Disaster Readiness

and Risk Reduction

Quarter 1 – Module 8:
Effects of Hazard, Exposure
and Vulnerability to Disaster
Risks
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 8: Effects of Hazard, Exposure and Vulnerability to Disaster Risk
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work
of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or
office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.
Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Melencia Rosario Coronel

Ruby C. Bautista
Editors: Josefina M. Fabra
Anne Marielle R. Del Mundo
Vanessa R. Ambas
Reviewers: Dolorosa S. De Castro
Cristeta M. Arcos
Richard Brian L. Tutor
Illustrator: Leumel M. Cadapan
Ronan DC Vergara
Layout Artist: Leumel M. Cadapan
Maria Elinor F. Hemedes
Management Team:
Wilfredo E. Cabral
Job S. Zape Jr.
Eugenio S. Adrao
Elaine T. Balaogan
Rosemarie D. Torres
Ernesto D. Lindo
Dolorosa S. De Castro
Cristeta M. Arcos

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON

Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro
Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
E-mail Address: [email protected]
 Disaster Readiness
and Risk Reduction
Quarter 1 – Module 8:

Effects of Hazard, Exposure

and Vulnerability to Disaster
Risks
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction for Grade 11/12
Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Effects of Hazard, Exposure and
Vulnerability to Disaster Risk!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed, and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or
facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12
Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in
schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this
also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking
into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body
of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing
them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to
encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

iv
For the learner:

Welcome to the DRRR Grade 11/12 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on
Effects of Hazard, Exposure and Vulnerability to Disaster Risk!

The hand is one of the most symbolized parts of the human body. It is often used
to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create, and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies
in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to This will give you an idea of the skills or

Know competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as
a story, a song, a poem, a problem opener,
an activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.
What I Have This includes questions or blank
Learned sentence/paragraph to be filled in to
process what you learned from the lesson.

iv
 What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will
help you transfer your new knowledge or
skill into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
Additional In this portion, another activity will be
Activities given to you to enrich your knowledge or
skill of the lesson learned. This also tends
retention of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

A. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
B. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
C. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
D. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
E. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
F. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you
are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

iv
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to
follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read
them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is divided into three lessons, namely:

 Hazards, Exposure and Vulnerabilities from actual situation.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Define and differentiate hazards, exposure, and vulnerabilities
2. Observe and Explain the difference among hazards, exposure, and
vulnerabilities.
3. Appreciate the importance of understanding the concepts about
hazard, exposure and vulnerabilities so that it will be applied in
everyday situations.

1
 What I Know

Read each item carefully and choose the best answer. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. It is a harmful event, material, human behavior, or disease that
may cause loss of life, injury or other health effects, harm to
property, loss of livelihood and services, social and economic
disturbance, or damage to the environment.
a. Disaster
b. Hazard
c. Risk
d. Vulnerability

2. ___________________ signifies the possibility of adverse effects in

the future. It is derived from the interaction of social and
environmental processes, from the combination of physical
hazard and the vulnerabilities of exposed elements.
a. Disaster
b. Hazard
c. Risk
d. Vulnerability

3. A serious disruption of the functio ns of a community or a society

causing widespread human, material, economic or environmental
losses which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to
cope using its own. What is it?
a. Disaster
b. Hazard
c. Resiliency
d. Risk

4. It is the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or

asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard.
a. Disaster
b. Disaster Risk
c. Hazard
d. Vulnerability

2
5. It refers to the element at risk from a natural or man-made hazard
event.
a. Exposure
b. Hazard
c. Risk
d. Vulnerability

6. Which group belongs to the most vulnerable?

a. Employees
b. Indigenous people
c. Professional
d. Small entrepreneurs

7. Which of the following is not a man-made hazard event?

a. Drought
b. Environmental pollution
c. Leakage of Toxic waste
d. Wars and Civil Strife

8. Disaster Management includes:

a. Mitigation
b. Reconstruction
c. Rehabilitation
d. All of the above

9. Which among the following groups of people is more vulnerable in the

event of disaster?
a. Men, boys, old people
b. Men, women, boys
c. Women, children, old people
d. Men, women, girls

10. Which of the following elements is exposed to hazard?

a. Building structures
b. Human Beings
c. Public transport system
d. All of the above

11. Is the cause of a disaster can be forecasted or predicted?

a. No
b. Yes
c. Maybe
d. Never

3
12. Which belongs to the elements exposed to hazard?
a. Agricultural Commodities
b. Dwellings of households
c. Environmental Assets
d. All of the above

13. Which is not an example of types of mitigation measures?

a. Hazard mapping
b. Flood plain mapping
c. Raising of homes in flood-prone areas
d. implementing and enforcing building codes

14. It is the action of reducing the severity, seriousness or painfulness

of something
a. Migration
b. Misconception
c. Mitigation
d. Mutation

15. Which is not belong to the General classification of elements at risk?

a. Essential facilities
b. Population
c. Transportation facilities
d. Infrastructures

4
 Lesso
n Hazards, Exposure, and
Vulnerabilities from actual
4 situations

What’s In

Activity 1
Below is a picture of an incident in a mining community in Itogon, Benguet
after the onslaught of the Typhoon Ompong in 2018. Look at the picture
then answer the questions after the image.

Philippine News Agency, “Itogon landslide After Ompong”, September 21,

2018, accessed May 28, 2020
https://files.pna.gov.ph/souce/2018/09/20/itogon-landslide-after-
ompong.jpg.

Guide Questions:

1. What is the hazard shown in the picture?

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 ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

2. What area is exposed to hazard?

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

3. What do you think is the cause of this incident?

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

4. If the portion of the mountain slides down towards the

remaining residential buildings on the left, what part of the
community will be most affected?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

5. Which part in the presented image will be least likely

affected?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Notes to the Teacher

This Lesson comprises of various activities. Ensure all students
understand the lesson clearly and encourage them to answer
each activity vigorously.

6
 What’s New

Analyze and answer the following questions after the given

scenario.

You are a mom. You live in Brgy. Aplaya, which is right next to Laguna
de Bay. You have a 2-storey house, and the ground floor where your sari-sari
store is situated already flooded. You wrapped your baby and went to the second
floor, but the flood is fast rising and you are likely to get trapped. Your husband
went to Barangay Hall, where they prepared boats, but he has not yet come
back.

1. Determine the hazards given in the story.

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

2. What are the possible ways to lessen the vulnerability of the exposed
elements to hazard? Explain your answer.

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

You are a seven-year old boy, and you usually roam the streets of
Parian, Calamba City. You were playing out in the street with your friends. It
started to rain, then the rain started to make a pool. You and your friends dived
in, laughing, but in a few minutes, you felt your body getting tired, and the pool
was getting higher, and you couldn’t see where to go anymore.

22. Determine the hazard given in the story.

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

23. What are the possible ways to lessen the vulnerability of the exposed
elements to hazard? Explain your answer.

7
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

What is It

Hazard is a harmful condition, substance, human behavior or condition

that can cause loss of life, injury or other health effects, harm to property, loss of
livelihood and services, social and economic disruption or damage to the
environment. Any risk which is imminent is threat.

Exposure is the presence of elements at risk or chance of being harmed

from a natural or man-made hazard event. Elements include the individuals,
households or communities, properties, buildings and structures, agricultural
commodities, livelihoods, and public facilities, infrastructures and environmental
assets present in an area that are subject to potential damage or even losses.
The more a community is exposed to hazard factors, the higher is the disaster
risk or higher chance disaster occurrence.

Vulnerability means the characteristics and circumstances of a

community, system, or asset, that make it susceptible to the damaging
effects of a hazard and inability of a community to prevent, mitigate, prepare
for and respond to hazardous events.

Risk implies the probability of possible adverse effects. This results from
the interaction of social and environmental systems, from the combination of
physical danger, and exposed item vulnerabilities.

8
 Disaster is a serious disruption to the functioning of a community or
society which causes widespread human, material, economic or environmental
losses that exceed the capacity of the community or society concerned to cope
with the use of their own resources. It results from the mix of hazards, risk
conditions and inadequate capability or measures.
Exposure and vulnerability, on the other hand, are distinct. A certain
community can be exposed but it does not mean that it is vulnerable. Buildings
and structures in Japan are exposed to earthquake, but they are not vulnerable
since their architectural and engineering designs are earthquake proof or
resistant. However, to become vulnerable, it must be exposed to hazard first.
Exposure to hazard can make a community vulnerable. But not all
communities that are exposed to hazard can be considered vulnerable.
Vulnerability depends on the preparedness and readiness to a hazard of the
community. It depends mostly on how they mitigate, respond, and recover. If a
certain community has the ability to reduce the vulnerability by reducing the
risk, the said community is already considered as less vulnerable or resilient.

Physical elements Population

Buildings: Urban land use, Density of population, distribution in

construction types, building height, building space, distribution in time, age
age, total floor space, replacement costs. distribution, gender distribution,
handicapped, income distribution
Monuments and cultural heritage
Essential facilities Socio-economic aspects

Emergency shelters, Schools, Hospitals, Organization of population, governance,

Fire Brigades, Police, community organization, government
support, socio-economic levels. Cultural
heritage and traditions.
Transportation facilities Economic activities

Roads, railway, metro, public Spatial distribution of economic activities,

transportation systems, harbor facilities, input-output table, dependency,
airport facilities. redundancy, unemployment, economic
production in various sectors.
Life lines Environmental elements

Water supply, electricity supply, gas Ecosystems, protected areas, natural

supply, telecommunications, mobile parks, environmentally sensitive areas,
telephone network, sewage system. forests, wetlands, aquifers, flora, fauna,
biodiversity.

C.J. Van Wester , “General Classification of Elements at Risk”, Caribbean Handbook on Risk Information
Management, C.J. Van Wester http://www.charim.net/methodology/52

Disaster mitigation measures are those that eliminate or reduce the impacts and
risks of hazards by means of proactive measures taken before an emergency or
disaster takes place. Mitigation is the action of reducing something's severity,
seriousness, or painfulness.

9
Examples of mitigation measures include:

1. Hazard mapping
2. Adoption and enforcement of land use and zoning practices
3. Implementing and enforcing building codes
4. Flood plain mapping
5. Reinforced typhoon safe rooms
6. Burying of electrical cables to prevent leak
7. Disaster mitigation public awareness programs
8. Insurance programs

“Types of Disaster Mitigation”, Public Safety Canada, December 22, 2015,

https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/mrgnc-mngmnt/dsstr-prvntn-mtgtn/bt-
dsstr-mtgtn-en.aspx

What’s More

Activity 1: Tell me!

Analyze the picture below and answer the questions that follow.

10
Guide Questions:

1. What can you say about the picture? What does the quotation
mean?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. What is the hazard in the picture/ situation?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. What is being exposed in the picture/ situation?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Why do you think the character in the picture is vulnerable?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

5. Based on your analysis, how do you think you can avoid being at
risk?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

What I Have Learned

COMPLETE ME!
Complete the following sentences by giving the appropriate answer needed in
the blank.

Vulnerability is ______________________________________________________________.
Exposure refers to
____________________________________________________________ while hazard is
defined as ____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________.
Hazards may be caused by ___________________________________________________

11
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
and can be mitigated
through_________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________.

What I Can Do

Activity 2: Emergency Escape Plan

We are all exposed to fire hazard, so there is a risk if fire occurs anytime.
We are less vulnerable if we are prepared and ready for such incident.
Create your house floor plan or blueprint and check the internet for fire
and rescue symbols or make your own symbols. With the help of your floor
plan and emergency symbols, make a fire escape plan for your family.
Share your concept to your parent/ guardian for your family’s safety. Have
your parent or guardian signed into it to prove that you share it with them.

Here is an example of a floorplan.

Floor plan must include the following items (if applicable).

ITEMS TO BE INCLUDED
Windows

12
 Doors
All furniture -labelled
Closet space/ other storages
All outlets
Faucets and sockets
Primary and Secondary escape path

Rubrics:

3 2 1
Measurements All measureas are Most measureas are Some measureas are
taken accurately taken accurately taken accurately
Items included All items in the space Most items in the Some items in the
are included in the space are included in space are included in
floor plan. the floor plan. the floor plan.
Neatness and Floor plan is done Floor plan is Floor plan is messy.
Proffesionalism neatly. somewhat done
neatly.

Ashley Macejka, “Floor Plan Rubric”, Slide Share, Nov. 25, 2014,
https://www.slideshare.net/amacejka/floor-plan-rubric

Activity 2.2
Create an information brochure about the elements of hazard
exposure. Visit a community using google map (you can choose your own
community or barangay). Determine all the elements exposed to hazard in
that locality. Use your resources to create a creative brochure. Be creative
and include emergency hotlines as much as possible. You will be graded
based on the rubrics given.

Criteria’s 4 3 2 1
Accuracy All Most of the Some of the Very little of
information is information is information is the
correct and correct and correct and information is
all of the most of the some of the correct and
sources are sources are sources are none of the
listed listed listed sources are
listed
Neatness All writing is Most of the Some of the Very little of
tidy, photos writing is writing is the writing is
and artwork tidy, photos tidy, photos tidy, photos

13
 are precisely and artwork and artwork and artwork
placed, and are mostly are are placed
all sections placed somewhat poorly, and
are orderly carefully, and placed the sections
most of the carefully, and are disorderly
sections are some of the
orderly sections are
orderly
Creativity The brochure Most of the Some of the Very little of
as a whole is brochure is brochure is the brochure
interesting, interesting, interesting, is interesting,
engaging, engaging, engaging, engaging,
imaginative, imaginative, imaginative, imaginative,
and original and original and original and original
Colorful The brochure Most of the Some of the Very little of
is eye brochure is brochure is the brochure
catching and eye catching eye catching is eye
vibrant and bright and average catching and
and/or colors and/or and/or some dull and/or
coordinated mostly mismatched mismatched
colors are coordinated colors are colors are
used colors are used used
used

Kellie Hayden, “Teaching Ideas for Brochure-Making With a Rubric”,

Bright Hub Education, June 26, 2010
https://www.brighthubeducation.com/teaching-methods-tips/75435-rubric-for-brochure-project/

Assessment

Read each item carefully and choose the best answer. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. It is a harmful event, material, human behavior, or disease that may

cause loss of life, injury or other health effects, harm to property, loss
of livelihood and services, social and economic disturbance, or damage
to the environment.
a. Disaster
b. Hazard
c. Risk
d. Vulnerability

2. Which group belong to the most vulnerable?

a. Employees
b. Indigenous People

14
 c. Professionals
d. Small Entrepreneurs

3. ___________________ signifies the possibility of adverse effects in the

future. It is derived from the interaction of social and environmental
processes, from the combination of physical hazard and the
vulnerabilities of exposed elements.
a. Disaster
b. Hazard
c. Risk
d. Vulnerability
4. A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing
widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses which exceed
the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own. What is
it?
a. Disaster
b.Hazard
c. Resiliency
d. Risk

5. It is the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or

asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard.
a. Disaster
b. Disaster Risk
c. Hazard
d. Vulnerability

6. It refers to the element at risk from a natural or man-made hazard

event
a. Exposure
b.Hazard
c. Risk
d.Vulnerability

7. Which of the following is not a man-made hazard event?

a. Drought
b.Environmental pollution
c. Leakage of Toxic waste
d.Wars and Civil Strife

8. Disaster Management includes:

a. Mitigation
b.Reconstruction
c. Rehabilitation
d.All of the above

9. Which among the following groups of people is more vulnerable in the

event of disaster?
a. Men, boys, old people
b.Men, women, boys
15
 c. Women, children, old people
d.Men, women, girls

10. Which of the following elements is exposed to hazard?

a. Building structures
b. Human Beings
c. Public transport system
d. All of the above

11. Is the cause of a disaster can be forecasted or predicted?

a. No
b. Yes
c. Maybe
d. Never

12. Which is belong to the elements exposed to hazard?

a. Agricultural Commodities
b. Dwellings of households
c. Environmental Assets
d. All of the above

13. Which is not an example of types of mitigation measures?

a. Hazard Mapping
b. Flood plain mapping
c. Raising of homes in flood-prone areas
d. implementing and enforcing building codes

14. It is the action of reducing the severity, seriousness, or painfulness

of something
a. Migration
b. Misconception
c. Mitigation
d. Mutation

15. Which is belong to the General classification of elements at risk?

a. Essential facilities
b. Population
c. Transportation facilities
d. All of the above

16
 Additional Activities

As a Grade 11/12 student in your school, you were assigned as a

coordinator of Student DRRM. What ways or actions are you going to implement
in your school to make it less vulnerable to hazard? Write your answer on a
separate sheet.

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

17
References

Ashley Macejka, “Floor Plan Rubric”, Slide Share, Nov. 25, 2014,
https://www.slideshare.net/amacejka/floor-plan-rubric

Bueza, M. 2014, The Role of LGU’s, local councils during disasters, Rappler,
(accessed on May 20, 2020). https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/44026-
role-lgu-local-councils-disaster

18
Campanero, N.S. and V.N. Egargo. 2017, Correlates of Vulnerability: A quantified
study of people’s vulnerability on the impact of super typhoon Yolanda in
Guiuan, Eastern Samar, Philippines, Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary
Research 3(9): 416-432.

C.J. Van Wester , “General Classification of Elements at Risk”, Caribbean

Handbook on Risk Information Management, C.J. Van Wester
http://www.charim.net/methodology/52

Executive Order No. 335. Creating a civilian emergency administration, defining

its powers and duties and providing for the coordination and control of
civilian organizations for the protection of the civil population in
extraordinary and
emergency conditions. Manila, Philippines: Office of the President,
(accessed on May 20, 2020)
http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1941/04/01/executive-order-no-335-s-
1941/

Kellie Hayden, “Teaching Ideas for Brochure-Making with a Rubric”, Bright Hub
Education, June 26, 2010
https://www.brighthubeducation.com/teaching-methods-tips/75435-
rubric-for-brochure-project/

Types of Disaster Mitigation”, Public Safety Canada, December 22, 2015,

https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/mrgnc-mngmnt/dsstr-prvntn-mtgtn/bt-
dsstr-mtgtn-en.aspx

19
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex

Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600

Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985

Email Address: [email protected] * [email protected]