AA fLFkjrk lqfufˇr gksrh gSA
xzkl%fi.M% ifj.kkefLrœ‹pk[;k% ijk% iqu%A {{ ;g izfÿ;k u dÍoy ikjs dÍ fo"kRo dks de djrh gS] cfYd
leq[kkfueq[kkpsfr tkj.kkf}fo/kkiqu%AA (j-j-l- 8@69&71) mldÍ jlk;u vkSj fpfdRlh; xq.kksa dks Hkh c<+krh gS] ftlls og
1- xzkl dk pj.k% blesa xzkl dks ikjn esa feyk;k tkrk gS] ftls vkS"kékh; iz;ksx gsrq vfékd izHkkoh vkSj lqjf{kr cu tkrk gSA
xzkl Hkh dgrs gSaA ifjHkk"kk
2- Êko.k% bl izfÿ;k esa xzkl dks ikjn esa Êfor fd;k tkrk gS]
ftls fiaM Hkh dgrs gSaA rŸkf}fékizHksnsu jlL;kO;fHkpkjr%A
O;kfék?kkrdrk ;k L;kr~ lk erk ewPNZuk cqékS%A (j-r- 6@1)
3- tkj.kk% bl izfÿ;k esa ;g lqfufˇr fd;k tkrk gS fd xzkl iwjh
rjg ls ikjn esa foyhu gks tk,] ftls ifj.kkek Hkh dgrs gSaA ewPNZu ,d ,slh fof'kë izfÿ;k gS] ftldÍ eké;e ls 'kqº ikjs dks
jksxfuokjd ;k O;kfékuk'kd 'kf√ ls ;q√ fd;k tkrk gSA
xaékd tkj.k dÍ ykHk
bl izfÿ;k esa ikjs dks vkS"kékh; n`fë ls mi;q√ cukus dÍ fy,
ÿekad vuqikr & ikjn % xaékd j- r- (5@106&108) fofHkUu vkS"kékh; ÊO;ksa dÍ lkFk] xaékd lfgr ;k mldÍ fcuk]
1- 1%1 lkekU;xnuk'ku%A fof'kë fofék;ksa }kjk laLdkfjr fd;k tkrk gSA
(,dxq.k cfytkfjr ikjn) dÍoy lkekU; chekfj;ksa dh ewPNZu dÍ QyLo:i ikjk fofoék ;kSfxd ;ksxksa esa ifjofrZr gksdj
fpfdRlkA
vkS"kékh; iz;ksx gsrq lqjf{kr] izHkkodkjh vkSj O;kfék?kkrd xq.kksa
2- 1%2 egkjksxfoékwuu%A
ls ;q√ curk gSA
(f}xq.k cfytkfjr ikjn) egkjksx dh fpfdRlkA
3- 1%3 iqaLRoizdk'ku%A oxhZdj.k
(f=kxq.k cfytkfjr ikjn) ikS#"k 'kf√ mRiUu djukA 1- ?kVd ÊO; dÍ vkékkj ij
4- 1%4 egksRlkgesékkLe`fr&
(prqxZq.k cfytkfjr ikjn) fooékZu%A fuxZUékk p lxUékk p ewPNZuk f}foékk erkA
mRlkg] cqfº] Lej.k 'kf√ fuxZUékk xUékjfgrk lxUékk xUékla;qrkAA (j-r- 6@2)
esa lqékkj djrk gSA 1- fuxZUék& fcuk xaékd dÍ
5- 1%5 'ks"kxnlUrkiu'ku%A 2- lxUék& xaékd dÍ lkFk
(i◊pxq.k cfytkfjr ikjn) lHkh iz d kj dh iq j kuh
chekfj;ksa dh fpfdRlkA ewPNZuk
6- 1%6 fofoékkn~âqrdk;Z—r~A
("kM~xq.k cfytkfjrk ikjn) vlkékkj.k 'kf√;k° mRiUu lxU/k fuxZU/k ewPNZuk
gksrh gSaA
lkfXu ewPNZuk fujkfXu ewPNZuk
ewPNZu jl iiZVh dTtyh
jl flUnwj
ifjp; eYy flUnwj
rky flUnwj lkfXu ewPNZuk fujkfXu ewPNZuk
{{ ewPNZu ikjs dks fo"keq√ djus vkSj mldÍ fo"kRo dks U;wure djus edj/ot
dh ,d vR;ar egRoiw.kZ vk;qoZsfnd izfÿ;k gSA f'kyk flUnwj jl iq"i eqX/k jl
lehj i¬kx jldiwZj
{{ bl izfÿ;k esa] ikjs dks xaékd dÍ lkFk ;k mldÍ fcuk fo'ks"k fofék;ksa
}kjk lalkfékr fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls og 'kjhj dÍ vkarfjd mi;ksx
gsrq lqjf{kr vkSj vkS"kékh; :i esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA vUr/kwZe cfg/kwZe fu/kwZe
 66 jl'kkL=k ,oa HkS"kT; dYiuk • v/;k; 2
Sr.No. Imperial Units Metric Units Sr. No. Imperial Units Metric Units
3. 1 Decigram 0.1 gm 3. 1 Yard 91.44 cm
4. 1 Gram 0.001 kg 4. 1 Mile 1.6 km
5. 1 Kilogram 0.001 Metric Ton 5. 1 Furlong 220 yards
6. 1 Metric ton 1000 kgs
7. 1 Grain 64.75 gms dky&eku
8. 1 Ounce 28.35 gms
9. 1 Pound 453.59 gms le; dÍ eki dks dky eku dÍ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
10. 1 Quintal 100 kgs Sr. No. Units Modren (AFI)
1- 1 {k.k yo –
Liquid Measures 2- 2 yo 1 fues"k –
Sr. No. Imperial Units Metric Units 3- 3 fues"k 1 dkí 4.66 seconds
1. 1 Centiliter 10 milliliters 4- 1 ?kVh 24 mintues
2. 1 Liter 100 centiliters 5- 30 dkí 1 dky 2 minutes
3. 1 Liter 1000 milliliters 20 seconds
4. 1 tea spoon 5 ml 6- 20 1 eqgwrZ 48 mintues
5. 1 Table spoon 15ml dky $ 3 dkí
6. 1 Fluid Ounce 30ml 7- 30 eqgwrZ 1 vgksjk=k 24 Hours
7. 1 Cup 237 ml 8- 15 vgksjk=k 1 i{k 15 Days
8. 1 Pint 473 ml 30 Days/ 1 Month
9- 2 i{k 1 ekl
9. 1 Quart 946 ml
10- 2 ekl 1 Ωrq 2 Months
10. 1 Gallon 3-7854 Lt.
11- 3 Ωrq 1 v;ukl 6 Months
Linear Measures 12- 2 v;ukl 1 laoRlj 12 Months/One Year
13- 5 laoRlj 1 ;qx 5 Years
Sr. No. Imperial Units Metric Units
1. 1 Inch 2.54 cm 14- nsoksa dk ,d vgksjk=k 1 Year
2. 1 Foot 30.48 cm 15- firjksa dk ,d vgksjk=k 1 Month

Multiple Choice Questions

1- vk;qoZsn esa fdl 'kCn dks ∂nhid∏ dÍ :i esa of.kZr B.vkS"kékh; mRiknksa dh rS;kjh dÍ fy, ,d fofék
fd;k x;k gS tks vLië] vof.kZr] vkaf'kd :i ls C. ,d fpfdRlh; rsy ekfy'k
O;√ ;k vLië voékkj.kkvksa dks izdkf'kr vkSj Lië D. ,d é;ku vH;kl
djrk gS\
4- fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdls ∂i◊p d"kk; ;ksfu∏ (d"kk;
A. vkS"kék B. Hks"kt
dk œksr) ugha ekuk tkrk gS\
C. ifjHkk"kk D. laLdkj
A. eékqj B. yo.k
2- fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl 'kCn dks ∂,sls inkFkZ dÍ :i esa
C. dVq D. fr√
ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS tks vkslk (ftls jl Hkh dgk
tkrk gS) dks ogu djrs gSa] tks vkjksX; (LokLF;) dh 5- vk;qoZsfnd 'kCnkoyh esa ∂Hks"kt∏ dk D;k vFkZ gS\
vksj ys tkrk gS∏\ A. vk;qoZsn dk vH;kl djus okyk O;f√
A. dYiuk B. d"kk; B. dksbZ inkFkZ ;k mipkj tks chekjh dks de djrk gS
C. vkS"kék D. laLdkj C. i◊pdeZ fpfdRlk dk ,d izdkj
3- vk;qoZsn esa ∂dYiuk∏ 'kCn fdldks lanfHkZr djrk gS\ D. vké;kfRed vH;kl dÍ fy, bLrseky fd;k tkus okyk
A. fo"kk√ inkFkks± dks gVkus ls tqM+h ,d izfÿ;k ,d ikSékk
 vk/kkjHkwr flºkar
3 (Adharabhuta Siddhanta)

'kCn ∂vkékkjHkwr flºkar∏ 'kCnksa dh ,d laL—r jpuk gS% vkékkjHkwr lkekU; fu;e
vkSj flºkar% 1- 'kj|f[kydk;kZFk± xzk·a ljlekS"kéke~A
1- vkékkjHkwr% ^vkékkjHkwr* 'kCn nks Hkkxksa ls feydj cuk gS — fojsdoeukFk± p olUrkUrs lekgjsr~AA ('kk-iw- 1@59)
^vkékkj*] ftldk vFkZ gS uhao] lgkjk ;k cqfu;kn] vkSj ^Hkwr*]
•• 'kjn Ωrq (vDVwcj&uoacj) lHkh izdkj dh gcZy rS;kfj;ksa
tks fdlh ?kfVr ;k fo|eku pht+ dk ladÍr djrk gSA bu nksuksa
dÍ la;kstu ls cuk ^vkékkjHkwr* ml rŸo dks n'kkZrk gS tks fdlh dÍ fy, nokvksa dÍ laxzg dÍ fy, vkn'kZ gSA
pht+ dh uhao ;k ekSfyd flºkar gksrk gSA •• oeu vkSj fojspu ÊO; dks olar Ωrq (Qjojh&ekpZ) dÍ nkSjku
2- flºkar% ;g ,d ,slk 'kCn gS tks fdlh LFkkfir flºkar] fu"d"kZ ,d=k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
;k ekU;rk dks n'kkZrk gSA bldk vFkZ gS — fopkjksa dh fdlh fof'kë Hkkx laxzg dÍ fy, fof'kë le;
fo'ks"k iz.kkyh dÍ Hkhrj rdZ ;k ewY;kadu dh izfÿ;k dÍ fy,
,d ?kksf"kr lanHkZ fcanqA rs"kka 'kk[kkiyk'kefpjiz:<a o"kkZolUr;ksxzkZ·a] xzh"es ewykfu
f'kf'kjs p 'kh.kZiz:<i.kkZuka] 'kjfn Rod~dUn{khjkf.k] gseUrs
1- ÊO; laxzg ,oa laj{k.k lkjkf.k] ;FkrZq iq"iQyfefr A (p-d- 1@10)
∂ÊO; laxzg∏ ls rkRi;Z vkS"kékh; ;k ;ksx lkefxz;ksa dÍ laxzg ls gSA ÿekad Hkkx Ωrq
blesa nok fuekZ.k dÍ fy, vko';d ?kVdksa dh œksr (Sources)] 1- 'kk[kk vkSj i=k olar
p;u vkSj la;kstu dh izfÿ;k 'kkfey gksrh gSA ogha] ∂laj{k.k∏ 2- ewy xzh"e vkSj f'kf'kj
dk vFkZ gS bu ÊO;ksa dk laj{k.k ;k lqj{kk] rkfd le; dÍ lkFk 3- dk.M] {khj 'kjn
mudh xq.koŸkk] izHkkodkfjrk vkSj lqj{kk cuh jgsA 4- lkj gsear
QkekZL;qfVdy (Pharmaceutical) {ks=k esa ;g voékkj.kk bl 5- iq"i vkSj QÈy Ωrq dÍ vuqlkj
ckr ij t+ksj nsrh gS fd izHkkoh vkS"kfék;ksa dÍ fuekZ.k vkSj j[kj[kko
dÍ fy, ÊO;ksa dk mfpr :i ls bd∫k djuk vkSj mudk laj{k.k ewykfu f'kf'kjs xzh"es] i=ka o"kkZolUr;ks%A
djuk vR;ar vko';d gSA ;g izfÿ;k nok fuekZ.k dÍ egRoiw.kZ dUnkfu 'kjfn {khja] ;Fkrq± dËlqea Qye~A
izkjafHkd pj.kksa dks mtkxj djrh gSA gseUrslkjeks"ké;k] x`fi.kh;kr~ dË'kyks fHk"kd~AA
a. vkS"kfék laxzg dk le; (HkS-j-ifj-izd- 4@59)
vkS"kékh; inkFkks± dh {kerk vkSj izHkko'khyrk lqfufˇr djus dÍ ÿekad ikS/ks dk Hkkx Ωrq
fy, mudk laxzg mfpr le; ij fd;k tkuk vR;ar egRoiw.kZ 1- ewy xzh"e vkSj f'kf'kj
gksrk gSA dVkbZ mlh le; djuh pkfg, tc ikSékksa ;k vU; œksrksa 2- i=k o"kkZ vkSj olar
esa lfÿ; rŸo viuh vfékdre ek=kk esa mifLFkr gksaA ;g le; 3- dk.M] {khj 'kjn
iztkfr] tyok;q] vkSj ml fo'ks"k ikSéks dÍ ml fgLls ij fuHkZj 4- lkj gsear
djrk gS ftls laxzfgr fd;k tk jgk gSA 5- iq"i vkSj QÈy Ωrq dÍ vuqlkj
 88 jl'kkL=k ,oa HkS"kT; dYiuk • v/;k; 3
vfékd mi;q√ ekus tkrs gSa] D;ksafd os vfHkfÿ;k'khy ugha gksrs ÿekad dYiuk loh;Zrk vofék
rFkk ok;qjksékd gksrs gSa] ftlls vkS"kék dh xq.koŸkk ,oa 'kf√ 1- Lojl 3 ?k.Vk
cuh jgrh gSA 2- dYd 3 ?k.Vk
loh;Zrk vofék dk egRo 3- DokFk 3 ?k.Vk
4- vatu 3 ekl
1- fpfdRlh; izHkkodkfjrk lqfufˇr djuk% loh;Zrk vofék 5- pw.kZ 3 ekl
dk Kku ;g lqfufˇr djrk gS fd vkS"kfék dk lsou mldh 6- xqM 6 ekl
vfékdre 'kf√ vkSj izHkko'khyrk dh vofék esa fd;k tk,] 7- voysg 6 ekl
ftlls okafNr fpfdRlh; ykHk izkIr gks ldÍaA 8- ?k`r@rSy 12 ekl
2- izfrdÈy izHkkoksa dh jksdFkke% fuékkZfjr loh;Zrk vofék dÍ
Shelf Life ml fuékkZfjr vofék dks dgk tkrk gS] ftldÍ nkSjku
mijkar vkS"kfék;ksa dk mi;ksx mudh izHkko'khyrk dks de dj
dksbZ mRikn— fo'ks"k :i ls vkS"kfék ;k fpfdRlk iz;kstu gsrq
ldrk gS] vFkok ?kVdksa dÍ fo?kVu dÍ dkj.k 'kjhj esa izfrdÈy
mi;ksx dh tkus okyh lkexzh— mi;q√ HkaMkj.k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa
izfrfÿ;k,° mRiUu dj ldrk gSA
mi;ksx ;ksX;] izHkkoh] lqjf{kr rFkk visf{kr xq.koŸkk dÍ vuq:i
3- xq.koŸkk fu;a=k.k ,oa lqj{kk cuk, j[kuk% vkS"kfék;ksa dh cuk jgrk gSA ;g vofék mRikn dh izHkko'khyrk] fLFkjrk ,oa
xq.koŸkk] fLFkjrk vkSj lqj{kk lqfufˇr djus gsrq loh;Zrk vofék lqj{kk dk ladÍr nsrh gS] vkSj mldÍ lsou ;k iz;ksx dh oSékrk dks
dk fuékkZj.k rFkk mldk ikyu vko';d gksrk gSA blls vkS"kfék fuékkZfjr djrh gSA
dÍ HkkSfrd] jklk;fud vkSj fpfdRlh; xq.k lqjf{kr jgrs gSaA Regulatory Guidelines
4- fpfdRldksa ,oa jksfx;ksa dÍ fy, ekxZn'kZu% loh;Zrk vofék
The shelf life ofAyurvedic formulations is regulated
dÍ vkékkj ij fpfdRld jksfx;ksa dks mfpr fn'kk&funZs'k iznku
by the Drugs and Cosmetics Act (1940) and the Drugs
dj ldrs gSa fd fdlh fo'ks"k vkS"kfék dk mi;ksx dc rd and Cosmetics Rules (1945) in India. The Ministry
djuk mi;q√ gS] ftlls lokZsŸke LokLF; ifj.kke lqfufˇr of AYUSH specifies guidelines for the shelf life of
fd, tk ldÍaA various formulations to help manufacturers maintain
xq.kghua Hkosn~ o"kkZnwéo± rÊwiekS"kéke~AA quality standards and ensure consumer safety.
ekl};kr~ rFkk pw.k± ghuoh;ZRoekIuq;kr~AA According to Gazzet of Governament of India 2016
Shelf life of Ayurvedic Dosages Forms are as follows:
ghuRoa xqfVdkysgkS yHksrs oRljkRije~AA
ghuk% L;q% ?k`rrSyk|k'prqekZlkfékdkr~ rFkkA ÿekad dYiuk loh;Zrk vofék
vkS"ké;ks y?kqikdk% L;qfuZohZ;kZ oRljkRije~AA 1- pw.kZ 2 o"kZ
iqjk.kk% L;qxZq.kS;Zq√k vklok ékkroks jlk%A ('kk-iw- 2/51-53) 2- DokFk pw.kZ 2 o"kZ
3- dkíkS"kfék dÍ lkFk xqfVdk@oVh 3 o"kZ
ÿekad dYiuk loh;Zrk vofék 4- jl vkS"kfék;k° 10 o"kZ
1- pw.kZ dYiuk 2 ekl 5- vklo& vfjë 10 o"kZ
2- xqfVdk@oVh 1 o"kZ 6- voysg 3 o"kZ
3- voysg 1 o"kZ 7- xqXxqyq 5 o"kZ
4- Lusgk dYiuk (?k`r@rSy) 16 ekl 8- eaMwj ykSg 10 o"kZ
5- y?kqikdh 1 o"kZ 9- ?k`r 2 o"kZ
6- vklo& vfjë vuUr (Infinite) 10- rSy 3 o"kZ
7- ékkrq HkLe vuUr (Infinite) 11- vdZ 1 o"kZ
8- jlkS"kfék vuUr (Infinite) 12- Êkod yo.k 5 o"kZ
13- {kkj 2 o"kZ
DokFkL; dYdL; jlL; ;kea ekl =k;a pk˛u pw.k± oh;Ze~A 14- ysi pw.kZ 2 o"kZ
"k.ekloh;± xqMysg;ks'p laoRlja rSy—rL; oh;Ze~AA 15- nUr eatu pw.kZ vkSj dYd 2 o"kZ
(;ks-j-Toj-fp-vkS-fo- 4) 16- ysi xqfVd 5 o"kZ
 4 ;a=kksizdj.kuh&1
(Yantroprakaranani - I)

ifjp; izfÿ;k] tSls— Losnu (Steaming)] enZu (Trituration)]

'kkséku (Purification)] ekj.k (Incineration) vkSj fofHkUu jl
∂;a=k∏ 'kCn jl'kk– esa fofHkUu jlk;u izfÿ;kvksa esa mi;ksx fd, ÊO; (jl] mijl] ékkrq] vkfn tSls ÊO;) ij vU; izfÿ;kvksa dÍ
tkus okys midj.kksa dk o.kZu djrk gSA ;g vk;qoZsn dh ,d fof'kë fy, mi;ksx fd, tkus okys fofHkUu izdkj dÍ midj.kksa dks ;a=k
'kk[kk gS] tks jlk;u foKku ls lacafékr gSA ékkrq] [kfut ls cuh (midj.k) dgk tkrk gSA
vkS"kékh dks rS;kj djus vkSj 'kqº djus dÍ fy, ;a=k vko';d gksrs ;a=kksa dh la[;k
gSaA os dbZ izfÿ;kvksa dk leFkZu djrs gSa] tks 'kf√'kkyh vkS"kékh;
jpuk,° cukus dÍ fy, vko';d gSa] ftuesa m"ek iznku djuk] Losnu] {{ jljRuleqPp; & 32
≈éoZikru vkSj ngu (Calcination) tSlh izfÿ;k,° 'kkfey gSaA {{ jlrjafx.kh & 20
jl'kk– esa fofHkUu izdkj dÍ ;a=kksa dk mYys[k feyrk gS] ftuesa ls {{ vkuandÏn & 41
izR;sd dk ,d fof'kë mÌs'; gksrk gSA mnkgj.k dÍ fy,] [kYo;a=k {{ ikjn lafgrk & 45
dk mi;ksx ihlus dÍ fy,] iqV ;a=k dk mi;ksx HkLehdj.k dÍ fy,] {{ jlsUÊ pwM+kef.k & 30
vkSj nksyk;a=k dk mi;ksx 'kkséku ;k 'kqfºdj.k izfÿ;k dÍ fy, {{ jldkeéksuq & 26
fd;k tkrk gSA izR;sd ;a=k viuh dk;Ziz.kkyh dÍ vuqlkj fofHkUu {{ jlsUÊ HkkLdj & 15
inkFkks±] tSls— feÛh] ékkrq ;k iRFkj ls fufeZr gksrk gSA bu ;a=kksa {{ jl izdk'k lqékkdj & 40
dk mfpr mi;ksx jlk;u vkS"kfék;ksa dh lqj{kk vkSj izHkko'khyrk
{{ jl ty fufék & 37
lqfufˇr djrk gS] blfy, os ikjaifjd vk;qoZsfnd fpfdRlk iz.kkyh
dk ,d vfuok;Z ?kVd ekus tkrs gSaA 1- nksyk ;a=k
ifjHkk"kk ÊoÊO;s.k Hkk.ML; iwfjrkékkZsndL; pA
LosnkfndeZfuekZrqa okfrZdÍUÊS% iz;Rur%A eq[kL;ksHk;rks }kj};a —Rok iz;Rur%AA
;U=;rs ikjnks ;LekŸkLek|U=kfefr Le`re~AA (j-j-l- 9/2) r;ksLrq fuf{kisÌ.Ma rUeé;s jliksVyhe~A
;a=k ,sls midj.k gSa] ftudk mi;ksx ikjn dks fu;af=kr djus vkSj cº~ok rq Losn;snsrÌksyk;U=kfefr Le`re~AA (j-j-l- 9@ 3&4)
tfVy izfÿ;k,°] tSls— Losnu vkfn] djus dÍ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA (ns[ksa fp=k vfxze i`"B)
jlks fu;U=;rs ;su ;U=ka rfnfr dF;rsAA (v- iz- 26@1) ifjHkk"kk
og midj.k@;a=k ftldÍ }kjk ikjn dks fu;af=kr fd;k tkrk gS] nksyk ;a=k ,d ikjaifjd midj.k gS ftldk mi;ksx ikjn] Lo.kZ
;a=k dgykrk gSA ekf{kdk] f'kyktrq] xqXxqyq bR;kfn tSlh vkS"kékh; ÊO;ks dÍ Losnu
jlksijlyksgk|k ekj.kk|FkZflº;sA (Steaming) dÍ fy, mudh 'kqfº izfÿ;k dÍ :i esa fd;k
;U=;rsøusu ;LekŸkq rLekn~ ;U=ka izdhfrZre~AA (j-r- 4@1) tkrk gSA
 v/;k; 4 • ;a=kksizdj.kuh&1 103

fo'ks"k funZs'k
iksVyh dks MaMs ls cka/ks
{{ Losnu izfÿ;k dks fufnZë le; rd tkjh j[ksaA
MaMk {{ ikjn dÍ Losnu dÍ fy, iksVyh dks ^Hkksti=k* (Betula utilis)

iksVyh esa vkS"k/k ÊO; dh ijr vkSj eksVs diM+s ls ckaéksaA

?kM+k {{ csgrj Losnu lqfufˇr djus dÍ fy, dËN vH;kldrkZ izfÿ;k dÍ
nkSjku crZu dk eq°g can dj nsrs gSaA
diM+k @ dsys dk iŸkk
mi;ksx% bl izdkj nksyk;U=k] fo'ks"k :i ls fofHkUu vkS"kfék;ksa dÍ
Êo ÊO;
Losnu dÍ fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
vfXu
2- ckyqdk ;a=k
ljlka xw<oD=kka e`}œkıòy?kuko`rke~A
'kksf"krka dkpdy'kha f=k"kq Hkkxs"kq iwj;sr~AA
vko';d lkexzh Hkk.Ms forfLrxEHkhjs ckyqdklq izfrfírke~A
{{ ,d lkQ vkSj etcwr feÛh dk crZu ;k bfPNr vkdkj dk pkSM+s rn~Hkk.Ma iwj;sfR=kfHkjU;kfHkjoxq.B;sr~AA
eq°g okyk ékkrq dk crZu Hk.MoD=ka ef.kd;k lfUékÏ fyEisUe`nk ipsr~A
{{ ,d iryk MaMk pqYY;ka r`.kL; pknkgkUef.kdki`íofŸkZu%A
{{ lkQ] lQÍn] rhu rg okyk diM+kA ,rfº ckyqdk;U=ka r|U=ka yo.kkJ;e~AA
{{ etcwr vkSj yack ékkxkA i¸k<ckyqdkiw.kZHkk.Ms fuf{ki; ;Rur%A
{{ Losnu dÍ fy, rjy inkFkZ (tSls—xksnqXék] dk°th ;k iP;rs jlxksyk|a okyqdk;U=kehfjre~AA (j-j-l- 9@36&39)
f=kQyk DokFk)A
<Dd.k
fuekZ.k pj.k
{{ ,d mi;q√ crZu ;k dÏVsuj dk p;u djsaA ckyqdk
{{ crZu dh xnZu ij ,d rjQ ls nwljh rjQ rd nks Nsn djsaA
{{ bu Nsnksa esa ,d iryk MaMk MkysaA dkap dwih
crZu@?kM+k
{{ crZu dks vko';d Lrj rd fufnZë rjy ls HkjsaA

rS;kjh% vkS"k/k
Hole to
{{ vkS"kékh; ÊO; dks lkQ] lQÍn] rhu rg okys diM+s esa ck°ékdj provide heat
iksVyh cuk ysaA
{{ iksVyh dks lqjf{kr djus dÍ fy, ,d etcwr vkSj yack ékkxk
mi;ksx djsaA
{{ iksVyh dks MaMs dÍ eé; fcanq ij ékkxs ls ck°ékdj rjy esa yVdk vfXu
nsa] ;g lqfufˇr djsa fd og u rks crZu dÍ fupys fgLls dks Nw,
vkSj u gh rjy Lrj ls ≈ij jgsA
rkiu izfÿ;k
{{ crZu dks lkoékkuhiwoZd gYdh vkx ij j[ksa vkSj ékhjs&ékhjs xeZ vko';d lkexzh
djuk 'kq: djsaA
{{ ladh.kZ eq[k okyh dk°p dh cksryA
{{ tSls gh rjy mcyuk 'kq# gksrk gS] vkS"kékh; lkexzh Losnu izfÿ;k
ls xqtjrh gSA {{ feÛh dk crZuA
{{ ;fn rjy Lrj de gks tk,] rks iksVyh dks Mwck j[kus dÍ fy, {{ jsr (ckywdk ;a=k dÍ fy,) ;k ued (yo.k ;a=k dÍ fy,)A
ékkxs dh yackbZ dks ékhjs&ékhjs lek;ksftr djsaA {{ eqÊ.k (Sealing) dÍ fy, diM+k vkSj feÛhA
 114 jl'kkL=k ,oa HkS"kT; dYiuk • v/;k; 4
{{ ;g ;a=k xaékd dÍ laiw.kZ ,oa leleku tkj.k dks lqfufˇr djrk {{ xehZ dÍ izHkko ls crZu dÍ Hkhrj jklk;fud vfHkfÿ;k,° ,oa
gS vkSj izfÿ;k dh n{krk c<+krk gSA vkS"kékh; ÊO;ksa dk lalkéku gksrk gSA
{{ vk;qoZsn vkSj jl'kk– esa] ;g ;a=k xaékd dÍ 'kkséku] ekj.k ;k vU; mÌs'; vkSj vuqiz;ksx
jlk;u izfÿ;kvksa esa egŸoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA {{ LFkkyh ;a=k dk iz;ksx [kfutksa ,oa vkS"kékh; ÊO;ksa dÍ la;q√ rkiu
12- LFkkyh ;U=k (la;ksfxd izfÿ;k) gsrq fd;k tkrk gSA
{{ ;g fofék fo'ks"kr% vk;qoZsn vkSj jl'kk– esa iz;q√ gksrh gS] tgk°
vkS"kék fuekZ.k] 'kkséku] ekj.k ,oa la;kstu dh izfÿ;kvksa dÍ fy,
<Dd.k fu;af=kr rkiu vko';d gksrk gSA
{{ ;g izfÿ;k vkS"kékh; xq.kksa dÍ laoékZu ,oa ÊO;ksa dh tSo miyCékrk
c<+kus gsrq lgk;d gksrh gSA

?kMk
13- Losnu ;U=k
lkEcqLFkkyh eq[kkcºs o–s ikD;a fuos'k;sr~A
fiékk; iP;rs ;=k Losnuh;U=keqP;rsAA (j-j-l- 9@5)

'kjko

vkS"k/k ÊO;

vfXu diMk

ty
LFkkY;ka rkezkfn fuf{kI; eYysukøøL;a fu#º‘ pA
iP;rs LFkkfydkékLrkRLFkkyh;U=kfena Le`re~AA (j-j-l- 9@67) ?kMk
fuekZ.k vkSj mi;ksx
lkexzh vkSj rS;kjh
{{ rkez (rkack) tSls [kfutksa dks fofHkUu vkS"kékh; ÊO;ksa vFkok vfXu
dYdksa dÍ lkFk feyk;k tkrk gSA
{{ bl feJ.k dks ,d mi;q√ feÛh dÍ crZu esa lkoékkuhiwoZd j[kk
tkrk gSA
<aduk vkSj lhy djuk fuekZ.k ,oa mi;ksx
{{ feÛh dÍ crZu dÍ eq[k ij 'kjko (<Ddu dÍ :i esa iz;q√ nwljk lkexzh
feÛh dk ik=k) j[kk tkrk gSA {{ ,d ,slk crZu pquk tkrk gS ftlesa fof'kë vkS"kékh; rjy (tSls
{{ crZu vkSj 'kjko dÍ tksM+ dks feÛh] diM+k] vkfn ls vPNh rjg ikuh) Hkjk gksrk gSA
lfU/kcU/k fd;k tkrk gS] rkfd xSl ;k ok"i dk fjlko u gksA {{ crZu dÍ eq°g dks ,d etcwr] dldj caéks gq, diM+s ls vPNh
rkiu izfÿ;k rjg <d fn;k tkrk gSA
{{ lhycan crZu dks fdlh ;a=k (tSls LFkkyh ;a=k) esa ;k lhéks vfXu O;oLFkk
œksr (pwYgk] HkÛh vkfn) ij j[kdj fu;af=kr :i ls xeZ fd;k {{ laLdkfjr fd;k tkus okyk [kfut ;k vkS"kékh; inkFkZ ml diM+s
tkrk gSA dÍ ≈ij j[kk tkrk gS tks crZu dÍ eq°g dks <drk gSA
 116 jl'kkL=k ,oa HkS"kT; dYiuk • v/;k; 4
•• Position the workpiece so that it contacts the
7 6 grinding wheel in the correct way.
8 5 3. Dressing the Grinding Wheel: To keep a sharp
9 4 cutting surface and get rid of flaws, use a
3
dressing tool.
2 4. Grinding Operation: Press the start button to
10 1
11 allow the wheel to spin at its maximum speed:
17
•• Make the first contact between the grinding
16
wheel and the workpiece with little pressure.
12
•• Gradually raise the depth of cut or pressure to
13
remove material.
14 15 •• To lessen heat buildup and remove debris, use
coolant as needed.
5. Keep an eye on the grinding process and make
PLATE REFERENCES adjustments as needed to ensure consistent
1. Main Frameword 2. Grating Unit Frame
material removal and surface polish:
3. Pulley 4. Bearing Housing
5. Grating Shaft 6. Feed Hopper •• Make any required adjustments after taking
7. Hopper Cover Lid 8. Lock Lid routine measurements of the workpiece to
9. Electric Motor 10. Belt
guarantee that its dimensions and tolerances
11. Rotor Shaft 12. Stator Casing
13. Discharge Chute 14. Stator Support are correct.
15. Stator Bearing 16. Shaft Key 6. Finishing: Use the least amount of pressure
17. Bolt
necessary to get the appropriate proportions
and surface finish.
Usefulness
Examine the workpiece to make sure it meets all
Grinding machines are essential in many industries requirements for quality and specs.
for the shape and finishing of metal parts, honing 7. Shutdown and Cleanup: Completely stop the
cutting instruments, polishing and surface finishing, wheel and turn off the machine:
removing burrs and unnecessary material from •• Eliminate any debris and abrasive particles
workpieces, and producing precise measurements •• Dress the grinding wheel as necessary so that
and smooth surfaces. it is ready for the subsequent procedure.
Types of Grinding Tools Benefits
1. Surface Grinders 1. Displays remarkable accuracy and smoothness
2. Cylindrical Grinders of surface.
3. Centerless Grinders 2. Versatile: Fits a range of shapes and materials.
4. Belt Grinders 3. Efficient: Perfect for finishing and high-volume
5. Bench Grinder production.
Working Process 4. Maintaining the effectiveness of cutting tools
requires regular sharpening.
Operational Process:
Drawbacks
1. First, prepare by selecting the appropriate belt
or grinding wheel for the material and desired 1. Cost: High upfront and recurring expenses.
finish: 2. Needs skilled operators to ensure precise
•• Attach the grinding wheel firmly to the operations.
spindle. 3. Heat Generation: The properties of materials
2. Assembling the workpiece: Fasten the workpiece might be adversely affected by improper heat
to the holding apparatus or machine table: management.
 5 ;a=kksizdj.kuh&2
(Yantroprakaranani - II)

iqV dÍ cjkcj crk;k x;k gSA blls ladÍr feyrk gS fd izR;sd iqV dÍ
vuqiz;ksx esa yxHkx 320 xzke ékkrq dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ifjp;
iqV dÍ izdkj dk fuékkZj.k
jl lkfgR; esa iqV dh voékkj.kk ékkrqvksa vkSj [kfutksa ls fofHkUu
jljRuleqPp; dÍ vuqlkj] ;fn iqV dÍ izdkj dÍ lacaék esa dksbZ
HkLe (dÎYlhu;q√ ikmMj) dÍ mRiknu dÍ fy, mi;ksx dh tkus
fof'kë funZs'k ugha fn;k x;k gS] rks mldk p;u lalkfékr fd,
okyh ,d izkphu fofék dÍ :i esa of.kZr dh xbZ gSA lafgrk dky
tk jgs inkFkZ dh 'kf√ (cyk) ;k nqcZyrk (vcyk) dÍ vkékkj
dÍ nkSjku ^iqVs˝j* vkSj ^HkLe* tSls 'kCnksa dk izR;{k mYys[k ugha
ij fd;k tkuk pkfg,A bldk vFkZ gS fd ékkrq dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk
feyrk] ysfdu ékkrqvksa vkSj [kfutksa dÍ pw.kZ (eghu pw.kZ) tSls
vé;;u djdÍ iqV dÍ izdkj dk fuékkZj.k fd;k tkuk vko';d
'kCnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA iqV dh voékkj.kk ukxktZqu dÍ
gSA 'kk–h; xzaFkksa esa dHkh&dHkh ekj.k dÍ fy, vko';d iqV dh
dky esa vk;k] ftldÍ ckn QkekZL;qfVdy (Pharmaceutical)
la[;k dk mYys[k feyrk gS] ysfdu O;ogkj esa ladÍfrr la[;k
xzaFkksa esa ékkrqvksa vkSj [kfutksa dÍ fy, iqV vkSj ekj.k] nksuksa fofék;ksa
ges'kk mi;q√ HkLe rS;kj djus dÍ fy, i;kZIr ugha gks ldrhA
dÍ lanHkZ feyus yxsA
dËN ekeyksa esa de iqV Hkh i;kZIr gks ldrk gSA blfy,] lkekU;r%
iqV dk fodkl iqV dÍ izdkj ij fopkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,] ysfdu bldÍ vuqiz;ksx
iqV dÍ foLr`r igyqvksa dk o.kZu lcls igys vkpk;Z ;'kksékj HkÛ dks ékkrq dh fo'ks"krkvksa vkSj izR;sd iqV dÍ ifj.kkeksa dÍ vkékkj ij
us jlizdk'k lqékkdj esa fd;k] ftls ckn esa okXHkÛ vkpk;Z us dËN lek;ksftr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
ifjorZuksa dÍ lkFk foLrkjiwoZd izLrqr fd;kA okXHkÛ vkpk;Z ^iqV* ≈"ek forj.k vkSj O;kogkfjd fufgrkFkZ
dks fdlh inkFkZ dÍ ikd (:ikarj.k) dÍ fy, vko';d xehZ dh
iz—fr vkSj ek=kk dÍ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSa] ftls tho }kjk ≈"ek dk forj.k bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd xªs esa ,d gh
vo'kksf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj] iqVikd ekj.k izfÿ;k esa 'kjko laiqV (crZu) j[kk x;k gS ;k ,d ls vfékdA vkn'kZ :i
,d dÍaÊh; Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS] tgk° fofHkUu œksrksa ls nh xbZ xehZ ls] HkLe fuekZ.k izfÿ;k esa leku rki forj.k vkSj lqlaxr ifj.kke
dÍ eké;e ls ékkrqvksa vkSj [kfutksa dks eksVs d.kksa ls lw{e voLFkk lqfufˇr djus dÍ fy,] ,d gh xªs esa dÍoy ,d 'kjo laiqV dk
esa ifjofrZr dj HkLe esa :ikarfjr fd;k tkrk gSA mi;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
iqV vuqiz;ksx esa O;kogkfjd fopkj fu#f√
jl xzaFkksa esa iqV esa mi;ksx fd, tkus okys xkscj dÍ miyksa dÍ otu iqV la'ys"k.ks rqnknh iqV lalxZs iqV;kfr rqnknhA
vkSj vkdkj dk dksbZ Lië mYys[k ugha feyrk] u gh os ékkrq dh (v-dks- 2@7@138] i`- 322)
ek=kk (cSp vkdkj) vkSj vko';d xkscj dÍ miyksa dh la[;k {{ iqV% ,d 'kqfºdj.k ;k izlaLdj.k fofék dks lanfHkZr djrk gS]
dÍ chp lacaék dks Lië :i ls fufnZë djrs gSaA gkyk°fd] oS|d ftlesa vDlj fdlh inkFkZ dh vkS"kékh; 'kf√ dks c<+kus dÍ fy,
ifjHkk"kk iznhi esa ^'kjko* 'kCn dks 8 iy] vFkkZr~ yxHkx 320 xzke xeZ izfrfÿ;k,° idkus ;k rS;kjh dÍ dbZ pÿ 'kkfey gksrs gSaA
v/;k; 5 • ;a=kksizdj.kuh&2 157

{{ iqV izfÿ;k dks lery lrg ij lapkfyr fd;k tkrk gSA

xkscj dh ek=kk
j-j-l- & 8 xk; dÍ xkscjA
ouksiyk j-iz-lq- & 2 ekfudk (768 xzke)A
vuqiz;ksx
xkscj iqV dk mi;ksx jl HkLe dh rS;kjh esa fd;k tkrk gS] tks
jl lkékuk esa izHkkoh ifj.kke izkIr djus dÍ fy, xkscj dÍ xq.kksa
Hkwfe dk mi;ksx djrk gSA
'kjko
lEiqV 11- ckyqdk iqV
vékLrknqifjëkPp ÿkSf¸dkøøPNk|rs [kyq A
ckyqdkfHk% izrIrkfHk;Z=k rn~ckyqdkiqVe~AA (j-j-l- 10@61)
10- xkscj iqV 1- b±éku dÍ :i esa xeZ jsr dk mi;ksx%
xksíkUrxkZs{kqj{kq..ka 'kq"dÏ pwf.kZrxkse;e~A •• bl izfÿ;k dÍ fy, feÛh dÍ crZu dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
xkscja rRlekfnëa ofjía jllkékusAA •• crZu dk vkékk fgLlk xeZ jsr ls Hkjk gqvk gSA
xkscjSokZ rq"kSokZfi iqVa ;=k iznh;rsA •• eVdÍ dÍ Hkhrj xeZ jsr ij ew"kk (crucible) j[kk tkrk gSA
rn~xkscjiqVa izks√Ï flº;s jlHkLeu%AA (j-j-l- 10@58&59) •• fQj crZu dÍ cps gq, fgLls dks vfrfj√ xeZ jsr ls Hkj fn;k
tkrk gSA
•• ew"kk (crucible) dÍ vklikl dh jsr izfÿ;k dÍ fy,
?kMk
vko';d& xehZ iznku djrh gSA
2- ckgjh rki eké;e dk mi;ksx%
rq"kk@xkscj
•• dÍoy xeZ jsr ij fuHkZj jgus dÍ ctk;] bl fofék esa ckgjh
'kjko lEiqV@ rki œksrksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
ew"kk •• jsr ls Hkjs ,d crZu dÍ chp ew"kk dks LVkso (Stove) ;k fdlh
vU; ghfVax fMokbl (Heating Devices) ij j[kk tkrk gSA
•• ckgjh rki œksr jsr dks xeZ djrk gS] tks cnys esa crZu dÍ
vanj fLFkr ew"kk dks vko';d xehZ iznku djrk gSA
vfXu nksuksa fofék;ksa dk mÌs'; ew"kk dÍ eké;e ls inkFkks± dÍ izlaLdj.k dÍ
fy, izHkkoh vkSj fu;af=kr ghfVax (Heating) lqfufˇr djuk gSA
vuqiz;ksx
1- ckyqdk iqV dk mi;ksx yo.k (yo.k) vkSj {kkj ({kkj) rS;kj
{{ xkscj ls rkRi;Z xk; dÍ ml xkscj ls gS] ftls xkS'kkyk esa xk; dÍ djus dÍ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
[kqj ls ihldj lq[kk;k tkrk gSA 2- xaékd tkj.kA
{{ bls jl lkéku (ékkrq izlaLdj.k) dÍ fy, lokZsŸke ekuk tkrk gSA
12- Hkk.M iqV
{{ tc xkscj ;k rq"kk (Hkwlh) dk mi;ksx b±éku eké;e dÍ :i esa
fd;k tkrk gS] rks ml iqV dks xkscj iqV dgk tkrk gSA LFkwyHkk.Ms rq"kkiw.kZs eé;s ew"kklefUorsA
{{ bl fofék dk fo'ks"k :i ls jl HkLe (ékkrqvksa dh vkS"kékh; jk[k) of…uk fofgrs ikdÍ rn~Hkk.MiqVeqP;rsAA (j-j-l- 10@60)
rS;kj djus esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA (ns[ksa fp=k vfxze i`"B)
v/;k; 5 • ;a=kksizdj.kuh&2 171

Working Principle Disadvantages

The working principle of a heating mantle is based 1. Limited Temperature Range: Not suitable
on electrical resistance. The heating element inside for applications requiring extremely high
the mantle, typically made of nichrome or similar temperatures.
material, generates heat when an electric current
2. Fragility: The heating elements and insulation
passes through it. The generated heat is transferred
materials can be delicate, requiring careful
to the container in contact with the mantle, evenly
handling.
heating the contents. The mantle’s insulation ensures
that the heat is focused on the container rather than 3. Cost: Generally more expensive than simpler
dissipating into the surrounding environment. heating methods, such as hot plates or Bunsen
burners.
Construction
4. Specific Use: Designed primarily for round-
A typical heating mantle consists of the following bottom flasks, limiting its use with other types
components:
of glassware.
1. Outer Casing: Usually made of metal or fiberglass,
providing structural support and protection. Applications
2. Heating Element: The core component, often 1. Chemical Synthesis: Widely used in organic
made of nichrome wire, embedded in the chemistry for heating reactions, especially those
mantle’s inner lining. requiring reflux conditions.
3. Insulation: A layer of insulating material 2. Distillation: Employed in distillation processes
surrounds the heating element to prevent heat where uniform heating is necessary to maintain
loss and ensure efficient heating.
the correct boiling point of the liquid.
4. Temperature Control: Many heating mantles
3. Extraction: Used in Soxhlet extraction setups
include a built-in temperature control
to maintain consistent temperatures over
mechanism, such as a variable power supply
or a thermostat, allowing precise regulation of prolonged periods.
the heating element. 4. Evaporation: Useful in reducing solvent volume
5. Support Structure: Some models come with by heating, particularly in rotary evaporators.
a support stand or clamps to hold the flask 5. Crystallization: Helps in controlling the
securely during heating. temperature during the crystallization process,
Advantages leading to uniform crystal formation.

1. Uniform Heating: The design allows for even Induction Stove

distribution of heat around the container,
reducing the risk of localized overheating or
thermal shock.
2. Safety: The insulated design minimizes the risk
of burns or fire, compared to open flames or
hot plates.
3. Temperature Control: Provides precise control
over the heating process, which is crucial for
sensitive reactions.
4. Versatility: Available in various sizes and shapes
to accommodate different types of laboratory
glassware.
5. Energy Efficiency: The insulation and focused
heating reduce energy consumption.
 6 dYiuk fuekZ.k&1
(Kalpana Nirmana - I)

dYiuk 3- •`r 5- Qk.V

4- 'khr
dYi% fofék foékkus laLdkjsA
i¸foékLrq Hks"ktkuka d"kk;dYi%A
dYis fofék ÿekSA (vejdks'k)
fu;kZl% dYdks fu;Zwg% 'khr% Qk.V'pA rs ;Fkkiwo± cfyu%A
dYiuk ml fofék ;k izfÿ;k dks lanfHkZr djrh gS ftldk mi;ksx (v-la-d- 8@9)
vkS"kfék;ksa dÍ fuekZ.k esa fd;k tkrk gS] pkgs og fdlh ,d ÊO; ls
1- fu;kZl 4- 'khr
gks ;k fofHkUu ÊO;ksa dÍ la;kstu lsA fdlh Hkh vkS"kfék dk dPpk
2- dYd
:i lkekU;r% lhéks fpfdRlh; mi;ksx dÍ fy, mi;q√ ugha gksrk_
blfy,] mls vkS"kékh; :i ls izHkkoh vkSj lqjf{kr cukus dÍ fy, 3- fu;Zwg 5- Qk.V
fof'kë izfÿ;kvksa ls ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk gSA d"kk;;ksu;% i¸jlk yo.koftZrk%A
jl% dYd% ‹k`r% 'khr% Qk.V'psfr izdYiukAA
dYiuk dÍ izdkj
i¸ékSoa d"kk;k.kka iwo± iwo± cykfékdkA (v-‚-d- 6@9)
1- vkS"kék dYiuk%& blesa vkS"kékh; ;ksxksa dh rS;kjh 'kkfey gSA 1- jl 4- 'khr
•• izkFkfed dYiuk%& tSls & i◊pfoék d"kk; dYiukA 2- dYd
•• eké;fed dYiuk%& tSls & voysg dYiuk] Lusg dYiukA 3- •`r 5- Qk.V
2- vkgkj dYiuk%& ;g iF; dYiuk (eaM] is;k] ;okxw] vkfn) Lojl% dYd% DokFk'p fgeQk.VdkSA
vkgkj ;ksxksa dh rS;kjh ls lacafékr gSA Ks;k% d"kk;k% i¸Srs y?ko% L;q;ZFkksŸkje~AA ('kk-e- 1@1)
i◊pfoék d"kk; dYiuk (Primary Dosage Forms) 1- Lojl 4- fge
2- dYd
ifjp; 3- DokFk 5- Qk.V
d"kk; dYiuk,° ,sls vkS"kékh; ;ksx gSa tks 'kjhj ls jksx fLFkfr;ksa dks ÊO;dYi% i¸ékk L;kr~ dYd'pw.kZ jla rFkkA
de djus ;k lekIr djus dÍ mÌs'; ls rS;kj fd, tkrs gSaA fofHkUu rSyed± ÿekTKs;a ;FkksŸkjxq.ka fiz;sAA (vdZ-iz- 1@46)
fo}kuksa us bu dYiukvksa dk oxhZdj.k vkSj x.kuk fHkUu&fHkUu 1- dYd 4- rSy
rjhdksa ls dh gS] ftldÍ ifj.kkeLo:i 'kk–h; xzaFkksa esa ekU;rk 2- pw.kZ
izkIr d"kk; dYiukvksa dh la[;k esa varj ik;k tkrk gSA 3- jl 5- vdZ
a. i◊pfoék d"kk; dYiuk b. "kM~foék d"kk; dYiuk
i¸foéka d"kk;dYiufefr_ r|FkkµLojl%] dYd%] •`r%] {khja jl% dYdeFkks d"kk;% •`r'p 'khr'p rFkSo pw.kZe~A
'khr%] Qk.V%] d"kk; bfrAA (p-lw- 4/6) dYik% "kMsrs [kyq Hks"ktkuka ;FkksŸkja rs y?ko% izfnëk%AA
1- Lojl 2- dYd (lq-lw- 44@91)
 184 jl'kkL=k ,oa HkS"kT; dYiuk • v/;k; 6
1- {khj 4- ‹k`r d"kk; flºkar
2- jl 5- 'khr 1- dËÛu (dËpyuk)% gcZy ÊO; dks ckjhd dËpyk tkrk gS]
3- dYd 6- pw.kZ ftlls ikSéks dh lkexzh VwVdj mldÍ lfÿ; ?kVd eq√ gks
c. lIrfoék d"kk; dYiuk tkrs gSaA
pw.k± 'khrd"kk;'p LojlksøfHk"koLrFkkA 2- fu"ihMu (fupksM+uk)% dËpyus dÍ iˇkr~] ikSéks dh lkexzh dks
Qk.V% dYdLrFkk DokFkks ;FkkoŸka fucksék esAA nckdj mldk jl fudkyk tkrk gS] ftlls bldÍ ykHkdkjh xq.kksa
(dk-f[k- 3@35) dk vfékdre fu"d"kZ.k laHko gksrk gSA
1- pw.kZ 5- Qk.V rS;kjh dh lkekU; fofék
2- 'khr 1- nwf"kr inkFkks±] dhVksa ;k chekfj;ksa ls eq√ rkts] LoLFk vkS"kékh;
6- dYd
3- Lojl ikSékksa dk p;u djsaA
4- vfHk"ko 7- DokFk 2- feÛh] ékwy vkSj v'kqfº;ksa dks gVkus dÍ fy, ikSéks dh lkexzh dks
1- Lojl vPNh rjg ls lkQ djsaA
3- [kYo ;a=k tSls midj.kksa dk mi;ksx djdÍ ikSéks dh lkexzh dks
ifjp; dkVsa ;k dËpysaA
i◊pfoék d"kk; dYiuk dk igyk vkSj lcls ekSfyd :i Lojl 4- twlj] izsl ;k [kqn gkFk ls fupksM+ dj mi;ksx djdÍ jl fudkyus
gS] ftls vk;qoZsn esa vR;ar egRoiw.kZ ekuk x;k gSA 'kkıZékj dÍ fy, lkexzh dks nck;saA
lafgrk dÍ vuqlkj] Lojl vU; rS;kfj;ksa dh rqyuk esa vfékd xq# 5- ;fn vko';d gks rks Bksl inkFkks± vkSj js'kksa dks gVkus dÍ fy,
(Hkkjh) gksrk gS] tks bldh 'kf√ vkSj fpfdRlh; izHkko'khyrk dks eghu diM+s ;k Nyuh dk mi;ksx djdÍ jl dks Nku ysaA
n'kkZrk gSA ;g vkS"kékh; ikSékksa vkSj tM+h&cwfV;ksa ls lhéks fudkyk 6- bls bd∫k djsaA
x;k rktk jl gksrk gS] tks vius dÍafÊr lfÿ; ?kVdksa dÍ dkj.k
fu;e
vR;fékd izHkkoh ekuk tkrk gSA Lojl dk mi;ksx eq[; :i ls
rhoz jksx fLFkfr;ksa esa fd;k tkrk gS] tgk° Rofjr fpfdRlh; izHkko 1- lw[ks ÊO; dÍ fy,%
dh vko';drk gksrh gS] D;ksafd ;g 'kh?kz vo'kksf"kr gksdj rqjar
dËMoa pwf.Zkra ÊO;a f{kIra p f}xq.ks tysA
izHkko iznku djrk gSA
vgksjk=ka fLFkra rLekn~ Hkosn~ ok jl mŸke%AA ('kk-e- 1@3)
ifjHkk"kk
fuekZ.k fof/k
;U=kfu"ihfMrkr~ ÊO;kr~ jl% Lojl mP;rsA (p-lw- 4@7) 1- ÊO; dk 192 xzke eksVk pw.kZ ysa vkSj bls bldh ek=kk ls nqxqus
Lojl fdlh ikSéks ls ;kaf=kd fofék }kjk fudkyk x;k rktk jl ikuh esa jkr Hkj fHkxks nsaA
gksrk gS] ftlesa lkekU;r% os tM+h&cwfV;k° mi;ksx dh tkrh gSa 2- vxyh lqcg] fHkxks, gq, pw.kZ dks vPNh rjg feyk,° vkSj
tks tyh;ka'k (ty rŸo) vkSj ikfFkZoka'k (i`Foh rŸo) ls le`º ely ysaA
gksrh gSaA bl izfÿ;k ls ,d l?ku gcZy rS;kjh izkIr gksrh gS] tks
3- rjy Êo izkIr djus dÍ fy, feJ.k dks diM+s ls Nku ysaA
fpfdRlh; mÌs';ksa dÍ fy, vR;ar izHkkoh ekuh tkrh gSA
Lojl% bfr lé;ksjl%A ('kCndYiÊqe) 2- cgqr dfBu ÊO; dÍ fy,%
Lojl fdlh ikSéks ;k ikSéks dÍ fdlh fof'kë Hkkx dk rktk fudkyk vknk; 'kq"dÏ ÊO;a ok LojlkukelEHkosA
x;k jl gSA tysøëxqf.krs lké;a iknf'këa p x`·rsAA ('kk-e- 1@4)
vgrkŸkR{k.kk—ëkn~ ÊO;kR{kq..kkr~ leqºjsr~A fuekZ.k fof/k
o–fu"ihfMrks ;% l jl% Lojl mP;rsAA ('kk-e- 1@2)
1- ÊO; dÍ eksVs pw.kZ dÍ ,d Hkkx esa ikuh dh ek=kk dk 8 xquk ikuh
rkts gjs ikSékksa dks ihldj vkSj fQj mUgsa diM+s ls fupksM+dj izkIr feyk;saA
jl dks Lojl dgk tkrk gSA
2- feJ.k dks gYdh ls eé;e vk°p ij mckysaA
i;kZ;okph 3- rc rd mckyrs jgsa tc rd fd ek=kk ewy ek=kk dk ,d&pkSFkkbZ
jl] fu;kZl] LojlA u jg tk,A
 v/;k; 6 • dYiuk fuekZ.k&1 197

10- rS;kj izeF;k dks rktk gh [kkuk pkfg,A ;fn vko';d gks rks 2- dYd ek=kk &
bls FkksM+s le; dÍ fy, lkQ] gokcan dÏVsuj esa j[ksaA •• eqLrk dYd& 24 xzke (½ iy)A
Instruments •• baÊ;o dYd& 24 xzke (½ iy)A
{{ For Small-Scale Production: Stain-steel Vessel, 3- dYd fuekZ.k & 24 xzke eqLrk vkSj 24 xzke baÊ;o dks vPNh
Heating Equipment, etc. rjg ihldj ckjhd pw.kZ rS;kj djsaA
{{ For Large-Scale Production: 4- feJ.k izfÿ;k & rS;kj pw.kZ dks ,d lkQ crZu esa Mkysa vkSj
•• Decoction Boiler or Extraction Kettle mlesa 384 feyhyhVj ikuh feyk,°A
•• Automated Extraction Unit
5- mckyuk & feJ.k dks gYdh vk°p ij ékhjs&ékhjs mckysa] tc
•• Hydraulic Filter Press rd fd bldh ek=kk 96 feyhyhVj (1@4 Hkkx) u jg tk,A
•• Industrial Centrifuge
6- Nkuuk & feJ.k dks Nkudj 'kqº 96 feyhyhVj eqLrkfn izeF;k
•• Rotary Vacuum Evaporator or Falling Film
izkIr djsaA
Evaporator
7- bl fofék ls mPp xq.koŸkk okyk vkSj izHkkoh eqLrkfn izeF;k
•• Agitated Mixing Tank
rS;kj gksxkA
flfº y{k.k
ek=kk%
izeF;k esa ewy ikSéks dh xaék (lqxaék)] o.kZ (jax) vkSj jl (Lokn)
96ml.
cjdjkj jguk pkfg,] ftlls ;g iqfë gks ldÍ fd lfÿ; rŸo
lQyrkiwoZd fudky fy, x, gSaA vuqiku%
ek=kk% 'kgnA
2 iy (96ml) fpfdRlh; ladÍr%
loh;Zrk vofék%& rqjar mi;ksxA j√ vfrlkjA
HkaMkj.k b. ikuh; dYiuk
izeF;k dks vDlj csat+ksbd ,flM vkfn tSls ifjj{kdksa dk mi;ksx ifjp;
djdÍ yach vofék dÍ fy, laxzghr fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls mudh
izHkkodkfjrk dks lajf{kr djrs gq, mUgsa dk°p dh cksryksa esa iSd {{ ikuh; dYiuk dk rkRi;Z vkarfjd lsou dÍ fy, vkS"kékh; rjy
fd;k tk ldrk gSA inkFkks± dh rS;kjh ls gSA
{{ laL—r 'kCn ^iku* ls O;qRiUu bl dYiuk dk vFkZ ^is;* gksrk
mnkgj.k%
gSA ;s ;ksx eq[; :i ls ty&vkékkfjr gksrs gSa vkSj buesa vkS"kékh;
eqLrkfn izeF;k tM+h&cwfV;ksa dÍ fpfdRlh; xq.kksa dk fu"d"kZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA
lUnHkZ% {{ bldh fuekZ.k izfÿ;k dks bl izdkj lajfpr fd;k tkrk gS fd

eqLrdÍUÊ;oS% flºk izeF;k f}iyksfUerkA tM+h&cwfV;ksa dÍ vkS"kékh; xq.k ty esa lekfgr gks tk,°] ftlls bUgsa
lq'khrk eékqla;q√k j√krhlkjukf'kuhAA ('kk-e- 2@151) 'kjhj }kjk vklkuh ls fuxyk vkSj 'kh?kz vo'kksf"kr fd;k tk ldÍA
flºkar%& ty& vfXu lfUud"kZA
lkexzh
lkekU; fofék
ÿekad ÊO; uke vuqikr
1- eqLrk ½ Hkkx {kq..ka ÊO;iya lké;a prq%"kfëiys tysA
2- bUÊ;o ½ Hkkx vékZf'këa p rÌs;a ikus Hk√kfnlafoékkSAA ('kk-e- 2@157)
3- ty 8 Hkkx 1- vkS"kékh; ÊO; & 48 xzke (1 iy) vkSj ikuh & 3 yhVj (64
iy) ysaA
fuekZ.k fof/k 2- 48 xzke vkS"kékh; ÊO; dks ,d LoPN LVsuysl LVhy dÍ crZu
1- lkexzh laxzg & eqLrkfn izeF; dh lHkh vko';d lkexzh esa Mkysa vkSj mlesa 3 yhVj ikuh feyk,°A
,d=k djsaA 3- crZu dks gYdh vk°p ij j[ksa vkSj feJ.k dks mckysaA
 198 jl'kkL=k ,oa HkS"kT; dYiuk • v/;k; 6
4- feJ.k dks rc rd mckyrs jgsa tc rd mldh ek=kk vkékh u 3- crZu dks gYdh vk°p ij j[ksa vkSj feJ.k dks mckysaA
jg tk,] ftlls yxHkx 1-5 yhVj (32 iy) rjy cp tk,A 4- feJ.k dks rc rd mckyrs jgsa tc rd mldh ek=kk vkékh u
5- ;fn vko';d gks] rks fdlh Hkh Bksl vo'ks"k dks gVkus dÍ fy, jg tk,] ftlls yxHkx 32 Hkkx rjy cp tk,A
bl ladËfpr rjy dks Nku ysaA 5- ;fn vko';d gks] rks fdlh Hkh Bksl vo'ks"k dks gVkus dÍ fy,
6- bl izdkj rS;kj 1-5 yhVj dk<+k gh ikuh; dYiuk gSA bl ladËfpr rjy dks Nku ysaA
flfº y{k.k 6- bl izdkj rS;kj dk<+k gh "kMax ikuh; dYiuk dgykrk gSA
ikuh; dYiuk esa ewy ikSéks dh xaék (lqxaék)] o.kZ (jax) vkSj jl ek=kk%
(Lokn) cjdjkj jguk pkfg,] ftlls ;g iqfë gks ldÍ fd lfÿ; 2 iy (96ml)
rŸoksa dks lQyrkiwoZd fudky fy;k x;k gSA
fpfdRlh; ladÍr%
Instruments
fiiklk] TojA
{{ For Small-Scale Production: Stain-steel Vessel,
Heating Equipment, etc. c. m".kksnd
{{ For Large-Scale Production: ifjp;
•• Decoction Boiler or Extraction Kettle
{{ vk;qoZsn mŸke LokLF; dÍ fy, nks"kksa dÍ larqyu dks cuk, j[kus
•• Automated Extraction Unit
ij tksj nsrk gS] ftlesa m".kksnd (xeZ ikuh) ikpu vkSj fo"kgj.k
•• Hydraulic Filter Press
esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
•• Industrial Centrifuge
•• Rotary Vacuum Evaporator or Falling Film
{{ xeZ ikuh ihus ls ikpu vfXu (tBjkfXu) dks lajf{kr j[kk tkrk
Evaporator gS vkSj ikpu jlksa dks iryk gksus ls jksddj mfpr ikpu esa
•• Agitated Mixing Tank lgk;rk feyrh gSA
loh;Zrk vofék%& rRdky mi;ksxA {{ BaMs rjy inkFkZ isV dks BaMk dj ikpu izfÿ;k dks ékhek dj nsrs
gSa] ftlls 'kjhj dks Hkkstu dks 'kjhj dÍ rkieku rd ykus dÍ fy,
HkaMkj.k%& vkn'kZ :i ls] rRdky mi;ksx ;k vU; mÌs'; dÍ fy,
vfrfj√ ≈tkZ [kpZ djuh iM+rh gSA
mnkgj.k {{ BaMs Hkkstu dÍ lsou ls viw.kZ ikpu gks ldrk gS] ftlls vkaf'kd
"kMax ikuh; dYiuk :i ls ipk gqvk Hkkstu ikpu ra=k ls xqtjrk gS vkSj iwjh rjg ls
lekIr ugha gks ikrkA
lUnHkZ%
{{ vk°rksa esa fo"kk√ inkFkks± dÍ fuekZ.k dks jksdus dÍ fy, mfpr ikpu
m'khjiiZVksfnP;eqLrukxjpUnuS%A vkSj fu"dklu vko';d gS] ftlls ;g lqfufˇr gksrk gS fd iks"kd
tya •`ra fgea is;a fiiklkTojuk'kue~AA ('kk-e- 2@158) rŸo 'kjhj }kjk izHkkoh :i ls vo'kksf"kr gksaA
lkexzh ifjHkk"kk
ÿekad ÊO; uke vuqikr vk;qoZsn esa m".kksnd 'kCn dk vFkZ xeZ ty gS] ftls DokFk dYiuk
1- m'khj 1 Hkkx dh midYiuk dÍ :i esa oxhZ—r fd;k x;k gSA blesa ikuh dks dÍoy
2- iiZV 1 Hkkx xeZ ugha fd;k tkrk] cfYd iwjh rjg mckyk (DokfFkr) tkrk gSA
3- mnhP; 1 Hkkx
flºkar%& ty& vfXu lfUud"kZA
4- eqLrk 1 Hkkx
5- ukxj 1 Hkkx lkekU; fofék
6- panu 1 Hkkx vëesuka'k'ks"ks.k prqFkZsukékZdÍu okA
vFkok DoFkusuSo flºeq".kksndÏ onsr~AA
fuekZ.k fof/k 'ys"ekeokresnk?ua cfLr'kksékunhiue~A
1- "kMax ikuh; ÊO; & izR;sd 1 Hkkx] vkSj ikuh & 64 Hkkx ysaA dkl‹oklTojgja ihreq".kksndÏ fuf'kAA ('kk-e- 2@159&160)
2- "kMax ikuh; ÊO; dk 1 Hkkx ysa vkSj bls ,d LoPN LVsuysl 1- LoPN LVsuysl LVhy dÍ crZu esa 'kqº vkSj uje ihus ;ksX;
LVhy dÍ crZu esa 64 xquk ikuh esa feyk,°A ikuh ysaA
 212 jl'kkL=k ,oa HkS"kT; dYiuk • v/;k; 6
Answer Sheet
1. C. 2. B. 3. B. 4. C. 5. A. 6. D. 7. C. 8. B.
9. B. 10. B. 11. B. 12. A. 13. A. 14. C. 15. C. 16. D.
17. B. 18. B. 19. C. 20. B. 21. B. 22. B. 23. C. 24. C.
25. D. 26. B. 27. C. 28. A. 29. A. 30. B. 31. B. 32. D.
33. C. 34. B. 35. B. 36. A. 37. B. 38. C. 39. A. 40. B.
41. B. 42. A. 43. B. 44. A. 45. B. 46. B. 47. C. 48. C.
49. B. 50. B. 51. B. 52. C. 53. D. 54. C. 55. A. 56. B.
57. B. 58. B. 59. B. 60. B. 61. B. 62. C. 63. C. 64. B.
65. D. 66. B. 67. C. 68. C. 69. B. 70. D. 71 B. 72 C.
73. A. 74. C. 75. D. 76. B. 77. C. 78. B. 79. D. 80. C.
81. C. 82. D. 83. C. 84. A. 85. A. 86. B. 87. D. 88. C.
89. B. 90. B. 91. B. 92. B. 93. B. 94. C. 95. C.

Write Short Question Write Long Question

1- i◊pfoék d"kk; dYiuk dÍ varxZr oxhZ—r ik°p dYiukvksa 1- i◊pfoék d"kk; dYiuk (Lojl] dYd] DokFk] fge vkSj Q.V)
dk o.kZu djs\ dÍ ik°p izkFkfed dYiukvks dÍ :iksa dk foLr`r o.kZu djsa]
2- DokFk ls izkIr izR;sd izdkj dÍ midYiuk dÍ mi;q√ mnkgj.kksa ftlesa mudh ifjHkk"kk,°] rS;kjh fofék;k°] vko';d lkexzh vkSj
dh lwph cuk,° vkSj mudÍ fof'kë mi;ksxksa dh O;k[;k djsaA fpfdRlh; mi;ksx 'kkfey gksaA
3- Lojl dh rS;kjh esa vkerkSj ij mi;ksx dh tkus okyh lanHkZ 2- pw.kZ dYiuk dÍ varxZr dYd dh rS;kjh dh O;k[;k djsa] ftlesa
lkexzh D;k gSa] vkSj bls dÎls rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS\ lanHkZ lkexzh] vko';d ek=kk] rS;kjh fofék vkSj bldÍ fpfdRlh;
4- dYd dh rS;kjh dh fofék dk o.kZu djsa] ftlesa vkerkSj ij izHkkoksa dÍ ihNs dÍ flºkarksa dk foLr`r o.kZu fd;k tk,A
mi;ksx dh tkus okyh lkexzh dh ek=kk Hkh 'kkfey gSA 3- vk;qoZsn esa DokFk dh rS;kjh vkSj mldÍ egRo dk fo'ys"k.k djsa]
5- DokFk dh rS;kjh esa 'kkfey flºkar vkSj vk;qoZsn esa bldÍ egRo ftlesa bldh fofék] vko';d lkexzh] ek=kk] mi;ksx fd, tkus
dh O;k[;k djsaA okys midj.k vkSj lexz mipkj esa bldh Hkwfedk 'kkfey gksA
6- fge dYiuk dÍ NksVs vkSj cM+s iSekus ij mRiknu dÍ fy, dkSu& 4- fge dYiuk (eUFk dYiuk] mnd dYiuk vkSj ikud dYiuk)
ls midj.k vko';d gSa] vkSj os dÎls fHkUu gSa\ dÍ fofHkUu :iksa ij ppkZ djsa] ftlesa mudh rS;kjh fofék;k°]
7- flfº y{k.k dks ifjHkkf"kr djsa vkSj vk;qoZsfnd rS;kfj;ksa dh vko';d lkexzh vkSj fpfdRlh; xq.kksa dk mYys[k gksA
xq.koŸkk dk ewY;kadu djus esa bldÍ egRo dh O;k[;k djsaA 5- midYiukvksa dh vkékqfud rS;kfj;ksa dk ewY;kadu djsa (tSls&
8- izeF;k dYiuk dÍ fy, vuq'kaflr HkaMkj.k dh fLFkfr vkSj 'ksYQ ikuh; dYiuk] m".kksnd vkSj {khjikd dYiuk) vkSj ikjaifjd
ykbQ D;k gSa\ fofék;ksa dh ledkyhu izxfr dh rqyuk djrs gq,] vkt dh
9- izeF;k dYiuk ls lacafékr rS;kjh dÍ vkékqfud igyqvksa ij ppkZ LokLF; ns[kHkky esa mudh izklafxdrk ij fopkj djsaA
djsa vkSj mudh ikjaifjd rjhdksa ls rqyuk dÎls djsaA
10- ekal jl dÍ fpfdRlh; ykHk D;k gSa vkSj midYiuk dÍ lanHkZ esa
bls dÎls rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS\

“““
 dYiuk fuekZ.k&2
7 (Kalpana Nirmana - II)

voysg •• dYi LFkku% 60 voysg ;ksxksa dk o.kZuA

•• flfº LFkku% i◊pdeZ esa bldk egRoA
ifjp; {{ lqJqr lafgrk%
{{ voysg dYiuk ,d vékZ&Bksl vkS"kékh; feJ.k gS] ftls gcZy •• lw=k LFkku] 'kjhj LFkku] fpfdRlk LFkku] dYi LFkku vkSj mŸkj
jl ;k dk<+s esa xqM+] 'kDdj ;k feJh feykdj idk;k tkrk gSA LFkku esa voysg dYiuk dk mYys[kA
{{ ∂fy·rs vusu bfr ysg%∏ ('kCndYiÊqe) & vFkkZr~ ftls pkVdj {{ vëkax ‚n;%
xzg.k fd;k tk,] mls ysg dgk tkrk gSA •• lw=k LFkku] 'kjhj LFkku] fpfdRlk LFkku] dYi LFkku vkSj
{{ ∂voys·∏ 'kCn dh mRifŸk fyg ékkrq ls gqbZ gS] ftldk vFkZ gS mŸkjra=k esa voysg dYiuk dk o.kZuA
og inkFkZ ftls pkVdj fy;k tkrk gSA {{ 'kkıZékj lafgrk%
{{ ;g DokFk dYiuk dh ,d midYiuk (mifofék) gSA •• eé;e [kaM dÍ vkBosa vé;k; esa voysg dYiuk ij foLr`r
{{ fczfV'k QkekZdksfi;k (British Pharmacopoeia) esa voysg ppkZ miyCék gS] ftlesa bldh rS;kjh fofék] ?kVd vuqikr]
dh rqyuk dUQÍD'ku (Confection) ;k bysDV‘Zwjh (Electuary) mi;ksx vkSj flfº y{k.k lfEefyr gSaA
ls dh tk ldrh gS] tgk° vkS"kékh; pw.kZ dks 'kgn] phuh ;k flji ifjHkk"kk
dÍ lkFk fefJr dj Lokfnë cuk;k tkrk gSA DokFkknhuka iqu% ikdkn~ ?kuRoa lk jlfÿ;kA
{{ ;g ikjaifjd vk;qoZsfnd vkS"kékh; fofék tM+h&cwfV;ksa dks Lokfnë lksøoysg'p ysg% L;kŸkUek=kk L;kRiyksfUerkAA ('kk-e- 8@1)
vkSj izHkkoh :i esa lsou djkus gsrq ,d fpfdRlh; eké;e dÍ {{ voysg dYiuk ,d fuekZ.k fofék gS ftlesa DokFk tSls rjy inkFkZ
:i esa dk;Z djrh gSA dks mckydj ékheh vk°p ij xk<+k fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls ,d l?ku
i;kZ;okph%& ysg] jlfÿ;k] ys· vkSj voysgA vkS"kékh; ÊO;eku izkIr gksrk gSA bl xk<+s ÊO;eku dks eékqj ÊO;
lanHkZ (ehBs inkFkZ)] vkS"kék ÊO; (vkS"kékh; ?kVd) rFkk vU; fof'kë
vo;oksa dÍ lkFk fefJr dj ,d vékZ&Bksl vkS"kékh; :i rS;kj
oSfnd dky%& izkjaHk esa bls gfoizk'k dYiuk dgk tkrk FkkA fd;k tkrk gS] ftls voysg dgk tkrk gSA
lafgrk dky {{ voysg dYiuk dÍ vkarfjd lsou dÍ fy, ikjaifjd izekf.kr

vk;qoZsfnd lafgrkvksa esa voysg dYiuk dk mYys[k ek=kk ,d iy (48 xzke) ekuh xbZ gSA
{{ pjd lafgrk% vko';d lkexzh vkSj midj.k
•• lw=k LFkku% Lusg fopkj.k dk mYys[kA 1- Êo ÊO;%& DokFk] Lojl] QÎaVk vkfnA
•• 'kjhj LFkku% f'k'kqizk'ku fofék (f'k'kq vkgkj) dk o.kZuA 2- eékqj ÊO;%& 'kdZjk] xqM+] [kaM] eRL;afndk vkfnA
•• fpfdRlk LFkku% jlk;u fpfdRlk vkSj O;kfék izfr?kkr 3- iz{ksi ÊO;%& vkS"kékh; ÊO;ksa dÍ pw.kZA
esa mi;ksxA 4- ?k`r ,oa eékq%& rS;kjh esa crk;s vuqlkj
 214 jl'kkL=k ,oa HkS"kT; dYiuk • v/;k; 7
5- ik=k%& fu;e & 02
•• izfÿ;k dÍ nkSjku & izk;ks u ikd'pw.kkZuka Hkwfjpw.kZL; rsu fgA
•• yksg i=k&HkYykrdkoysg pklUuikdÍ iz{ksi% LoYiL; ikdekxrsAA (Ê-xq-fo-mŸk- 2@58)
•• rkez i=k& cz„ jlk;u 1- pw.kZ dks lhéks vkx ij ugha idk;k tkrkA
•• jtr ik=k&ve`riz'kkoysg 2- pw.kZ feykus ls igys vk°p can dj nsaA
•• HkaMkj.k% 3- pw.kZ dks ékhjs&ékhjs Mkyrs gq, yxkrkj fgyk,°] rkfd og vPNh
•• enu dkes˝j eksnd& ydM+h dÍ ik=k (dÍrdh] tkfr rjg fefJr gks tk,A
vkfn dh ydM+h) esa laxzg djsaA 4- pk'kuh dks gYdk xhyk j[ksa] ftlls pw.kZ lgh rjhdÍ ls ?kqydj
lkekU; fofék voysg esa fey ldÍA
5- pw.kZ cgqr ckjhd gksuk pkfg,] rkfd og voysg esa leku :i
1- 'kk–h; lanHkks± dÍ vuqlkj] igys rjy ?kVd rS;kj djsa] tSls ls fefJr gks tk,A
d"kk; (dk<+k)] Lojl (rktk jl)] ;k vU; mi;q√ rjyA 6- ;fn 'kgn feykuk gks] rks voysg dÍ iwjh rjg BaMk gksus dÍ ckn
2- ,d LoPN LVsuysl LVhy dÍ crZu esa rS;kj rjy Mkysa vkSj gh feyk,°A
mlesa xqM+] 'kDdj] ;k [kkaM (fÿLVy phuh) tSlh eékqj ÊO; 7- ;fn 'kgn vkékkfjr voysg cuk jgs gSa] rks 'kgn dks feÛh dÍ
lkexzh ?kksysaA feBkl dks leku :i ls fi?kykus dÍ fy, gYdh crZu esa gYdk xeZ djsa] rkfd og FkksM+k iryk gks tk,A
vk°p dk mi;ksx djsaA
8- pw.kZ Mkyus ls igys 'kgn dks LoPN diM+s ls Nku ysa] rkfd
3- feJ.k dks LoPN diM+s ls Nkudj fdlh Hkh HkkSfrd v'kqfº;ksa dksbZ v'kqfº u jgsA
dks gVk nsaA 9- voysg dks dk°p dÍ crZu esa laxzfgr djsa] D;ksafd dk°p fuf"ÿ;
4- Nus gq, rjy dks iqu% ékheh vk°p ij mckysa tc rd fd ;g gksrk gS vkSj vkS"kfék dÍ lkFk dksbZ izfrfÿ;k ugha djrkA
xk<+k gksdj 1&2 rkj dh fLFkfr rd u igq°p tk,A
rkieku dk egRo
5- feJ.k dÍ vafre idus dÍ pj.k (ikd y{k.k ;k vklku ikd
y{k.k) ls Bhd igys] blesa ?kh Mkydj vPNh rjg feyk,°A voysg dh rS;kjh vkSj laj{k.k esa rkieku ,d egRoiw.kZ dkjd
6- tc voysg lgh fLFkjrk (ikd y{k.k) izkIr dj ys] rks crZu gksrk gS] D;ksafd ;g vkS"kékh; xq.kksa] fLFkjrk vkSj izHkko'khyrk dks
dks vk°p ls gVk ysa vkSj feJ.k esa ckjhd vkS"kékh; pw.kZ ékhjs&ékhjs cuk, j[kus esa enn djrk gS—
Mkysa] fujarj fgykrs gq, fpduk vkSj ,dleku feJ.k rS;kj djsaA 1- vkS"kékh; xq.kksa dk laj{k.k% tM+h&cwfV;ksa dÍ lfÿ; ?kVd
7- feJ.k dÍ iwjh rjg BaMk gks tkus dÍ ckn] mlesa 'kgn feyk,° vkSj fof'kë rkieku ij izHkkoh jgrs gSaA cgqr vfékd rkieku ls mudÍ
vPNs ls fefJr djsaA vkS"kékh; xq.k uë gks ldrs gSa] tcfd cgqr de rkieku ij os
8- rS;kj voysg dks LoPN] lw[ks] pkSM+s eq°g okys ,;jVkbV dÏVsuj lgh rjg ls ?kqy&fey ugha ikrsA blfy,] larqfyr vkSj fu;af=kr
esa LVksj djsa vkSj bls BaMh o lw[kh txg ij lqjf{kr j[ksaA rkieku vko';d gS rkfd tM+h&cwfV;ksa dh 'kf√ cuh jgsA
2- mfpr fLFkjrk (ikd y{k.k) izkIr djuk% voysg dks lgh
voysg rS;kjh dÍ fof'kë fu;e
fLFkjrk (1&2 rkj dh pk'kuh) nsus dÍ fy, bls ékheh vk°p
fu;e%& 01 & vuq√ eku ij ékhjs&ékhjs idkuk vko';d gSA vfékd xeZ djus ls feJ.k
flrk prqxZq.kk dk;kZ pw.kkZPp f}xq.kks xqM%A ty ldrk gS] tcfd de xeZ djus ls lgh fLFkjrk izkIr ugha
Êoa prqxZq.ka n|kr~ bfr loZ=k fu'p;%AA ('kk-e- 8@2) gksrhA mfpr rkieku ij idkus ls ,dleku cukoV izkIr gksrh
gS] ftlls voysg dk izHkko vkSj xq.koŸkk csgrj gksrh gSA
vuq√ (v?kksf"kr) dk vFkZ gS fd dËN vo;oksa ;k izfÿ;kvksa dks
Lië :i ls ugha crk;k x;k gksrk] ysfdu mUgsa lanHkZ ;k lkekU; 3- ?kh vkSj 'kgn feykus dÍ fu;e% ?kh dks vafre idus dÍ pj.k
fu;eksa dÍ vkékkj ij le÷kk tk ldrk gSA ls Bhd igys feyk;k tkrk gS] rkfd ;g feJ.k esa leku :i
ls ?kqy ldÍA 'kgn dks dHkh Hkh xeZ voLFkk esa ugha feykuk
uksV%& bls pw.kZ dh ek=kk dÍ vkékkj ij ekiuk pkfg,A pkfg,A bls ges'kk voysg dÍ iwjh rjg BaMk gksus dÍ ckn feykuk
ÿekad ÊO; vuqikr pkfg,] D;ksafd vk;qoZsn dÍ vuqlkj xeZ fd;k gqvk 'kgn fo"kk√
1- lhrk 4 Hkkx gks ldrk gS vkSj voysg dh xq.koŸkk dks izHkkfor dj ldrk gSA
2- xqM 2 Hkkx 4- HkkSfrd xq.kksa esa cnyko dks jksduk% mfpr rkieku fu;a=k.k
3- Êo 4 Hkkx ls feBkl nsus okys rŸoksa (tSls xqM+ ;k phuh) dÍ dÎjsesykbts'ku
 216 jl'kkL=k ,oa HkS"kT; dYiuk • v/;k; 7
fuekZ.k fof/k 8- gYdk BaMk gksus ij] blesa fiIiyh pw.kZ Mkysa vkSj vPNh
1- oklk dÍ rkts iŸkksa dks ,d=k djsa vkSj NksVs VqdM+ksa esa dkV ysaA rjg feyk,°A
2- dVs gq, iŸkksa dks ,d pkSM+s eq°g okys tkj ;k crZu esa j[ksa vkSj 9- tc feJ.k iwjh rjg BaMk gks tk,] rks mlesa 'kgn Mkydj vPNs
mlesa 16 xquk ikuh feyk,°A ls fefJr djsaA
3- feJ.k dks ékheh vk°p ij mckysa tc rd fd bldh ek=kk
,d&pkSFkkbZ u jg tk,A ek=kk%
4- mcys gq, feJ.k dks Nkudj oklk d"kk; (dk<+k) rS;kj djsaA 6&12 gms
5- Nus gq, d"kk; esa phuh Mkysa vkSj bls ékhjs&ékhjs xeZ djsa tc vuqiku%
rd fd ;g vékZ&Bksl voLFkk esa u vk tk,A
6- feJ.k dÍ vékZ&Bksl gksus ij] blesa ?kh Mkysa vkSj yxkrkj fgykrs nwék] ikuhA
gq, idkuk tkjh j[ksaA fpfdRlh; ladÍr%
7- tc feJ.k lgh vékZ&Bksl fLFkjrk izkIr dj ys] rks mls vk°p
ls gVk ysaA dkl] ˝kl] Toj] j√fiŸk] jkt;{ek] ik'oZ'kwy] ‚n;'kwyA

Research Updates
Sr. No. Article Name Author Name Result
1. Pharmaceutical Ankit Mansukhbhai Paneliya, To achieve the ideal composition for Vasa avaleha granules,
Development of Granules of Institute for Post Graduate adhering strictly to classical proportions is impractical.
Vasa Avaleha Teaching and Research in Adjustments in the quantities of Sharkara, Go-ghrita, and Madhu
Ayurveda, Jamangar, Gujrata. are necessary for their preparation. Doubling the amount of
Sharkara and reducing Madhu to one-fifth fulfilled all desired
characteristics, including fragrance, palatability, and appearance.
Therefore, this adjusted ratio can be deemed as the standard for
granule preparation.
2. Efficacy of Vasa Avaleha and Ankit M. Paneliya In a study of 66 patients randomly divided into Groups A and B,
its granules on Tamaka VA and GVA were administered at 6 g twice daily with lukewarm
Shwasa (bronchial asthma): water for 28 days. Follow-up after 14 days revealed significant
Open-label Randomized improvements in symptoms, pulmonary function, and quality of
Clinical Study life. Both treatments demonstrated increased peak expiratory
flow rate, decreased eosinophil count, and improved breath
holding time. Notably, there was reduced dependence on modern
emergency drugs and fewer asthma attacks. This underscores the
efficacy of traditional herbal formulations in managing bronchial
asthma, either alone or in combination with modern drugs.
3. A Comparative Study of Ankit Gupta, Ph.D. Scholar, The study aimed to compare the efficacy of two types of Vasa
the effect of Vasa Avaleha Department of Rasa Shastra & Avaleha, one prepared with ‘Svarasa’ and the other with ‘Kvatha’
prepared with Vasa Svarasa Bhaishajya Kalpana Institute of Vasa. Thirty-five patients participated, showing significant
and Vasa Kvatha in Tamaka for Post Graduate Teaching & improvement in cardinal symptoms such as dyspnea, coughing,
Shwasa Research Ayurveda, Gujarat and rhinitis, with the Svarasa group exhibiting the highest
Ayurved University, Jamnagar, percentage of improvement. Hematological parameters showed
Gujarat. a slight decrease in values across both groups, with no statistical
significance. Overall, Vasa Avaleha (Svarasa) demonstrated
superior effectiveness compared to the Kvatha group.
4. Pharmacognostical and Suhas A Chaudhary, Lecturer, The study aimed to standardize the finished product VA to
Pharmaceutical Evaluation Dept. of Kaumarbhritya, ensure its identity, quality, and purity. Pharmacognostical
of Vasa Avaleha – An Shri Gulabkunverba Ayurved analysis revealed the presence of various microscopic features
Ayurvedic Compound Mahavidyalaya. Gujarat from Adhatoda Vasica Nees leaves and Piper longum Linn fruits.
Ayurveda University, Organoleptic characteristics of the VA complied with standard
Jamnagar, Gujarat-361008 specifications. VA exhibited a pH value of 5.5, a water-soluble
India. extract of 70% w/w, a loss on drying of 19.18% w/w, and a
reducing sugar content of 29.90% w/w. High Performance Thin
Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) at 254nm and 366nm detected 8
and 4 spots, respectively.
 248 jl'kkL=k ,oa HkS"kT; dYiuk • v/;k; 7
2- blesa dÌwdl fd;k gqvk xqM+ Mkysa vkSj vPNh rjg feyk,°A 7- rh[ks vkSj ehBs jkx& "kkM+o dÍ :i esa ijkslsaA
3- dPps vke dks Nhydj NksVs VqdM+ksa esa dkVsa vkSj feJ.k esa Properties
feyk nsaA
#fp";ks y?kqikdˇ nks"kk.kka pkfojksékk—r~A (lq-lw- 46@368)
4- ,d iSu esa rsy xje djsa] mlesa lqaBh (lw[kh vnjd) pw.kZ
y?koks Ck`ag.kk o`";k ‚|k jkspunhiuk%A (lq-lw- 46@382)
Mkydj [kq'kcw vkus rd gYdk HkwusaA
#fpdj] y?kq] c`ag.k] o`";] jkspd vkSj nhiuA
5- Hkquh gqbZ lqaBh vkSj rsy dks Qyksa dÍ feJ.k esa Mkysa vkSj lHkh
lkexzh dks vPNh rjg feyk,°A fpfdRlh; ladÍr
6- feJ.k dks dËN nsj dÍ fy, <ddj NksM+ nsa] rkfd lHkh Lokn r`".kkewPNkZHkzePNfnZJe?uk jkx"kkMok%AA (lq-lw- 46@383)
vPNh rjg fey tk,°A ewPNkZ] Hkze] NfnZ vkSj JeA

Research Updates
Sr. No. Article Name Author Name Result
1. Pathya Aahara Kalpana: A Rajendra Garg, Dept. of This study emphasizes that the primary aim of Pathya Aahara Kalpana
Review Panchkarma, National (therapeutic diet preparation) is to highlight the significant role of diet
Institute of Ayurveda, in maintaining physical health and treating various conditions related
Jaipur, Rajasthan, India to Dosha, Dhatu, Mala, and Agni in individuals, as well as promoting
mental well-being. It underscores the importance of understanding
Aahara (food) and its benefits, emphasizing that every individual
should possess proper knowledge about food and its role in overall
health for optimal well-being.
2. A Clinical Approach Pavithra NK, PG This paper emphasizes that Prameha (diabetes) requires the
Of Pathya Kalpana In Scholar, Department incorporation of ahara (diet) as a crucial tool for maintaining quality
Prameha: A Review of Swasthavritta, S.J.G. of life, given its classification as a Yapya Vyadhi (chronic condition).
Ayurvedic Medical College Dietary components beneficial for managing prameha possess
and Hospital, Koppal, properties that are Kaphavata hara (pacifying Kapha and Vata
Karnataka, India. doshas), as well as laghu (light), ruksha (dry), and lekhana (scraping)
qualities. Foods like yava (barley), godhuma (wheat), shali (rice), and
mudga (green gram) exemplify these attributes.
Incorporating pathya kalpana (therapeutic dietary preparations)
into daily meals is essential for preventing and managing prameha,
promoting overall health and well-being.
3. Concept of Nutraceuticals Abhijeet Kumar, Ug Scholar This review article compiles the concept of nutraceuticals and
And Pathya Kalpana ; A , Faculty of Ayurveda, IMS, concisely discusses the implications and importance of pathya
Review RGSC,BHU, Mirzapur, Uttar kalpana (therapeutic dietary preparations). It aims to provide insights
Pradesh, India that can be easily adapted by individuals in their daily lives.

Market Survey of Dietary Supplements Key Segments:

A market survey of dietary supplements in Ayurveda •• By Product Type: Supplements for digestion,
can provide valuable insights into current trends, immunity, cognitive function, joint health, and
consumer preferences, product types, key players, general wellness.
and the potential for future growth. •• By Dosage Forms: Tablets, capsules, powders,
1. Market Overview syrups, gummies, and oils.
•• Market Size and Growth: The Ayurvedic dietary •• By Ingredients: Popular Ayurvedic herbs
supplements market has been growing due include Ashwagandha, Turmeric, Triphala,
to the increasing demand for natural and Brahmi, Shatavari, Amla, and Guggul.
holistic health solutions. It is part of the
2. Consumer Preferences
larger nutraceutical and herbal supplement
industry, which is projected to continue •• Natural and Organic: Consumers are increasingly
expanding globally, particularly in India, the looking for natural, organic, and chemical-free
US, and Europe. products.
 8 jlÊO; ifjp;&1
(Rasa Dravya Parichaya - I)

ikjn (Mercury) i;kZ;okph

1- xfr dÍ vuqlkj%
ifjp;
•• [kspj •• py
{{ ikjn] ftls vkerkSj ij ikjk dÍ :i esa tkuk tkrk gS] ,d pk°nh •• piy
dÍ jax dh rjy ékkrq gS ftls oSKkfud :i ls gkbM™kjftje 2- nsorked dÍ vuqlkj%
(Hydrargyrum) ;k fDod flYoj (Quick Silver) dgk
•• f=kus=k •• f'ko cht
tkrk gSA
•• izHkq •• f=kykspu
{{ ikjk lkekU; rkieku ij vkWDlhdj.k ugha djrk gS ysfdu gok
•• #Êt
esa gkbM™kstu lYQkbM (Hydrogen Sulfide) dh mifLFkfr esa
ékwfey gks tkrk gSA 3- :ikRed dÍ vuqlkj%
{{ ;g iryk (Diluted) vkSj lkaÊ (Concentrated) gkbM™kDs yksfjd •• tSo •• fnO;k

,flM (Hydrochloric Acid) (HCl) nksuksa dÍ izfr izfrjksékh gSA •• tho •• vfpUr;

{{ lkaÊ lY›;wfjd ,flM (Concentrated Sulfuric Acid) dÍ 4- nsgkRed dÍ vuqlkj%

laidZ esa vkus ij] ikjk lYQj MkbvkWDlkbM dh fjgkbZ dÍ lkFk •• ve`r •• ikjn
eD;Zwfjd lYQÍV (Mercuric sulfate) cukus dÍ fy, izfrfÿ;k •• ijeke`r •• e`R;quk'ku
djrk gSA 5- ékkrqokn dÍ vuqlkj%
{{ ;g BaMs iryk ukbfV™d ,flM (Nitric Acid) esa ?kqydj eD;Zwjl •• jl •• jlukFk
ukbV™sV (Mercurous Nitrate) cukrk gS vkSj xeZ lkaÊ ukbfV™d •• jlsUÊ •• jlysg
,flM (Conc.-Nitric Acid) esa ?kqydj eD;Zwfjd ukbV™sV •• lwr •• fnO;jl
cukrk gSA 6- Lo:ikRed dÍ vuqlkj%
{{ Hkkjrh; ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa esa] ikjn dks Hkxoku f'ko dk oh;Z •• xynjkSI;fuHk •• egkrst
(semen) ekuk tkrk gS] tks Hkxoku f'ko vkSj nsoh ikoZrh dÍ
•• Lo.kZ
chp ,d fnO; feyu dÍ nkSjku i`Foh ij vorfjr gqvk FkkA
Mineralogical Identification
{{ ;g fo˝kl ikjn dh fLFkfr dks ,d ifo=k vkSj 'kf√'kkyh inkFkZ
dÍ :i esa c<+krk gSA Properties Identification
{{ ikjn dks jlk;u ijaijkvksa esa mldÍ fnO; xq.kksa dÍ fy, lEekfur Chemical Name Mercury
Chemical Composition Hg
fd;k tkrk gS] ekuk tkrk gS fd blesa chekfj;ksa dks [kRe djus]
Colour Tin White
cq<+kis dks myVus vkSj ;gk° rd fd ekSr ij Hkh fot; ikus dh
Cleavage None
'kf√ gSA
v/;k; 8 • jlÊO; ifjp;&1 257

Properties Identification 1- jl
Luster Metallic jlukr~ loZékkrwuka jl bR;fHkékh;rsA
Streak None tjk#ƒ~e‌ `R;quk'kk; jL;rs ok jlks er%AA (j-j-l- 1@76)
Specific Gravity 13-55 {{ jl (ikjk) vHkzdkfn jl ÊO;ksa vkSj Lo.kkZfn ékkrqvksa dks vkRelkr
Melting Point -38-8 degree C
djus dh {kerk j[krk gSA
Boiling Point 357 degree C
{{ ;g mez c<+us (tjk) dh izfÿ;k dks ékhek djrk gS] fofHkUu
Transparency Opaque
Atomic Number 80
jksxksa (#tk) dk mipkj djrk gS vkSj e`R;q dks Vkyus esa lgk;d
Atomic Weight 200-61
gksrk gSA
{{ bldÍ ifjorZudkjh ,oa fpfdRlh; xq.k bls ikjaifjd fpfdRlk

[kfut esa vR;ar egRoiw.kZ cukrs gSaA

{{ ikjk eq[; :i ls i`Foh ij tekoksa dÍ :i esa ik;k tkrk gS] 2- jlsUÊ
ftuesa ls flusckj (Mercuric sulfide or HgS) bldk lcls jlksijljktRokÊlsUÊ bfr dhfrZr%A (j-j-l- 1/77)
vke [kfut v;Ld gSA 'kqº ékkfRod :i esa ns'kh ikjk vR;ar {{ leLr jlksijl vkSj ékkrqvksa dks lokZsPp ÊO; dÍ :i esa lokZsPp
nqyZHk gksrk gS vkSj i`Foh dh iiM+h esa bldh lkaÊrk ek=k 0-08 LFkku izkIr gSA
PPM (Parts Per Million) gksrh gSA gkykafd bldh fÿLVy {{ bldÍ vf}rh; egRo dÍ dkj.k bls ^jlsaÊ* 'kCn ls fof'kë :i
(Crystal) cgqrk;r de gS] fQj Hkh ikjk vU; izeq[k rŸoksa dÍ ls igpkuk tkrk gSA
lkFk vklkuh ls la;kstu ugha djrk] ftlls vR;fékd dÍafÊr 3- lwr
v;Ld fu{ksi curs gSaA nsgyksge;ha flfºa lwrs lwrLrr% Le`r%AA (j-j-l- 1/77)
{{ ikjk v;Ldksa esa bldk ÊO;eku 2-5Ä rd gks ldrk gS] tcfd {{ lwr dÍ uke ls tkuk tkus okyk ikjk LokLF; dks izHkkoh <ax ls
fuEu&Js.kh dÍ v;Ldksa esa Hkh ;g vkSlru 0-1Ä ik;k tkrk gS] cgky djus dh {kerk dÍ fy, izflº gSA
tks i`Foh dh lkekU; cgqrk;r ls yxHkx 12]000 xquk vfékd {{ ;g Lo.kZ (lksuk) vkSj vU; ékkrq ÊO;ksa ls tqM+h QkekZL;qfVdy
gSA ikjk ;k rks viuh 'kqº ékkrq voLFkk (tks cgqr nqyZHk gksrh (Pharmaceutical) izfÿ;kvksa esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
gS) esa ;k fQj flusckj (Cinnabar)] dkWMZsjksbV (Corderoite)
vkSj fyfoaxLVksukbV (Living stonite) tSls [kfutksa dÍ :i esa 4- ikjn
ik;k tkrk gSA buesa flusckj (HgS) lcls egRoiw.kZ vkSj O;kid jksxiƒ~dkfCékeXukuka ikjnkukPp ikjn%A (j-j-l- 1/78)
:i ls [kuu fd;k tkus okyk v;Ld gSA {{ ikjn dÍ :i esa lanfHkZr] ikjk vius thou j{kd xq.kksa dÍ fy,

{{ vfékdka'k ikjk teko ;qok vksjkstsfud csYV esa fLFkr gksrs gSa] tgk° euk;k tkrk gSA
xgjh pÛkusa i`Foh dh lrg dh vksj izokfgr gksrh gSaA ,sls HkaMkj {{ ;g fofHkUu chekfj;ksa dh xgjkbZ ls ckgj fudkydj ekuork

vkerkSj ij Tokykeq[kh; xfrfofék;ksa vkSj xeZ ÷kjuksa ls tqM+s gksrs dh j{kk djrk gSA
gSaA izeq[k ikjk [kuu {ks=k nf{k.k vesfjdk] mŸkjh vesfjdk] phu] 5- feJd
vkWLV™sfy;k] ;wjksi] bVyh] Lisu] gaxjh] teZuh] U;wthySaM vkSj loZékkrqxra rstksfefJra ;=k frífrA
nf{k.k v⁄hdk esa fLFkr gSaA rLekr~ l feJd% izks√ks ukuk:iQyizn%AA (j-j-l- 1@78)
izdkj {{ ikjk] ftls ^feJd* dgk tkrk gS] lHkh ékkrq ÊO;ksa (ékkrqvksa vkSj
[kfutksa) dks vklkuh ls ipkus dh vf}rh; {kerk gksrh gSA
jlks jlsUÊ% lwr'p ikjnks feJdLrFkkA
{{ ;g xq.k bls ,d egRoiw.kZ inkFkZ cukrk gS] tks dbZ fpfdRlh;
bfr i¸foékks tkr% {ks=kHksnsu 'kEHkqt%AA (j-j-l- 1@67)
ykHk iznku djrk gSA
miyCékrk dÍ fofHkUu LFkkuksa dÍ vkékkj ij] ^ikjn* ik°p izdkj
dk gksrk gS— xzk· vkSj vxz·rk
1- jl 4- ikjn xzk· y{k.k
2- jlsUÊ 5- feJd vUr% lquhyks cfg#TToyks ;ks eé;k…lw;Zizfre% izdk'k%A
3- lwr (j-ea- 1@15)
 262 jl'kkL=k ,oa HkS"kT; dYiuk • v/;k; 8
ikjn caék {{ ,yksosjk jl feykus ls feJ.k ue gks tkrk gS] ftlls dTtyh dks
Already Discussion in Chapter-02 leku vkdkj dÍ NksVs xksykdkj Njks± esa <+kyuk vklku gks tkrk gSA
Properties {{ ,d lhycan feÛh dÍ crZu ('kjko laiqV) esa xeZ djus ls ;g
lqfufˇr gksrk gS fd Njks± dk lqn`<+hdj.k ckgjh okrkoj.k dÍ
{{ jl%& "kMjlA lhéks laidZ dÍ fcuk gks] ftlls lkexzh dÍ uqdlku dks jksdk tk
{{ xq.k%& fLuXék] lj] xq#A
ldrk gSA
{{ nks"k%& f=knks"kgjA
{{ xehZ nsus dÍ ckn] dTtyh ,d lw[ks] fLFkj] jk[k tSls inkFkZ (jl
{{ deZ%& ;ksxokgh] cy;] o`";] iqfëdj] jlk;u] okthdj.kA
HkLe) esa ifjofrZr gks tkrh gS] ftlesa izfÿ;k dÍ vkékkj ij
{{ fpfdRlh; ladÍr%& —fe] dËí] loZjksx] ofy&ikfyrk]
eghu] pw.kZ tSlh cukoV gksrh gS vkSj ;g vkerkSj ij yky] Hkwjh
f=knks"kt jksxA
;k lQÍn jax dh gksrh gSA
laHkkfor HkkSfrd&jklk;fud ifjorZu (Probable Physico-
chemical Changes)
jklk;fud ifjorZu (Chemical Changes)
{{ fopw.kZu vkSj rkiu dÍ nkSjku] ikjk jklk;fud :i ls lYQj dÍ
'kkséku izfÿ;k dÍ nkSjku
lkFk izfrfÿ;k djrk gS] ftlls eq[; :i ls ikjk lYQkbM@
HkkSfrd ifjorZu (Physical Changes) Mercury sulfide ;q√ dTtyh curh gSA
{{ n`';eku v'kqfº;ksa dks fopw.kZu vkSj fuLlkj.k izfÿ;k dÍ eké;e {{ xaékd dÍ lkFk ;g izfrfÿ;k ikjs dks fo"keq√ djdÍ ,d fLFkj]
ls ;kaf=kd :i ls gVk;k tkrk gSA xSj&fo"kSys ;kSfxd esa ifjofrZr djrh gS] ftlls ;g fpfdRlh;
{{ yglqu&ued fopw.kZu dÍ nkSjku] ikjk pednkj rjy ls pwuk mi;ksx dÍ fy, mi;q√ gks tkrk gSA
iRFkj vkSj dkys jax dÍ lkFk NksVs d.kksa esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA {{ rkiu izfÿ;k v'kqfº;ksa dÍ vkWDlhdj.k dh 'kq#vkr djrk gS vkSj
{{ fopw.kZu ls eghu d.k curs gSa] ftlls ikjs dh izfrfÿ;k'khyrk ikjk& xaékd ;kSfxd dks fLFkj djrk gSA
c<+ tkrh gSA {{ ,yksosjk jl caéku] futZyhdj.k vkSj tSo&jklk;fud var%fÿ;kvksa
{{ enZu dh izfÿ;k leku 'kqfºdj.k lqfufˇr djus dÍ fy, feJ.k esa lgk;d gksrk gS] ftlls dTtyh dh ,d:irk vkSj fLFkjrk
dks leku :i ls forfjr djrh gSA c<+rh gSA
jklk;fud ifjorZu (Chemical Changes) {{ lhycan ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa rkiu ls vfLFkj ;kSfxd Q°l tkrs gSa]
{{ v'kqfº;ksa dks gVkus dÍ fy, ikjk pwuk iRFkj vkSj ued dÍ lkFk ftlls ikjs dk dksbZ uqdlku ugha gksrk vkSj HkLe dÍ :i esa iw.kZ
vLFkk;h feJ.k cukrk gSA :ikarj.k lqfufˇr gksrk gSA
{{ yglqu esa ekStwn xaékd (Sulphur) ;kSfxd ,slh izfrfÿ;k,° {{ vafre jl HkLe fuf"ÿ; vkSj fLFkj gksrh gS] tks ikjk vkSj xaékd
mRiUu djrs gSa] tks ékkrq dh v'kqfº;ksa dks fo"keq√ djrs gSaA dÍ tSo&laxr jk[k :i esa iw.kZ ifjorZu dks n'kkZrh gSA
{{ yglqu ikjs dks ck°ékdj fMVkWfDlQkbM ejdjh lYQkbM@
Detoxified Mercury Sulfides (dkys jax dk) cukrk gSA
izlaLdj.k djrs le; rkieku dk egRo (Importance of
Temperature while Processing)
{{ ued v'kqfº;ksa dÍ lkFk izfrfÿ;k djdÍ ?kqyu'khy DyksjkbM@
Chlorides cukrk gS] tks ékksus dh izfÿ;k esa fudy tkrs gSaA {{ mi;q√ rkieku ikjk dks okf"ir fd, fcuk tgjhyh v'kqfº;ksa
{{ pwuk iRFkj vEyh;@ Acidic v'kqfº;ksa dks fuf"ÿ; djrk gSA dks lqjf{kr :i ls fudkyuk lqfufˇr djrk gSA
{{ yglqu dÍ ;kSfxd dkcZfud@ Carbonic iznw"kdksa dks rksM+us esa {{ bëre xehZ jklk;fud var%fÿ;k dks c<+krh gS] tSls— dTtyh
lgk;d gksrs gSaA fuekZ.k esa ikjk dh xaékd dÍ lkFk izfrfÿ;kA
{{ ckj&ckj ékksus ls vo'ks"k vkSj ?kqyu'khy v'kqfº;k° iwjh rjg ls {{ mfpr rkieku fu;a=k.k ikjs dÍ ok"ihdj.k dks jksdrk gS] lkexzh
gV tkrh gSaA dh v[kaMrk dks lajf{kr djrk gSA
ekj.k izfÿ;k dÍ nkSjku {{ xehZ uoxfBr ;kSfxdksa] tSls ikjk lYQkbM@ Mercury sulfide
HkkSfrd ifjorZu (Physical Changes) (HgS) dks fLFkj djrh gS] ftlls lqj{kk vkSj fpfdRlh;
{{ fopw.kZu dh izfÿ;k ikjs vkSj xaékd dks ,d ltkrh;] eghu izHkkodkfjrk lqfufˇr gksrh gSA
dkys pw.kZ (dTtyh) esa ifjofrZr djrh gS] tks iw.kZ feJ.k vkSj {{ yxkrkj rkieku 'kqfº ('kkséku) vkSj jk[k fuekZ.k (ekj.k) esa
izkjafHkd jklk;fud fÿ;k dk ladÍr nsrk gSA ,d:irk esa lgk;rk djrk gSA
v/;k; 8 • jlÊO; ifjp;&1 263

;ksx
1- dTtyh 2- jl iiZVh 3- jl flUnwj 4- ˝kldËBkj jl 5- jl diZwj
Research Updates
Sr.No. Article Name Author Name Result
1. Literary Review of Dr. Shikha Sharma, This paper provides a concise overview of Parada (mercury),
Parada (Mercury) in P.G. Department of Rasa covering its history, origin, occurrence, associated doshas, grahya-
Rasashastra Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, agrahya lakshana (qualities for acceptability and rejection), modern
R.G.G.P.G. Ayurvedic College, perspectives, and its therapeutic applications.
Paprola Distt. Kangra, H.P.
2. Parada Shodhana Kajree Pardeshi, The study focuses on the classical purification of Parada (mercury)
(Purification of P.G Dept. of Rasashastra and to enhance its therapeutic potential, based on Rasa Tarangini’s
Mercury) by Classical Bhaishajya Kalpana, S D M guidelines. Mercury was triturated with equal parts Sudha Churna
Method College of Ayurveda & Hospital, (limestone) for 36 hours, followed by trituration with Lashuna
Hassan, Kasrnataka, India. Kalka (garlic paste) and Saindhava (salt) for 8 hours. Observations
of organoleptic changes were recorded. Out of 500g of mercury,
439g was recovered after the Sudha Churna stage, and 365g after
the Lashuna Kalka process. This purification method, utilizing easily
accessible materials, renders mercury suitable for pharmaceutical
use in various formulations.
3. A Critical Review of Dr. Arti, Parada, or mercury, an inorganic metallic poison, has intrigued
Parada (Mercury) and M.D. Scholar, Dept.of Agad people for centuries as a dense liquid metal, naturally occurring in
its Toxicity Tantra, Rani Dullaiya Smriti combined forms. While it has no biological role, trace amounts are
Ayurveda P.G. Mahavidhyalaya present in the environment and in the food we eat. Impure mercury
Evam Chikitsalaya, Bhopal, M.P in soil, water, and air can lead to various health issues. However,
Ayurvedic purification processes (Sanskar) detoxify mercury, making
it safe for medicinal use. Despite this, modern science is phasing out
many of its applications, which remain under review.
4. A Standardized Karishma Varlani, PG Scholar, The aim of this study was to develop a standardized method for
Method for Extraction P. G Dept. of Rasashastra, extracting Parada from Hingula (cinnabar) to maximize yield and
of Parada (Mercury) Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishan minimize risk and loss. This research involved modifying the classical
from Hingula Rajasthan Ayurved Hingullotha Parada extraction process using Nada-yantra and
(Cinnabar) with the University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, evaluating its SOP. Results: The modified method reduced mercury
Help of Modified Nada India fumes and achieved a higher yield (76.8%). Conclusion: Hingullotha
Yantra Parada, or mercury extraction from cinnabar, remains the most
effective method. Minor adjustments to the traditional process can
improve yield and enhance safety.
5. Critical review of Amandeep Sharma, Assistant This study focuses on the Shodhana (purification) process of Parada,
Parada Shodhana, Professor, Department of Agad including the observed changes during purification, Parada Janara,
Jarana and Marana Tantra, Desh Bhagat Ayurvedic and the 16 types of Parada Marana (incineration methods).
processes College & Hospital, Mandi
Gobindgarh, Punjab, India.
6. A Critical Review of Dr. Manoj, Assistant Professor, This study examines Parada Samskara from both traditional and
Parada Samskaras in Department of Rasshastra & modern perspectives. The first eight Samskaras focus on Dehavada
Context of Ayurvedic & Bhaisajya Kalpana, GS Ayurveda (body transformation), while the next ten are concerned with
Modern Concept Medical College and Hospital Lohavada (metal alchemy).
Hapur, UP.

vHkzd (Biotite Mica) {{ ∂vHkzd∏ 'kCn dh mRifŸk ySfVu 'kCn micare ls gqbZ gS] ftldk
vFkZ gS ∂pedukA∏
ifjp; {{ vHkzd dk lcls izkphu mYys[k] ftls fo'ks"k :i ls otzkHkzd dgk
tkrk gS] pkSFkh 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ dÍ dkSfVY; vFkZ'kk– esa feyrk
{{ vHkzd] ftls vaxzst+h esa ∂ekbdk@Mica∏ dgk tkrk gS] vk;qoZsfnd gS] tgk° bls —f=ke lksuk cukus dÍ lanHkZ esa of.kZr fd;k x;k gSA
inkFkks± dÍ egkjl lewg dh ,d izeq[k vkS"kfék gSA {{ pkSFkh 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ dÍ ,d vU; xzaFk U;k;n'kZu] ftls vkpk;Z
{{ ;g 'khV&flfydÍV (Sheet-silicate) [kfutksa dh Js.kh esa vkrk gS xkSre us fy[kk Fkk] esa Hkh vHkzd dk mYys[k feyrk gS] tks bldÍ
vkSj viuh pednkj ,oa pedrh gqbZ mifLFkfr dÍ fy, izflº gSA ,sfrgkfld egRo dks n'kkZrk gSA
 290 jl'kkL=k ,oa HkS"kT; dYiuk • v/;k; 8
Properties 2- vEyh; (Lojl) ;k {kkjh; (lqékk ty) eké;e fo"kgj.k
eu%f'kyk dVqfLr√k fLuXékks".kk ys[kuh xq#%A izfÿ;k esa lgk;d gksrs gSa vkSj rŸoksa dks fLFkj djrs gSaA
dkl‹oklgjk dkea HkwrksiÊoukf'kuhAA 3- fHkxksus dh izfÿ;k dÍ nkSjku ?kqyu'khy fo"kk√ inkFkZ ckgj
vfXuekU|{k;kukggU=kh d.Mqfrukf'kuhA fudy tkrs gSaA
jlk;uh Tojgjk o.;kZ dkea fo"kkigkAA (j-r- 11@115&16) 4- vkS"kékh; jl] lkexzh esa tSolfÿ; (ck;ks,fDVo) xq.k tksM+rs gSaA
{{ jl%& dVq] fr√ laLdj.k djrs le; rkieku dk egRo
{{ xq.k%& xq#] fLuXék] m".k (Importance of Temperature while Processing)
{{ oh;Z%& m".k {{ fo"kgj.k izfÿ;k dks rst djrk gS% mfpr rkieku lkexzh
{{ foikd%& dVq vkSj 'kqfºdj.k ,tsaVksa dÍ chp ijLij fÿ;k dks c<+kdj fo"kk√
{{ nks"k%& dQokrgj inkFkks± dks izHkkoh :i ls gVkus esa enn djrk gSA
{{ deZ%& jlk;u] ys[ku] vfXunhiu] o.;ZA {{ leku 'kqfºdj.k lqfufˇr djrk gS% fu;af=kr rkieku fo"kgj.k
{{ fpfdRlh; ladÍr%& dkl] ˝kl] vfXueka|] NfnZ] Toj] dËí] dks leku :i ls izHkkoh cukrk gS] ftlls vaMj&izkslsflax ;k
vukgk] us=k jksx] viLekjA vksoj&izkslsflax dh laHkkouk de gks tkrh gSA
laHkkfor HkkSfrd&jklk;fud ifjorZu {{ 'kqfºdj.k ,tsaVksa dks lfÿ; djrk gS% xeZ Lojl ;k lqékk
(Probable Physico-chemical Changes) ty tSls 'kqfºdj.k eké;eksa dÍ tSo&jklk;fud xq.kksa dks lfÿ;
dj mudh v'kqfº;k° nwj djus dh {kerk c<+krh gSA
'kkséku izfÿ;k dÍ nkSjku
{{ lkexzh dÍ {kj.k dks jksdrk gS% bëre rkieku cuk, j[kus ls
a. HkkSfrd ifjorZu (Physical Changes) 'kqfºdj.k izfÿ;k dÍ nkSjku lkexzh dÍ VwVus ;k ok"ihdj.k dks
1- enZu ls eu%f'kyk dÍ d.k lw{e gks tkrs gSa] ftlls bldk lrg jksdk tk ldrk gSA
{ks=k c<+ tkrk gSA {{ vo'kks"k.k esa lqékkj djrk gS% xeZ 'kqfºdj.k ,tsaVksa dÍ
2- Hkkouk izfÿ;k dÍ nkSjku ,d fpduk isLV curk gS] vkSj jax fpfdRlh; xq.kksa dks lkexzh esa csgrj <ax ls lekfgr djus esa
ifjorZu v'kqfº;ksa dÍ fu"dklu dk ladÍr nsrk gSA lgk;d gksrh gSA
3- ékksus vkSj fHkxksus dh izfÿ;k ls n`'; :i ls mifLFkr nwf"kr ;ksx
inkFkZ lekIr gks tkrs gSaA
1- ˝kldËBkj jl 4- eu%f'kykfn ?k`r
b. jklk;fud ifjorZu (Chemical Changes)
2- eu%f'kykfn ékwe 5- =kSyksD;fparkef.k jl
1- gkfudkjd rŸoksa (tSls vklZsfud) dks fuf"ÿ; djrk gS vkSj
mUgsa lqjf{kr :iksa esa ifjofrZr djrk gSA 3- {k;dÍljh jl 6- eu%f'kyk|atu

Research Updates

Sr.No. Article Name Author Name Result

1. Manashila: An Rolli Ghildiyal, P. G. Scholar, This study critically reviews classical texts on Manashila, detailing
In-Depth Analysis Department of Rasa Shastra its origin, synonyms, classification, pharmacological properties,
Through the Classical & Bhaisajya Kalpana, purification, incineration, therapeutic dose, indications, and extraction
Texts. Uttarakhand Ayurved methods. It also explores artificial preparation techniques and discusses
University, Rishikul Campus, Realgar. Emphasis is placed on the use of Manashila exclusively in its
Haridwar, Uttarakhand. purified form for internal and external therapy.
2. Pharmaceutical - Naveena Kodlady, Department This study reveals that Shodhana of Manashila using levigation with
analytical study of the of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya ginger juice results in only minor changes in its preliminary physico-
Ayurvedic purification Kalpana including Drug chemical parameters. The chemical composition of Manashila remains
of Manahshila Research, Institute for Post largely unchanged after Shodhana. However, a significant reduction in
(realgar) Graduate Teaching & Research particle size is observed, along with an approximately 12.4% increase
in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved in its weight post-purification.
University, Jamnagar-361008,
Gujarat, India
 v/;k; 8 • jlÊO; ifjp;&1 349

laLdj.k djrs le; rkieku dk egRo {{ ,dleku ifjorZu lqfufˇr djrk gS% yxkrkj xeZ djus ls
(Importance of Temperature while Processing) viw.kZ ;k vleku dÎYlhus'ku dks jksdk tkrk gS] ftlls lHkh
'kkséku izfÿ;k dÍ nkSjku d.kksa dk leku :i ls lalkéku lqfufˇr gksrk gSA
{{ vkoj.k gVkus esa lgk;rk djrk gS% fHkxksus okys rjy dk xeZ {{ dkcZfud v'kqfº;ksa dks lekIr djrk gS% i;kZIr xehZ vof'kë
;k ifjos'kh rkieku vkarfjd vkoj.k dks uje djus esa lgk;d dkcZfud inkFkks± vkSj ok"i'khy ?kVdksa dks tykdj lkexzh dh
gksrk gS] ftlls v'kqfº;ksa dks vklkuh ls gVk;k tk ldrk gSA 'kqºrk c<+krh gSA
{{ {kfr dks jksdrk gS% fu;af=kr rkieku ;g lqfufˇr djrk gS fd {{ vafre mRikn dks fLFkj djrk gS% dÎYlhus'ku dÍ ckn ékhjs&ékhjs
vkoj.k dh lajpuk vR;fékd uje ;k ?kqyus dÍ ctk; cjdjkj BaMk djus ls HkLe dh fLFkjrk vkSj vkS"kékh; izHkkodkfjrk esa
cuh jgsA o`fº gksrh gSA
ekj.k izfÿ;k dÍ nkSjku ;ksx
{{ dÎYlhus'ku dks l{ke cukrk gS% y?kqiqV dÍ nkSjku mPp rkieku 1- eq√kfn vatuk
dÎfY'k;e dkckZsusV (CaCO3) dks dÎfY'k;e vkWDlkbM (CaO)
esa ifjofrZr djus esa lgk;rk djrk gS] tks HkLe fuekZ.k dh ,d 2- dËŸkqrUn Rod~ HkLe
vko';d izfÿ;k gSA 3- n`fë izlknu orhZ

Research Updates
Sr.No. Article Name Author Name Result
1. A Review on Dr. Namitha. R. Chandra, 2nd The study highlights that Kukkutanda (Hen’s egg shell) is widely used
Kukkutanda Year PG Scholar, Department as a food material and in therapeutic applications as Kukkutanda Twak
Twak Bhasma of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Bhasma. Classified under Sudha Varga, it is rich in calcium compounds,
Kalpana, Sri Dharmasthala and its organic form offers higher bioavailability compared to inorganic
Manjunatheshwara College calcium. The article discusses its composition, purification (Shodhana),
of Ayurveda and Hospital, incineration (Marana), dosage, adjuvants (Anupana), and therapeutic
Hassan, Karnataka, India. indications, demonstrating its potential as an effective calcium source
in Ayurvedic medicine.
2. Analytical Study of Rakesh Kumar Singh, Dept. Two samples of Kukkutanda Twak Bhasma (KTB) were prepared using
Kukkutanda Twak of RSBK, Govrmnet Ayur- Kumari Svarasa (KTB-A) and Hingula (KTB-B) in an electric muffle furnace.
Bhasma (Incinerated veda College, Raipur, Chhat- Analysis showed KTB-A contained 22.75% calcium and 0.29% magnesium,
hen egg shell) tisgarh, India. while KTB-B had 41.16% calcium and 0.15% magnesium. Both samples
contained calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). The average particle sizes were
9.35 µm and 9.97 µm, with XRD revealing the presence of calcium
carbonate and calcium hydroxide in the Bhasma.
3. Clinical effect Gatikrushna Panda, Assistant Statistical analysis showed that Kukkutanda Twak Bhasma significantly
of Kukkutanda Professor, Department of treated major symptoms of Swetapradara (discharge, itching, consistency,
Twak Bhasma in Prasuti Tantra and Streeroga, pH, pus cells) with a P value of <0.001. Anemia cases showed significant
the management M.S.M. Institute of Ayurveda, improvement in hemoglobin levels (P < 0.001), likely due to calcium and
of Swetapradara B.P.S. Mahilla University, magnesium content. However, backache and bad odor had less significant
Sonipat, Haryana, India improvement (P < 0.005 and P < 0.05, respectively). Overall, 30% of
patients were completely cured, 26.7% showed maximum improvement,
20% had moderate improvement, and 23.3% had mild improvement.

Vad.k (Borax) {{ ;g vkerkSj ij jaxghu fÿLVyksa ls cus ,d uje] lQÍn pw.kZ

dÍ :i esa ik;k tkrk gS vkSj ikuh esa vklkuh ls ?kqyu'khy
ifjp; gksrk gSA
{{ Borax] ftls lksfM;e cksjsV@Sodium borate] lksfM;e {{ bldh cgwi;ksfxrk bls fMVts±V] lkSan;Z izlkéku vkSj rkephuh Xyst+
VsV™kcksjsV@ Sodium tetraborate ;k fMlksfM;e VsV™kcksjsV@ esa ,d vko';d ?kVd dÍ :i esa mi;ksxh cukrh gSA
Disodium tetraborate dÍ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] ,d {{ tSo jlk;u foKku esa bldk mi;ksx cQj ?kksy rS;kj djus dÍ
egRoiw.kZ cksjkWu ;kSfxd gS] tks vius [kfut vkSj uedh; xq.kksa fy, fd;k tkrk gS] tcfd ékkrq foKku esa ;g ,d ›yDl dÍ
dÍ fy, izflº gSA :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA
v/;k; 8 • jlÊO; ifjp;&1 353

11- vk;qoZsn esa vHkzd dk izkFkfed vkS"kékh; mi;ksx D;k gS\ 20- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu jtr ekf{kd dk i;kZ;okph gS\
A. cq[kkj dk mipkj B. —f=ke lksus dh rS;kjh A. gse ekf{kd B. lqo.kZ ekf{kd
C. Ropk dk dk;kdYi D. nnZ ls jkgr C. foey ekf{kd D. dkeL; ekf{kd
12- fdl izkphu xzaFk esa lcls igys vHkzd (otzHk) dk 21- f'kyktrq eq[; :i ls fdlls izkIr gksrk gS\
mYys[k feyrk gS\ A. i'kq olk B. [kfut tek
A. vëkax ‚n; B. U;k;n'kZu C. ikSéks dÍ vdZ D. vko';d rsy
C. dkSfVY; vFkZ'kk– D. vejdks"k 22- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu f'kyktrq dk i;kZ;okph gS\
13- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk xq.k vHkzd dh fo'ks"krk A. lIri.kZ B. v'ed
ugha gS\ C. 'kSytk D. okr
A. iw.kZ njkj B. vikjn'khZ ikjnf'kZrk 23- f'kyktrq dh eq[; fpfdRlh; fÿ;k D;k gS\
C. 7&8 dh dBksjrk D. dk°p tSlh ped A. laosnukgkjh B. Tojuk'kd
14- —".kHkzd dh ^ihukd* fdLe dk D;k egRo gS\ C. jlk;u (dk;kdYi) D. ,ukYtsfld
A. ;g fpfdRlh; mi;ksx dÍ fy, lqjf{kr gSA 24- vk;qoZsn dÍ vuqlkj f'kyktrq dÍ nks izdkj dkSu&ls gSa\
B. xeZ djus ij ;g esa<d tSlh vkokt+sa fudkyrk gSA A. yky vkSj gjk B. xksew=kxaékh vkSj diZwjxaékh
C. vkx dÍ laidZ esa vkus ij ;g VqdM+ksa esa foHkkftr gks C. Bksl vkSj rjy D. 'kqº vkSj v'kqº
tkrk gSA 25- pedrs dks ; ys ij j[ks tkus ij f'kyktrq D;k
D. vkx dÍ laidZ esa vkus ij ;g vifjofrZr jgrk gSA iznf'kZr djsxk\
15- xzk· y{k.k dÍ vuqlkj mPp xq.koŸkk okys vHkzd dk A. rst lqxaék mRlftZr djuk
vkn'kZ Lo:i D;k gS\ B. cgqr vfékd ékqvk° NksM+uk
A. lqLr vkSj [kqjnjh cukoV B. uhyk◊tuk tSlk xgjk :i C. fi?kydj fyax dÍ vkdkj esa QÎy tkuk
C. pedhyk ihyk jax D. ikjn'khZ vkSj uktqd D. vkx dh yiVksa esa tyuk
16- Lo.kZ ekf{kd (pkYdks i hjkbV) dh jklk;fud 26- xaékd (lYQj) dh izkFkfed fo'ks"krk D;k gS tks bls
lajpuk D;k gS\ vk;qoZsn esa egRoiw.kZ cukrh gS\
A. FeS B. CuFeS2 A. ;g ,d ehBk Lokn okyk [kfut gSA
C. Ag D. Au B. ;g mijl lewg esa lcls izeq[k [kfut vkS"kfék gSA
17- fdl izkphu vk;qoZsfnd xzaFk esa ef{kdk dk igyh ckj C. ;g ,d nqyZHk jRu gSA
mYys[k fd;k x;k gS\ D. bldk mi;ksx eq[; :i ls bldÍ jax dÍ fy, fd;k
A. lqJqr lafgrk B. pjd lafgrk tkrk gSA
C. vëkax ‚n; D. ;ksxjRukdj 27- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk ewy lYQj dh HkkSfrd
18- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu jtr ef{kdk dh fo'ks"krk ugha gS\ voLFkk dk lcls vPNk o.kZu djrk gS\
A. pk°nh tSlh ped iznf'kZr djrk gS A. xaék;q√ vkSj Loknghu
B. ,d izeq[k lqugjk jax iznf'kZr djrk gS B. ihyk] fLQfVd vkSj Loknghu
C. ,d Hkkjh] l?ku lajpuk gS C. jaxghu vkSj xaékghu
D. vkerkSj ij xksy ;k xksykdkj vkdkj esa D. yky vkSj Bksl
19- vk;qoZsn dÍ vuqlkj Lo.kZ ekf{kd dks 'kqº djus dÍ fy, 28- vk;qoZsn dÍ vuqlkj mPp xq.koŸkk okyh xaékd dh vkn'kZ
fdl fofék dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\ fo'ks"krk D;k gS\
A. ikuh esa mckyuk A. xgjk Hkwjk jax vkSj [kqjnjh cukoV
B. f=kQyk DokFk esa xeZ djuk vkSj cq÷kkuk B. ihyk&gjk jax vkSj eD[ku tSlh dkseyrk
C. lw;Z dÍ izdk'k dÍ laidZ esa vkuk C. ikjn'khZ vkSj Hkaxqj
D. 'kgn dÍ lkFk feykuk D. gYdk Hkwjk jax vkSj dBksj cukoV
362 jl'kkL=k ,oa HkS"kT; dYiuk • v/;k; 8

Write Short Question Write Long Question

1- vk;qoZsfnd xzaFkksa esa ikjn vkSj vHkzd dÍ lekukFkhZ 'kCn 1- vk;qoZsfnd xzaFkksa esa of.kZr ikjn] vHkzd vkSj ekf{kd dÍ
D;k gSa\ lekukFkZd 'kCnksa dh ppkZ djsaA vkS"kfék;ksa dh igpku djus
2- ekf{kd dh igpku [kfut foKku dh n`fë ls dÎls dh tkrh esa mudÍ egRo vkSj jl'kk– esa mudÍ 'kk–h; lanHkks± ij
gS] vkSj bldh fof'kë fo'ks"krk,° D;k gSa\ izdk'k MkysaA
3- 'kk–h; vk;qoZsn esa of.kZr f'kyktrq vkSj xaékd dÍ izkFkfed 2- xaékd] gjrky vkSj eu%f'kyk dh [kfut fo'ks"krkvksa dh
œksr D;k gS\ O;k[;k djsaA vk;qoZsn esa mudÍ izk—frd :i mudÍ fpfdRlh;
4- vk;qoZsfnd oxhZdj.k dÍ vkékkj ij fgaxqy vkSj Lo.kZ dÍ izdkjksa vuqiz;ksxksa dks dÎls izHkkfor djrs gSa\
dh x.kuk djsaA 3- f'kyktrq] eq√k vkSj izoky dÍ izk—frd œksrksa dÍ ckjs esa foLrkj
5- eq√k dks xzk· :i esa pquus vkSj vxzk· (vLohdk;Z) xq.kksa ls crk,°A mudh xq.koŸkk vkSj izHkko'khyrk ij HkkSxksfyd vkSj
dh igpku djus dÍ fy, D;k ekunaM gSa\ {ks=kh; fofoékrkvksa dÍ izHkko ij ppkZ djsaA
6- 'kqfºdj.k ls igys rkez dÍ lkFk dkSu&ls nks"k tqM+s gksrs gSa] vkSj 4- vk;qoZsfnd vkSj vkékqfud oxhZdj.k dÍ vuqlkj fgaxqy] ykSg
bldÍ 'kkséku dÍ fy, dkSu&lh fofék;k° mi;ksx dh tkrh gSa\ vkSj rkez dÍ izdkjksa dk foLr`r fooj.k nsaA fpfdRlh; xq.kksa
7- ykSg dÍ fy, ekj.k izfÿ;k dk o.kZu djsa vkSj ;g bldÍ xq.kksa dÍ lanHkZ esa ;s izdkj dÎls fHkUu gSa\
dks dÎls izHkkfor djrh gS\ 5- 'kqf√] dinZ vkSj 'ka[k dks xzk· dÍ :i esa pquus dÍ fy, foLr`r
8- jtr dÍ 'kkséku vkSj ekj.k dÍ nkSjku dkSu&ls HkkSfrd&jklk;fud ekunaM D;k gSa\ mu xq.kksa ij ppkZ djsa tks mUgsa vxzk· cukrs
ifjorZu visf{kr gSa\ gSa vkSj vkS"kékh; mi;ksx dÍ fy, vuqi;q√ cukrs gSaA
9- otz dÍ ekj.k dÍ nkSjku rkieku egRoiw.kZ D;ksa gS] vkSj rkieku 6- oax] ukx vkSj ;'kn dÍ fy, foLr`r 'kkséku fofék;ksa ij ppkZ
ifjorZu dÍ D;k ifj.kke gSa\ djsaA ;s izfÿ;k,° nks"kksa dks dÎls [kRe djrh gSa vkSj fpfdRlh;
10- dËDdËVk.M Rod~ vkSj Vad.k {kkj dÍ vkS"kékh; mi;ksxksa ij gky mi;ksx dÍ fy, lkexzh rS;kj djrh gSa\
dÍ 'kksék fu"d"kks± dk lkjka'k nhft,A 7- Lo.kZ vkSj jtr dÍ fy, ekj.k izfÿ;k dk o.kZu djsaA fof'kë
pj.kksa] Hkkouk dÍ fy, mi;ksx fd, tkus okys eké;e vkSj
tSo miyCékrk dks c<+kus esa bu rduhdksa dÍ egRo ij fooj.k
'kkfey djsaA
8- eaMwj vkSj leqÊQÍu dÍ 'kkséku vkSj ekj.k dÍ nkSjku ns[ks x,
laHkkfor HkkSfrd&jklk;fud ifjorZuksa dk fo'ys"k.k djsaA ;s
ifjorZu mudÍ vkS"kékh; xq.kksa dks dÎls izHkkfor djrs gSa\
9- otz vkSj Vad.k {kkj dÍ izlaLdj.k esa fu;af=kr rkieku dh
Hkwfedk ij ppkZ djsaA rkieku fopyu dÍ laHkkfor ifj.kkeksa
vkSj vafre mRikn ij mudÍ izHkko dks 'kkfey djsaA
10- xksnarh] dËDdËVaM Rod~ vkSj leqÊQÍu dÍ fpfdRlh; vuqiz;ksxksa
ij gky dÍ 'kksék dh leh{kk djsaA vkékqfud fu"d"kZ ikjaifjd
vk;qoZsfnd mi;ksxksa dÍ lkFk dÎls lajsf[kr gksrs gSa\

“““
 9 jlÊO; ifjp;&2
(Rasa Dravya Parichaya - II)

lL;d (Peacock Ore) Properties Identification

Specific Gravity 2.1-2.3
ifjp; Hardness 2.52
{{ lL;d egkjl lewg esa NBh [kfut vkS"kfék gSA Fracture Conchoidal
Tenacity Brittle
{{ jklk;fud :i ls] lL;d dks dkWij lYQÍV (CuSO4) dÍ :i
esa igpkuk tkrk gS] ftls D;wfizd lYQÍV Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
[kfut
{{ dkWij lYQÍV dÍ lkekU; ukeksa esa Cyw fofV™;y vkSj Cyw LVksu
'kkfey gSaA 1- dkWij lYQkbM v;Ld tek dÍ vkWDlh—r {ks=kksa ls izk—frd
:i ls izkIr gksrk gSA
{{ ikSjkf.kd ekU;rkvksa dÍ vuqlkj] x#M+ us gykgy fo"k dk lsou
djus vkSj ve`riku dÍ ckn] fo"k ,oa ve`r dÍ feJ.k dks 2- ;g dkWij vkSj vk;ju dÍ gkbM™sVsM lYQÍV dÍ lkFk ik;k tkrk gSA
ekjdkVpy ioZr ij mxy fn;kA ;g feJ.k ioZr ij tedj 3- LohMu] teZuh] Lisu] ⁄kal vkSj ;wdÍ esa bldh miyCékrk ns[kh
lL;d dÍ :i esa tkuk x;kA tkrh gSA
{{ lL;d dÍ —f=ke :i dks rqFkk ;k e;wjrqFkk dgk tkrk gSA 4- ;g izk—frd :i ls nqyZHk gS vkSj eq[; :i ls Hkkjr esa fcgkj]
jktLFkku] eé; izns'k vkSj ÷kkj[kaM esa ik;k tkrk gSA
{{ dkWij lYQÍV dks fo˝ LokLF; laxBu (WHO) dÍ vuqlkj
ATC dksM V03 dÍ varxZr ,d ekjd (antidote) dÍ :i esa
5- lwjr] dksydkrk] ve`rlj] okjk.klh vkSj vU; LFkkuksa ij
lwphcº fd;k x;k gSA jklk;fud m|ksxksa esa —f=ke :i ls fufeZr fd;k tkrk gSA
6- lhfer izk—frd miyCékrk dÍ dkj.k] eq[; :i ls O;kolkf;d
i;kZ;okph :i ls fufeZr rqFkk ij fuHkZjrk jgrh gSA
rqRFka rq rqRFkdÏ rqRFkk˛u¸kfi e;wjde~A izkphu le;
lL;dÏ rkezxHkZ¸ f'kf[kxzho¸ rUere~AA (j-r- 21@71)
ihRok gkykgya okUra ihrke`rx#RerkA
rqRFk] rqRFkd] rqRFkk◊tu] e;wjd] lL;d] rkezxHkZ] f'kf[kxzhoA
fo"ks.kke`r;q√Íu fxjkS ejdrk‡;sA
Mineralogical Identification r}kUra fg ?kuhHkwra l˛kra lL;dÏ [kyqAA
Properties Identification (j-j-l- 2@125&26)
Chemical Name Copper Sulphate ve`rk dÍ lsou dÍ ckn] x#M+ us fo"k dks Hkh fuxy fy;k vkSj
Chemical Composition CuSO4.5H2O ckn esa uhyfxfj ioZr ij nksuksa dks mxy fn;kA le; dÍ lkFk] ;g
Colour Bright and Deep Blue feJ.k Bksl gks x;k] ftlls lL;d dk tUe gqvkA
Cleavage Poor lL;d dk o.kZu e;wj rqRFk vkSj rqRFk [kiZj dÍ lkFk fd;k x;k gSA
Luster Vitreous ^e;wjdkaB* 'kCn bldÍ fof'kë jax dks n'kkZrk gS] tks uhys] gjs vkSj
Taste Metallic yky jaxksa dk feJ.k gksrk gS] ftlls ;g eksj dh xnZu dÍ leku
 364 jl'kkL=k ,oa HkS"kT; dYiuk • v/;k; 9
izrhr gksrk gSA ;g jax rqRFk (CuSO4.5H2O) ls fHkUu gS] ftlesa 1- v'kqº rqRFk dks LoPN [kYo ;a=k (vks[kyh vkSj ewly) esa j[ksaA
gjk vkSj yky jax ugha ik;k tkrkA 2- [kfnj] eaftík] yk{kk ;k dËlqaHk tSls j√oxZ ÊO;ksa esa ls fdlh
[kfut cksukZbV (CuFeS)] tks viuh eksj tSlh baÊékuq"kh ped dÍ ,d dk Lojl (jl) ;k DokFk (dk<+k) pqusaA
fy, tkuk tkrk gS] laHkor% vk;qoZsfnd xzaFkksa esa of.kZr lL;d gSA 3- pqus gq, Êo dks rqRFk esa feyk,° vkSj bls lkr Hkkoukvksa (pÿksa)
jltyfufék Hkh bl varj dk leFkZu djrk gS] tgk° lL;d dks rd vPNh rjg ls ihlsaA
izk—frd :i ls ik;k tkus okyk inkFkZ ekuk x;k gS] tcfd rqRFk 4- vafre pÿ dÍ iwjk gksus dÍ ckn] rqRFk dks iwjh rjg ls lq[kk ysaA
dks bldk —f=ke led{k crk;k x;k gSA
5- 'kqº rqRFk dks ,d=k djsa vkSj bls vkS"kékh; ;k fpfdRlh; mi;ksx
izdkj dÍ fy, ,;jVkbV dÏVsuj esa laxzfgr djsaA
lL;dÏ fg LoHkkota rqRFkdÏ —f=kea ere~A ekj.k
,dkHkkos ija xzk·a uk=k dk;kZ fopkj.kkAA
(j-t-fu-] [ka 2] i`- 110) fofék&01
1- LoHkkot rqRFk (Natural) iyksfUera rqRFkdÏ rq xUékdUrq iykºZde~A
2- —f=ke rqRFk (Artifical) 'kjkolEiqVs U;L; e`nk p ifjysi;sr~AA
xzk· y{k.k iqV=k;a iznkrO;a LoYiSjso ouksRiyS%A
f'kf[kd.BlePNk;a xq# fLuXéka egksTToye~A rqRFkdÏ e`frekIuksfr okfUrHkzkUR;kfnoftZre~AA
rqRFkdÏ 'kL;rs foKSjU;ºhuxq.ka ere~AA (j-r- 21@72) (j-r- 21@125&126)
1- eksj dh xnZu tSlk xgjk uhyk jaxA 1- ,d iy (48 xzke) 'kqº rqRFk vkSj ½ iy (24 xzke) 'kqº
2- xq# (Hkkjh)A xaékd ysaA
3- fLuXék (fpduk)A 2- nksuksa dks ,d 'kjko lEiqV (feÛh dÍ ik=k) esa j[ksa vkSj bls
4- pednkj lrgA dldj lhy dj nsaA
nks"k 3- lhycan lEiqV dks lw[ks xkscj dÍ miyksa dh lgk;rk ls y?kq iqV
izfÿ;k dÍ vékhu djsaA
okfUar HkzkfUre'kqºa rRdË#rs 'kksfékra 'kqHke~A (vk-iz- 4@39)
4- bls LokHkkfod :i ls BaMk gksus nsa] fQj lEiqV [kksysaA
v'kqº rqRFk dÍ lsou ls rhoz mYVh vkSj pDdj vk ldrs gSaA
5- ½ iy (24 xzke) 'kqº xaékd Mkysa vkSj lEiqV dks iqu%
'kkséku lhy dj nsaA
fofék&01 6- nwljk y?kq iqV djsa vkSj rhljs y?kq iqV ls igys vfrfj√ ½ iy
rqRFka fopw.;Z [kYos uofuEcqdksRFkokjkA (24 xzke) 'kqº xaékd dÍ lkFk izfÿ;k dks nksgjk,°A
ifjis"k;sn~ f};kea jlrU=kdeZfoK%AA (j-r- 21@106) 7- BaMk gksus dÍ ckn] rqRFk HkLe dks ,d=k djsa vkSj lqfufˇr djsa
1- ,d lkQ [kYo ;a=k esa vko';d ek=kk esa v'kqº rqRFkk ysaA fd ;g v'kqfº;ksa ls eq√ gSA
2- mlesa mfpr ek=kk esa uhacw Lojl (uhacw dk jl) feyk,°A 8- mi;ksx gsrq HkLe dks ,;jVkbV dÏVsuj esa laxzfgr djsaA
3- feJ.k dks vPNh rjg ls ihlsa vkSj leku izlaLdj.k lqfufˇr
fofék&02
djus dÍ fy, bls nks ;ke (yxHkx 6 ?kaVs) rd yxkrkj ?kksVsaA
4- ihlus dÍ ckn] rqRFkk dks mlh [kYo ;a=k esa QÎykdj ékwi esa ydËpÊkoxUékk'eVƒ~d.ksu lefUore~A
lq[kk,°A fu#é; ewf"kdkeé;s fez;rs dkSDd ‌ ËVS% iqVS%AA (j-j-l- 2@131)
5- iwjh rjg ls lw[k tkus dÍ ckn] 'kqº rqRFk dks ,d ,;jVkbV 1- 'kqº rqRFk] 'kqº xaékd vkSj 'kqº Vad.k dks leku ek=kk esa ysdj
dÏVsuj esa laxzfgr djsaA ,d LoPN [kYo ;a=k esa feyk,° vkSj vPNh rjg ls fefJr djsaA
6- vko';drkuqlkj bls vkS"kékh; rS;kfj;ksa ;k fpfdRlh; mÌs';ksa 2- blesa ydËp Lojl (jl) feykdj vkSj Hkh vPNh rjg ihlsaA
dÍ fy, mi;ksx djsaA 3- feJ.k dks leku vkdkj dh pfÿdkvksa (xksfy;ksa) esa <kysa vkSj
fofék&02 ueh jfgr gksus rd ékwi esa lq[kk,°A
lL;dÏ 'kqfºekIuksfr j√oxZs.k Hkkfore~A 4- lw[kh gqbZ xksfy;ksa dks ew"kd lEiqV esa j[ksa vkSj dËDdËV iqV izfÿ;k
LusgoxZs.k lafl√Ï lIrokjenwf"kre~AA (j-j-l- 2@129) dÍ vékhu djsaA
 366 jl'kkL=k ,oa HkS"kT; dYiuk • v/;k; 9
6- xSl fjyht dÍ eké;e ls 'kqfºdj.k 4- 'kqºrk esa o`fº% mPp rkieku ij ngu (Calcination) ls
xehZ dÍ izHkko ls lYQj MkbvkWDlkbM (SO2) vkSj ty ok"i ok"i'khy v'kqfº;k°] dkcZfud vo'ks"k vkSj ueh gV tkrs gSa]
(H2O) fudy tkrs gSa] ftlls vokafNr fo"kk√ rŸo lekIr gks ftlls ,d 'kqº vkSj fLFkj vafre mRikn izkIr gksrk gSA
tkrs gSaA 5- d.k vkdkj esa deh% yxkrkj 1350oC rd xeZ djus ls
ifj.kke% 'kqº vkSj lqjf{kr HkLe izkIr gksrh gSA flaVfjax izfÿ;k gksrh gS] ftlls d.k vkil esa tqM+dj NksVs gks
tkrs gSaA blls lrg {ks=k c<+rk gS vkSj tSo miyCékrk esa lqékkj
laLdj.k djrs le; rkieku dk egRo
gksrk gSA
(Importance of Temperature while Processing)
6- jklk;fud ,d:irk dks c<+kok nsuk% leku :i ls forfjr
rqRFk (Copper Sulphate) dÍ ≈"eh; vi?kVu dh izfÿ;k rkieku ls ,dleku jklk;fud vfHkfÿ;k,° lqfufˇr gksrh gSa]
vkSj izHkko ftlls fo˝luh; fpfdRlh; xq.kksa okyh ,d ltkrh; HkLe
1- ≈"eh; vi?kVu dks lqxe cukuk% yxHkx 1350oC tSls izkIr gksrh gSA
mPp rkieku ij rqRFk ≈"eh; vi?kVu ls xqtjrk gS] ftlls ek=kk
;g fLFkj vkWDlkbM ;k vU; okafNr jklk;fud ;kSfxdksa esa xq˛këeka'krks xq˛ikfndÏ rqRFkdÏ e`re~A
ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA ;s ;kSfxd bldÍ fpfdRlh; vuqiz;ksxksa dÍ rŸkn~Hks"kt;ksxsu ohr'kƒ~d% iz;kst;sr~AA (j-r- 21@130)
fy, vko';d gksrs gSaA ek=kk%
2- Redox vfHkfÿ;kvksa dks c<+kok nsuk% mPp rkieku ij
1@8th jŸkh (15mg) & 1@4th jŸkh (30mg)
vkWDlhdj.k&deh (jsMkWDl) vfHkfÿ;k,° vfékd lfÿ; gks
tkrh gSa] tks dPps rqRFk dks tSo miyCék :iksa esa ifjofrZr vuqiku
djus dÍ fy, egRoiw.kZ gSaA ;g izfÿ;k vklZsfud vkSj lYQj ?k`r] rkacqy i=k Lojl] eékqA
;kSfxdksa tSlh gkfudkjd v'kqfº;ksa dks izHkkoh :i ls lekIr ;ksx
djrh gSA
1- rqRFk Êo 4- rqRFk ve`r eygj
3- fo"kk√rk dk mUewyu% fu;af=kr rkieku ij ≈"eu (ghfVax)
2- tkR;kfn ?k`r 5- 'kwph eq[k jl
ls fo"kk√ rŸoksa dk lqjf{kr ok"ihdj.k ;k fuf"ÿ;dj.k gksrk
gS] ftlls rqRFk vkS"kékh; mi;ksx dÍ fy, mi;q√ curk gSA 3- yksdukFk jl

Research Updates

Sr.No. Article Name Author Name Result

1. Mineralogical Prem Shankar Pandey The study focuses on the mineralogical characterization of Sasyaka
Identification and Department of Rasa Shastra based on Grahya Lakshana from Rasa Shastra and Ayurvedic
Characterisation of and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Pharmacopoeia standards. It compares the physicochemical analysis of
Sasyaka - Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute Sasyaka, Bornite, and Chalcanthrite, confirming Sasyaka’s authenticity
An Ayurvedic Drug of Medical Sciences, as Bornite. Sasyaka is used therapeutically as Bhasma after Shodhana
Banaras Hindu University, (purification) and may be combined with herbs. Bhasma helps
Varanasi, India maintain alkalinity, neutralize harmful acids, and its reduced particle
size improves absorption and assimilation in the body.
2. Experimental Study on Neela C. Sudi, Prof. and HOD This study highlights Satvapatana, which aims to extract therapeutically
Extraction of Sasyaka Department of Rasashastra, active material. According to Rasa Ratna Samuchaya, Satvapatana
Satwa SVM Ayurvedic Medical of Sasyaka yielded 10 grams of Tamra Satva, practically proving the
College, Ilkal, Karnataka – accuracy of the Acharyas’ teachings.
587125.
3. Conceptual Review on Dr. Abinash Pradhan, 3rd Year This study highlights that Sasyaka is natural, while Tuttha is artificial.
Sasyaka (Tuttha) PG Scholar, Department of Sasyaka has a peacock-neck color and is beneficial in Vata-Kaphaja
Rasashastra and Bhaisajya conditions, with properties like Lekhana, Bhedana, and Krimighna.
Kalpana, SJG Ayurveda Medical It treats skin diseases, vitiligo, diabetes, heart disease, and obesity,
College, Koppal, Karnataka balances Kapha and Pitta doshas, enhances strength, alleviates pain,
and serves as a Rasayana when used long-term.
v/;k; 9 • jlÊO; ifjp;&2 387

B. lqjk {kkj vkSj gfLrnar pw.kZ 38- r`.kdkar (vacj) dk izkFkfed xq.k (xq.k) D;k gS\
C. Vad.k ty D. gjhrdh pw.kZ A. fLuXék (rSyh;) B. :{k ('kq"d)
28- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lh fpfdRlh; fLFkfr esa xkSjh& C. m".k (xeZ) D. 'khr (BaMk)
ik"kk.k mipkj esa enn dj ldrk gS\ 39- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu r`.kdkar (vacj) dk œksr ugha gS\
A. Ropk ij pdŸks B. vLFkek (˝kl) A. ckfYVd lkxj B. :l
C. cq[kkj ('khr Toj) D. mijks√ lHkh C. E;kaekj D. nf{k.k v⁄hdk
29- xkSjhik"kk.k dh vuq'kaflr [kqjkd D;k gS\ 40- r`.kdkUr fiëh dÍ fy, fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk vuqiku
A. 1 feyhxzke
vuq'kaflr gS\
B. 1@120 jŸkh & 1@30 jŸkh (1 feyhxzke & 4 feyhxzke)
A. ikuh B. nwék
C. 5 feyhxzke D. 1 xzke
C. eékq ('kgn) D. ?kh
30- xkSjhik"kk.k dÍ lkFk vkerkSj ij dkSu&lk jax tqM+k
41- vk;qoZsfnd xzaFkksa esa vdhd fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl Js.kh
gqvk gS\
ls lacafékr gS\
A. gjk B. ihyk ;k ukjaxh&yky
A. mijRu oxZ B. jlinkFkZ oxZ
C. dkyk D. lQÍn
C. uojl oxZ D. ékUoarfj oxZ
31- r`.kdkUr (,Ecj) dh izkFkfed jklk;fud lajpuk D;k gS\
A. C10H12O B. C6H12O6 42- vdhd eq[; :i ls fdl jklk;fud inkFkZ ls cuk gS\
A. SiO2 B. NaCl
C. NaCl D. CaCO3
32- r`.kdkUr (,Ecj) dk fof'kë jax D;k gS\ C. CaCO3 D. H2O

A. uhyk 43- dkSu&lk jax vkerkSj ij vdhd ls tqM+k ugha gS\

B. ihyk] ukjaxh] gjk] yky vkSj Hkwjk A. uhyk B. gjk
C. dkyk D. cSaxuh C. yky D. lQÍn
33- Amber (r`.kdkUr) HkaMkj dh lcls cM+h ek=kk dgk° E. dkyk F. cSaxuh
ikbZ tkrh gS\ 44- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk vk;qoZsfnd xzaFk vdhd dks
A. la;q√ jkT; vesfjdk B. :l ijnknh oxZ dÍ varxZr oxhZ—r djrk gS\
C. Hkkjr D. E;kaekj A. jlniZ.k B. flºHks"kt ef.kekyk
34- r`.kdkUr (,Ecj) dh dBksjrk D;k gS\ C. jlke`re~ D. pjd lafgrk
A. 3&4 B. 2&2-5 45- vk;qoZsn esa vdhd dks 'kqº djus dÍ fy, fuEufyf[kr
C. 5&6 D. 1&1-5 esa ls fdl fofék dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\
35- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk r`.kdkUr (vacj) dÍ fy, A. xqykc ty dÍ lkFk 21 ckj fuokZiu deZ
,d izeq[k fpfdRlh; ladÍr gS\ B. ikuh esa mckyuk
A. ˝lu&lacaékh fodkj B. ikpu&lacaékh leL;k,°
C. gcZy vdZ dÍ lkFk 7 xtiqV
C. j√fiŸk (j√œko&lacaékh fodkj)
D. lw[kk Hkwuuk
D. vfLFk Hkax
46- vdhd dh lkekU; dBksjrk lhek D;k gS\
36- vk;qoZsn esa r`.kdkUr fiëh dh fdruh [kqjkd ysus dh
A. 1&2 B. 3&4
lykg nh tkrh gS\
C. 5&6 D. 6&7
A. 5&10 xzke B. 1&2 xzke
C. 10&20 xzke D. 0-5&1 xzke 47- vk;qoZsn esa vdhd dh izkFkfed fpfdRlh; fÿ;k D;k gS\
37- r`.kdkUr (vacj) dÍ ekj.k (izlaLdj.k) dÍ fy, fdl A. cY; ('kf√ dks c<+krk gS)
fofék dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\ B. esé; (cqfº dks c<+krk gS)
A. Hkkouk B. xtiqV C. fiŸk 'keu (fiŸk dks larqfyr djrk gS)
C. enZu D. iqVikd D. ‚n; (‚n; dÍ LokLF; dk leFkZu djrk gS)
 jlÊO; ifjp;&3
10 (Rasa Dravya Parichaya - III)

oSÿkUr Properties Identification

Chemical Composition Na(MgFeMnLiAl)3Al6
ifjp; (B3O)3 (Si6O8)
Colour Black
{{ oSÿkar egkjl lewg esa nwljh [kfut vkS"kfék gS] ftls Vweykbu
Cleavage Prismatic Crystal
dÍ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
Luster Vitreous
{{ ;g ,d cksjksflfydÍV [kfut gS] ftlesa ,Y;qfefu;e] vk;ju]
Streak White
eSXuhf'k;e] lksfM;e] fyfFk;e vkSj iksVsf'k;e tSls rŸo ik, Specific Gravity 2.9 - 3.2
tkrs gSaA Hardness 7 - 7-5
{{ bldk lkekU; jklk;fud lw=k Mg, Mn, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Li, Fracture Uneven
H, F, Al2, B2, Si4, O10 gSA Tenacity Brittle
{{ ;g ,d vékZ&dherh jRu gS] ftldk uke flagyh 'kCn ^Fkqjekyh* Transparency Translucent
;k ^FkksjeYyh* ls O;qRiUu gqvk gS] tks Jhyadk dÍ jRuksa dks lanfHkZr
djrk gSA [kfut
{{ ;g f=kdks.kh; fÿLVy iz.kkyh dk fgLlk gSA {{ varjkZë™h;% nf{k.k v⁄hdk] dukMk] is:] eSfDldks] FkkbZySaM]
{{ ;g f=kdks.kh; ÿkWl&lsD'ku okys fizTeh; ;k LraHkkdkj fÿLVy ukWoZs] teZuh vkSj ;wukbVsM fdÏxMe esa ik;k tkrk gSA
dÍ :i esa ik;k tkrk gSA {{ Hkkjr% jktLFkku vkSj xqtjkrA
{{ ;g gsehekWfQZTe (vlefer fÿLVy Nksj) iznf'kZr djrk gSA
izdkj
{{ ;g vDlj ,IykbV tSls eghu nkus okys xzsukbV esa ik;k tkrk gS
vkSj jsfM;y ;k Mst+h tSls iSVuZ cukrk gSA ‹osr% ihrLrFkk j√ks uhy% ikjkorizHk%A
{{ bldh fo'ks"krk Hkkjh ≈éokZékj ékkfj;ksa okys f=kdks.kh; fizîe dh e;wjd.Bln`'k'pkU;ks ejdrizHk%AA
mifLFkfr gS] tks bls xksy f=kdks.kh; :i iznku djrh gSA nsgflfºdja —".ka ihrs ihra flrs flre~A
lokZFkZflfºna j√Ï rFkk ejdrizHke~A
i;kZ;okph
'ks"ks }s fu"Qys oT;Zs oSÿkUrfefr lIrékkAA
oSÿkUr'pSo foÿkUra oSÿkUra th.kZotzde~A (j-j-l- 2@61&63)
dËotza {kqÊdËfy'ka pw.kZotz¸ rUere~AA (j-r- 23@155) 1- ˝sr% (White)
oSÿkUr] foÿkUr] th.kZotzd] dËo=k] {kqÊdËfy'k] pw.kZotzA 2- ihr (Yellow)
Minerological Identification 3- j√ (Red)
Properties Identification 4- uhy (Blue)
Chemical Name Touramaline 5- ikjkor (Grey)
 394 jl'kkL=k ,oa HkS"kT; dYiuk • v/;k; 10
7- var esa] rS;kj gqbZ ckjhd vkSj eqyk;e oSÿkar HkLe dks bd∫k ions being substituted with Na+ or K+, subtly
djsa vkSj ,d ,;jVkbV dÏVsuj esa lqjf{kr j[ksaA altering the mineral's composition.
ek=kk {{ Chelation or dissolution of impurities:
Organic acidss, proteins, and enymes in Kulattha
rŸoka'krks jf√dk;k #Êka'kizfera e`re~A Kwatha bind to metallic and non-metallic
oSÿkUrdÏ iz;q˛hr cydkyk|is{k;kAA (j-r- 23@170) impurities, promoting their removal.
ek=kk% {{ Thermal Effects:

1@24th & 1@11th jŸkh (5 & 11 mgs) i. Swedana (steam treatment): Mild heating
(~40-70oC) softens impurities, making
vuqiku% extraction easier.
voLFkk dÍ vuqlkjA ii. Phase stabilization: Controlled heating
Properties maintains the structural integrity of the
mineral without causing decomposition.
oSÿkUrLrq f=knks"k?u% "kM™lks nsgnk<~;Z—r~A
ik.MwnjToj‹okldkl{k;izesguqr~AA (vk-iz- 5@167) Method&2%

{{ jl %& "kM jl Physical Changes

{{ xq.k%& fLuXék {{ Surface cleansing: Kulattha Kwatha serves as a
{{ oh;Z%&'khr natural detergent, effectively removing surface
impurities.
{{ foikd%& eékqj
{{ Improved crystallinity: Heat and hydration
{{ nks"k%& f=knks"k?u
refine the crystalline structure of the mineral by
{{ deZ%& jlk;u] o`";] ;ksxokgh] izk.kizn] cyo.kZdkjA eliminating defects.
{{ fpfdRlh; ladÍr%&Toj] dËí] {k;] ik.Mq] ˝kl] dkl] izesgA
Chemical Changes
Probable Physico-chemical Changes {{ Effects of the decoction:
During Shodhana Process Phytoconstituents in Kulattha Kwatha, such
as tannins and phenolic acids, interact with
Method&1% metal ions or oxides in Vaikranta, dissolving or
Physical Changes chelating impurities.
{{ Size reduction: The mechanical pounding of {{ Toxicity reduction:
Vaikranta breaks it into smaller fragments, Organic compounds in Kulattha Kwatha form
increasing the surface area for interaction. non-toxic complexes with toxic elements in
{{ Enhanced porosity: Heating in Kulattha Kwatha Vaikranta, neutralizing their effects.
with alkaline salts creates micro-cracks,
{{ Surface hydration:
facilitating impurity release.
Steaming causes hydration of the mineral's
{{ Residue removal: Washing eliminates surface
surface, aiding in stabilization and impurity
and interstitial impurities, such as soluble salts,
removal.
clay, and other unwanted particles.
{{ Thermal Effects:
Chemical Changes
Controlled heating: Ensures the mineral remains
{{ Neutralization of acidic impurities:
stable, avoiding any phase transitions or
Yavaksara (an alkali) reacts with acidic decomposition.
contaminants in Vaikranta, forming water-
soluble salts through neutralization. During Marana Process
{{ Ion exchange reactions: 1. Physical Changes
Interaction with Saindhava Lavana and Yavaksara {{ Size Reduction: Fine grinding in Khalva Yantra
may result in ion replacement, such as Fe or Mg enhances reactivity and heat penetration.
v/;k; 10 • jlÊO; ifjp;&3 443

•• Chemical:Herbal juice integrates active •• Chemical: Reduces volatilization during heating.

compounds, enhancing purification. {{ Gajaputa (High-Heat Treatment)
{{ Formation of Cakrikas •• Physical: Thermal expansion alters the
•• Physical: Pellets ensure uniform heating. crystalline structure.
•• Chemical: Herbal absorption aids detoxification •• Chemical: Oxidation, sublimation, and reduc-
tion detoxify and transform the material
and transformation.
into Bhasma.
{{ Drying in Sunlight
;ksx
•• Physical: Moisture removal concentrates active
ingredients. ,syk iapd pw.kZA
Research Updates
Sr.No. Article Name Author Name Result
1. Research Sunil Mandal, PG An extensive review was conducted to identify published research on
Updates on Scholar, Dept. of RSBK, Badarashma across both print and digital platforms, resulting in a total of
Badarashma Shri Dharmasthala ten studies. These included two experimental studies, one comparative
Manjunatheshwara Ayurveda pharmaceutico-analytical study, one case study, and six clinical trials.
College, Udupi, Karnataka, The pharmaceutico-analytical study provided preliminary standards for
India. Badarashma, while experimental studies generated evidence supporting
its diuretic properties. Clinical trials, particularly on Mutrashmari,
demonstrated significant efficacy for both Badarashma Bhasma and Pishti.
Overall, Badarashma Bhasma has shown therapeutic potential in managing
conditions like Mutrakruchra, Mutrashmari, and Mutradaha. This compilation
highlights that most research has focused on its diuretic properties, either as
a single drug or in combination with other formulations.
2. Comparative Vani Belapu, Dept. of This study compared the diuretic effects of Badarashma Bhasma and
diuretic activity RSBK, Shri Dharmasthala Pishti in albino rats. At a dose of 45 mg/kg, Bhasma showed a significant
of badarashma Manjunatheshwara Ayurveda increase in urine volume compared to the control, while Pishti had moderate
bhasma and College, Udupi, Karnataka, effects. Sodium and chloride excretion were non-significant, but Bhasma
badarashma India. reduced potassium excretion. Bhasma’s diuretic activity was comparable to
pishti in albino furosemide but lacked potassium-sparing effects, making it more effective
rats than Pishti for therapeutic use.

Multiple Choice Questions

1- oSÿkar (Vweykbu) dk jklk;fud lw=k D;k gS\ dËyRFk DokFk esa Losnuk
B.
A. NaAl2Si6O18 C. xaékd vkSj fgaxqyk dÍ lkFk feykuk
B. Na (MgFeMnLiAl)3Al6 (B3O)3 (Si6O8) D. [kYo ;a=k esa ihluk
C. KAlSi3O8 4- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu oSÿkar fÿLVy dh HkkSfrd
D. CaCO3 mifLFkfr dk o.kZu djrk gS\
2- Hkkjr esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&ls {ks=k oSÿkar tek dÍ A. fpdus fdukjksa dÍ lkFk ?kukdkj
fy, tkus tkrs gSa\ B. f=kdks.kh; ÿkWl&lsD'ku dÍ lkFk fizTeh; ;k LraHkkdkj
A. egkjkë™ vkSj dÍjy B. jktLFkku vkSj xqtjkr C. likV lrgksa dÍ lkFk "kV~dks.kh;
C. rfeyukMq vkSj mM+hlk D. vkaékz izns'k vkSj rsyaxkuk D. vfu;fer vk—fr;ksa dÍ lkFk vukdkj
3- 'kkséku izfÿ;k dÍ nkSjku oSÿkar dks 'kqº djus dÍ fy, 5- vk;qofsZ nd fpfdRlk esa oSÿkaFk dÍ lkFk dkSu&lk fpfdRlh;
mi;ksx dh tkus okyh izkFkfed fofék D;k gS\ xq.k tqM+k gqvk gS\
A. uhacw Lojl dÍ lkFk xeZ djuk A. f=knks"k?u (rhuksa nks"kksa dks larqfyr djrk gS)
 11 'kdZjk dYiuk (Sharkara Kalpana)

'kdZjk dYiuk {{ 'kdZjk dYiuk esa phuh dh bëre lkaÊrk yxHkx 66-7Ä gksrh gS]
tks bldh fLFkjrk cuk, j[kus vkSj laj{k.k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
ifjp; fuHkkrh gSA
{{ 'kdZjk dYiuk vk;qonsZ esa ,d Lokfnë rjy ;ksx (Formulation) ifjHkk"kk
gS] tks viuh ehBh vkSj flji tSlh fLFkjrk dÍ dkj.k 'kjcr dÍ 'kdZjk dYiuk ,d ekSf[kd rjy [kqjkd :i gS] tks vkerkSj ij
leku izrhr gksrh gSA dÍafÊr ;k lar`Ir lqÿkst (Sucrose) ?kksy ls cus ehBs vkSj fpifpis
{{ ;g vR;fékd Lokfnë vkSj mi;ksx esa vklku gksrh gS] fo'ks"k :i flji dÍ :i esa gksrh gSA
ls cPpksa vkSj mu O;f√;ksa dÍ fy,] tks Bksl nokvksa dh rqyuk lkekU; fofék
esa rjy nokvksa dks vfékd ilan djrs gSaA
fges Qk.Vs •`rsødZs ok 'kdZjka f}xq.kka f{kisr~A
{{ blesa fo?kVu dh vko';drk ugha gksrh] ftlls Bksl [kqjkd :iksa eUnsøXukS lkfékra iwra iVkr~ rr~ 'kkdZja Le`rkAA (Ê-xq-fo-m- 2@50)
dh rqyuk esa ;g isV vkSj vkarksa esa rsth ls vo'kksf"kr gks tkrh gSA 1- fdlh Hkh rjy inkFkZ] tSls fge] Qk.V] vdZ] ;k DokFk (dk<+k)
{{ 'kdZjk (Sucrose) dk mPp@ High osmotic ncko bacteria] ls 'kq#vkr djsaA
dod vkSj vU; lw{ethoksa dÍ fodkl dks jksdus esa enn djrk 2- Êo ÊO; dÍ ek=kk ls nksxquh phuh feyk,°A
gS] ftlls bldh loh;Zrk vofék (Shelf life) c<+ tkrh gSA 3- feJ.k dks cgqr gYdh vkap ij ékhjs&ékhjs xeZ djsa vkSj bls
{{ 'kk–h; vk;qoZsfnd xzaFkksa esa bldk ewy :i ls mYys[k ugha ékhjs&ékhjs mcyus nsa] tc rd fd rjy 'kgn dÍ leku flji
feyrk] bls 20oha 'krkCnh esa ;knoth f=kdeth us vk;qoZsn esa tSlh fLFkjrk rd u igq°p tk,A
izLrqr fd;k FkkA 4- okafNr fLFkjrk izkIr gksus dÍ ckn] phuh esa ekStwn fdlh Hkh
{{ bls vk;qoZsfnd nok dÏifu;ksa }kjk O;kid :i ls mi;ksx fd;k v'kqfº dks gVkus dÍ fy, pk'kuh dks Nku ysaA
tkrk gS] vkSj dbZ Patent mRikn flji dÍ :i esa miyCék gSaA 5- Nus gq, flji dks lkQ] lw[kh vkSj ok;qjksékh cksry esa laxfz gr djsAa

'kdZjk dYiuk vkSj flji dÍ chp varj

ÿekad 'kdZjk dYiuk flji
1- vk;qoZsfnd flºkarksa dÍ vkékkj ij] lkexzh tSls dk<+k (DokFk)] —f=ke ;k izk—frd lfÿ; lkefxz;ksa ls rS;kj fd;k x;k
fge ;k vdZ ls bls rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA
2- blesa rjy dh ek=kk ls nksxquh phuh feykbZ tkrh gSaA ;g lkafÊr QkWeZwys'ku vkerkSj ij phuh ;k —f=ke feBkl dk
mi;ksx djdÍ cuk;k tkrk gSA
3- ékhjs&ékhjs mckyk tkrk gS tc rd fd ;g flji tSlh fLFkjrk rd flji vDlj phuh dks ikuh ;k vU; rjy inkFkZ esa ?kksydj
u igq°p tk,A bldÍ ckn] feJ.k dks Nkudj HkaMkj.k fd;k tkrk gSA rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj ikjaifjd mckyus dh fofék;ksa dk ikyu
fd, fcuk lfÿ; rŸo feyk, tkrs gSaA
 v/;k; 11 • 'kdZjk dYiuk 455

esa vpkud ifjorZu vleku forj.k dk dkj.k cu ldrk gS] •• ty ijh{k.k% ;fn ikd gqvk feJ.k dk ,d NksVk VqdM+k fLFkj
ftlls vafre mRikn dh izHkkodkfjrk izHkkfor gks ldrh gSA ikuh ls Hkjs dVksjs esa Mkyk tk, vkSj og fcuk fc[kjs ry esa
{{ mfpr rkieku fu;a=k.k ;g lqfufˇr djrk gS fd vkS"kékh; xq.k cSB tk,] rks ;g mfpr eksVkbZ dh iqfë djrk gSA
lajf{kr jgsa vkSj vafre mRikn dk lfo;Zrk vofék fLFkj cuh jgsA •• uje vkSj fpifpih cukoV% feJ.k dks Nwus ij ;g uje
{{ mfpr rkieku izcaéku ;g lqfufˇr djrk gS fd okafNr :i vkSj vkSj fpifpik gksuk pkfg,] tks okafNr vékZ&Bksl fLFkjrk dk
cukoV izkIr gksA ladÍr nsrk gSA
lkoékkfu;k° 2- ikduarj (idkus dÍ ckn)%
•• fn[kkoV% rS;kj mRikn esa mi;ksx dh xbZ lkexzh dÍ vuqlkj
1- mPp xq.koŸkk okys] lkQ vkSj iqjkus xqM+ dk mi;ksx djsa] D;ksafd mfpr jax] lqxaék vkSj Lokn gksuk pkfg,] tks ;g n'kkZrk gS fd
rktk xqM+ dQ dks c<+k ldrk gS vkSj ikpu dks [k+jkc dj ikd lgh rjhdÍ ls rS;kj fd;k x;k gSA
ldrk gSA •• fQÏxjfizaV (Fingerprint) ijh{k.k% tc feJ.k dks Nqvk
2- lqfufˇr djsa fd vkS"kékh; ÊO; vkSj vU; lkexzh 'kqº vkSj tk,] rks ;g Lië fQÏxjfizaV baizs'ku NksM+uk pkfg,] ftlls
iznw"kdksa ls eq√ gSaA ;g izekf.kr gksrk gS fd ;g vHkh Hkh uje gS ysfdu vkdkj
3- xqM+ dks ?kksyus vkSj feJ.k rS;kj djus dÍ fy, gYdh ls eé;e nsus ;k HkaMkj.k dÍ fy, i;kZIr :i ls Bksl gSA
vk°p dk mi;ksx djsa] T;knk xje djus ls dkjesykbt+s'ku HkaMkj.k
(Caramelization) ;k ty ldrk gS] tcfd de xje djus
lanw"k.k vkSj ueh ls cpkus dÍ fy, vafre mRikn dks lw[ks] ok;qjksékh
ls vuqfpr fLFkjrk gks ldrh gSA dÏVsujksa esa laxzfgr djsa] rkfd bldh xq.koŸkk le; dÍ lkFk cuh jgsA
4- rkieku dh yxkrkj fuxjkuh djsa] [kkldj rc tc feJ.k dks
laj{k.k
okafNr ékkxs dh fLFkjrk rd de fd;k tk,A
5- xqM+k ?kqyus dÍ ckn] fdlh Hkh HkkSfrd v'kqºrk ;k fons'kh d.kksa {{ xqMikd dYiuk dk lkafÊr :i bldh mPp phuh lkexzh dÍ
dks gVkus dÍ fy, feJ.k dks Nku ysaA ;g pj.k lqfufˇr djrk dkj.k LokHkkfod :i ls lajf{kr jgrk gS vkSj bldÍ fy, vfrfj√
gS fd vafre rS;kjh LoPN vkSj vokafNr lkefxz;ksa ls eq√ gSA ifjj{kdksa dh vko';drk ugha gksrhA
{{ vkékqfud QkWeZwys'ku esa vkerkSj ij lksfM;e csatks,V
6- ,d fpduk] ltkrh; feJ.k lqfufˇr djus dÍ fy, vkS"kékh;
(Sodium Benzoate)] iksVsf'k;e esVk&ckblYQkbV (Pota-
pw.kZ feykrs le; feJ.k dks yxkrkj fgykrs jgsaA pw.kZ dks
ssium Meta Bisulphide)] lkbfV™d ,flM (Citric Acid)]
ékhjs&ékhjs vkSj leku :i ls feyk dj xk°B cuus ls cpsaA
fXyljhu (Glycerine)] feFkkby iSjkcsu (Methl Paraben)
7- iwjh izfÿ;k esa LoPNrk cuk, j[ksa] ftlesa lanw"k.k dks jksdus vkSj csatksbd ,flM (Benzoic Acid) tSls ifjj{kd 'kkfey
dÍ fy, lkQ crZuksa dk mi;ksx djuk vkSj LoPN okrkoj.k esa fd, tkrs gSa] tks ekbÿksfc;y (Microbial Growth) o`fº dks
dke djuk 'kkfey gSA jksdus vkSj mRikn dh izHkkodkfjrk cuk, j[kus esa lgk;d gksrs
iqfëdj.k ijh{k.k gSaA
;nk nohZizysi% L;kr~ ;nk ok rUrqyh Hkosr~A ek=kk
rks;iw.kZs p ik=ks rq f{kIrks u Iyors xqM%AA 12 gms
f{kIrLrq fu'pyfLrísr~ ifrrLrq u 'kh;ZfrA vuqiku
,"k ikdks xqMknhuka loZs"kka ifjdhfrZr%AA
xksnqXék] ty ;k dksbZ Hkh rjy inkFkZA
lq[k eÌZ% lq[kLi'kkZs xUéko.kZjlkfUor%A
ihfMrks Hktrs eqÊka xqM% ikdeqikxr%AA (oS-i-iz- 3@50&52) lfo;Zrk vofék
1- ikddkyhu (idkus dÍ nkSjku)% 3 lkyA
•• pEep ijh{k.k% feJ.k dks fgykrs le; ;fn ikd gqvk ÊO; mnkgj.k
pEep ls etcwrh ls fpidrk gS] rks ;g ladÍr nsrk gS fd
ef.kHkÊ xqM+
feJ.k okafNr fLFkjrk rd igq°p jgk gSA
•• ékkxk ijh{k.k% feJ.k dks maxfy;ksa ;k pEep dÍ chp
lUnHkZ xzaFk%
[khapdj tkapus ij] blesa 2&3 rkj tSlh fLFkjrk gksuh pkfg,A AFI Part& 01
 456 jl'kkL=k ,oa HkS"kT; dYiuk • v/;k; 11
foMılkjkeydkHk;kuka iy=k;a =khf.k iykfu dËEHkkr~A 3- feJ.k dks rc rd mckysa tc rd ;g 2&3 rkj dh fLFkjrk
xqML; p }kn'k ekles"k ftrkReuka gUR;qi;qT;eku%AA izkIr djrs gq, ys· ikd dh xk<+h voLFkk esa u igq°p tk,A
dËía f‹o=ka ‹okldklksnjk'kkZsesgIyhgxzUF;#XtUrqxqYeku~A 4- ys· ikd esa ékhjs&ékhjs filh gqbZ ÊO; feyk,° vkSj vPNh rjg
flºa ;ksxa izkg ;{kks eqeq{kksfHkZ{kks% izk.kkUekf.kHkÊ% fdysee~AA feyk,°] ;g lqfufˇr djrs gq, fd feJ.k ,d leku vkSj
(v-‚-fp- 19@31&32) ltkrh; :i esa vk tk,A
lkexzh 5- feJ.k ls bfPNr vkdkj dÍ eksnd (NksVh xksfy;ka) cuk,° vkSj
ÿekad ÊO; uke vuqikr mUgsa Nk;k esa lw[kus dÍ fy, j[ksaA iwjh rjg lw[kus dÍ ckn]
1- foM+x 48 gms eksndksa dks mudh xq.koŸkk vkSj rktxh cuk, j[kus dÍ fy,
2- veydh 48 gms ,;jVkbV (Air Tight) dk°p dÍ dÏVsuj (Container) esa
3- gjhrdh 48 gms laxzfgr djsaA
4- f=ko`Ÿk 144 gms ek=kk%
5- xqM 576 gms
6 gms
fuekZ.k fof/k vuqiku%
1- ÊO; 1 ls 4 dks rc rd ckjhd ihlsa tc rd os ,d leku ikuh] nwékA
vkSj ltkrh; fLFkjrk izkIr u dj ysaA
fpfdRlh; ladsr%
2- ,d lkQ crZu esa xqM+ dks ikuh dÍ lkFk feyk,° vkSj gYdh
vkap ij xeZ djsaA dËí] f˝=k] mnj] Iyhgk] —fe] xzafFk#d] v'kZ] ˝kl] dkl] esgA
Research Updates
Sr.No. Article Name Author Name Result
1. Critical Review of Manibhadra Vd. Tejaswi Raut PG Scholar, Manibhadra Yoga, widely used in clinical practice, varies in
Yoga Department of Rasashastra Guda quantity across texts and is primarily used for kushtha and
and Bhaishjyakalpana, arsha chikitsa, acting as a sukhvirechaka. Different preparation
Government Ayurved College methods, agni sidha and anagnisiddha, result in varied shapes
Nagpur, 440009. and dosages of the final product. While Guda is typically in 6
or 12 parts, the final drug shape varies from Modak to Vatak,
Gutika, Leha, and Guda. The market version, Manibhadra
leham, is available in avaleha form.
2. Pharmacognostical and Nilesh L. Patel, Ph.D. Scholar, The study results indicate that the test formulation exhibited
Preliminary Physicochemical Department of Panchkarma, significant physicochemical parameters: water-soluble
Evaluation of Manibhadra Institute for Post Graduate extractive (66.80% w/w), alcohol-soluble extractive (57.10%
Guda – A Polyherbal Teaching and Research in w/w), ash value (3.00% w/w), loss on drying (12.52% w/w), and
Ayurvedic Formulation Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved pH (3.5 in 5% aqueous solution). High-performance thin-layer
University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, chromatography identified ten peaks at 254 nm and thirteen
India. peaks at 366 nm, establishing a standard reference for future
research.
3. Role of Manibhadra Guda Ramesh G. Halalli, P.G. Enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes are more common in males
in the Management of Scholar, Department of P.G. aged 5 to 10 years, presenting as chronic abdominal pain.
Nonspecific Mesenteric Studies in Kaumarabhritya, Ayurvedic parallels with Gulma suggest involvement of Vata
Lymphadinitis in Children: Alva's Ayurveda Medical dosha, Raktasudha, and Vedhana. Hence, Manibhadra Guda
A Review College, Moodbidri, India may effectively manage this condition.
4. Pharmaceutical Analysis of Pravin Ramdas Firke, Manibhadra Yoga, an economical formulation, utilizes easily
Manibhadra Yoga Prepared Associate Professor, & HOD accessible ingredients with low production costs. However,
With Different Methods Department of Agadtantra, during preparation, Sample A was rejected for forming a hard
Krishna Ayurved Medical mass, Sample B (Leha form) degraded quickly due to high
College, Vadodara, Gujarat, moisture content, and Sample C (Modaka) was too hard and
India large. To address these issues and ensure ease of administration
and longer shelf life, Gudapaka was transformed into granules
(Sample D). This process proved less labor-intensive, resulting in
a visually appealing and palatable product with lower moisture
content, higher water-soluble extractives, and reducing sugars.
 12 prqfoZ/k jlk;u (Chaturvidha Rasayana)

prqfoZék jlk;u Hkkouk laLdkj ,d egRoiw.kZ izfÿ;k gS] tks dPph vkS"kfék;ksa dÍ
ewy xq.kksa esa ifjorZu ykdj muesa u, fpfdRlh; xq.kksa dk lekos'k
jl'kk– eq[; :i ls ikjs ls lacafékr ,d oSKkfud 'kk[kk gS] tks djrh gSA enZu ,oa Hkkouk laLdkj vkS"kékh; inkFkZ dÍ lw{e d.kksa
^jl ÊO;* dÍ :i esa Kkr inkFkks± ij dÍafÊr gksrh gSA bu inkFkks± dks rjy eké;e dÍ laidZ esa ykus] eké;e dÍ xq.kksa dks inkFkZ esa
dks pkj oxks± esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS% jl] ékkrq] jRu] vkSj fo"kA lekfgr djus] eksVs pw.kZ dks vR;ar lw{e :i esa cnyus ,oa vkxs
fo'ks"k :i ls jl ÊO; vius mR—ë jlk;u xq.kksa dÍ dkj.k egRoiw.kZ dÍ izlaLdj.k dks lqxe cukus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA
ekus tkrs gSa] tks bUgsa U;wure ek=kk esa vR;fékd izHkkoh cukrs gSaA bu izfÿ;kvksa dÍ eké;e ls vkS"kékh; inkFkks± esa fof'kë HkkSfrd ,oa
jlkS"kfék;k° eq[;r% ikjk ;kSfxdksa ij vkékkfjr gksrh gSa vkSj buesa jklk;fud ifjorZu gksrs gSa] ftlls mudh izHkkodkfjrk esa o`fº
vf}rh; xq.k fo|eku gksrs gSaA budÍ fuekZ.k esa fofHkUu ékkrq ,oa gksrh gSA ifj.kkeLo:i] enZu ,oa Hkkouk laLdkj mPp xq.koŸkk
[kfutksa dks lw{e :i esa ifj.kr fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls mudh okyh vkS"kfék;ksa] fo'ks"k :i ls [kYoh; jlk;u dÍ fuekZ.k esa
fpfdRlh; {kerk c<+ tkrh gSA bl dkj.k] jlkS"kfék;k° de ek=kk lgk;d gksrs gSaA
esa Hkh vR;fékd izHkkodkfjrk vkSj Rofjr fÿ;k iznf'kZr djrh gSa] ;fn 'kk–h; fofék;ksa dÍ vuqlkj rS;kj fd;k tk,] rks [kYoh;
lkFk gh jlk;u vkSj fpfdRlh; nksuksa xq.k iznku djrh gSaA
jlk;u uSnkfud vH;kl esa fpfdRlh; dYiuk ij lqjf{kr ,oa
prqfoZék jlk;u vk;qoZsfnd xzaFkksa esa of.kZr pkj izeq[k jlkS"kfék izHkkoh flº gksrs gSaA
fuekZ.k fofék;ksa dks lanfHkZr djrk gS%
ifjHkk"kk
1- [kYoh; jlk;u
2- iiZVh jlk;u [kYoh; jlk;u mu feJ.kksa dks lanfHkZr djrk gS] ftUgsa [kjy esa
3- dÈihiDo jlk;u lkoékkuhiwoZd ihldj rc rd lalkfékr fd;k tkrk gS] tc rd
os okafNr xq.kékeZ izkIr ugha dj ysrsA
4- iksÛyh jlk;u
bu fofék;ksa dÍ eké;e ls jlkS"kfék;ksa dks fof'kë izfÿ;kvksa }kjk ;k
rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls mudh xq.kkRed fo'ks"krk,° vkSj ikjn vkSj xaékd dks tM+h&cwfV;ksa] [kfutksa ;k ékkrqvksa dÍ lkFk [kjy
fpfdRlh; izHkko c<+ tkrs gSaA esa ihldj ckjhd pw.kZ cuk;k tkrk gSA vk;qoZsfnd 'kCnkoyh esa
bl feJ.k dks ^[kYoh; jlk;u* dgk tkrk gS vkSj bls ,d fof'kë
[kYoh; jlk;u oxZ esa oxhZ—r fd;k tkrk gSA
ifjp; [kYoh; jlk;u dh fof'kërk
[kYoh; jlk;u vk;qoZsfnd fpfdRlk esa iz;q√ lcls lkekU; 1- ;ksx dh loh;Zrk vofék c<+kukA
vkS"kékh; [kqjkd :iksa esa ls ,d gS] ftlesa ékkrq ,oa [kfut rŸo 2- fpfdRlh; izHkkodkfjrk dks c<+kukA
lfEefyr gksrs gSaA bls izk;% nSfud uSnkfud vH;kl esa mi;ksx 3- vko';d [kqjkd dks de djukA
fd;k tkrk gSA 4- mipkj dh vofék dks laf{kIr djukA
v/;k; 12 • prqfoZ/k jlk;u 479

iiZVh dYiuk dh izfÿ;k

Fig. 12.5 : dTtyh vkSj dnyh iŸkk Fig. 12.6 : xkS?k`r Fig. 12.7 : yksgk nkohZ

Fig. 12.8 : enZu izfÿ;k Fig. 12.9 : dTtyh dk Êohdj.k Fig. 12.10 : iiZVh vkdkj nsuk

Fig. 12.11 : vafre mRikn Fig. 12.12 : voyksdu

gq, 10osa fnu rd c<+k;k tkrk gSA bldÍ ckn] 11osa fnu ls ek=kk iF;
dks izfrfnu 1 jŸkh ?kVk;k tkrk gS tc rd fd ;g iqu% 1 jŸkh dkdkekph] iVksy] vkÊZd] dnyh iq"i] uo orZd] iqjk.k ékkU;]
ij u vk tk,A bldÍ ckn mipkj lekIr dj fn;k tkrk gSA bl
xks&nqXékA
izdkj] iwjk mipkj ÿe dËy 20 fnuksa dk gksrk gSA
viF;
oSdfYid :i ls] mipkj 2 jŸkh dh ek=kk ls izkjaHk fd;k tk ldrk
gS vkSj bls izfrfnu 1 jŸkh c<+krs gq, 12 jŸkh rd ys tk;k tkrk iiZVh dYiuk fpfdRlk dÍ nkSjku I;kl cq÷kkus dÍ fy, unh ;k
gS] bldÍ ckn izfrfnu 1 jŸkh de djrs gq, iqu% 2 jŸkh rd yk;k dË,° dk ikuh ihus ls cpsa_ bldÍ ctk;] Hkjiwj ek=kk esa NkN dk
tkrk gS] ftldÍ ckn mipkj lekIr dj fn;k tkrk gSA lsou djsaA
 482 jl'kkL=k ,oa HkS"kT; dYiuk • v/;k; 12
fuekZ.k fof/k 7- feJ.k dks iwjh rjg BaMk gksus nsaA
1- 'kqº xaékd vkSj 'kqº lqékk dks leku ek=kk esa ysaA 8- BaMk gksus dÍ ckn izkIr ÊO; dks fudkydj pw.kZ cuk ysaA
2- nksuksa dks [kYo esa Mkydj vPNh rjg feyk,°] tc rd fd 9- rS;kj pw.kZ dks laxzfgr djsaA
feJ.k lejl u gks tk,A ek=kk
3- rS;kj feJ.k dks yksgs dÍ crZu esa j[ksa vkSj fldrk ;a=k dh lgk;rk 1& 2 jŸkhA
ls ékhjs&ékhjs xeZ djsaA
vuqiku
4- rkts xk; dÍ xkscj esa ,d xªk cuk,° vkSj mlesa dnyh ;k ,jaM
dÍ iŸks fcNk nsaA nw/k] eD[ku] Hkz"V thjd pw.kZ] nfMek LojlA
5- tc feJ.k fi?kydj rjy gks tk,] rks bls iŸkksa ij Mky nsaA fpfdRlh; ladÍr
6- feJ.k dks nwljs iŸks ls <ddj gYdÍ gkFkksa ls rkts xk; dÍ xkscj izesg] j√fiŸk] iznj] ;ksfu jksx] lkse#tk] th.kZ Toj] nkg] veyfiŸk]
ls nck nsaA fifMdk] dkarekykA

Research Update
Sr. No. Article Name Author Name Result
1. Pharmaceutical and Preliminary Sangeeta BK, PG Scholar, Dept. of Rasashastra Study Revealed that:–
Analytical Study on Sudha Parpati & Bhaishajya Kalpana, Dept. of Rasashastra •• Colour- Yellowish white
& Bhaishajya KalpanaSri Dharmasthala •• Odour- Charateristics
Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda & •• Taste- Tasteless
Hospital, Hassan, Karnataka, India. •• Consistency- Solid
•• pH- 9.2
•• LOD- 1.1%
•• Total Ash- 39%
•• Water Soluble Extractive – 1%
•• Alcohol Soluble Extractive – 0.6%

dÈihiDo jlk;u {{ rS;kj vkS"kfék dks cksry dh xnZu ;k vkékkj ls lkoékkuhiwoZd

,d=k fd;k tkrk gS] cksry dks mYVk djdÍ lkexzh dh 'kqºrk
ifjp; vkSj v[kaMrk lqfufˇr dh tkrh gSA
{{ dÈihiDo jlk;u ikjaifjd fpfdRlk esa nok fuekZ.k dh ,d {{ dÈihiDo jlk;u dYiuk dks flUnwj dYiuk dÍ uke ls Hkh tkuk
fof'kë izfÿ;k gS] tks eq[; :i ls 'kf√'kkyh ikjk&vkékkfjr tkrk gSA
;kSfxdksa dÍ fuekZ.k ij dÍafÊr gksrh gSA L;Un izœo.ks ékkrks% flUnwj 'kCn eUR;rkA
{{ bl izfÿ;k dk uke pkj 'kCnksa ls fy;k x;k gS% dÈih (dk°p j√ o.kkZoHkklsu iz;ksxa orZUrs vL; g%AA
dh cksry)] iDo (idk;k gqvk)] jl (ikjn)] vkSj v;u {{ ewy 'kCn ^L;an izœo.ks* dk vFkZ eq√ djus okys xq.k gksrk gS]
(izfÿ;k)A tks flUnwj dYi dÍ yky jax dks Hkh n'kkZrk gSA
{{ jklk;fud ifjorZu lqfufˇr djus dÍ fy,] vkS"kékh; feJ.k dks {{ flUnwj dYi] dÈihikd fofék }kjk rS;kj fd, x, ikjk ;kSfxdksa
dk°p dh cksry (dk°p dÈih) esa fu;af=kr rkieku ij ékhjs&ékhjs dk ,d fof'kë lewg gSA
xeZ fd;k tkrk gSA {{ bl lewg esa xaékd;q√ vkSj fcuk xaékd;q√ dÍ nksuksa izdkj dÍ
{{ dk°p dh cksry dk mi;ksx ÊO; dh 'kqºrk cuk, j[kus] lanw"k.k ikjk ;kSfxd lfEefyr gksrs gSaA
jksdus vkSj lfÿ; vo;oksa dks lajf{kr djus dÍ fy, fd;k {{ yky jax dÍ dkj.k ^flUnwj* uke izkIr djus okyh izeq[k vkS"kfék;ksa
tkrk gSA esa jl flUnwj] edjéot vkSj flº edjéot 'kkfey gSaA
{{ izfÿ;k esa rki dh rhu voLFkk,° gksrh gSa% ean (gYdk)] eé;e {{ jl&iq"i vkSj jl&diZwj] yky jax dÍ u gksus dÍ ckotwn] mudh
vkSj rhozA leku fuekZ.k fofék dÍ dkj.k bl lewg esa 'kkfey fd, tkrs gSaA
{{ fuekZ.k fof/k dÍ vkékkj ij bls varjékwe (vkarfjd ékqvk°) vkSj {{ flUnwj dYi dk mi;ksx fofHkUu jksxksa dÍ mipkj esa fd;k tkrk
cfgékZwe (ckgjh ékqvk°) dÍ :i esa oxhZ—r fd;k tkrk gSA gS] tSls%
v/;k; 12 • prqfoZ/k jlk;u 497

3- [kYoh; jlk;u dh rS;kjh esa laLdkj Hkkouk dk 12- ˝kldËBkj jl esa fdl ?kVd dk iz;ksx lcls vfékd
mÌs'; D;k gS\ ek=kk esa gksrk gS\
A. d.kksa dk vkdkj c<+kuk A. eSfjd B. 'kqº xaékd
B. eq[; vkS"kfék;ksa esa u, xq.k Mkyuk C. fiIiyh D. lksaB
C. vkS"kfék;ksa dh izHkkodkfjrk dks de djuk 13- okrfo}kalu jl dh rS;kjh dÍ nkSjku izR;sd DokFk dÍ
D. lHkh [kfut rŸoksa dks [kRe djuk lkFk fdruh Hkkouk,° dh tkrh gSa\
4- [kYoh; jlk;u dh rS;kjh esa vkerkSj ij fuEufyf[kr A. 1 Hkkouk B. 2 Hkkouk,°
esa ls fdl lkexzh dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\
C. 3 Hkkouk,° D. 4 Hkkouk,°
A. 'kqº ikjn B. P;ouizk'k
14- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk ˝kldËBkj jl dk ?kVd
C. v˝xaékk pw.kZ D. f=kQyk
ugha gS\
5- [kjyh; jlk;u esa Hkkouk ÊO; dk mi;ksx djus dk
A. 'kqº ikjn B. 'kqº Vad.k
eq[; dkj.k D;k gS\
C. 'kqº xaékd D. ukx HkLe
A. rS;kjh dk jax cnyus dÍ fy,
B. lq[kkus dh izfÿ;k dks lqfoékktud cukus dÍ fy, 15- ˝kldËBkj jl vkSj okrfo}kalu jl nksuksa dÍ fy, vuq'kaflr
C. Lokfnërk vkSj fpfdRlh; izHkkodkfjrk dks c<+kus dÍ fy, vuqiku (okgu) D;k gS\
D. vafre mRikn dh ek=kk c<+kus dÍ fy, A. nwék B. ikuh
6- xaékd jlk;u esa] 'kqº xaékd dh izHkkodkfjrk dks c<+kus C. 'kgn D. ?kh
dÍ fy, vkerkSj ij fdrus Hkkouk ÊO;ksa dk mi;ksx 16- iiZVh dk izkFkfed ?kVd D;k gS\
fd;k tkrk gS\ A. pk°nh vkSj xaékd B. lksuk vkSj ikjk
A. 5 B. 7 C. ikjk vkSj xaékd D. rkack vkSj fVu
C. 9 D. 11 17- fdl vk;qoZsfnd xzaFk esa iiZVh dks jl iiZVh dÍ :i esa
7- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk [kjyh; jlk;u dk mnkgj.k n'kkZ;k x;k gS] tks xzg.kh jksx dÍ fy, fo'ks"k :i ls
gS ftlesa ikjn 'kkfey ugha gS\ izHkkoh gS\
A. fgaxqys˝j jl B. xaékd jlk;u A. jlsaÊ eaxy B. pÿnŸk
C. y?kqlwr'ks[kj jl D. ˝kldËBkj jl C. HkS"kT; jRukoyh D. jlrjafx.kh
8- [kjyh; jlk;u esa Hkkouk dÍ fy, vkerkSj ij fdl 18- iiZVh cukus esa iryh osQj cukus dh izfÿ;k dk o.kZu
izdkj dh rjy rS;kjh dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\ djus dÍ fy, fdl 'kCn dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\
A. Lojl B. 'kgn
A. jl'kk– B. iksV caék
C. ukfj;y dk rsy D. fry dk rsy
C. xaékd dYiuk D. ekj.k
9- dÍoy jl@mijl@HkLe (ukxk HkLe vkSj oax HkLe dks
19- vkS"kékh; xq.kksa dh n`fë ls fdl izdkj dh iiZVh dks
NksM+dj) okys jl;ksx dk Shelf Life D;k gS\
loZJsí ekuk tkrk gS\
A. 1 o"kZ B. 5 o"kZ
A. e`nq ikd B. eé;e ikd
C. 10 o"kZ D. 15 o"kZ
C. [kj ikd D. 'khry ikd
10- ejhp 'kkséku esa ejhp dÍ rst vkSj xeZ 'kf√ dk izfrdkj
djus dÍ fy, fdl Hkkouk ÊO; dk mi;ksx fd;k 20- iiZVh dYiuk fpfdRlk dÍ nkSjku D;k ugha [kkuk pkfg,\
tkrk gS\ A. NkN B. lqikjh
A. vkeyrd B. ty C. unh ;k dË,° dk ikuh D. ?kh vkSj nwék
C. Êk{kk DokFk D. fuEcw Lojl 21- iiZVh rS;kjh dÍ nkSjku fLFkj rki izkIr djus dÍ fy,
11- ˝kldËBkj jl dÍ fy, izkFkfed fpfdRlh; ladÍr D;k gS\ ikjaifjd :i ls fdl ydM+h dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk
A. okrt 'kwy B. ˝kl (˝lu gS\
lacaékh fodkj) A. [kfnj B. uhe
C. lwfrdk okr D. xzg.kh C. ckal D. vke
 v/;k; 13 • Current and Emerging Trend in Ayurvedic Pharmaceuticals 501

13 Current and Emerging Trend in

Ayurvedic Pharmaceuticals

• Lecture: 3 hours, non-lecture: 4 hour • • Total Marks- 5 (MCQ- No, SAQ- Yes, LAQ- No) •

Cosmetics-Formulation, 2. Avoid premature aging of the skin.

Regulatory Provisions 3. Provide a sense of well-being.
4. Improve overall looks and personality.
Introduction to Cosmetics-Formulation
The raw materials used in the manufacture of
The word “cosmetic” is derived from the Greek cosmetics should be of standard quality and should
word “kosmetikos,” which means to adorn. In be tested before use. Only distilled or purified water
ancient days, any material used for beautification should be used in the preparation of cosmetics.
or improvement of appearance was known as a The dyes used to give color to cosmetics should
cosmetic. be approved for FD&C to avoid allergic reactions.
A cosmetic, as per the Drugs and Cosmetics Act The perfumes used should be compatible with other
and Rules, 1945, refers to any substance meant ingredients in the cosmetic preparation.
for cleansing, protecting, beautifying, enhancing Classification
attractiveness, or changing the appearance of the
human body or any part thereof, whether applied This classification helps in under-standing the
by rubbing, pouring, sprinkling, spraying, or any diverse range of cosmetic products available
other means. Soap is excluded from this definition and their intended use, function, and physical
because it is considered more of a bodily necessity characteristics. Additionally, it aids in regulatory
than a cosmetic. Similarly, preparations such compliance and ensures appropriate marketing and
as room deodorants are not cosmetics, but if the labeling of cosmetic products.
same deodorant is applied to the body, it is termed Cosmetics are classified into three main categories:
a cosmetic. Articles or devices used in applying 1. According to their use:
cosmetics, such as combs, brushes, razor blades, •• Skin Care: Includes creams, powders, lotions,
etc., should not be included in cosmetics. Generally, deodorants, and antiperspirants.
cosmetics are safe for use by almost all people, but •• Nail Care: Such as nail polish, polish removers,
adverse reactions may occur in certain individuals and manicure preparations.
when using many cosmetics, such as deodorants,
•• Oral Care: Includes dentifrices and mouth-
hair shampoos, hair sprays, hair removers, hair
washes.
dyes, facial creams, skin cleansers, lipsticks, and
•• Eye Care: Includes eye creams, lash products,
nail polishes.
and liners.
Cosmetics serve one of the following functions
•• Hair Care: Including shampoos, dyes, tonics,
1. Maintain body health and hygiene. and sprays.
 502 jl'kkL=k ,oa HkS"kT; dYiuk • v/;k; 13
2. According to their functions: {{ India: Regulated under the Drugs and Cosmetics
•• Curative or Therapeutic: Products with Act, 1940, enforced by the Central Drugs
medicinal properties like antiperspirants and Standard Control Organization (CDSCO).
certain hair preparations. {{ Japan: Governed by the Pharmaceutical and
•• Protective: Such as face powders. Medical Device Act (PMDA).
•• Corrective: Including certain face powders. Key Regulatory Provisions
•• Decorative: Like lipsticks, nail polishes, and
{{ Product Safety
mascaras.
•• Manufacturers are responsible for ensuring
3. According to their physical nature:
the safety of cosmetic products before they
•• Aerosols: Such as hair perfumes and after-
are marketed.
shave lotions.
•• Toxicological Assessments: Testing for allergens,
•• Cakes: Including rouge and makeup compacts.
irritants, and potential carcinogens.
•• Emulsions: Such as vanishing cream, cold
•• Prohibited and Restricted Ingredients: Lists
cream, and cleansing cream.
of substances that cannot be used or are
•• Oils: Such as hair oils.
restricted in concentration (e.g., mercury,
•• Pastes: Like toothpaste and deodorant paste. formaldehyde).
•• Powders: Including face powder and {{ Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP)
talcum powder.
•• Adherence to GMP ensures consistent
•• Solutions: Such as after-shave lotions and hand
production quality and safety.
lotions.
•• Standards such as ISO 22716 guide the
•• Soaps: Including shaving soap, toilet soap, and
manufacturing process for cosmetics.
shampoo soap.
{{ Labeling Requirements
•• Sticks: Like lipsticks and deodorant sticks.
•• Ingredients List: Must list all components in
Regulatory Provisions descending order of concentration using
Cosmetic products are regulated globally to ensure standardized nomenclature (e.g., INCI in
their safety, efficacy, and proper labeling to protect the EU).
consumer health and prevent misleading claims. •• Warnings and Instructions: Labels must include
Regulatory provisions differ by country or region warnings about usage and storage.
but share common principles aimed at safeguarding •• Claims: Prohibited from making false or
public health. misleading claims (e.g., “cures diseases”).
Definition of Cosmetics {{ Product Registration
Cosmetic products are generally defined as •• In some jurisdictions (e.g., the EU), products
substances or mixtures intended for application to must be notified through centralized portals
external parts of the human body (e.g., skin, hair, before market entry.
nails, lips) or to teeth and mucous membranes •• Certain countries (e.g., China) require pre-
for cleansing, beautifying, or altering appearance market approval for specific categories of
without affecting bodily structure or functions. cosmetics.
Regulatory Framework {{ Animal Testing
{{ United States: Governed by the Federal Food, •• Many regions, including the EU and India,
Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) and enforced prohibit animal testing for cosmetics and
by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). mandate alternative testing methods.
{{ European Union: Regulated under Regulation {{ Adverse Event Reporting
(EC) No 1223/2009, which is enforced by •• Post-market surveillance systems require
member state authorities. manufacturers to report adverse events
v/;k; 13 • Current and Emerging Trend in Ayurvedic Pharmaceuticals 521

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What does the Greek word “kosmetikos,” from which 9. Which of the following regions has banned animal
the term “cosmetic” is derived, mean? testing for cosmetics?
a. To adorn b. To cleanse a. United States b. China
c. To heal d. To beautify c. European Union d. Japan
2. According to the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1945, 10. What emerging trend focuses on regulating claims
which of the following is NOT considered a cosmetic? related to “natural” or “organic” cosmetics?
a. Lipstick a. Nano-materials b. Sustainability
b. Deodorant applied to the body c. Clean beauty d. Digital oversight
c. Room deodorant d. Nail polish 11. What is the primary purpose of a Quality Control
3. Which of the following is excluded from the definition (QC) laboratory in a cosmetic manufacturing plant?
of a cosmetic? a. Packaging and labeling products
a. Hair shampoo b. Soap b. Conducting in-process and finished product
c. Face powder d. Nail polish remover testing
4. Which of the following is NOT a function of cos- c. Heating and emulsifying raw materials
metics? d. Managing waste disposal
a. Maintain body health and hygiene 12. What type of material flow is ideal in a cosmetic
b. Provide a sense of well-being manufacturing plant?
c. Cure diseases a. Circular flow to minimize space
d. Avoid premature aging of the skin b. Zigzag flow to utilize all areas
5. What type of water is recommended for use in c. Linear flow to minimize cross-contamination
cosmetic preparations? d. Random flow to increase flexibility
a. Tap water b. Mineral water 13. Which of the following equipment is commonly used
c. Distilled or d. Spring water for emulsification in cosmetics?
purified water a. Centrifuge
6. How are cosmetics classified according to their b. High-speed emulsifier
function? c. Roll mill d. Bead mill
a. Skin care, nail care, oral care 14. What is the primary function of preservatives in
b. Curative, protective, corrective, decorative cosmetic formulations?
c. Aerosols, cakes, emulsions
a. To add color to the product
d. Cleansing, beautifying, altering appearance
b. To blend oil and water phases
7. Which regulatory framework governs cosmetics
c. To prevent microbial growth
in India?
d. To enhance product fragrance
a. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA)
15. What is the role of HVAC systems in a cosmetic
b. Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009
manufacturing facility?
c. Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940
d. Pharmaceutical and Medical Device a. Provide lighting for the production floor
Act (PMDA) b. Maintain controlled temperature and
8. What is the primary purpose of Good Manufacturing humidity
Practices (GMP) in cosmetics? c. Clean surfaces and equipment
a. To ensure proper marketing and labeling d. Dispose of waste materials
b. To standardize nomenclature for ingredients 16. Which of the following raw materials serves as a base
c. To maintain consistent production quality in most cosmetic products?
and safety a. Glycerin b. Water
d. To prohibit animal testing c. Cetyl Alcohol d. Titanium Dioxide
 14 Drug and Cosmetics Act

• Lecture: 2 hours, non-lecture: 4 • • Total Marks- 5 (MCQ- Yes, SAQ- Yes, LAQ- No) •

Introduction 3. Standardization: Drugs must meet quality

standards as specified in the pharmacopoeia.
{{ The Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940, enacted
by the Parliament of India, governs the import, 4. Advisory Boards: The Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani
manufacture, and distribution of drugs within Drugs Technical Advisory Board (ASUDTAB) and
the country. Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani Drugs Consultative
Committee (ASUDCC) provide technical advice
{{ Originally known as the Drug Act, it was passed
to Central and State Governments, ensuring
in 1940 based on recommendations from the
uniform implementation of the Act across India.
Chopra Committee (1930). Complementary
Drugs Rules were established in 1945. Objectives of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act
{{ Over time, the Act underwent numerous The Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 was enacted
amendments and is now officially recognized on April 10, 1940, with several primary objectives
as the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940. to ensure the safe and effective use of drugs and
{{ It serves to safeguard the public by banning cosmetics in the country.
the production of substandard or counterfeit 1. Regulation of Drugs and Cosmetics
pharmaceuticals and ensuring that only qualified •• Oversees the import, manufacture, distri-
personnel handle the sale and distribution of bution, and sale of drugs and cosmetics.
medicines.
•• Prevents the entry of substandard or spurious
Regulation of Traditional Medicines under the Act drugs into India through strict import
{{ The Act and its associated Drugs and Cosmetics regulations.
Rules, 1945 include comprehensive provisions 2. Quality Assurance in Drug Manufacturing
to oversee the quality, safety, and efficacy •• Prohibits the production of inferior or
of Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani (ASU), and counterfeit drugs within the country.
Homoeopathy medicines. •• Enforces stringent controls on the manufacture,
Key Features sale, and distribution of Ayurvedic, Siddha,
Unani, and Homoeopathic drugs.
1. Regulatory Framework: The Act mandates
adherence to guidelines for licensing require- 3. Ensuring Qualified Handling
ments and Good Manufacturing Practices •• Restricts the sale and distribution of drugs to
(GMP) for ASU drugs. trained and qualified personnel.
2. Enforcement by Licensing Authorities: State 4. Regulation of Cosmetics
Governments appoint Licensing Authorities to •• Includes provisions to oversee the import,
ensure compliance with legal requirements for manufacture, sale, and distribution of
ASU drug manufacturing. cosmetics.
v/;k; 14 • Drug and Cosmetics Act 527

5. Regular Inspections {{ Contains additional regulations, penalties, and

•• Empowers Drug Inspectors to conduct routine miscellaneous provisions necessary for the
inspections of licensed premises. effective enforcement of the Act.
6. Standards and Testing Major Amendments and Developments
Ensures the maintenance of drug and cosmetic
Drugs Rules, 1945: Complementary rules to the act
standards by:
were introduced in 1945 to provide guidelines for
•• Sampling products. implementation.
•• Testing in approved laboratories. Inclusion of ASU Drugs, 1964: The act was amended
7. Regulation of Biological and Specialized Products to include Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani (ASU)
•• Introduces specific measures to regulate the medicines under its jurisdiction by adding
preparation, standardization, and storage of Chapter IV-A.
biological products and specialized drugs.
Significant Amendment of 1982: One of the most
8. Labeling and Packaging Guidelines
notable revisions occurred in 1982, reflecting
•• Prescribes detailed standards for the labeling contemporary needs and practices.
and packaging of all products to ensure
Enforcement of Revised Guidelines, 1983: The
transparency and safety.
amendments came into effect on 1st February 1983.
Chapters of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 Introduction of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP),
a. Chapter I: Introduction and Key Definitions: 2003: GMP standards for the manufacturing of
- This chapter provides an overview of the Act medicines were enforced starting 7th March 2003.
and explains essential terms and definitions used Key Definitions
throughout the document.
b. Chapter II: Regulatory Authorities and Key 1. Drugs
Institutions •• Medicines for internal or external use for
Details the establishment and roles of: humans and animals.
{{ Drugs Technical Advisory Board (DTAB) •• Substances for diagnosis, treatment, pre-
vention, or mitigation of diseases in humans
{{ Drugs Consultative Committee (DCC)
or animals.
{{ Central Drugs Laboratory (CDL)
•• Items intended to affect the structure or
c. Chapter III: Regulation of Drug and Cosmetic
function of the body, excluding food.
Imports
•• Components of drugs, such as empty gelatin
{{ Covers the laws and guidelines governing the
capsules.
importation of drugs and cosmetics to ensure
quality and safety. •• Medical devices for diagnosis, treatment,
or prevention, as notified by the Central
d. Chapter IV: Manufacture, Sale, and Distribution
Government.
{{ Establishes provisions for the manufacturing,
sale, and distribution of drugs and cosmetics. For ASU Drugs
{{ Includes regulations specific to import procedures {{ Refers to medicines used according to the
for such products. formulations prescribed in authoritative texts
e. Chapter IV-A: Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani of Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani systems of
Medicines medicine listed in the First Schedule.
{{ This chapter outlines specific rules and provisions 2. Cosmetics
for the regulation of Ayurvedic, Siddha, and •• Application to the human body for cleaning,
Unani drugs, ensuring their quality, safety, and beautifying, enhancing attractiveness, or
compliance with traditional practices. altering appearance.
f. Chapter V: Miscellaneous Provisions •• Use as a component in cosmetics.
 538 jl'kkL=k ,oa HkS"kT; dYiuk • v/;k; 14
36. What organization is responsible for approving drugs d. Agricultural products and fertilizers
in the United States? 39. What document provides the legal framework for
a. WHO b. FDA Ayurveda Aahara regulations?
c. USDA d. CDC a. Food Safety and Standards (Ayurveda
37. Which center of the FDA evaluates the safety and Aahara) Regulations, 2022
effectiveness of drugs? b. Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940
a. Center for Food Safety c. Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954
b. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research d. Consumer Protection Act, 1986
(CDER) 40. What is a prerequisite for manufacturing Ayurveda
c. Center for Disease Control Aahara products?
d. Center for Radiological Health a. Approval from the Ministry of AYUSH
38. What type of products are regulated by the FDA? b. Obtaining a license or approval from FSSAI
a. Food and beverages only c. Certification from WHO
b. Cosmetics and dietary supplements only d. Registration with the Central Food Safety
c. Food, drugs, cosmetics, and medical devices Committee

Answer Sheet

1. B. 2. B. 3. B. 4. B. 5. C. 6. C. 7. B. 8. A.
9. B. 10. B. 11. B. 12. B. 13. B. 14. B. 15. B. 16. B.
17. B. 18. C. 19. B. 20. B. 21. B. 22. B. 23. C. 24. B.
25. B. 26. C. 27. C. 28. B. 29. C. 30. B. 31. B. 32. B.
33. C. 34. B. 35. C. 36. B. 37. B. 38. C. 39. A. 40. B.

Write Short Question Answer

1. Explain the regulatory provisions under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940, and
Rules, 1945, regarding the import, manufacture, sale, and distribution of Ayurvedic,
Siddha, and Unani (ASU) drugs.
2. What are the key differences between misbranded, adulterated, and spurious drugs
as defined in the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940?
3. Briefly outline the Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) requirements for ASU drugs
as per Schedule T.
4. What is the role of the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) in the
regulation of Ayurvedic drugs and products?
5. Discuss the importance of FDA approval for Ayurvedic formulations intended for
export and the regulatory challenges associated with it.

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