Environmental Engineering-II

SYLLABUS
• Introduction: Definitions, Aim and Objective of sewage disposal. Methods of collection–
conservancy system and Water carriage system. Sewerage Systems; Separate, Combined
and Partially separate systems.
• Quantity of Sanitary Sewage: Source, Factors affecting sanitary sewage, Variation in
quantity of sanitary sewage, Peak flow and Minimum flow, Determination of flow
velocity using empirical formulae.
• Quantity of Storm Sewage: Factors affecting storm sewage, Quantity of storm water-
rational method, Empirical formulae, Rainfall intensity curves.
• Characteristics of Sewage: Physical, Chemical and Biological characteristics of sewage,
sampling methods, Decomposition of sewage, Dissolved oxygen, Bio chemical oxygen
demand, Expression for B.O.D and C.O.D.
• Treatment of Sewage: Classification of treatment processes, Layout of treatment plants,
Factors to be considered while designing a sewage treatment plant.
• Physical Unit Operation: Design and Description of Screens, Grit chambers, Skimming
tanks, Grease traps, Sedimentation tanks.
• Biological Unit Process: Activated sludge process, its concepts, Design and Operation of
aeration tanks, Types of aerators. Trickling filters, their classification, Geometry, Design
and Operation, their operational difficulties and Remedies, Oxidation ponds, their
classification, and Geometry \ Aerobic ponds. Lagoons, Oxidation ditches, SBR.
• On- Site Sanitation: Septic tank, Imhoff tanks.
• Sewage Disposal: Reuse of treated effluent, Disposal by dilution, Disposal on land, Water.
Sewer Appurtenances: Manholes, Drop manholes, Street inlets, Flushing tanks, Catch
basin, Sand traps.
• Solid and hazardous waste management Sources: Types , composition, Physical
biological properties of solid wastes, sources types of hazardous infectious wastes in
municipal solid wastes Solid waste generation collection, storage, handling , transportation,
processing Treatment disposal methods Material separation recycle, physical-chemical
biological stabilization solidification thermal methods, of disposal, site remediation,
leachate & its control. Effects of hazardous waste on environment & its disposal.
 REFERENCES
• Peavy and Rowe, Environmental engineering McGraw Hill, 2017
• S. K. Garg, Sewage and Waste Disposal Engineering, Khanna Publishers
Introduction
• The study of the sources of disposal is important, because the amount of treatment req-
uired to be given to a sewage depends very much upon the source of disposal, its quality
and capacity to tolerate the impurities present in the sewage effluents, without itself getting
potentially polluted or becoming less useful.

• Every day, large industries, factories, and mills produce tonnes of sewage. Some of this
waste is so dangerous that if it is allowed to escape the neighborhood, it can cause a variety
of diseases as well as contamination of land and water.

• Public Health: Proper sewage disposal prevents the spread of diseases and infections. Raw
sewage contains harmful pathogens, bacteria, viruses, and parasites that can cause illnesses
such as cholera, typhoid, hepatitis, and gastroenteritis. Treating and disposing of sewage
effectively help prevent these diseases from contaminating water sources and harming
human health.
• Environmental Protection: Untreated sewage contains pollutants like heavy metals,
nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), and organic matter. Discharging untreated sewage into
water bodies can lead to eutrophication, where an excess of nutrients causes algal blooms,
depleting oxygen levels and harming aquatic life. Proper disposal and treatment of sewage
reduce these environmental impacts, preserving ecosystems and biodiversity.

• Eutrophication is the process in which a water body becomes overly enriched with
nutrients, leading to the plentiful growth of simple plant life. The excessive growth (or
bloom) of algae and plankton in a water body are indicators of this process.

• Water Conservation: Efficient sewage disposal often involves wastewater treatment

processes that enable the reuse of water for various purposes such as irrigation, industrial
processes.

• Preventing Groundwater Contamination: Improper sewage disposal can contaminate

groundwater, which serves as a source of drinking water for many communities.
Contaminated groundwater can pose serious health risks and is costly and challenging to
clean up.
• Social and Economic Development: Adequate sewage disposal systems are vital for the
development of communities. They improve living conditions, public hygiene, and overall
quality of life. Additionally, proper sanitation facilities encourage economic development
by reducing healthcare costs, increasing productivity, and attracting investment.
Methods of Collection
• Old Conservency System : Sometimes the system is also called as dry system. Various types of refuse and
storm water are collected conveyed and disposed of separately. Garbage is collected in dustbins placed along
the roads from where it is conveyed by trucks ones or twice a day to the point of disposal.

• Stormwater, also written storm water, is water that originates from precipitation (storm), including heavy rain
and meltwater from hail and snow. Stormwater can soak into the soil (infiltrate) and become groundwater, be
stored on depressed land surface in ponds and puddles, evaporate back into the atmosphere, or contribute to
surface runoff

• All the non combustible portion of garbage such as sand dust clay etc are used for filling the low level areas
to reclaim land for the future development of the town.
• The combustible portion of the garbage is burnt. The decaying matters are dried and disposed of by burning
or the manufacture of manure.

• The liquid and semi liquid wastes are collected separately after removal of night soil it is taken outside the
town in trucks and buried in trenches. After 2-3 years the buried night soil is converted into excellent manure.

• In conservancy system sullage(waste water from domestic activities) and storm water are carried separately
in closed drains to the point of disposal where they are allowed to mix with river water without treatment.
• Modern Water Carriage System
• With development and advancement of the cities urgent need was felt to replace
conservancy system with some more improved type of system in which human agency
should not be used for the collection and conveyance of sewage .

• After large number of experiments it was found that the water is the only cheapest
substance which can be easily used for the collection and conveyance of sewage.

• As in this system water is the main substance therefore it is called as Modern Water
Carriage System.
 Conservency System Water Carriage System
Very cheap in initial cost. It involves high initial cost

Due to foul smells from the latrines, they are to As there is no foul smell latrines remain
be constructed away from living room so clean and neat and hence are constructed
building cannot be constructed as compact units with rooms, therefore buildings may be
compact

For burial of excremental matter large area is Less area is required as compared to
required conservancy system.
Excreta are not removed immediately hence its Excreta are removed immediately with
decomposition starts before removal, water, no problem of foul smell or
causing nuisance smell. hygienic trouble.

This system is fully depended on human agency As no human agency is involved in

.In case of strike by the sweepers; there is this system ,there is no such problem as in
danger of insanitary conditions in city. case of conservancy system
 Sewerage System

• Sewerage (or sewage system) is the infrastructure that conveys sewage or surface runoff
(stormwater, meltwater, rainwater) using sewers.

• It encompasses components such as receiving drains, manholes, pumping stations, storm

overflows, and screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer.

• There are different types of collection systems such as : Sanitary sewers,Stormwater

sewers,Combined sewers
 Waste water collection
• Once used for its intended purposes, the water supply of a community is considered to be
wastewater.

• The individual pipes used to collect and transport wastewater are called sewers, and the
network of sewers used to collect wastewater from a community is known as a collection
system.

• The purpose of this section is to define the types of collection systems that are used, the
appurtenances used in conjunction with sewers, the flow in sewers, design of sewers, the
materials of construction and the construction and maintenance of sewers.
 Types of Sewerage system
• When the drainage is taken along with sewage, it is called a combined system.

• When the drainage and sewage are taken independently of each other through two different
sets of conduits, it is called a separate system.

• Sometimes, a part of drainage water, especially that originating from the roofs or paved
courtyards of buildings, is allowed to be admitted into the sewers; and similarly sometimes,
the domestic sewage coming out from the residences or institutions, etc., is allowed to be
admitted into the drains, the resulting system is called a partially separate system.
• In the modern days, a 'separate system' is generally preferred to a 'combined system', although each
individual case should be decided separately on merits, keeping the following points into consideration:

• A separate system will require laying two sets of conduits, whereas, a combined system requires laying only
one set of bigger sized conduits, thus making the former system costlier. Moreover, the separate conduits
cannot be laid in congested streets and localities, making it physically unfeasible.

• The sewer pipes in the combined system are liable to frequent silting during the non-monsoon season
(when the flows in them are quite less) unless they are laid at sufficiently steeper slopes, which, in turn, will
make them deeper, requiring more excavation and pumping, thereby making them costlier.

• In a combined system, the less-foul drainage water gets mixed with the highly foul sewage water, thus
necessitating the treatment of the entire flow, needing more capacity for the treatment plant, thereby making it
costlier. Whereas, in the separate system, only the sewage discharge is treated and the drainage discharge is
disposed of without any treatment.

• In case, flooding and backing up of sewers or drains occur due to excessive rains, more foul and insanitary
conditions will prevail in the case of combined sewage than in the case of storm drainage alone.
 Types of Collection Systems
Sanitary Sewers

• Often identified as separate sewers, sanitary sewers were developed to remove domestic
wastes from residential areas.
• Originally, the flow in sanitary sewers was by gravity.
• More recently, both pressure and vacuum sewers have been used to serve areas where
gravity sewers would be difficult and costly to install and maintain.
Stormwater Sewers
• Sewers intended solely for the collection of stormwater are known as stormwater sewers.

• Usually larger than sanitary sewers. separate stormwater sewers are constructed to eliminate pollution problems
associated with the discharge of un- treated wastewater from combined sewers into watercourses and receiving
waters.

• More recently, the treatment of stormwater has developed into a separate and specialized field.
• Combined Sewers
• Domestic wastewater and stormwater are collected together in combined sewers.
• A combined sewer is a type of gravity sewer with a system of pipes, tunnels, pump stations
etc. to transport sewage and urban runoff together to a sewage treatment plant or disposal
site.
• This means that during rain events, the sewage gets diluted, resulting in higher flowrates at
the treatment site.
• Uncontaminated stormwater simply dilutes sewage, but runoff may dissolve or suspend
virtually anything it contacts on roofs, streets, and storage yards.

• As rainfall travels over roofs and the ground, it may pick up various contaminants including
soil particles and other sediment, heavy metals, organic compounds, animal waste, and oil
and grease.
Types of sewers in a typical collection system
Type of sewer Purpose

Building sewer Building sewers, sometimes called building connections, connect to the
building plumbing and are used to convey wastewater from the buildings to
lateral or branch sewers, or any other sewer except another building sewer.
Building sewers normally begin outside the building foundation. The
distance from the foundation wall to where the sewer begins depends on the
local building regulations.
Lateral or branch Lateral sewers form the first element of a wastewater collection system and
are usually in streets or special easements. They are used to collect
wastewater from one or more building sewers and convey it to a main sewer.
Main Main sewers are used to convey wastewater from one or more lateral sewers
to trunk sewers or to intercepting sewers.
Trunk Trunk sewers are large sewers that are used to convey wastewater from main
sewers to treatment or other disposal facilities or to large intercepting sewers.

Intercepting Intercepting sewers are larger sewers that are used to intercept a number of
main or trunk sewers and convey the wastewater to treatment or other
disposal facilities
 Components of a Sewerage System

• A sewerage system consists of a network of sewers pipes laid in order to carry the sewage
from individual home to the sewage treatment plant,

• This network of sewers may consist of house sewers (or individual house connections);
lateral sewers; branch sewers (or submains); main sewers (generally called trunk
sewers); outfall sewer (i.e. the sewer which transports sewage to the point of treatment);
etc.

• Manholes are provided in every sewer pipe at suitable intervals, so as to facilitate their
cleaning and inspection.

• In the sewers, which carry the drainage discharge either solely or in combination with
sewage, inlets called catch basins are provided to permit entrance of storm water from
street gutters.
• In order to avoid the large scale pollution of the water sources and to keep them usable for
the downstream people, the original contaminated sewage is not allowed to be discharged
directly into the water sources.

• A complete treatment including screening, sedimentation, biological filtration (or activated

sludge treatment), sludge digestion, etc. is therefore, given to this extremely foul sewage,
so as to bring down its BOD and concentrations of other constituents to safer values, before
discharging it into a national river resource.