What processes are outlined for submitting a change proposal to the lightning protection standard, and why might these be important?

Submitting a change proposal involves sending a standard designation, relevant clause or figure number, the wording of the proposed change, and the rationale for the change to inquiries@csagroup.org with 'Proposal for change' in the subject line. This process is crucial for ensuring that the standard evolves to reflect new knowledge, materials, or technologies, thus maintaining its relevance and efficacy .

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CSA B72 2020 Installation Code For Lightning Protection Systems

Q: Describe the considerations for grounding electrodes when used in conjunction with structural metal frameworks according to the outlined standard.

Grounding electrodes must be connected at perimeter intervals not exceeding 18 meters to ensure consistent potential distribution and effective grounding. The connections are made close to the base and must comply with specific installation requirements to maintain the system's integrity and performance .

Q: How does the document differentiate between mandatory and optional guidelines, and what language is utilized to indicate the different levels of obligation?

The document uses "shall" to express mandatory requirements, "should" for recommendations, and "may" for options, with notes providing explanatory material. This language clarifies the level of obligation for compliance, allowing users to prioritize actions based on their compulsory or advisory nature .

Q: In what ways are grounding practices customized based on soil characteristics, and why is this customization important?

Grounding practices are adapted to soil conditions by using simple extensions into conductive soil or elaborate networks in high-resistivity environments. Customization is crucial to ensure effective protection since the ground resistance and potential distribution greatly influence the system's ability to safely direct lightning energy .

Q: How does the standard define the scope of protection for various structural types against lightning?

The standard covers lightning protection for a range of structures including recreational, residential, institutional, medical, agricultural, industrial, commercial, military, and telecommunications buildings, as well as tall slender structures like smokestacks and silos, immobile property like equipment and trees, and high-risk structures containing dangerous contents. However, it does not include installation requirements for specific systems like early streamer emission systems or charge dissipation devices .

Q: How does the document address the installation and maintenance of telecommunications equipment with regard to lightning protection, and what implications does this have for system integrity?

The document specifies that telecommunications equipment on roofs should be independently protected or connected to the main lightning protection system and details methods for grounding and strike termination. Protection may not ensure full system integrity unless the entire structure is protected; however, these measures are vital to prevent damage to sensitive telecommunications components .

Q: What are the procedures for maintaining the effectiveness of a lightning protection system over time according to the document, and why are these procedures necessary?

Maintenance involves regular inspection of system components for damage from lightning, weather-induced wear, and corrosion. Procedures ensure the system remains effective and reliable over time since compromised system parts may otherwise fail to provide adequate protection .

Q: What is the primary purpose of a lightning protection system as described in the national standard?

The primary purpose of a lightning protection system is to provide a means for lightning discharge to enter or leave the earth while minimizing damage to the structure it protects .

Q: Explain the role and significance of Clause 11 in Class IV installations for lightning protection in terms of material and equipment requirements.

Clause 11 specifies that materials, equipment, and ground electrodes for Class IV installations must comply with the requirements of Class I or II installations unless otherwise stated. This ensures a higher level of protection and reliability in environments with increased risk or complexity, as it mandates that the installation must meet or exceed rigorous quality standards .

Q: What are the challenges and solutions proposed for lightning protection in geologically challenging conditions such as on rock, as per the document?

In areas with insulating or high-resistivity rock, traditional grounding may be inadequate, necessitating an extensive wire network laid on the rock's surface. This arrangement compensates for high resistance by distributing potential more evenly, ensuring the lightning protection system remains effective despite the geological challenges .

The CSA B72:20 document outlines the installation code for lightning protection systems in Canada, developed by the Canadian Standards Association (CSA Group). It includes guidelines on materials, classifications, grounding, and various installation types, while emphasizing the importance of user responsibility in determining the suitability of the standards for specific applications. The document also contains legal disclaimers regarding liability and intellectual property rights associated with its content.

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CSA B72:2

National Standard of Canad

Installation code for lightning protection

systems

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CSA B72:20
Installation code for lightning
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ICS 91.120.40
ISBN 978-1-4883-2786-5

© 2020 Canadian Standards Association

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form whatsoever
without the prior permission of the publisher.
CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

Contents
Technical Committee on Installation Code for Lightning Protection Systems 4

Preface 7

0 Introduction 9
0.1 General 9
0.2 Overview 9
0.3 Users 9

1 Scope 9

2 Reference publications 10

3 Definitions and abbreviations 11

3.1 Definitions 11
3.2 Abbreviations 13

4 Generalrequirements 13
4.1 Classifications 13
4.2 Materials, general 13
4.3 Material classes 14
4.4 Connectors 15
45 Fasteners 15
4.6 Protection from galvanic action 16
4.7 Protection from corrosive action 16
4.8 Protection against temperature differences 16
4.9 Protection against mechanical damage 16
4.10 Protection of electrical systems 17
4.11 Conductors routed through fire separation 17
4.12 Execution of work 17
4.13 Maintenance 17

5 Zone of protection 17
5.1 General 17
5.2 Angle method 17
5.3 Rolling sphere method 18

6 Strike termination devices 19

6.1 General 19
6.2 Airterminals 19
6.2.4 Location of airterminals 20
6.3 Masts 22
6.4 Overhead ground wires 22
6.5 Sideflash prevention 23

7 Conductors 24
7.1 General 24

April 2020 © 2020 Canadian Standards Association 1

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

7.2 Roof conductors 24

7.3 Conductor fasteners 25
7.4 Down conductors 25

8 Grounding 27
8.1 Location 27
8.2 Materials for grounding electrodes 27
8.3 Installation of grounding electrodes 28
8.4 Common grounding 29
8.5 Grounding system resistance 30

9 Bonding of metallic bodies 30

9.1 Materials 30
9.2 Metal bodies of conductance 31
9.3 Metal bodies of inductance 31
9.4 Potential equalization 32
9.4.1 Ground-level potential equalization 32
9.4.2 Roof-level potential equalization 32
9.4.3 Intermediate-level potential equalization 32

10 Class Illinstallations 33
10.1 Materials 33
10.2 Strike termination devices 33
10.3 Conductors 33
10.4 Fasteners 34
10.4.5 34
10.5 Grounding 34
10.6 Interconnection of metallic bodies 35
10.7 Metal stacks 35

11 Class IVinstallations 35
11.1 General 35
11.2 Structural metallic systems 36
11.2.1 Use of metal framework 36
11.2.2 Strike termination devices 36
11.2.3. Connections to framework 36
11.2.4 Grounding 37
11.3 Telecommunications equipment on roofs 37
11.3.1 General 37
11.3.2 Strike termination devices 37
11.3.3 Conductors 38
11.3.4 Grounding 38
11.3.5 Bonding of metallic bodies 38
11.4 Spires and flagpoles 39
11.5 Tanks and silos 39
11.6 Fences 40
11.7 Trees 41
11.7.1 General 41
11.7.2. Materials 41

April 2020 © 2020 Canadian Standards Association 2

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

11.7.3. Airterminals 41
11.7.4 Conductors 41
11.7.5 Conductor fasteners 41
11.7.6 Grounding 41
11.8 Stages, outdoor pools, andterraces 42
11.9 Rooftop helipads 42
11.9.1 General 42
11.9.2 Strike termination devices 42
11.9.3 Grounding 42
11.9.4 Finishes 43
11.9.5 Temporary grounding 43
11.9.6 Non-interference 43
11.10 Fabricstructures 43
11.10.1 General 43
11.10.2 Metal framework 43
11.10.3 Grounding 43

12. Class V installations — Structures with explosive or highly flammable contents 44

12.1 General 44
12.2 Types of lightning protection 45
12.2.1 Metallic (Faraday-like) cage 45
12.2.2. Masts 45
12.2.3 Overhead ground wires 45
12.2.4 Integral lightning protection systems 45
12.3 Grounding 46
12.4 Equipotential bonding 46
12.4.1 Metalliccomponents 46
12.4.2 Accessdoors 46
12.4.3. Metallic barricades or bollards 46
12.4.4 Fences 47
12.4.5 Railroadtracks 47
12.5 Utility services 47

13 Solar array protection 47

13.1 General 47
13.2 Strike termination devices 48
13.3 Electrical and mechanical system protection 49
13.4 Grounding 49
13.4.1 Ground-mounted arrays 49
13.4.2. Roof-mounted arrays 49

Annex A (informative) — Principles of lightning protection 65

Annex B (informative) — Inspection and maintenance of lightning protection systems 68
Annex C (informative) — Determining the need for protection 70
Annex D (informative) — Surge protection 77

April 2020 © 2020 Canadian Standards Association 3

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

Technical Committee on Installation Code

for Lightning Protection Systems
S. Larter Dobbyn Lightning Protection, Chair
Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Category: User Interest

D. J. Cliff Dominion Lightning Rod Co. Ltd., Vice-Chair

Dundas, Ontario, Canada
Category: Producer Interest

E. Bertrand Ambioner, Non-voting

Montréal, Québec, Canada

E. S. Boettcher UL LLC,
Northbrook, Illinois, USA
Category: General Interest

R. Bourdeau Montreal Lightning Rods, Non-voting

Chambly, Québec, Canada

G. Briggs NB Dept. of Public Safety — Technical Inspection

Services,
Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
Category: Regulatory Authority

R. Chernish Department of National Defence,

Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Category: Regulatory Authority

R. C. Cliff Dominion Lightning Rod Co. Ltd., Non-voting

Dundas, Ontario, Canada

Cc. C. Cormier Alberta Municipal Affairs,

Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Category: Regulatory Authority

T. Dobbyn Dobbyn Lightning Protection, Non-voting

Calgary, Alberta, Canada

J. Donnelly SaskPower,
Tisdale, Saskatchewan, Canada
Category: Regulatory Authority

April 2020 © 2020 Canadian Standards Association

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

E. Dumont EDCORP Inc., Non-voting

St-Augustin-de-Desmaures, Québec, Canada

S. Fadlallah Rogers Communications Inc.,

Brampton, Ontario, Canada
Category: User Interest

D. J. Franklin Lightning Protection Institute,

Eagan, Minnesota, USA
Category: General Interest

M. S. Gardner Gardner Electrical Consultant and Training,

Beaumont, Alberta, Canada
Category: General Interest

G. Hudon L.P. Grenier Inc.,

Québec, Québec, Canada
Category: Producer Interest

T. Komljanec Bell Mobility,

Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
Category: User Interest

H. T. Kowalewski Erico, Inc., Non-voting

Burlington, Ontario, Canada

R. M. Lennox Lennox Lighting Specialist, Non-voting

Pubnico, Nova Scotia, Canada

R. Mons H. H. Angus & Associates Ltd.,

Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Category: User Interest

W. Rison New Mexico Institute of Mining Technology,

Socorro, New Mexico, USA
Category: General Interest

R. Secord H. H. Angus & Associates Ltd., Non-voting

Toronto, Ontario, Canada

R. N. Torbin Omega Flex Inc., Non-voting

Middletown, Connecticut, USA

G. D. Tysick Burchell Lightning Protection Limited,

Perth, Ontario, Canada
Category: Producer Interest

April 2020 © 2020 Canadian Standards Association 5

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

J. Tysick Burchell Lightning Protection Limited, Non-voting

Perth, Ontario, Canada

J. Tysick Burchell Lightning Protection Limited, Non-voting

Perth, Ontario, Canada

B. Van Norman Western Lightning Protection Ltd.,

Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Category: Producer Interest

C. Moorhouse CSA Group, Project Manager

Toronto, Ontario, Canada

April 2020 © 2020 Canadian Standards Association 6

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

Preface
This is the third edition of CSA B72, Installation code for lightning protection systems. It supersedes the
previous editions published in 1987 and 1960.

The major changes to this edition include the following:

a) The Standard has been updated and expanded in order to harmonize lightning protection
standards within North America.
b) The requirements for the various components that make up a system have been consolidated into
their own sections (e.g., air terminals, conductors), and ANSI/CAN/UL 96:2016 has been
incorporated as the component standard
c) Further requirements regarding specialized structures and classes have been included following the
base requirements in the initial sections.
d) New requirements have been added under Class IV installations, covering a number of specialized
structures, including buildings constructed of structural metallic systems, telecommunications
equipment, and rooftop helipads.
e) Anew clause has been added on protection for solar arrays.
f) The informative annexes have been expanded into four annexes. Further guidance has been
provided for inspection and maintenance of lightning protection systems, the risk analysis has been
updated to conform to current best practices, and an annex on surge protective devices has been
added.

This Standard was prepared by the Technical Committee on Installation Code for Lightning Protection
Systems, under the jurisdiction of the Strategic Steering Committee on Fuels and Appliances, and has
been formally approved by the Technical Committee.

This Standard has been developed in compliance with Standards Council of Canada requirements for
National Standards of Canada. It has been published as a National Standard of Canada by CSA Group.

Interpretations: The Strategic Steering Committee on Standards for Fuels and Appliances has provided
the following direction for the interpretation of standards under its jurisdiction: “The literal text shall be
used in judging compliance of products with the safety requirements of this Standard. When the literal
text cannot be applied to the product, such as for new materials or construction, and when a relevant
CSA committee interpretation has not already been published, CSA's procedures for interpretation shall
be followed to determine the intended safety principle.”
Notes:
1) Use of the singular does not exclude the plural (and vice versa) when the sense allows.
2) Although the intended primary application of this Standard is stated in its Scope, it is important to note that it
remains the responsibility of the users of the Standard to judge its suitability for their particular purpose.
3) This Standard was developed by consensus, which is defined by CSA Policy governing standardization — Code
of good practice for standardization as “substantial agreement. Consensus implies much more than a simple
majority, but not necessarily unanimity”. It is consistent with this definition that a member may be included in
the Technical Committee list and yet not be in full agreement with all clauses of this Standard.
4) Tosubmit a request for interpretation of this Standard, please send the following information to
[email protected] and include “Request for interpretation” in the subject line:
a) define the problem, making reference to the specific clause, and, where appropriate, include an
illustrative sketch;
b) provide an explanation of circumstances surrounding the actual field condition; and
c) where possible, phrase the request in such a way that a specific “yes” or “no” answer will address the
issue.

April 2020 © 2020 Canadian Standards Association 7

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

Committee interpretations are processed in accordance with the CSA Directives and guidelines governing
standardization and are available on the Current Standards Activities page at standardsactivities.csa.ca.
5) This Standard is subject to review within five years from the date of publication. Suggestions for its
improvement will be referred to the appropriate committee. To submit a proposal for change, please send the
following information to [email protected] and include “Proposal for change” in the subject line:
a) Standard designation (number);
b) relevant clause, table, and/or figure number;
c) wording of the proposed change; and
d) rationale for the change.

April 2020 © 2020 Canadian Standards Association 8

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

CSA B72:20
Installation code for lightning protection
systems
0 Introduction

0.1 General
The function of a lightning protection system is to provide a means by which a lightning discharge can
enter or leave the earth while eliminating or minimizing damage to the structure on which the system is
installed.

0.2 Overview
The following document provides requirements for protection from lightning for the majority of
structures that designers and builders will encounter. Specialized structures falling outside the scope of
this document should be treated on an individual basis.

0.3 Users
This Standard is intended to be used by
a) lightning protection installers, designers, and maintenance personnel;
b) engineers, architects, and other design professionals; and
c) authorities having jurisdiction, third-party inspection agencies, and nationally recognized testing
laboratories.

1 Scope

1.1
This Standard covers the protection from lightning of
a) recreational, residential, institutional, medical, agricultural, industrial, commercial, military, and
telecommunications buildings and structures;
b) _ tall, slender structures such as smokestacks, silos, tanks, towers, masts, and poles;
c) immobile property such as equipment, tents, fences, trees, and solar arrays; and
d) high-risk structures with dangerous contents such as explosives and flammable goods.

1.2
This Standard covers the protection from lightning of structures housing electrical generation,
transmission, and distribution systems, as well as structures housing communication systems, but not
the equipment or installation requirements for such systems.

1.3
This Standard does not cover installation requirements for early streamer emission systems or charge
dissipation/charge transfer systems. No recognized standards body or testing agency exists for Canadian
installations of these devices.

April 2020 © 2020 Canadian Standards Association 9

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

1.4
This Standard also contains non-mandatory sections devoted to the nature of lightning and the general
principles upon which lightning protection is based, so that the user of the Standard will be able to
assess the need for lightning protection in the case of any given structure (see Annexes A through D).

1.5
In this Standard, “shall” is used to express a requirement, i.e., a provision that the user is obliged to
satisfy in order to comply with the Standard; “should” is used to express a recommendation or that
which is advised but not required; and “may” is used to express an option or that which is permissible
within the limits of the Standard.

Notes accompanying clauses do not include requirements or alternative requirements; the purpose of a
note accompanying a clause is to separate from the text explanatory or informative material.

Notes to tables and figures are considered part of the table or figure and may be written as
requirements.

Annexes are designated normative (mandatory) or informative (non-mandatory) to define their

application.

1.6
The values given in SI units are the units of record for the purposes of this Standard. The values given in
parentheses are for information and comparison only.

2 Reference publications
This Standard refers to the following publications, and where such reference is made, it shall be to the
edition listed below.

CSA Group
ASME A17.1-2016/CSA B44-16
Safety code for elevators and escalators

C22.1-18
Canadian Electrical Code, Part !

C22.2 No. 269.1-17

Surge protective devices — Type 1 — Permanently connected

C22.2 No. 269.2-17

Surge protective devices — Type 2 — Permanently connected

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)

C62.41.2-2002
IEEE Recommended Practice on Characterization of Surges in Low-Voltage (1000 V and Less) AC Power
Circuits

837-2014
IEEE Standard for Qualifying Permanent Connections Used in Substation Grounding

April 2020 © 2020 Canadian Standards Association 10

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

UL (Underwriters Laboratories)
ANSI/CAN/UL 96:2016
Lightning Protection Components

3 Definitions and abbreviations

3.1 Definitions
The following definitions shall apply in this Standard:

Air terminal — a component of a lightning protection system that is intended to intercept lightning
flashes.

Air-terminal support — a device used for the purpose of holding an air terminal firmly in position.

Authority having jurisdiction — an organization, office, or individual responsible for enforcing the
requirements of a code or standard, or for approving equipment, materials, an installation, or a
procedure.

Bonded — a method of connecting metallic parts together in a permanent and tight mechanical and
electrical contact so that the conductivity of the bonding jumper is equal to that of the parts.

Concealed — rendered permanently inaccessible by the structure or finish of the building.

Conductor — a conductive wire or cable or other form of conductive metal that forms part of the
lightning protection system.

Dead-end conductor — a conductor having no grounding other than through the conductor from
which it branches.

Down conductor — a conductor used to connect a roof conductor or strike termination device to a
grounding electrode or the grounding electrode system.

Ground loop conductor — a loop conductor at or below grade and in contact with the earth.

Loop conductor — a horizontal primary conductor encircling a structure and intended for
interconnection of all lightning protection components and metal bodies of inductance or
conductance.

Primary conductor — a conductor forming part of the lightning protection system and intended for
carrying lightning discharge current.

Secondary conductor — a conductor forming part of the lightning protection system and intended
for the purpose of equipotential bonding only, not for carrying lightning discharge current.

Connector — a device used to make a connection between two conductors, between a conductor and
another part of a system, or between a conductor and a metallic object.

Copper-clad steel — steel having a continuous coating of copper welded to it.

Fastener — a device used to secure a conductor to the structure that supports it.

April 2020 © 2020 Canadian Standards Association 11

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

Flat roof — a roof without slope, or a roof having an inward or outward slope of less than that of a
pitched roof.

Galvanized — protected with a coating of zinc capable of withstanding four 1 min immersions in a
saturated copper sulphate solution without showing a fixed deposit of copper.

Ground electrode — a metal object or device buried in or driven into the ground, to which a grounding
conductor is electrically and mechanically connected.

Labelled — equipment or materials to which has been attached a label, symbol, or other identifying
mark of an organization that is acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction and concerned with
product evaluation, that maintains periodic inspection of production of labelled equipment or materials,
and by whose labelling the manufacturer indicates compliance with appropriate standards or
performance in a specified manner.

Lightning protection system — a complete system of intercepting devices, conductors, ground

electrodes, interconnecting conductors, and other connectors or fittings required to complete the
system.

Integral lightning protection system — a lightning protection system directly attached to the
structure it protects.

Listed — equipment, materials, or services included in a list published by an organization that is

acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction and concerned with evaluation of products or services,
that maintains periodic inspection of production of listed equipment or materials or periodic evaluation
of services, and whose listing states that either the equipment, material, or service meets appropriate
designated standards or has been tested and found suitable for a specified purpose.

Maximum discharge current (Imax) — the maximum instantaneous value of the current through the SPD
having an 8/20 us waveform.

Metal bodies — metal bodies having an area of 0.26 m2 (400 in2) or greater or a volume of 0.016 m3
(1000 in?) or greater.

Metal bodies of conductance — metal bodies outside the zone of protection that are subject to a direct
lightning strike.

Metal bodies of inductance — grounded metal bodies located within the zone of protection and within
the calculated bonding distance of a primary conductor.

Nominal discharge current (In) — the peak value of an 8/20 us current waveform selected by the
manufacturer for which an SPD remains functional after 15 surges.

Pitched roof — roofs having a span of 12 m (40 ft) or less and a slope of 1/8 or greater, or roofs having
a span of more than 12 m (40 ft) and a slope of 1/4 or greater.

Sideflash — an electrical spark, caused by differences of potential, that occurs between conductive
metal bodies or between conductive metal bodies and part of the lightning protection system or
ground.

Solar array — a group of solar modules or collectors connected together to create a larger collection
system.

Solar panel — a general term for photovoltaic modules or thermal collectors.

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CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

Strike termination device — a component of the lightning protection system that intercepts lightning
flashes and conducts them to a path to ground.

Striking distance — the distance over which the final breakdown of the initial lightning stroke to ground
or to a grounded object occurs.

Surge — a transient wave of current, potential, or power in an electric circuit, not including temporary
overvoltages consisting of an increase in the power frequency voltage for several cycles.

Surge protective device — a device containing at least one nonlinear component, intended for limiting
surge voltages on equipment by diverting surge current.

Zone of protection — the volume protected by the lightning protection system.

3.2 Abbreviations
The following abbreviations shall apply in this Standard:
AHJ — authority having jurisdiction
PVC — polyvinyl chloride
SPD — surge protective device

4 General requirements

4.1 Classifications
In this Standard, lightning protection installations are classified as follows:
a) Class I—an installation, not included in another class, that protects a building or a construction of
less than 23 m (75 ft) in height;
b) Class Il—an installation, not included in another class, that protects a building or a construction of
23 m (75 ft) or more in height;
c) Class IIl—an installation that protects a smoke or a vent stack whose smallest cross-sectional area
is equal to or greater than 0.3 m2 (500 in2) and whose height is greater than 23 m (75 ft);
d) Class IV—an installation that protects miscellaneous structures such as towers, silos, non-
hazardous tanks, stages, outdoor pools, terraces, fences, trees, wires, antennas, masts,
construction cranes, solar arrays, etc.; and
e) Class V—an installation that protects structures with explosive or highly flammable contents.

4.2 Materials, general

4.2.1
Only copper, copper alloys, aluminum, aluminum alloys, or stainless steel shall be used in an installation,
except that
a) copper-clad steel rods may be used as ground electrodes;
b) galvanized steel may be used for air-terminal supports, nails, screws, and bolts, or as part of an
overhead ground wire protection system;
c) lead may be used as anchors or to protect other materials from corrosion; and

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d) structural metal components may be used as conductors, down conductors, and strike termination
devices where the structural metal thickness is 4.8 mm (3/16 in) or greater.
Note: Where structural metal is used as a conductor, the structural members should be of sufficient size to provide
an electrical path equivalent to that of lightning conductors, and care should be taken to ensure their electrical
continuity, particularly at joints and splice points.

4.2.2
Where lightning protection materials are embedded in concrete, they shall be
a) tinned copper;
b) tinned copper alloy; or
c) copper or copper alloy, with a metallic coating providing corrosion protection equivalent to that of
tin.

4.2.3
Copper lightning protection materials shall not be installed on or in contact with aluminum surfaces, or
on exterior galvanized or painted steel surfaces.
Note: This requirement is not intended to preclude the use of exothermic weld connections between copper
conductors and exterior steel surfaces.

4.2.4
Aluminum shall be installed in accordance with other applicable clauses and with the following:
a) Aluminum lightning protection equipment shall not be installed on copper surfaces, or where
exposed to runoff from copper surfaces.
b) Aluminum materials shall not be used within 450 mm (18 in) of where the lightning protection
down conductor enters the earth.
c) Fittings used to connect aluminum lightning protection components to copper or copper-alloy
components shall be bimetallic and suitable for the purpose.
d) Analuminum conductor shall not be attached to a surface coated with alkaline-base paint;
embedded in concrete, masonry, or soil (e.g., on green roofs); or installed in any location subject to
excessive moisture.

4.2.5
Where lightning protection components are required by this Standard, they shall comply with the
requirements of ANSI/CAN/UL 96.
Note: This requirement is not intended to apply to components used in overhead ground wire installations as
described in Clause 6.4, or flexible bonding jumpers as described in Clause 12.4.2.1.

4.3 Material classes

4.3.1
Table 1 gives the minimum sizes of materials that shall be used for Class | installations.

4.3.2
Table 2 gives the minimum sizes of materials that shall be used for Class II installations.

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4.3.3
Where a part or parts of a structure exceeds 23 m (75 ft) in height, and the remaining portion or
portions do not exceed 23 m (75 ft) in height, the requirements for Class I| materials shall apply only to
that portion or portions exceeding 23 m (75 ft) in height.

4.3.4
Class Il conductors from portions of a structure exceeding 23 m (75 ft) in height shall be extended to
ground and interconnected with the system on the lower portions of the structure.

4.4 Connectors

4.4.1
Connectors and fittings shall be compatible for use with the conductor and the surfaces on which they
are installed.

4.4.2
Bimetallic connectors and fittings shall be used for splicing or bonding dissimilar metals.

4.4.3
Connectors for conductors shall be of the bolted, welded, high-compression (irreversible crimp), or
manual crimp type.
Note: Exothermic weld connections should not be used for connections made above roofing surfaces.

4.4.4
Manual crimp-type connectors shall not be used in on structures exceeding 23 m in height, or in Class V
applications.

4.4.5
Exothermic weld connections shall comply with the requirements of IEEE 837.

4.4.6
Where connectors are concealed, they shall be exothermically welded, or shall be of a type designed for
direct burial, except in cases where structural metal is used as a conductor.

4.4.7
Connectors shall withstand a pull test of 890 N (200 Ib).

4.5 Fasteners

4.5.1
Fasteners shall be of the same materials as the conductor, or of a material equally resistant to corrosion
or weakening as that of the conductor.

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4.5.2
Roofing membrane strapped over a conductor shall be considered a suitable fastener only where
required in accordance with the roofing manufacturer’s instructions.
Note: The AHJ should be consulted to ensure that the lightning protection system does not compromise the roof
warranty. Membrane straps should be a minimum of 25 mm (1 in) in width and 100 mm (4 in) in length.

4.5.3
Fasteners shall be installed so as to withstand a direct pull of 445 N (100 Ib) and at the required spacing
for each application.
Note: The direct pull requirement may be reduced where a pull test might result in damage to the building
envelope construction, provided that the conductor is secure against displacement.

4.6 Protection from galvanic action

Combinations of materials that lead to galvanic corrosion in the presence of moisture shall not be used.

4.7 Protection from corrosive action

4.7.1
All lightning protection system parts shall be resistant to any corrosive condition existing at the
installation or shall be protected against corrosion.

4.7.2
Copper components installed within 600 mm (2 ft) of the top of a chimney not meeting the
requirements for a Class Ill installation, or a vent emitting corrosive gases, shall be protected by a lead,
tin, or chrome coating.

4.7.3
Where corrosion-protective paint or coatings are removed as part of a bonding process in a lightning
protection system, the completed electrical connection shall have corrosion protection equivalent to the
original coating.

4.8 Protection against temperature differences

The lightning protection system shall be installed to allow for thermal expansion and contraction of the
materials used in the installation.

4.9 Protection against mechanical damage

4.9.1
Lightning protection system parts exposed to mechanical damage shall be covered with a protective
moulding or covering.
Note: This requirement is not intended to apply to exposed lightning protection system components at roof level,
where incidental contact with the system due to maintenance operations can be expected.

4.9.2
Where metal pipe or tubing is used around a conductor, the conductor shall be bonded to the pipe or
tubing at both ends, and at intervals not exceeding 30 m (100 ft).

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4.10 Protection of electrical systems

Surge protection devices (SPDs) should be installed where the conductors enter the structure for all
power services, communications systems, and antenna systems.

4.11 Conductors routed through fire separation

Where a fire separation is pierced by a conductor, the space around the conductor shall be sealed in
order to maintain the integrity of the fire separation.

4.12 Execution of work

4.12.1
Lightning protection systems shall be installed in a neat and professional manner.

4.12.2
The individual(s) responsible for the installation shall be competent and knowledgeable on the
requirements of this Standard.

4.12.3
Where required by the AHJ, compliance of the completed installation with the requirements of this
Standard shall be verified through a physical on-site inspection by a qualified and impartial organization
acceptable to the AHJ.

4.13 Maintenance

4.13.1
Guidelines for the maintenance of the lightning protection system shall be provided to the owner or the
owner’s representative at the completion of installation.

4.13.2
Inspections or testing of the completed installation for compliance to this Standard should be
performed at regular intervals (see Annex B).

5 Zone of protection

5.1 General
The overall zone of protection shall be determined using one or more of the following methods:
a) strike termination device placement in accordance with the requirements of Clause 6;
b) the angle method as given by Clause 5.2; and
c) the rolling sphere method as given by Clause 5.3.

5.2 Angle method

5.2.1
The zone of protection for structures not exceeding 7.6 m (25 ft) in height shall be described by a one-
to-two line descending from the tops of the roof-mounted strike termination devices, as shown in
Figure 1.

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5.2.2
The zone of protection for structures greater than 7.6 m (25 ft) in height but not exceeding 15 m (50 ft)
in height shall be described by a one-to-one line descending from the tops of the roof-mounted strike
termination devices, as shown in Figure 1.

5.2.3
The angle method shall not be used for structures exceeding 15 m (50 ft) in height.

5.3 Rolling sphere method

5.3.1
Using this method, the zone of protection shall include the space not intruded by a rolling sphere having
a radius of the striking distance determined for the type of structure being protected, as shown in
Figure 2.

5.3.2
The striking distance shall not exceed 45 m (150 ft).

5.3.3
Where the sphere is tangent to earth and resting against a strike termination device, all space in the
vertical plane between the two points of contact and under the sphere shall be considered to be in the
zone of protection, as shown in Figure 2.

5.3.4
Where the sphere is resting on two or more strike termination devices, the zone of protection shall
include the space in the vertical plane under the sphere and between those devices, as shown in
Figure 2.

5.3.5
All possible placements of the sphere shall be evaluated when determining the overall zone of
protection.

5.3.6
For structure heights exceeding the striking distance above earth or above a lower strike termination
device, the zone of protection shall include the space in the vertical plane under the sphere where it is
resting against a vertical surface of the structure and the lower strike termination device(s) or earth.

5.3.7
For masts and overhead ground wires, the zone of protection shall be evaluated using the rolling sphere
method, as shown in Figure 3.

5.3.8
Using the rolling sphere method, the horizontal protected distance from a higher roof may also be
calculated using the following formula:

d= hy(2R - hy) ~ yh,(2R ~ hy)

where

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d = horizontal protected distance, m or ft

hy = height of the higher roof, m or ft
R_ = rolling sphere striking distance radius, m or ft
h2 = height of the lower roof, m or ft

6 Strike termination devices

6.1 General

6.1.1
Strike termination devices used in a lightning protection system shall be one or more of the following:
a) air terminals;
b) masts;
c) overhead ground wires; and
d) permanent metal parts of structures as described in Clauses 6.1.2 and 6.1.3.

6.1.2
Permanent metal parts of a structure, other than railings as described in Clause 6.1.3, that are exposed
to direct lightning strikes and have a metal thickness of 4.8 mm (3/16 in) or greater may be connected
to the lightning protection system in accordance with the requirements of Clauses 7.2 and 9.

6.1.3
Metal railings that are exposed to direct lightning strikes and have a wall thickness of 3.2 mm (1/8 in) or
greater may be connected to the lightning protection system in accordance with the requirements of
Clauses 7.2 and 9.

6.1.4
Strike termination devices shall not be required for parts of a structure located within a zone of
protection.

6.2 Air terminals

6.2.1
In order to provide adequate field enhancement, the height of an air terminal shall be such that the tip
is not less than 250 mm (10 in) above the top of the object to be protected, as shown in Figure 4.

6.2.2
Air terminals shall be secured against overturning or displacement by one or more of the following
methods:
a) attachment to the object to be protected; and
b) braces that are securely attached to the structure.

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6.2.3
Air terminals exceeding 600 mm (2 ft) in height shall be supported at a point not less than one-half their
height.
Note: This requirement is not intended to apply to engineered air terminal assemblies exceeding 600 mm (2 ft) in
height that are acceptable to the AHI.

6.2.4 Location of air terminals

6.2.4.1
Air terminals shall be installed no more than 600 mm (2 ft) away from ridge ends on pitched roofs, or
from edges and outside corners of flat or gently sloping roofs or structures, as shown in Figure 4.

6.2.4.2
Air terminals that extend less than 600 mm above the object or area they protect shall be installed with
a maximum spacing of 6 m (20 ft) along the ridges of pitched roofs and along the edges of flat or gently
sloping roofs, as shown in Figure 4.

6.2.4.3
Air terminals that extend 600 mm (2 ft) or more above the object or area they protect may be installed
with a maximum spacing of 7.6 m (25 ft) along the ridges of pitched roofs and along the edges of flat or
gently sloping roofs.

6.2.4.4
Flat roof areas within the roof perimeter that exceed 15 m (50 ft) in width and length shall have air
terminals installed in a grid pattern with a maximum dimension of 15 m (50 ft), with no point on the
roof more than 11 m (35 ft) away from an air terminal, as shown in Figure 5.

6.2.4.5
Flat roof areas within the roof perimeter may also be protected using taller strike termination devices to
provide a zone of protection in accordance with the requirements of Clause 5, as shown in Figure 6.

6.2.4.6
Air terminals shall be installed on nonmetallic bodies such as vents, chimneys, spires, or dormers that
are not within the zone of protection, as shown in Figure 7.

6.2.4.7
Air terminals shall be installed on all metallic bodies (e.g., air handling equipment, vents, cooling towers,
ductwork) not meeting the requirements of Clauses 6.1.2 and 6.1.3, as shown in Figure 7.

6.2.4.8
Air terminals installed on metallic and nonmetallic bodies on the roof shall be located no more than
600 mm (2 ft) away from outside edges and corners, and at linear intervals in accordance with
Clauses 6.2.4.2 and 6.2.4.3.

6.2.4.9
On domed or rounded roofs, air terminals shall be installed so that no portion of the structure is located
outside the zone of protection, as shown in Figure 8.

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6.2.4.10
Air terminals shall be installed around the perimeter of open areas in flat roofs (e.g., light or mechanical
wells, courtyards), where one or both of the following conditions apply:
a) The open area perimeter exceeds 90 m (300 ft) and both rectangular dimensions exceed 15 m
(SO ft).
b) The open area is provided with a parapet that extends outside the zone of protection.

6.2.4.11
The outermost projections of roofs with irregular perimeters may be assumed to form an imaginary roof
edge, which shall be used to locate strike termination devices in accordance with Clauses 6.2.4.1
through 6.2.4.3, as shown in Figure 9.

6.2.4.12 Metal rooftop units

6.2.4.12.1
Air terminals shall be installed on metal rooftop units in accordance with the requirements of
Clause 6.2.4.8 by using one of the following methods:
a) adhering with adhesive bases to the metal unit’s housing;
b) mechanically securing to the unit’s metal housing on bases having a minimum surface contact area
of 1940 mm? (3 in2) each; or
c) drilling, tapping, and screwing directly into the unit’s frame in accordance with the requirements of
Clause 11.2.3.1.

6.2.4.12.2
Where an air terminal is mounted in accordance with Clause 6.2.4.12.1 b) or c), the unit’s metal housing
may be used as a primary conductor where the housing’s thickness is 1.6 mm (0.064 in) or greater and
is electrically continuous, in accordance with the requirements for solid aluminum strip conductor in
Table 1.

6.2.4.12.3
Where the unit’s metal housing is used as a primary conductor, air terminal bases installed in
accordance with Clause 6.2.4.12.1 b) shall be in direct, metal to metal contact with the unit.

6.2.4.12.4
Where the unit’s metal housing is used as a primary conductor, a minimum of two direct, metal to
metal bonding connections shall be made to the base of the housing, in accordance with the
requirements of Clauses 7.2 and 9.

6.2.4.13 Movable or rotating objects on roofs

6.2.4.13.1
Movable or rotating objects on roofs shall not require air terminals where such an installation would
interfere with the operation of the equipment (e.g., windsocks, weather stations, gantries).

6.2.4.13.2
Where practicable, such objects shall be placed in a zone of protection using strike termination devices.

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6.2.4.13.3
The fixed portion of a metallic movable or rotating object outside a zone of protection shall be
connected to the lightning protection system in accordance with the requirements of Clauses 7.2 and 9.

6.2.4.14 Roofs with intermediate ridges (see Figure 10)

6.2.4.14.1
Roofs that have a series of parallel ridges shall have air terminals located along the outermost ridges in
accordance with the requirements of Clauses 6.2.4.1 through 6.2.4.3.

6.2.4.14.2
Intermediate ridges shall have air terminals located in accordance with the requirements of
Clause 6.2.4.4.

6.2.4.15 Protection for eaves lines

6.2.4.15.1
Pitched roofs with eaves heights of more than 15 m (50 ft) above grade shall be provided with
protection at the eaves in accordance with the requirements of Clauses 6.2.4.1 through 6.2.4.3.

6.2.4.15.2
Eaves located within a zone of protection and pitched roofs with eaves heights of less than 15 m (50 ft)
above grade shall not require protection at the eaves.

6.3 Masts

6.3.1
Lightning masts may provide a zone of protection, as shown in Figure 3.

6.3.2
Nonmetallic masts and metallic masts that do not comply with the requirements of Clause 6.1.2 shall be
protected with an air terminal.

6.3.3
Electrically continuous walls of metallic masts may serve as the conductor where the wall thickness is
1.6 mm (0.064 in) or more, in accordance with the requirements for solid aluminum strip conductor in
Table 1.

6.4 Overhead ground wires

6.4.1
Overhead ground wires may provide a zone of protection, as shown in Figure 3.

6.4.2
Overhead ground wire material shall be chosen to minimize corrosion from conditions at the site, and
shall be constructed of aluminum, copper, stainless steel, galvanized steel, or protected steel such as
copper-clad, aluminum-clad, or aluminum conductor steel reinforced (ACSR).

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6.4.3
Overhead ground wire material shall have a minimum diameter of 13 mm (1/2 in) and shall be self-
supporting with minimum sag under all conditions (e.g., #4/0 copper, #3/0 ACSR).

6.4.4
Connections between overhead ground wires and other lightning protection components shall be made
through components that are chosen so as to avoid galvanic action.

6.5 Sideflash prevention

6.5.1
Where masts or overhead ground wires are not installed directly on a structure, the mast or overhead
ground wire shall be located at a sufficient distance from the structure to prevent sideflash.

6.5.2
For a mast isolated from the structure or object it protects, its minimum separation from the structure
shall be calculated using the following formula:

=!
D= 6
where
D sideflash distance from a mast, m or ft
h height of structure or object being protected, m or ft

6.5.3
For an overhead ground wire isolated from the structure or object it protects, the minimum separation
from the structure at any point on the wire shall be calculated using the following formula:
!
6n

where
D_ = sideflash distance from a mast, m or ft

| = length of lightning protection conductor between the nearest grounded point and the point
being calculated, m or ft
n = 1 where there is one overhead ground wire that exceeds 30 m (100 ft) in horizontal length
n = 1.5 where there are two down conductors connected to the overhead ground wire spaced
greater than 7.6 m (25 ft) and less than 30 m (100 ft) apart along the length of the overhead
ground wire
n = 2.25 where there are more than two down conductors connected to the overhead ground wire
spaced greater than 7.6 m (25 ft) and less than 30 m (100 ft) apart along the length of the
overhead ground wire

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7 Conductors

7.1 General

7.11
Primary conductors shall be coursed in a horizontal or downward path to ground or shall rise at no
more than 1/4 slope to connections to ground.

7.1.2
Primary conductors shall not be coursed in a down-and-up configuration.

7.1.3
Primary conductor bends shall have a radius of no less than 200 mm (8 in) and shall include an angle of
no less than 90°, as shown in Figure 11.
Note: Bends and joints in primary lightning conductors add impedance and should be minimized as much as
possible.

7.1.4
Primary conductors may be routed in an upward coursing for a vertical distance of no more than
200 mm (8 in) at through-roof or through-wall connections only, in order to mitigate tripping hazards.

7.2 Roof conductors

7.2.1
Primary conductors shall interconnect and provide a minimum of two separate paths to ground from
each strike termination device.

7.2.2
Primary conductors shall be coursed along the ridges and slopes of pitched roofs, around the perimeter
of flat roofs, and across flat roof areas to interconnect all strike termination devices.

7.2.3
Primary conductors shall be coursed through or around obstructions (e.g., knee walls, cupolas, rooftop
units) in accordance with Clause 7.1.1, as shown in Figure 12.

7.24
Strike termination devices installed on vertical roof sections may be provided with a single primary
conductor to connect to the roof conductor network where the single conductor run does not exceed
4.9 m (16 ft) in total length, as shown in Figure 13.
Note: This requirement applies to portions of the roof construction, and is not intended to apply to lightning
protection masts and tall vent stacks that can be protected with a single air terminal, where they have heights in
excess of 4.9 m (16 ft).

7.2.5
Conductors that interconnect strike termination devices in the middle of flat roofs shall be connected to
the primary perimeter conductor at intervals not exceeding 45 m (150 ft), as shown in Figure 5.

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7.2.6
Metal parts of a structure that do not meet the requirements of Clauses 6.1.2 and 6.1.3 shall not be
substituted for the primary lightning conductor.

7.2.7
A primary conductor drop from a higher roof to a lower roof level may be installed to interconnect the
air terminals on the low roof with only a single continuing down conductor, provided the horizontal run
of the primary conductor on the lower roof does not exceed 12 m (40 ft), as shown in Figure 14.

7.2.8
A “dead-ended” primary conductor may be provided between a single strike termination device and the
roof conductor network
a) where the roof conductor network provides at least two separate paths to ground from the point
at which the dead-end conductor attaches to it;
b) where the horizontal portion of the dead-end conductor does not exceed 2.4 m (8 ft) in total
length on a main protected roof level;
c) where the horizontal portion of the dead-end conductor does not exceed 4.9 m (16 ft) in total
length on a roof below the main protected level; and
d) where the dead-end conductor run maintains a horizontal or downward course from the strike
termination device to the roof conductor network.

7.2.9
Secondary conductors shall not be required to comply with the coursing requirements of Clause 7.1.

7.3 Conductor fasteners

7.3.1
Conductors shall be fastened to the structure on which they are installed at intervals not exceeding 1m
(3 ft).

7.3.2
Conductors may be coursed through the air without support for a maximum distance of 1 m (3 ft).

7.3.3
Conductors coursed through air for more than 1 m (3 ft) shall be provided with a means of support
(e.g., a strut or a conduit) to prevent damage to or displacement of the conductor.

7.4 Down conductors

TAA
Primary down conductors shall be installed to connect the roof lightning protection system to the
grounding electrode system.

7.4.2
The location of down conductors should be selected with consideration of the following:
a) the placement of the strike termination devices;
b) the most direct coursing of the conductors;

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c) earth conditions;
d) security against displacement;
e) the location of large metallic bodies;
f) the location of underground metallic piping systems;
g) the location of underground duct banks or tunnel systems;
h) the location of underground structures (e.g., parkades); and
i) avoidance of pedestrian walkways and areas subject to foot traffic where practicable.

74.3
The number of down conductors on a structure shall be equal to one for each 30 m (100 ft) of
perimeter, or additional fraction thereof, with a minimum of two down conductors, as shown in
Figure 15.

7AA
The spacing of down conductors on a structure shall be such that the average distance between down
conductors on the whole structure shall not exceed 30 m (100 ft), as shown in Figure 15.

745
When determining the perimeter of a structure, the horizontal projection of the protected roof level(s)
shall be measured.

7.4.6
When determining the perimeter of a structure, lower roofs or projections that are located entirely
within a zone of protection may be ignored.

7.4.7
Down conductors shall be as widely separated as practicable and shall be separated by no less than 6 m
(20 ft) in all cases.

74.8
Down conductors shall be located at or near the perimeter of a structure where practicable.

749
Down conductors shall follow as direct a course to ground as practicable.

7.4.10
Down conductors coursed on or in reinforced concrete columns or on structural steel columns shall be
connected to the reinforcing steel or the structural steel member at the top and bottom.

7411
Down conductors that enter the ground in locations where they might be subject to physical damage
shall be provided with mechanical protection (e.g., a PVC or metallic conduit) for a minimum of 2 m
(6 ft) above grade.

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CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

7.4.12
Where a down conductor is provided with ferrous mechanical protection (e.g., a metallic conduit), the
mechanical protection shall be made electrically continuous with the conductor at each end in
accordance with the requirements of Clause 9.3.

7.4.13
Down conductors run inside building chases or cavities in which access is restricted may be fastened at
intervals not exceeding 3 m (10 ft), or at every floor, where practicable.
Note: Lightning protection down conductors may not be installed in elevator hoistways, per ASME A17.1/CSA B44,
unless permitted in writing by the AHJ.

8 Grounding

8.1 Location

8.1.1
At least one grounding electrode shall be installed and connected to each down conductor.

8.1.2
Individual grounding electrodes shall be installed at least 2 m (6 ft) from any other grounding systems,
gas mains, gas tanks, and oil or gasoline tanks in contact with the earth.

8.1.3
Where a structure’s property line does not extend outside the building footprint, the grounding
electrodes may be located inside the building, beneath the basement or lower slab, and as close as
practicable to the outside perimeter of the structure.

8.2 Materials for grounding electrodes

8.2.1
Driven ground rod electrodes shall be copper, copper-clad steel, stainless steel, or cupronickel rods not
less than 15.9 mm (5/8 in) in diameter.

8.2.2
Driven ground rod electrodes shall extend as vertically as practicable into the earth, shall have a length
not less than 3 m (10 ft), and shall be fully driven to a depth of 3 m (10 ft).

8.2.3
A buried or embedded grounding electrode shall consist of
a) aground ring electrode encircling the protected structure, in direct contact with the earth at a
depth of not less than 450 mm (18 in);
b) acopper primary conductor horizontally buried in the soil for a distance of 6 m (20 ft) or more at a
depth of not less than 450 mm (18 in);
c) acopper primary conductor at least 6 m (20 ft) long encased within the bottom 50 mm (2 in) of a
concrete footing that is in direct contact with the earth; or

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d) ametal plate of copper or stainless steel, 1.6 mm (0.064 in) thick and 0.18 m2 (2 ft2) in area,
embedded in soil at a depth of not less than 450 mm (18 in), or in the bottom 50 mm (2 in) of a
concrete footing that is in direct contact with the earth.

8.2.4
Where down conductors and grounding electrodes are subject to corrosion due to soil chemicals (e.g.,
barnyard seepage, petrochemical residue), they shall be of stainless steel or another material providing
corrosion protection equivalent to that of stainless steel.

8.2.5
Where a building foundation consists of driven metallic piles, the piles may be used as part of the
grounding electrode system.

8.2.6
Where a metallic pile is used as a grounding electrode, the down conductor shall be connected to it
using a bolted connector meeting the requirements of Clause 9.1.3 or 9.1.4, or by the exothermic
welding process.

8.3 Installation of grounding electrodes

8.3.1
Connections to grounding electrodes should be made at a point not less than 150 mm (6 in) below
grade level and 600 mm (2 ft) away from the structure’s foundation or below-grade structural supports.
Note: Grounding electrodes installed in inspection wells may extend above the ground surface inside the well to
provide access for testing.

8.3.2
Conductors shall be connected to grounding electrodes using bolted or high-compression (irreversible
crimp) connectors, or by the exothermic welding process.

8.3.3
Where ground rod electrodes cannot be driven to their full depth around the perimeter of a structure,
an embedded grounding electrode or electrodes in accordance with Clause 8.2.3 shall be installed.

8.3.4
Where soil depth is less than 450 mm (18 in), the embedded grounding electrode or electrodes may be
buried at the maximum depth of soil available.

8.3.5
Where a structure is installed directly on bedrock, one of the following grounding methods shall be
used:
a) Atrench at least 600 mm (2 ft) deep shall be dug into the bedrock perpendicular to the side of the
structure, into which a horizontal buried copper ground conductor not less than 6 m (20 ft) in
length shall be installed.
b) One or more metallic plates shall be placed resting on bedrock at least 2 m (6 ft) apart.
c) Aground ring electrode shall be laid directly on bedrock a minimum distance of 600 mm (2 ft) from
the structure’s foundation.

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8.3.6
Where a grounding conductor is laid directly on bedrock, it shall be secured to the bedrock at least
every 1 m (3 ft) using conductor fasteners, conductive cement, or conductive adhesive to ensure
electrical contact and protect against movement.
Note: Where the grounding conductor will be held in place by backfill, a concrete slab pour, or similar, fastening of
the conductor to bedrock is not required.

8.3.7
Where an excavated foundation is installed (e.g., for a high-rise structure or similar), a ground ring
electrode may be installed at the footing level and used as the grounding electrode system.

8.4 Common grounding

8.4.1
Interconnection shall be provided between the lightning protection grounding system and the
grounding of other systems using a primary lightning conductor and connector in order to achieve a
common grounding.

8.4.2
Where a structure protected against lightning is equipped with an electric-service ground, at least one
grounding electrode of the lightning protection system shall be interconnected with the service ground
using a primary lightning conductor and connector.

8.4.3
Where a protected structure has a telephone service that employs a ground electrode, at least one
grounding electrode of the lightning protection system shall be interconnected with the
communications service ground using a primary lightning conductor and connector.

8.4.4
Where a metallic underground water-piping system is present in a protected structure, the grounding of
the lightning protection system shall be connected to this water-piping system using a primary lightning
conductor and connector.

8.4.5
Where a protected building is served by a plastic water pipe leading from a metal well casing or metal
water pipe within 7.6 m (25 ft) of the protected building, the lightning protection system shall be
connected to the metal well casing or water pipe using a primary lightning conductor and connector.

8.4.6
Where the grounded systems in Clauses 8.4.2 through 8.4.5 are interconnected at a common location
(e.g., building ground bus, structural metal framework) in or on the structure, the required common
grounding may be installed using one primary lightning conductor and connector between the lightning
protection grounding system and the common location.

8.4.7
All other below-grade grounding mediums, exclusive of piping provided with cathodic protection, shall

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be interconnected with the lightning protection system using a primary lightning conductor and
connector.
Note: Where cathodic protection is involved, advice regarding proper bonding or spark gap isolation should be
obtained from a cathodic protection specialist.

8.4.8
A primary conductor ground ring electrode may be used to interconnect the lightning protection system
grounding electrodes and other building grounding systems.

8.5 Grounding system resistance

8.5.1
The lightning protection grounding electrode system should provide a resistance to ground of less than
509.

8.5.2
At least one access point (e.g., an inspection well) shall be provided to concealed lightning protection
grounding electrode systems for testing purposes.

9 Bonding of metallic bodies

9.1 Materials

9.1.1
Conductors for the interconnection of metal bodies with the lightning protection system shall meet the
requirements of Tables 1 and 2.

9.1.2
Connectors and methods of installation used to make connections of conductors to metal bodies shall
be such as to ensure permanently tight contact between the conductor and the metal object as
specified in Clause 4.4.

9.1.3
Bonding connectors used with primary conductors on flat surfaces shall provide a surface contact area
of not less than 1940 mm? (3 in2).

9.1.4
Bonding connectors used with primary conductors on round surfaces shall provide a contact length of
not less than 40 mm (1.5 in) parallel to the axis of the surface.

9.1.5
Bonding connectors used with secondary conductors shall provide a minimum surface contact area of
a) 13 mm? (0.02 in2) when copper or copper alloy; or
b) 21 mm? (0.03 in?) when aluminum or aluminum alloy.

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9.2 Metal bodies of conductance

9.2.1
Metal bodies of conductance that do not meet the requirements of Clauses 6.1.2 and 6.1.3 shall be
provided with air terminals in accordance with Clause 6.

9.2.2
Metal bodies of conductance that meet the requirements of Clauses 6.1.2 and 6.1.3 shall be provided
with bonding connections and primary conductor paths to ground in accordance with Clause 7.

9.2.3
Metal bodies of conductance extending along roof ridges, parapets, cornices, or other exposed locations
shall be connected to a conductor at each end and at intermediate intervals not exceeding 18 m (60 ft).

9.2.4
Metal bodies of conductance projecting through a roof shall be connected from near their junction with
the roof to a primary conductor.

9.2.5
Metal guy stays for antennas shall be connected to a conductor or other grounded metal by conductors
used for metal bodies of inductance unless the guy stays are sectionalized by insulators.

9.3 Metal bodies of inductance

9.3.1
The bonding distance for grounded metal bodies shall be calculated using the following formula:

D~ = calculated bonding distance, m or ft

h = vertical distance between the metal body and the nearest connection to ground or to the
lightning protection system, m or ft
n = 1where there is only one down conductor within a zone of 30 m (100 ft) from the metal body
= 1.5 where there are only two down conductors spaced at least 7.6 m (25 ft) apart in this zone
= 2.25 where there are three or more down conductors spaced at least 7.6 m (25 ft) apart in this
zone
Km = 1 for flashovers through air
= 1.5 for flashovers through solid material (e.g., concrete, brick, roofing materials)

9.3.2
Metal bodies of inductance on the exterior of the structure shall be connected to a conductor or other
grounded metal where located within the bonding distance of a primary conductor.

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9.3.3
Where bonding of metal bodies of inductance has been accomplished inherently through construction,
or by physical contact between electrically conductive materials, no additional bonding connection shall
be required.

9.3.4
Vertical metal bodies exceeding 18 m (60 ft) in length (e.g., ventilating shafts, vertical pipes) shall be
bonded to a conductor or to a grounded structural metal framework member as near as practicable to
either end.
Note: Where various metal bodies of inductance have been grounded in accordance with the Canadian Electrical
Code, Part |, such metal bodies need not be provided with an independent ground. Additionally, each such metal
body of inductance should be connected to a conductor in accordance with Clauses 9.4.1 and 9.4.2.

9.3.5
Buildings with structural metal framework that are provided with a lightning protection system after
their construction shall have their metal framework interconnected at the top and bottom with each
down conductor using a primary lightning conductor and connector.

9.4 Potential equalization

9.4.1 Ground-level potential equalization

For structures exceeding 23 m (75 ft) in height, interconnection of the lightning grounding electrodes
and other grounded metal bodies at or below grade level shall be in the form of a ground loop
conductor.

9.4.2 Roof-level potential equalization

For structures exceeding 23 m (75 ft) in height, all metal bodies of conductance and inductance on the
roof of the structure shall be interconnected with the lightning protection system.

9.4.3 Intermediate-level potential equalization

9.4.3.1
Intermediate-level potential equalization shall be provided through interconnection of the lightning
protection down conductors and other grounded metal bodies where required by Clauses 9.4.3.3 and
9.4.3.4 by means of a horizontal loop of primary conductor.

9.4.3.2
Intermediate-level potential equalization shall not be required for structures whose structural metal
framework meets the requirements of Clause 4.2.1 d).

9.4.3.3
Reinforced concrete structures shall be provided with intermediate-level potential equalization at
intervals not exceeding 60 m (200 ft).

9.4.3.4
Structures framed with materials other than structural metal or reinforced concrete shall be provided
with intermediate-level potential equalization at intervals not exceeding 18 m (60 ft).

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10 Class III installations

10.1 Materials

10.1.1
Lightning protection components for Class III installations shall comply with the material requirements
of Table 2, except as modified by this Clause.

10.1.2
Strike termination devices installed on a smoke or vent stack shall be made of solid copper, 316
stainless steel, Monel® metal, or titanium and shall have a diameter of not less than 15.9 mm (5/8 in),
exclusive of any corrosion protection.

10.1.3
Copper and bronze lightning protection components on the top 7.6 m (25 ft) of a smoke or vent stack
shall be protected from corrosion with a continuous layer of lead not less than 1.6 mm (0.064 in) thick.

10.1.4
Smoke or vent stacks that extend through a roof less than 7.6 m (25 ft) shall have a lead covering only
on those materials above the roof level.
Note: Upon approval of the AHJ, the lead coating on copper and bronze lightning protection components may be
omitted on stacks venting flue gases from natural gas combustion, or on legacy stacks that no longer vent
combustion gases.

10.2 Strike termination devices

10.2.1
Air terminals installed on a smoke or vent stack shall be installed around the perimeter at intervals not
exceeding 2.4 m (8 ft).

10.2.2
On square or rectangular stacks, air terminals shall be located not more than 600 mm (2 ft) away from
the corners.

10.2.3
Air terminals shall extend not less than 450 mm (18 in) and not more than 760 mm (30 in) above the
top of the protected stack.

10.2.4
An electrically continuous metal hood of thickness 4.8 mm (3/16 in) or greater, installed over the entire
perimeter of the upper part of a smoke or vent stack, may serve as the strike termination device.

10.3 Conductors

10.3.1
Air terminals installed on a smoke or vent stack shall be interconnected by means of a loop conductor.

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10.3.2
A minimum of two down conductors shall be provided for a smoke or vent stack.

10.3.3
Where an electrically continuous metal hood serves as the strike termination device, it shall be
connected to the down conductors using bonding connections with surface area not less than
5240 mm? (8 in2), bolted or welded to the hood.

10.3.4
The down conductors shall be installed on opposite sides of the stack.

10.3.5
The down conductors shall be interconnected using a loop conductor within 3.6 m (12 ft) of the base of
the stack.

10.3.6
Intermediate-level loop conductors shall be provided for smoke or vent stacks over 60 m (200 ft) in
height, at intervals not exceeding 60 m (200 ft) between ground level and the strike termination device
or devices.

10.4 Fasteners

10.4.1
Loop conductors shall be fastened to the smoke or vent stack at intervals not exceeding 600 mm (2 ft).

10.4.2
Down conductors shall be fastened to the smoke or vent stack at intervals not exceeding 1.2 m (4 ft).

10.4.3
Fasteners shall be made of copper, copper alloy, or stainless steel.

10.4.4
The threaded shank of fasteners for air terminals and air terminal bases shall be not less than 12.7 mm
(1/2 in) in diameter.

10.4.5
The threaded shank of fasteners for conductors shall be not less than 9.5 mm (3/8 in) in diameter.

10.5 Grounding

10.5.1
Grounding electrodes for a smoke or vent stack shall be subject to the requirements of Clause 8.

10.5.2
Ground rod electrodes shall have a diameter not less than 15.9 mm (5/8 in) and shall not be less than
3 m (10 ft) in length.

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10.6 Interconnection of metallic bodies

10.6.1
Where a smoke or vent stack is provided with an interior metal sheathing, it shall be connected to the
lightning protection at the top and bottom.

10.6.2
Any metallic body incorporated on or fixed to a smoke or vent stack (e.g., cap, cleanout door, platform,
ladder, breeching, jib, conduit, piping, reinforcing steel) shall be connected to the lightning protection
system.

10.6.3
Metallic bodies exceeding 18 m (60 ft) in length, incorporated on or fixed to a smoke or vent stack, shall
be connected to the lightning protection system at or near each end, and at intermediate intervals not
exceeding 30 m (100 ft).

10.6.4
All interior and exterior grounded metal bodies shall be interconnected by a loop conductor within
3.6 m (12 ft) of the base and top of the stack, and at any intermediate loop conductors.

10.7 Metal stacks

10.7.1
Electrically continuous metal stacks having a thickness of 4.8 mm (3/16 in) or greater shall not require
air terminals or down conductors.

10.7.2
A metal stack complying with the requirements of Clause 10.7.1 shall be equipped with two grounding
electrodes, diametrically opposed and installed in accordance with the requirements of Clause 10.5.

10.7.3
Where a metal stack is provided with metal guy wires, they shall be grounded in accordance with the
requirements of Clause 10.5, unless their anchoring system already complies with these requirements.

11 Class IV installations

11.1 General
The materials, equipment, and ground electrodes required in Clause 11 shall comply with the
requirements for a Class | or a Class II installation, except as otherwise stated in this Clause.

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11.2 Structural metallic systems

11.2.1 Use of metal framework

11.2.1.1
The metal framework of a structure may be used as the primary conductor of a lightning protection
system where it complies with the requirements of Clause 4.2.1 d).

11.2.1.2
Where the metal framework of a structure is used as a primary conductor, it shall be electrically
continuous or shall be made electrically continuous.

11.2.2 Strike termination devices

11.2.2.1
Strike termination devices shall be connected to the structural metal framework by direct connection or
by a conductor routed through the building envelope to the metal framework.

11.2.2.2
Where strike termination devices are interconnected with a primary conductor above the roof level,
connections to the metal framework shall be provided
a) for ridge conductors, within 600 mm (2 ft) of ridge ends and at intervals not exceeding an average
of 30 m (100 ft) along the ridge;
b) for perimeter conductors, around the perimeter at intervals not exceeding an average of 30 m (100
ft); and
c) for conductors interconnecting strike termination devices on flat roofs, at intervals not exceeding
45 m (150 ft), in lieu of the requirements of Clause 7.2.5.

11.2.3 Connections to framework

11.2.3.1
Strike termination devices shall be connected to the structural metal framework by
a) direct drilling and tapping, with a minimum of five threads fully engaged; or
b) an air terminal base with a metal-to-metal contact surface area of not less than 1940 mm (3 in2).

11.2.3.2
Primary conductors shall be connected to the structural metal framework by one of the following
methods:
a) bonding plates with a metal-to-metal contact surface area of not less than 5240 mm? (8 in2);
b) the exothermic welding process; or
c) brazing.

11.2.3.3
Where a solid or threaded rod is used for through-roof or through-wall connections, it shall be
connected to the structural metal framework by
a) direct drilling and tapping, with a minimum of five threads fully engaged; or
b) aconnector fitting with a metal-to-metal contact surface area of not less than 5240 mm? (8 in?).

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11.2.3.4
Where a threaded rod is drilled and tapped into the structural metal framework in accordance with the
requirements of Clause 11.2.3.3 a), the threaded rod shall have a diameter of
a) 9.5 mm (3/8 in) for Class | installations; or
b) 12.7 mm (1/2 in) for Class II installations.

11.2.3.5
Bonding plates shall have bolt-pressure conductor connectors and shall be bolted, welded, or brazed to
the structural metal framework.

11.2.4 Grounding

11.2.4.1
Grounding electrodes shall be connected to the structural metal framework at intervals around the
perimeter not exceeding an average of 18 m (60 ft).

11.2.4.2
Grounding connections shall be made as close as practicable to the base of the structural metal
framework in accordance with the requirements of Clause 11.2.3.2.

11.3 Telecommunications equipment on roofs

11.3.1 General

11.3.1.1
A lightning protection system may be installed for telecommunications equipment on a roof
independent of the structure in accordance with the requirements of Clauses 6 through 9, except as
modified by Clauses 11.3.1 through 11.3.5.
Note: This practice might not ensure full protection for the structure itself.

11.3.1.2
Where a structure is equipped with a lightning protection system, the telecommunications equipment
lightning protection shall be connected to the lightning protection system on the structure.

11.3.1.3
Where the security of a telecommunications lightning protection system might be compromised
through the use of copper or aluminum materials, galvanized steel may be used for the down
conductors and grounding.
Note: Cathodic protection should be provided for any galvanized components of the lightning protection system
that are installed in contact with earth.

11.3.2 Strike termination devices

11.3.2.1
Strike termination devices shall not be required on equipment within a zone of protection.

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11.3.2.2
Strike termination devices shall be installed to protect mast-mounted antennas and shall extend to a
height above the antenna equal to or greater than the lateral distance between the strike termination
device and the antenna, with a minimum clearance of 250 mm (10 in).
Note: Masts and antennas that cannot be equipped with an air terminal (e.g., fiberglass whip antennas) should be
connected to the lightning protection system at or near the base of metal supports, where present, in accordance
with the requirements of Clause 9.

11.3.2.3
Strike termination devices shall be installed on the roof or parapet of the structure to protect wall- or
roof-mounted antennas.

11.3.2.4
Strike termination devices shall be installed on telecommunications equipment shelters, equipment
cabinets, and support structures in accordance with the requirements of Clause 6.

11.3.3 Conductors

11.3.3.1
Primary conductors shall interconnect and provide a minimum of two separate paths to ground from
each strike termination device in accordance with the requirements of Clause 7.2.

11.3.3.2
A minimum of two down conductors shall be provided for telecommunications equipment on a roof,
separated as widely as practicable.

11.3.3.3
An additional down conductor shall be provided where the distance between a strike termination
device and the connection to the down conductor on the roof exceeds 90 m (300 ft).

11.3.4 Grounding

11.3.4.1
At least one grounding electrode shall be installed and connected to each down conductor in
accordance with the requirements of Clause 8.

11.3.4.2
Grounding electrodes installed within 6 m (20 ft) of one another shall be bonded together below grade
using a primary lightning conductor and connector.

11.3.5 Bonding of metallic bodies

11.3.5.1
Metal bodies of conductance and inductance shall be connected to the lightning protection system in
accordance with the requirements of Clause 9.

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11.3.5.2
Metallic cable trays shall be connected to the lightning protection system at each end and at
intermediate intervals not exceeding 30 m (100 ft).

11.3.5.3
Co-axial grounding straps and bus bars on the roof shall be connected to the lightning protection
system.

11.3.5.4
Where the electrical grounding system has been extended to the roof and terminates at a bus bar, the
connection between the electrical ground bus and the lightning protection system shall be made using
secondary conductor to minimize lightning current on the electrical grounding system.

11.3.5.5
Where telecommunications equipment is installed on a structure that is not provided with a lightning
protection system, the down conductors shall not require intermediate-level potential equalization in
accordance with the requirements of Clause 9.4.3.

11.4 Spires and flagpoles

11.4.1
Tall projections on a structure (e.g., flagpoles, spires) that are equipped with a lightning protection
system shall have that system connected to the lightning protection system on the structure, where one
exists.

11.4.2
Tall projections on a structure may be protected independent of the structure upon which they are
erected.
Note: This practice might not ensure full protection for the structure itself.

11.4.3
Electrically continuous metal structures shall require only bonding to the lightning protection system, or
a grounding electrode or electrodes.

11.5 Tanks and silos

11.5.1
Tank and silo protection shall be in accordance with the requirements of Clauses 5 through 8, except as
modified by Clauses 11.5.2 through 11.5.7.

11.5.2
Tanks and silos containing flammable or explosive materials shall be protected in accordance with the
requirements of Clause 12.

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11.5.3
Tanks and silos with dome-shaped roofs shall be provided with at least one strike termination device at
the peak, and additional strike termination devices as required to create a zone of protection for the
silo.

11.5.4
Tanks and silos with prefabricated metal tops of at least 4.8 mm (3/16 in) thickness shall require only
bonding to down conductors using bonding plates with a surface contact area of not less than
5240 mm? (8 in?).

11.5.5
Tanks and silos less than 23 m (75 ft) in height shall be equipped with
a) two down conductors when the perimeter is less than or equal to 30 m (100 ft); and
b) one additional down conductor for every 30 m (100 ft) of perimeter or portion thereof when the
perimeter is more than 30 m (100 ft).

11.5.6
Tanks and silos 23 m (75 ft) or more in height shall be equipped with
a) two down conductors when the perimeter is less than or equal to 15 m (50 ft); and
b) one additional down conductor for every 15 m (50 ft) of perimeter or portion thereof when the
perimeter is more than 15 m (50 ft).

11.5.7
Permanent metal parts of a silo (e.g., bands, chutes, ladders, conveyors) of thickness 4.8 mm (3/16 in)
or greater should not be substituted for primary conductors.

11.6 Fences

11.6.1
Electrically continuous metal fences should be grounded at regular intervals for the safety of persons
and livestock.

11.6.2
The metal of the fence rails should be grounded by clamping to metal uprights in the soil or to separate
ground electrodes at the following intervals:
a) amaximum of 50 m (165 ft) where the soil is dry; or
b) amaximum of 100 m (330 ft) where the soil is permanently damp.

11.6.3
The continuity of the metal of fences should be broken at intervals not exceeding 300 m (1000 ft) by
wooden gates or by gaps at least 600 mm (2 ft) wide, closed by sections constructed of non-conducting
material.

11.6.4
Where a metal fence is less than 1.8 m (6 ft) from a lightning protection conductor, it shall be
interconnected with the lightning protection conductor, and an additional ground electrode shall be
installed at the nearest insulating gap.

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11.7 Trees

11.7.1 General
Protection for trees should be provided where the preservation of a tree is desired for historical or
safety reasons.
Note: Protection of a tree adjacent to a structure might not ensure protection for the structure.

11.7.2 Materials
All lightning protection components installed on trees shall be designed for the application.

11.7.3 Air terminals

11.7.3.1
An air terminal should be installed at or near the topmost part of the main stem.

11.7.3.2
Where the tree is forked or has multiple main stems, air terminals should be installed at or near the
topmost part of each stem.

11.7.4 Conductors

11.7.4.1
A primary down conductor should be run from the air terminal to the grounding electrodes.

11.7.4.2
Where more than one air terminal is installed, a primary conductor should be run from each air
terminal back to the down conductor or down conductors on the main trunk.

11.7.4.3
Where the tree trunk is 1 m (3 ft) in diameter or larger, two down conductors shall be installed on
opposite sides of the trunk.

11.7.4.4
Large upper branches should be provided with secondary conductors bonded to the primary conductor.

11.7.5 Conductor fasteners

Conductors should be securely fastened to the tree, making allowance for swaying in the wind and the
natural growth of the tree.

11.7.6 Grounding

11.7.6.1
Ground rod electrodes should be driven no less than 3.6 m (12 ft) away from the tree trunk.

11.7.6.2
Radial grounding electrodes should be buried at a depth of 200 mm (8 in) and extend not less than
3.6 m (12 ft) away from the trunk.

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11.7.6.3
The grounding electrodes should be bonded to any underground metallic water pipe located within
7.6 m (25 ft) of the tree.

11.8 Stages, outdoor pools, and terraces

11.8.1
Ground-mounted outdoor structures (e.g., partially covered stages, terraces, outdoor pools, inflatable
structures) shall be protected by masts or overhead ground wires providing a zone of protection that
covers the entire structure.

11.8.2
Where metallic bodies of conductance or inductance are installed on an outdoor structure, they shall be
connected to the lightning protection system in accordance with the requirements of Clause 9.

11.9 Rooftop helipads

11.9.1 General
Rooftop helipad protection shall be in accordance with the requirements of Clauses 6 through 9, except
as modified by Clauses 11.9.2 through 11.9.6.

11.9.2 Strike termination devices

11.9,2.1
The metal frame of the structure or the metal frame of the safety net at the perimeter of the pad may
serve as a strike termination device.

11.9.2.2
If adjacent sections of the perimeter metal frame or the metal frame of the safety net are not
electrically continuous through their mounting system, they shall be connected together with a primary
conductor.

11.9.2.3
Where lights are installed at the perimeter of the pad and extend above the edge of the helipad, air
terminals shall be installed adjacent to, or on the supports for, the lights.
Note: Where frangible lights are installed, the air terminals should be omitted.

11.9.3 Grounding

11.9.3.1
The structural metal frame of the helipad shall be connected to the lightning protection system at a
minimum of two places in accordance with the requirements of Clause 9.

11.9.3.2
Connections shall be installed at intervals not exceeding an average of 18 m (60 ft) around the
perimeter of the pad, as widely spaced as practicable.

April 2020 © 2020 Canadian Standards Association 42

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

11.9.3.3
Clamps and connectors shall be installed at or below the elevation of the safety net frame.

11.9.3.4
Clamps and conductors shall be secured against vibration and rotor wash.

11.9.4 Finishes
All exposed components shall be nonreflective or treated with a nonreflective finish.

11.9.5 Temporary grounding

Helipads used for parking shall have a designated point to connect the helicopter to the lightning
protection system while parked.

11.9.6 Non-interference
All components of the lightning protection and grounding systems shall be located so as not to interfere
with helicopter operations.

11.10 Fabric structures

11.10.1 General
Protection for fabric structures shall be in accordance with the requirements of Clauses 6 through 9,
except as modified by Clauses 11.10.2 and 11.10.3.

11.10.2 Metal framework

11.10.2.1
Where a fabric structure has a metal frame, the metal frame shall be bonded to the lightning protection
system.

11.10.2.2
The structural metal framing may be used as a primary conductor where it is no less than 3.2 mm
(1/8 in) in thickness and is electrically continuous or is made so.

11.10.3 Grounding

11.10.3.1
The grounding electrode system for a fabric structure shall be installed to mitigate the threat of step
potential.

11.10.3.2
Fabric structures that have a fabric or earth floor shall be provided with
a) aground loop conductor; and
b) one radial electrode for every 18 m (60 ft) of protected perimeter, or portion thereof, with a
minimum of two radial electrodes.

April 2020 © 2020 Canadian Standards Association 43

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

11.10.3.3
When an electrically continuous metal frame extends around the perimeter of the structure, it may be
used as the ground loop conductor.

11.10.3.4
Isolation techniques (e.g., insulative floors, insulative mats) may be used to reduce the threat of step
potential.

12 Class V installations — Structures with explosive or highly flammable

contents

12.1 General

12.1.1
The requirements of this Clause shall be followed for structures in which explosive or highly flammable
solids, liquids, gases, vapours, or dusts are manufactured, stored, or used, or in which highly flammable
or explosive gases, vapours, or dusts can accumulate.
Note: Structures of this category should not be equipped with tall components such as spires, chimneys, flagpoles,
or radio masts, nor should these be placed within 15 m (50 ft) of the structure.
The design of lightning protective systems for these structures should be dealt with by specialists. An assessment of
risks should precede design and should include at least occupancy conditions, value of structure and contents, type
of processes, experience with similar situations, degree of shielding by adjacent structures, and local historic flash
density measurements.
An acceptable risk might be present when the quantity of dangerous material is strictly limited, as in a laboratory
or small store, or where the structure is specifically designed to restrict the effects of a catastrophe or sited in an
isolated position. Circumstances can also arise in which the dangerous materials are not exposed but are
completely encased in metal of an adequate thickness (e.g., natural gas or fuel oil in metallic piping). In other
situations, the risks to life and property are such that the provision of every means possible for protection from the
consequence of a lightning discharge is essential.

12.1.2
Lightning protection systems designed to protect structures covered under this Clause shall be based on
a striking distance of 30 m (100 ft).

12.1.3
Where the effects of electromagnetic coupling are of concern, a mast or overhead ground wire system
shall be installed.

12.1.4
Materials used for Class V installations shall comply with the minimum requirements for Class II
installations, as given in Table 2.

April 2020 © 2020 Canadian Standards Association 44

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

12.2 Types of lightning protection

12.2.1 Metallic (Faraday-like) cage

12.2.1.1
Where optimum protection for structures housing explosives is required, a grounded, continuously
conductive metallic enclosure should be used.

12.2.1.2
Where the continuously conductive metallic enclosure constitutes the exterior of the structure, it shall
be no less than 4.8 mm (3/16 in) in thickness.

12.2.2 Masts

12.2.2.1
Mast lightning protection systems shall be installed in accordance with the requirements of Clauses 6.3
and 6.5, except as modified by Clauses 12.2.2.2 through 12.2.2.5.

12.2.2.2
Mast guy wires shall not be used as the only down conductors for a mast.

12.2.2.3
Each metallic guy cable shall be interconnected at its lower end to the grounding electrode system for
the mast.

12.2.2.4
Metallic guy wires shall be provided with a primary conductor to establish electrical continuity with
metallic masts, or the down conductor system for nonmetallic masts, at the top of the guy.

12.2.2.5
Metallic masts shall have a minimum of two connections to the grounding electrode system.

12.2.3 Overhead ground wires

Overhead ground wire systems shall be installed in accordance with the requirements of Clauses 6.4
and 6.5, using a striking distance as specified in Clause 12.1.2.

12.2.4 Integral lightning protection systems

12.2.4.1
Integral lightning protection systems shall be installed in accordance with the requirements of Clauses 6
through 9 using a striking distance as specified in Clause 12.1.2.

12.2.4.2
Integral lightning protection systems on structures covered under this Clause shall be equipped with
twice the number of down conductors as would be required for a structure not housing hazardous
contents.

April 2020 © 2020 Canadian Standards Association 45

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

12.3 Grounding

12.3.1
The grounding electrodes for the lightning protection system shall be interconnected using a ground
ring electrode.

12.3.2
A ground ring electrode shall not be required for structures with areas of 46.5 m2 (500 ft?) or less, or
those that can be protected by a single mast or air terminal.

12.3.3
The resistance value of the grounding electrode system shall be maintained permanently at 10 O or less.

12.4 Equipotential bonding

12.4.1 Metallic components

12.4,.1.1
All major metal components forming part of the structure (e.g., metal framing or reinforcement,
sheathing, siding, HVAC components) shall be connected to the lightning protection system.

12.4.1.2
Metallic components shall not be required to be bonded if the component has a surface area of less
than 0.26 m2 (400 in2).

12.4.1.3
Metallic components shall not be required to be bonded if the component has a volume of less than
0.016 m? (1000 in3).

12.4.1.4
Bonding connections to metal bodies shall be in accordance with the requirements of Clause 9.

12.4.2 Access doors

12.4.2.1
All external metallic door frames (and metallic doors through bonding to the frames by means of a
flexible bonding jumper) that permit access to the structure shall be bonded to the ground ring
electrode.

12.4.2.2
Frames of external roll-up or slatted doors shall be bonded to the ground ring electrode.

12.4.3 Metallic barricades or bollards

Metallic barricades and bollards within 1.8 m (6 ft) of the structure shall be bonded to the ground ring
electrode using a buried conductor.

April 2020 © 2020 Canadian Standards Association 46

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

12.4.4 Fences

12.4.4.1
Metallic fences within 1.8 m (6 ft) of the structure shall be grounded and bonded to the ground ring
electrode using a buried primary lightning conductor and connector.

12.4.4.2
Metal single-strand fences with nonconductive posts requiring grounding in accordance with
Clause 12.4.4.1 shall be grounded using a primary lightning conductor and connector.

12.4.4.3
Each single strand on a metal single-strand fence shall be bonded to the primary lightning conductor to
form a continuous path to ground.

12.4.5 Railroad tracks

Railroad tracks within 1.8 m (6 ft) of the structure shall be grounded and bonded to the ground ring
electrode using a buried primary lightning conductor and connector.

12.5 Utility services

12.5.1
For high-risk structures, particularly those associated with the manufacture of explosives, the
conductors of electrical or communications systems should not pass over the structure.

12.5.2
The minimum horizontal distance between any point on the structure and an overhead electrical or
communications wire should be 15 m (50 ft).

12.5.3
Electrical service and communications systems entering the structure should be metal enclosed and
buried within 15 m (50 ft) of the structure.
Note: Where the electrical service conductors are connected to an overhead supply line, surge protective devices
(e.g., of the type containing voltage-dependent resistors) should be provided at the termination of the overhead
line. The ground terminal of this protective device should be bonded directly to the cable sheath or armouring. The
sparkover voltage of the lightning protective device should not exceed one-half the breakdown-withstand voltage
of the electrical equipment in the structure.

13 Solar array protection

13.1 General

13.1.1
The requirements of this Clause shall be followed for roof-mounted or ground-mounted solar arrays
(photovoltaic and thermal collectors) and associated electrical or mechanical systems.

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

13.1.2
Solar panels and arrays located outside a zone of protection shall be protected in accordance with the
requirements of Clauses 6 through 9, except as modified by this Clause.

13.1.3
Protection shall be provided by one or both of the following methods:
a) mounting of strike termination devices directly to the solar array rack; or
b) _ installing strike termination devices remote from the solar array so as to place it in a zone of
protection.

13.2 Strike termination devices

13.2.1
Strike termination devices shall extend a minimum of 250 mm (10 in) above the top edge of the solar
panel or array.

13.2.2
On solar panels or arrays that are sloped in accordance with the definition of a pitched roof, strike
termination devices shall be located as follows, in accordance with the requirements of Clauses 6.2.4.1
through 6.2.4.3:
a) within 600 mm (2 ft) of the ends of the apex of the panel or array;
b) at intervals not exceeding 6 m (20 ft) along the apex of the panel or array, where the strike
termination device extends less than 600 mm (2 ft) above the apex of the array; and
c) atintervals not exceeding 7.6 m (25 ft) along the apex of the panel or array, where the strike
termination device extends 600 mm (2 ft) or more above the apex of the panel or array.

13.2.3
On solar panels or arrays that are mounted flat, or that are sloped such that they do not conform to the
definition of a pitched roof, strike termination devices shall be located as follows, in accordance with
the requirements of Clauses 6.2.4.1 through 6.2.4.3:
a) within 600 mm (2 ft) of the outer corners of the panel or array;
b) at intervals not exceeding 6 m (20 ft) around the perimeter of the panel or array, where the strike
termination device extends less than 600 mm (2 ft) above the apex of the array; and
c) atintervals not exceeding 7.6 m (25 ft) around the perimeter of the panel or array, where the
strike termination device extends 600 mm (2 ft) or more above the apex of the panel or array.

13.2.4
On solar arrays that are mounted flat, or that are sloped such that they do not conform to the definition
of a pitched roof, and that exceed 15 m (50 ft) in width and length, strike termination devices shall be
located in the field of the array at intervals in accordance with the requirements of Clause 6.2.4.4.

13.2.5
The requirements of Clauses 13.2.2 through 13.2.4 may be ignored where strike termination devices are
located remote from a panel or array to create zones of protection using the rolling sphere method, so
that the sphere does not contact the panel or array.

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

13.2.6
Strike termination devices may be mounted on the rack but shall not be secured directly to the frame of
the solar panel, as shown in Figure 16.

13.2.7
Where practicable, the location of strike termination devices shall minimize the effects of shadowing on
the solar panel or array.

13.3 Electrical and mechanical system protection

13.3.1
Where practicable, the distance between lightning protection system components and the solar array
system components (e.g., solar panels, control systems, cabling, collector boxes) shall be maximized.

13.3.2
Lightning conductors shall run separately and outside of the cable path of the PV output circuit.

13.3.3
Metallic components shall be bonded to the lightning protection system in accordance with the
requirements of Clause 9.

13.4 Grounding

13.4.1 Ground-mounted arrays

13.4.1.1
Arrays mounted on a metallic structure shall be grounded using a ground ring electrode around the
perimeter of each array, in accordance with the requirements of Clause 8.

13.4.1.2
Ground ring electrodes of adjacent ground-mounted systems within 7.6 m (25 ft) of one another shall
be interconnected using a primary lightning conductor.

13.4.1.3
Where the metallic structure forms a part of the lightning protection system, it shall be made
electrically continuous in accordance with the requirements of Clause 9.

13.4.1.4
Where the metallic structure does not form a part of the lightning protection system, each separate row
or structure shall be bonded to the ground ring electrode in at least one location.

13.4.2 Roof-mounted arrays

13.4.2.1
The lightning protection system on roof-mounted arrays shall be connected to the structure lightning
protection system in accordance with the requirements of Clauses 6 and 7.

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

13.4.2.2
Where the array is mounted on a metallic structure that forms a part of the lightning protection system,
the structure shall be made electrically continuous in accordance with the requirements of Clause 9.

13.4.2.3
Where the array is mounted on a metallic structure that does not form a part of the lightning protection
system, each separate row or structure shall be bonded to the structure lightning protection system in
at least one location.

Table 1
Class I — Minimum material requirements
(See Clauses 4.3.1, 6.2.4.12.2, 6.3.3, and 9.1.1.)

Size or mass per unit of

length

Copper, copper alloy, or Aluminum or aluminum

Application Description tinned copper alloy
Solid rod 9.5 mm (3/8 in) diameter 12.7 mm (1/2 in) diameter

Air terminals 15.9 mm (5/8 in) wall 15.9 mm (5/8 in) wall
Hollow rod diameter with min. wall diameter with min. wall
thickness 0.8 mm (0.033 in) thickness 1.6 mm (0.064 in)

Standard lightning
278 g/m (=57.4 kcmil) 141 g/m (=98.6 kcmil)
Primary conductors conductor
(roof and down
Each wire 17 AWG min. 14 AWG min.
conductors)
Solid strip 1.3 mm thick (=57.4 kcmil) 1.6 mm thick (=98.6 kcmil)

Standard lightning _ .
conductor 278 g/m (=57.4 kcmil)
Conductor buried in
the ground or
Each wire 17 AWG min. Shall not be used
encased in
concrete* Standard electrical No. 2 min.
conductort

Standard miniature
14 strands (=26.4 kcmil) 10 strands (=41.1 kcmil)
lightning conductor

Bonding conductors Each wire 17 AWG min. 14 AWG min.

1.3 mm (0.051 in) thick 1.6 mm (0.064 in) thick
Solid strip
19.1 mm (3/4 in) widet 19.1 mm (3/4 in) widet
* Shall be tinned copper or equivalent when encased in concrete.
t This dimension shall be in excess of any perforation in the strip.
+ Standard electrical conductor to be used for grounding below grade only.

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

Table 2
Class If — Minimum material requirements
(See Clauses 4.3.2, 9.1.1, and 10.1.1.)

Size or mass per unit of length

Copper, copper alloy, Aluminum or
Application Description or tinned copper aluminum alloy

Air terminals Solid rod 12.7 mm (1/2 in) diameter aneiameter

mm (5/8 in)
Standard lightning _ . _ .
Primary conductors | conductor 558 g/m (=115 kcmil) 283 g/m (=192 kemil)
(roof and down
conductors)
Each wire 15 AWG min. 13 AWG min.
Solid strip 1.6 mm thick (=115 kcmil) 2.6 mm thick (=192 kcmil)

Staer enning 558 g/m (=115 kcmil)

Conductor buried in
the ground or Each wire 15 AWG min. Shall not be used
encased in concrete* .
Standard electrical #2/0 min.
conductort

Standard miniature
14 strands (=26.4 kcmil) 10 strands (=41.1 kcmil)
lightning conductor
Bonding conductors Each wire 17 AWG min. 14 AWG min.
1.3 mm (0.051 in) thick 1.6 mm (0.064 in) thick
Solid strip
19.1 mm (3/4 in) widet 19.1 mm (3/4 in) widet

* Shall be tinned copper or equivalent when encased in concrete.

t This dimension shall be in excess of any perforation in the strip.
+ Standard electrical conductor to be used for grounding below grade only.

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

Figure 1
Zone of protection — Angle method
(See Clauses 5.2.1 and 5.2.2.)

| 2

<7.6m
(25 ft) /

1 1

s1i5m <i5m I
(50 ft) (50 ft)

Figure 2
Zone of protection — Rolling sphere method
(See Clauses 5.3.1 through 5.3.4.)
—_——

so Sy
¢ \
/ Nope \ - rt tte.
UN ~S,
/ .
/ y \
Fa \ .
!
/ 1 -+\>--
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-
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S
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/ \ ‘\
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\ / 7 \\
/ / I

‘\ / / ! \
‘ NN ' v7 I / | \\
ee Se \ ;
4— ==
\ \ /
7 !
ae \

SL \ T=" Striking distance /

/
‘ y /
\.
/
SL __-7

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

Figure 3
Zone of protection — Masts and overhead ground wires
(See Clauses 5.3.7, 6.3.1, and 6.4.1.)
-- ~~
“ ~
“ SN
f
“ ‘. \

// \\
t ‘
t‘
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t 1
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—~— ‘
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ee f
oor fe Wy wee “
a HL ’ / ws ~ “Ae
a Pr é ~. ae
ff Tas ae--" ? \ weer SN
’ / ‘. ‘
s ’ ‘, ‘
/ / ‘ ‘
i 4 \ ‘
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i ra SAS /
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a eA.
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¢

ts
~ _-- -"

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Steen
~ ~
- ‘ sek MAL
Pan \ ----- ~,
..
o
- ood Overhead ground
:
\ ‘
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a “ wire \ \
- oy ‘ \
“ - t \ 1
2- _- - t ‘, \
YY —<—--- , \, x ‘
- f %. '
a i ‘ '
¢ t ‘ !
ta é ‘, ‘. f
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‘, “ : f “7
SU distance / “
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ss /
ON ee ree -7 /
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\ yo N\ aa
“
‘ 7 ‘ 2
‘. 7 * os”
o ™,
‘ Pa oe
Ne
~e L
~~ --*
wae _--"

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

Figure 4
Air terminal locations and spacing
(See Clauses 6.2.1, 6.2.4.1, and 6.2.4.2.)

A=6 m (20 ft) maximum spacing

B = 250 mm (10 in) minimum
C = 600 mm (2 ft) maximum

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

Figure 5
Mid-roof air terminal locations and spacing
(See Clauses 6.2.4.4 and 7.2.5.)

A=15 m (SO ft) maximum spacing

B = 45 m (150 ft) maximum spacing
C= 6 m (20 ft) maximum spacing
D = 11 m (35 ft) maximum distance

Figure 6
Mid-roof zone of protection with elevated air terminals
(See Clause 6.2.4.5.)
_- a

KT ,
X Perimeter parapet \ |

Mid-roof area placed in zone Mid-roof HVAC unit

of protection with elevated
air terminals

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

Figure 7
Air terminals on rooftop equipment
(See Clauses 6.2.4.6 and 6.2.4.7.)

A= 600 mm (2 ft) maximum

B = 6m (20 ft) maximum
C= 250 mm (10 in) minimum

Figure 8
Air terminals on a domed roof
(See Clause 6.2.4.9.)

Striking distance

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

Figure 9
Air terminals at an irregular roof perimeter
(See Clause 6.2.4.11.)

A= 6 m (20 ft) maximum spacing

B = 600 mm (2 ft) maximum

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

Figure 10
Air terminals on intermediate ridges
(See Clause 6.2.4.14.)

A= 15 m (50 ft) maximum spacing

B = 6 m (20 ft) maximum spacing

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

Figure 11
Conductor bend radius and angle
(See Clause 7.1.3.)

Included angle
200 mm (8 in) min. radius less than 90°
90° min. included angle

Primary conductor

Acceptable conductor bend Unacceptable conductor bend

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

Figure 12
Conductor routing around obstructions
(See Clause 7.2.3.)

Incorrect conductor
routing (up and over)

Correct conductor
routing (around in horizontal
plane)

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

Figure 13
Strike termination devices on vertical roof members
(See Clause 7.2.4.)

A= not to exceed 4.9 m (16 ft)

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

Figure 14
Primary conductor run from higher to lower roof
(See Clause 7.2.7)

If A> 12 m (40 ft), an additional down

conductor is required at
location "X"

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

Figure 15
Down conductor quantity and spacing
(See Clauses 7.4.3 and 7.4.4.)

Note: Rooftop system omitted

for clarity

Spacings:
1-2: 35 m (115 ft)
2-3: 27 m (89 ft)
3-4; 45 m (148 ft)
4-5: 14m (46 ft)
5-1: 22 m {72 ft)

Total perimeter: 143 m (470 ft)

Required down conductors: 5
Average spacing: 28.6 m (93.8 ft)

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

Figure 16
Solar array protection
(See Clause 13.2.6.)

Strike termination device

—__,
mounted on rack
Frame: the metallic border surrounding
a panel used for support or mechanical
protection of the solar panel

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

Annex A (informative)
Principles of lightning protection
Note: This Annex is not a mandatory part of this Standard.

A.1 Nature of lightning

Lightning results from the build-up of an electrical charge on a cloud. When this charge has built up to a
sufficient level, a lightning stroke to earth can occur. This stroke is essentially an electric spark and it
acts as a conductor for the electric charge stored in the cloud. Consequently, throughout the duration of
the stroke, an electric current flows between the cloud and earth, and this current can reach many
thousands of amperes. The damage caused by lightning is mainly due to the very high current flowing in
the lightning stroke. Lightning damage can be tremendous when the current flows in a poor conductor
or when an arc occurs between conductors.

A.2 Fundamental principles of lightning protection

A.2.1
The fundamental principle in the protection of life and property against lightning is to provide a means
by which a lightning discharge can enter or leave the earth without resulting damage or loss. A low-
impedance path must be offered so that the discharge current will follow in preference to all alternative
high-impedance paths offered by building materials such as wood, brick, tile, stone, or concrete. When
lightning follows the higher impedance paths, damage might be caused by the heat and mechanical
forces generated during the passage of the discharge. Most metals, being good electrical conductors,
are relatively unaffected by either heat or mechanical forces if they are of sufficient size to carry the
current that can be expected. The metal path must be continuous from the strike termination device to
the grounding electrode. Care should be exercised in the selection of metal conductors to ensure the
integrity of the lightning conductor for an extended period. A nonferrous metal such as copper or
aluminum will provide, in most atmospheres, a lasting conductor free of the effects of rust or corrosion.

A.2.2
The parts of structures most likely to be struck by lightning are those that project above surrounding
parts, such as chimneys, ventilators, flagpoles, towers, water tanks, spires, steeples, deck-railings,
shafthouses, gables, skylights, dormers, ridges, and parapets. The edge of the roof and roof-mounted
building equipment are most likely to be struck on flat-roofed buildings.

A.3 Lightning protection systems

A.3.1
Lightning protection systems consist of three basic parts, which provide the low-impedance metal path
required:
a) asystem of strike termination devices and conductors on the roof and other elevated locations;
b) asystem of grounding electrodes; and
c) aconductor system connecting the roof-level and ground-level systems by means of down
conductors.

Properly located and installed, these basic components will intercept and conduct the majority of all
damaging lightning harmlessly to ground.

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

A.3.2
Although they intercept, conduct, and dissipate the main discharge, the three basic protection system
components do not guarantee safety from the possible secondary effects of a lightning strike.
Therefore, interconnecting conductors are provided to interconnect metal bodies to ensure that such
metal bodies are maintained at the same electrical potential so as to prevent “sideflashes”, “sparkover”,
or the development of dangerous voltages. Surge arresters may also be provided to protect electric
equipment from dangerous overvoltages due to direct strokes or induction.

A.3.3
Metal parts of a structure may be used as part of the lightning protection system in some cases. For
example, structural metal framing that has sufficient cross-sectional area to equal the conductivity of
main lightning conductors and is electrically continuous may be used instead of separate down
conductors.

A.4 Items to consider when planning protection

A4.1
The best time to design a lightning protection system for a structure is during the planning phase, and
the best time to install the system might be during construction. System components may be built-in so
as to be protected from mechanical displacement and environmental effects, and additional aesthetic
advantages might be gained by such concealment. Installing lightning protection during construction
also allows the use of many architectural features that result in cost savings not possible with an
exposed system installed after construction.

A.4.2
The structure should be examined, and the installation of air terminals and intercepting conductors
should be planned for all areas or parts likely to receive a lightning discharge. The aim is to intercept the
discharge immediately above the parts liable to be struck and to provide a direct path to earth, rather
than to attempt to divert the discharge in a direction it would not be likely to take.

A.4.3
Conductors should be installed to offer the least impedance to the passage of the stroke current
between the air terminals and earth. The most direct path is best, and there should be no sharp bends
or narrow loops. The impedance of the conductor system is practically inversely proportional to the
number of widely separated paths. Accordingly, there should be at least two paths to ground, and more,
if practicable, from each air terminal.

A.4.4
Properly made ground connections are essential to the effective functioning of a lightning protection
system, and every effort should be made to provide ample contact with the earth. This does not
necessarily mean that the resistance of the ground connection should be low, but rather that the
distribution of metal in the earth or upon its surface in extreme cases should be such as to permit the
dissipation of a stroke of lightning without damage.

A.4.5
Low resistance is desirable but not essential, as can be shown by the two extreme cases of a building
resting on moist clay soil and a building resting on bare solid rock. In the first case, if the soil is of
normal resistivity of 40 to 500 Q-m, the resistance of a ground connection made by extending the

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

conductor 3 m (10 ft) into the ground will be from about 15 to 200 Q. Two such ground connections on
a small rectangular building have been found by experience to be sufficient under these favourable
conditions, providing adequate means for collecting and dissipating the energy of a flash without
serious chance of damage that is simple and comparatively inexpensive.

A.4.6
In the second case, it would be impossible to make a ground connection in the ordinary sense of the
term because most kinds of rocks are insulating, or at least of high resistivity, and in order to obtain
effective grounding, other and more elaborate means are necessary. The most effective means would
be an extensive wire network, which would be laid on the surface of the rock surrounding the building
and to which the down conductors could be connected. The resistance to the remote earth of such an
arrangement would be high, but, at the same time, the potential distribution around the building, and
the resulting protective effect, would be substantially the same as those of a building resting on
conducting soil.

A.4.7
In general, the extent of the grounding arrangements will depend upon the character of the soil. It can
range from the simple extension of the conductor into the ground where the soil is deep and of high
conductivity to an elaborate buried network where the soil is very dry or of very poor conductivity.
Where a network is required, it should be buried if there is enough soil to permit it, as this adds to its
effectiveness. The extent will be determined largely by the judgement of the person planning the
installation, with due regard to the rule: The more extensive the underground metal available, the more
effective the protection.

A.4.8
When a lightning conductor system is placed on a building within or about which there are metal
objects of considerable size within a metre or two of a conductor, there will be a tendency for sparks or
sideflashes to jump between the metal object and the conductor. To prevent this, interconnecting
conductors should be provided at all places where sideflashes are likely to occur.

A4.9
Lightning currents entering protected buildings on overhead or underground power lines, telephone
conductors, or television or radio antennas are not necessarily restricted to associated wiring systems
and appliances. Therefore, such systems should be equipped with appropriate protective devices and
bonded to assure a common potential.

A.4.10
Because a lightning protection system is expected to remain in working condition for long periods with
minimum attention, the mechanical construction should be strong, and the materials used should be
resistant to corrosion and mechanical damage.

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

Annex B (informative)
Inspection and maintenance of lightning protection
systems
Note: This Annex is not a mandatory part of this Standard.

B.1
System components can lose their effectiveness as a result of factors such as lightning strikes, weather-
related damage, roof and building repairs, and corrosion.

B.2
In some cases where damage has occurred to a protected structure, it has been shown that the fault
was due to extensions or repairs to the building or to deterioration or mechanical damage that was
allowed to go undetected or unrepaired, or both.

B.3
Therefore, an annual visual inspection should be performed, and the system thoroughly inspected every
3 years by an individual who is competent and knowledgeable on the requirements of this Standard.

B.4
In addition to regular periodic inspections, the lightning protection system should be inspected
whenever any alterations or repairs are made to a protected structure (e.g., reroofing, addition of new
rooftop mechanical equipment), as well as following any known lightning strikes to the system.

B.5
The inspection should include physically testing the conductors and connectors to ensure soundness
and physical continuity, as well as ensuring the following:
a) The system is in good repair.
b) There are no loose connections which can cause high resistance.
c) No part of the system has been weakened due to corrosion or vibration (e.g., wind-induced).
d) Allair terminals, bonding connectors, fasteners, splicers, loop conductors, down conductors, and
grounding electrodes (where accessible) are intact.
e) Any braided conductors are not excessively frayed.
f) No physical damage has occurred to down conductors from vehicles, mowers, tools, or other
equipment.
g) Surge protective devices are in good physical condition.
h) Any expansions or additions to the facility have been adequately protected and connected to the
existing system.

B.6
Complete testing and inspection includes the visual/physical inspection above and the following tests to
verify continuity of parts of the system that were concealed during construction, and are not now
available for visual inspection, where possible:
a) ground resistance tests of the grounding electrode system and its individual grounding electrodes,
where accessible; and

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

b) continuity tests to determine if suitable equipotential bonding has been installed for any new
services or additions that have been added to the interior of the structure since the last inspection.

B.7
The inspector or inspection authority should maintain records on the following:
a) the general condition of air terminals, conductors, and other components;
b) the general condition of corrosion-protection measures;
c) the security of attachment of conductors, fasteners, and other components;
d) the resistance measurements of various parts of the grounding electrode system; and
e) any variations from the requirements contained in this Standard.

B.8
Any repairs or upgrades to the lightning protection system required as a result of the inspection should
be performed by qualified personnel in accordance with the requirements of Clause 4.12.

0%
CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

heavily affected regions of over 35. Moreover, the severity of lightning storms, as distinguished from
their frequency of occurrence, is much greater in some locations than in others. Hence the need for
protection varies, although not necessarily in direct proportion to thunderstorm frequency. A few
severe thunderstorms a season might make the need for protection greater than a relatively high
number of storms of lighter intensity. More important than the number of thunderstorm days is the
flash density of lightning strikes to ground. This information is available from Environment Canada for
most major municipalities across the country (see Figures C.8.1 and C.8.2).

C.7 Indirect losses

In addition to direct losses resulting from lightning, such as destruction of buildings by fire, the killing of
livestock, etc., lightning can result in indirect losses that sometimes accompany the destruction or
damage to buildings and their contents. An interruption to business or farming operations, especially at
certain times of the year, can involve losses quite distinct from and additional to the losses arising from
the direct destruction of material property. There are cases where whole communities depend on the
integrity of a single structure for their safety and comfort. For example, they might depend on a water-
pumping plant, a telephone relay station, a police station, or a fire station. A stroke of lightning to the
unprotected chimney of a pumping plant, for example, can result in a serious shortage of sanitary
drinking water, irrigation water, or water for fire protection.

C.8 Risk assessment guide

C.8.1 General

C.8.1.1
This lightning risk assessment guide is prepared to assist in the analysis of various criteria to determine
the risk of loss or injury due to lightning. As a guide, it cannot cover each special design element that
might render a structure more or less susceptible to lightning damage.

C.8.1.2
There are applications for which the need for protection should be considered regardless of the
outcome of a risk assessment. The following factors should be considered when determining whether a
structure is in a high-risk situation:
a) the presence of large crowds;
b) continuity of critical services (e.g., emergency management) is required;
c) the location experiences high lightning flash frequency;
d) the structure contains explosive or flammable materials; and
e) the structure contains or represents irreplaceable cultural heritage.

C.8.1.3
When a risk analysis indicates a lightning protection system should be installed, it should be installed in
accordance with the requirements of this Standard.

C.8.1.4
The risk assessment method should take into account the lightning threat parameters and various
structure parameters, which include
a) the structure’s local environment;
b) the type of construction;
c) the structure’s occupancy;

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

d) the structure’s contents; and

e) the consequences of a lightning strike to the structure.

C.8.2 Lightning threat determination

C.8.2.1 Lightning threat formula

The annual threat of lightning strike to a structure is calculated by the following formula:

Ng = (Ng)(Ap)(C1)(10 -*) = potential events/year

where
Na = average lightning strike frequency to the structure
Ng = lightning ground flash density, flashes/km2/year
Ap = equivalent collection area of the structure, m2
Ci location factor

C.8.2.2 Ground flash density

The lightning ground flash density is the annual number of flashes to ground per square kilometre, and
can be determined from Figures C.8.1 and C.8.2.

C.8.2.3 Equivalent collection area

C.8.2.3.1
The equivalent collection area of a structure (Ap) is obtained by extending a line with a slope of 1 to 3
from the top of the structure to ground completely around the structure and can be developed either
numerically or by graphical methods.

C.8.2.3.2
The equivalent collection area of a rectangular structure with length L, width W, and height H is given
by
Ap = LW + 6H(L + W) + 9rtH2

C.8.2.3.3
The equivalent collection area of structures with complex footprints can be developed by numerical or
graphical methods.

C.8.2.3.4
Where one structure falls entirely within the equivalent collection area of another structure, the
covered structure should be disregarded in risk calculations.

C.8.2.3.5
Where the equivalent collection areas of more than one structure overlap, the combined collection
areas of the structures should be considered as a single collection area.

C.8.2.4 Location factor

The location factor accounts for local topography and any structures located within the equivalent
collection area and can be determined from Table C.8.1.

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

C.8.3 Tolerable lightning frequency

C.8.3.1
The tolerable lightning frequency for a structure is given by

_15x10°
©" GCC
where
C2 = the construction coefficient;
C3 = the structure contents coefficient;
C, = the structure occupancy coefficient; and
Cs = the lightning consequence coefficient.

C.8.3.2
The construction coefficient accounts for the structure’s framework and roofing components and can be
determined from Table C.8.2.

C.8.3.3
The structure contents coefficient accounts for the value and combustibility of the structure’s contents
and can be determined from Table C.8.3.

C.8.3.4
The structure occupancy coefficient accounts for the normal occupancy status of the structure, assumed
to be during peak lightning hours (between 10:30 am and 10:30 pm), and can be determined from
Table C.8.4.

C.8.3.5
The lightning consequence coefficient accounts for the continuity of use and environmental
consequences of damage due to a strike to the structure and can be determined from Table C.8.5.

C.8.4 Lightning protection determination

C.8.4.1
Lightning protection should be provided for a structure if the annual threat occurrence is greater than
the tolerable lightning frequency, as given by

Na
> Ne

C.8.4.2
Lightning protection should be considered optional for a structure if the annual threat occurrence is less
than the tolerable lightning frequency, as given by

Nag < Ne

C.8.4.3
Statutory, regulatory, and insurance requirements for lightning protection should take precedence over
the results of a risk assessment in all cases.

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

Table C.8.1
Location factor
(See Clause C.8.2.4.)

Relative structure location C1

Structure surrounded by taller structures or trees within a distance of 3H 0.25
Structure surrounded by structures of equal or lesser height within a distance of 05
3H .
Isolated structure, and no other structures located within a distance of 3H 1

Isolated structure on a hilltop or cliffside 2

Table C.8.2
Construction coefficient
(See Clause C.8.3.2.)

Structure Construction coefficient

Metal roof Nonmetallic roof Combustible roof
Metal 0.5 1.0 2.0
Nonmetallic 1.0 1.0 2.5
Combustible 2.0 2.5 3.0

Table C.8.3
Structure contents coefficient
(See Clause C.8.3.3.)

Structure contents C3

Low value and noncombustible 0.5

Standard value and noncombustible 1.0
High value and moderate combustibility 2.0
Exceptional value, flammable liquids, computers, or electronics 3.0

Exceptional value, irreplaceable cultural items or structure 4.0

Table C.8.4
Structure occupancy coefficient
(See Clause C.8.3.4.)

Structure occupancy C4
Unoccupied 0.5
Normally occupied 1.0

Difficult to evacuate or risk of panic 3.0

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

Table C.8.5
Lightning consequence coefficient
(See Clause C.8.3.5.)

Lightning consequence Cs
Continuity of facility services not required, no environmental impact 1.0

Continuity of facility services required, no environmental impact 5.0

Consequences to the environment 10.0

Figure C.8.1
Eastern Canada flash density map (1999 - 2018)
(See Clauses C.6 and C.8.2.2.)

“85 -80° -75° -70 -65 -60

Note: Courtesy of Canadian Lightning Detection Network of Environment and Climate Change Canada.

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

Figure C.8.2
Western Canada flash density map (1999 - 2018)
(See Clauses C.6 and C.8.2.2.)

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

5q° (3: ae 0.8

} 0.6
0.4
0.2

oo » 495° -100
-125°.129"-115"-110 -105
Note: Courtesy of Canadian Lightning Detection Network of Environment and Climate Change Canada.

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

Annex D (informative)
Surge protection
Note: This Annex is not a mandatory part of this Standard.

D.1 General
The requirements of this Annex should be followed where surge protection devices (SPDs) are
permanently installed for electrical, communications, or antenna systems.

D.2 Surge protection locations

D.2.1
SPDs should be installed at all power service entrances.

D.2.2
SPDs should be installed at entrances of conductive communications systems (e.g., telephone, data,
alarm, antenna).

D.2.3
SPDs should be installed at all points where an electrical or electronic system conductor leaves a
structure to supply another structure where the distance to the other structure is greater than 30 m
(100 ft).

D.2.4
SPDs may be installed on panelboards and at the point of utilization (outlet or signal termination).

D.2.5
SPDs should not be required where it is determined under engineering supervision that the surge threat
is negligible or where installation compromises safety.

D.3 Surge protective device ratings

D.3.1 Electrical power circuits

D.3.1.1
SPDs should be suitable for the protection of electrical power systems.

D.3.1.2
SPDs for electrical power circuits should protect against surges produced by a 1.2/50 us and 8/20 us
combination waveform generator as defined in IEEE C62.41.2.

D.3.1.3
SPDs at the service entrance should have a nominal discharge current (I,) rating of not less than 20 kA
per phase.

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

D.3.2 Communication circuits

D.3.2.1
SPDs should be suitable for the protection of communication systems.

D.3.2.2
Communication SPDs should have a maximum discharge current (Imax) rating of at least 10 kA when
installed at the service entrance.

D.4 Facility AC surge protection

D.4.1
Only Type 1 or Type 2 SPDs should be used to protect service entrances in accordance with the
requirements of CSA C22.2 No. 269.1 and CSA C22.2 No. 269.2.

D.4.2
The short circuit current rating (SCCR) of the SPD should be coordinated with the available fault current
rating of the supply (panel) to which it is connected. The SCCR declared for the SPD should be less than
or equal to the prospective short circuit current available at the point of installation.

D.4.3
The maximum continuous operating voltage (MCOV) of the SPD should be greater than the upper
tolerance of the supply authority to which it is connected.

D.4.4
SPDs at grounded service entrances should be wired in a line-to-ground (L—G) or line-to-neutral (L—-N)
configuration.

D.4.5
Line-to-line (L—L) or neutral-to-ground (N—G) wiring modes may be installed at the service entrance in
addition to the connections required by Clause D.4.4.

D.5 Communication surge protection

D.5.1
Circuit characteristics (e.g., frequency, voltage, bandwidth) and losses introduced by the SPD should be
accounted for when selecting SPDs for protection of communication systems.

D.5.2
SPDs protecting communication systems should be grounded, with the exception of devices that
perform their surge protection function through isolation.

D.5.3
SPDs protecting communication systems should not be grounded through a lightning protection system
conductor.

CSA B72:20 Installation code for lightning protection systems

D.5.4
SPDs protecting communication systems should provide both common mode and differential mode
protection, with the exception of devices that perform their surge protection function through isolation.

D.6 Installation

D.6.1
Installation of SPDs should be in accordance with the requirements of CSA C22.1, Canadian Electrical
Code, Part | and the manufacturer’s instructions.

D.6.2
SPDs should be accessible for inspection and maintenance.

D.6.3
Enclosures and other ancillary equipment for SPDs should be suitable for the purpose.

CSA
GROUP"

ISBN 978-1-4883-2786-5

Common questions

Grounding electrodes must be connected at perimeter intervals not exceeding 18 meters to ensure consistent potential distribution and effective grounding. The connections are made close to the base and must comply with specific installation requirements to maintain the system's integrity and performance .

The document uses "shall" to express mandatory requirements, "should" for recommendations, and "may" for options, with notes providing explanatory material. This language clarifies the level of obligation for compliance, allowing users to prioritize actions based on their compulsory or advisory nature .

Grounding practices are adapted to soil conditions by using simple extensions into conductive soil or elaborate networks in high-resistivity environments. Customization is crucial to ensure effective protection since the ground resistance and potential distribution greatly influence the system's ability to safely direct lightning energy .

Submitting a change proposal involves sending a standard designation, relevant clause or figure number, the wording of the proposed change, and the rationale for the change to [email protected] with 'Proposal for change' in the subject line. This process is crucial for ensuring that the standard evolves to reflect new knowledge, materials, or technologies, thus maintaining its relevance and efficacy .

The standard covers lightning protection for a range of structures including recreational, residential, institutional, medical, agricultural, industrial, commercial, military, and telecommunications buildings, as well as tall slender structures like smokestacks and silos, immobile property like equipment and trees, and high-risk structures containing dangerous contents. However, it does not include installation requirements for specific systems like early streamer emission systems or charge dissipation devices .

The document specifies that telecommunications equipment on roofs should be independently protected or connected to the main lightning protection system and details methods for grounding and strike termination. Protection may not ensure full system integrity unless the entire structure is protected; however, these measures are vital to prevent damage to sensitive telecommunications components .

Maintenance involves regular inspection of system components for damage from lightning, weather-induced wear, and corrosion. Procedures ensure the system remains effective and reliable over time since compromised system parts may otherwise fail to provide adequate protection .

The primary purpose of a lightning protection system is to provide a means for lightning discharge to enter or leave the earth while minimizing damage to the structure it protects .

Clause 11 specifies that materials, equipment, and ground electrodes for Class IV installations must comply with the requirements of Class I or II installations unless otherwise stated. This ensures a higher level of protection and reliability in environments with increased risk or complexity, as it mandates that the installation must meet or exceed rigorous quality standards .

In areas with insulating or high-resistivity rock, traditional grounding may be inadequate, necessitating an extensive wire network laid on the rock's surface. This arrangement compensates for high resistance by distributing potential more evenly, ensuring the lightning protection system remains effective despite the geological challenges .

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