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1
alGebra Geometry
Arithmetic Operations Geometric Formulas
a c ad 1 bc Formulas for area A, circumference C, and volume V:
asb 1 cd − ab 1 ac 1 −
b d bd
Triangle Circle Sector of Circle
a
A − 12 bh A − r 2 A − 12 r 2
a1c a c b a d ad
− 1 − 3 −
b b b c b c bc − 12 ab sin  C − 2r s − r s in radiansd
d
a r
Exponents and Radicals h s
¨ r
xm b ¨
x m x n − x m1n − x m2n r
xn
1
sx d − xm n mn
x2n − n
x

sxydn − x n y n SD x
y
n
−
xn
yn
Sphere
V− 4
3 r
3
Cylinder
V − r h 2
Cone
V − 13 r 2h
n
x 1yn − s x x myn − s x − ss
n m n
x dm A − 4r 2 A −  rsr 2 1 h 2

Î s
n x
x r
n n sy n
s xy − s x n
y
−
s
n y
r h
h

Factoring Special Polynomials r

2 2
x 2 y − sx 1 ydsx 2 yd
x 3 1 y 3 − sx 1 ydsx 2 2 xy 1 y 2d
x 3 2 y 3 − sx 2 ydsx 2 1 xy 1 y 2d Distance and Midpoint Formulas
Distance between P1sx1, y1d and P2sx 2, y2d:
Binomial Theorem
d − ssx 2 2 x1d2 1 s y2 2 y1d2
sx 1 yd2 − x 2 1 2xy 1 y 2 sx 2 yd2 − x 2 2 2xy 1 y 2
sx 1 yd3 − x 3 1 3x 2 y 1 3xy 2 1 y 3
sx 2 yd3 − x 3 2 3x 2 y 1 3xy 2 2 y 3
nsn 2 1d n22 2
Midpoint of P1 P2: S x1 1 x 2 y1 1 y2
2
,
2
D
sx 1 ydn − x n 1 nx n21y 1 x y
2

1…1
k
SD
n n2k k …
x y 1 1 nxy n21 1 y n
Lines
Slope of line through P1sx1, y1d and P2sx 2, y2d:
where SD n
k
−
nsn 2 1d … sn 2 k 1 1d
1?2?3?…?k
m−
y2 2 y1
x 2 2 x1

Quadratic Formula Point-slope equation of line through P1sx1, y1d with slope m:
2 2b 6 sb 2 2 4ac
If ax 1 bx 1 c − 0, then x − . y 2 y1 − msx 2 x1d
2a

Slope-intercept equation of line with slope m and y-intercept b:

Inequalities and Absolute Value
If a , b and b , c, then a , c. y − mx 1 b

If a , b, then a 1 c , b 1 c.
If a , b and c . 0, then ca , cb. Circles
If a , b and c , 0, then ca . cb. Equation of the circle with center sh, kd and radius r:
If a . 0, then
|x| − a means x−a or x − 2a sx 2 hd2 1 s y 2 kd2 − r 2
|x| , a means 2a , x , a
|x| . a means x.a or x , 2a

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page
tRigonometRy
Angle Measurement Fundamental Identities
 radians − 1808 1 1
s csc  − sec  −
 1808 r sin  cos 
18 − rad 1 rad −
180  ¨ sin  cos 
tan  − cot  −
s − r r cos  sin 
s in radiansd 1
cot  − sin 2 1 cos 2 − 1
tan 
1 1 tan 2 − sec 2 1 1 cot 2 − csc 2
Right Angle Trigonometry
sins2d − 2sin  coss2d − cos 
opp hyp
sin  −

cos  −
hyp
adj
csc  −

sec  −
opp
hyp
hyp
opp
tans2d − 2tan  sin S D

2
2  − cos 

tan  −
hyp
opp
adj
cot  −
adj
adj
opp
¨
adj
cos S D
2
2  − sin  tan S D

2
2  − cot 

Trigonometric Functions The Law of Sines B

y r y sin A sin B sin C a

sin  − csc  − − −
r y a b c
x r (x, y) C
cos  − sec  − r c
r x
y x
tan  − cot  − ¨ The Law of Cosines b
x y x
a 2 − b 2 1 c 2 2 2bc cos A
b 2 − a 2 1 c 2 2 2ac cos B
Graphs of Trigonometric Functions A
c 2 − a 2 1 b 2 2 2ab cos C
y y y y=tan x
y=sin x y=cos x
1 1 Addition and Subtraction Formulas
π 2π 2π
x π 2π x π x sinsx 1 yd − sin x cos y 1 cos x sin y
_1 _1 sinsx 2 yd − sin x cos y 2 cos x sin y
cossx 1 yd − cos x cos y 2 sin x sin y

y y=csc x y y=sec x y y=cot x cossx 2 yd − cos x cos y 1 sin x sin y

tan x 1 tan y
tansx 1 yd −
1 1 1 2 tan x tan y
tan x 2 tan y
π 2π x π 2π x π 2π x tansx 2 yd −
1 1 tan x tan y
_1 _1

Double-Angle Formulas
sin 2x − 2 sin x cos x
Trigonometric Functions of Important Angles
cos 2x − cos 2x 2 sin 2x − 2 cos 2x 2 1 − 1 2 2 sin 2x
 radians sin  cos  tan  2 tan x
tan 2x −
08 0 0 1 0 1 2 tan2x

308 y6 1y2 s3y2 s3y3

458 y4 s2y2 s2y2 1 Half-Angle Formulas
608 y3 s3y2 1y2 s3 1 2 cos 2x 1 1 cos 2x
sin 2x − cos 2x −
908 y2 1 0 — 2 2

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Biocalculus
Calculus for the Life Sciences

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About the Cover Images

Spotted owl populations are analyzed The doubling time of a population of the
using matrix models (Exercise 8.5.22). bacterium G. lamblia is determined in
Exercise 1.4.29.

The fitness of a garter snake is a function The Speedo LZR Racer reduces drag
of the degree of stripedness and the in the water, resulting in dramatically
number of reversals of direction while improved performance. The project
fleeing a predator (Exercise 9.1.7). on page 603 explains why.

The project on page 297 asks how birds In Example 9.4.2 we use the Chain
can minimize power and energy by Rule to discuss whether tuna biomass
flapping their wings versus gliding. is increasing or decreasing.

The population size of some species, like this

The optimal foraging time for bumblebees
sea urchin, can be measured by evaluating a
is determined in Example 4.4.2.
certain integral, as explored in Exercise 5.3.49.

The interaction between Daphnia

The vertical trajectory of zebra finches is
and their parasites is analyzed in
modeled by a quadratic function (Figure 1.2.8).
Case Study 2 (page xlvi).

The size of the gray-wolf population depends

Populations of blowflies are modeled
on the size of the food supply and the
by chaotic recursions (page 430).
number of competitors (Exercise 9.4.21).

The energy needed by an iguana to

Example 4.4.4 investigates the time
run is a function of two variables,
that loons spend foraging.
weight and speed (Exercise 9.2.47).

Dinosaur fossils can be dated using The area of a cross-section of a human

potassium-40 (Exercise 3.6.12). brain is estimated in Exercise 6.Review.5.

The project on page 222 illustrates how The project on page 479 determines
mathematics can be used to minimize the critical vaccination coverage
red blood cell loss during surgery. required to eradicate a disease.

Natural killer cells attack pathogens and

Jellyfish locomotion is modeled by a are found in two states described by a pair
differential equation in Exercise 10.1.34. of differential equations developed in
Section 10.3.
In Example 4.2.6 a junco has a choice
The screw-worm fly was effectively
of habitats with different seed densities
eliminated using the sterile insect
and we determine the choice with
technique (Exercise 5.6.24).
the greatest energy reward.

The growth of a yeast population leads The project on page 467 investigates
naturally to the study of differential logarithmic spirals, such as those
equations (Section 7.1). found in the shell of a nautilus.

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Biocalculus
Calculus for the Life Sciences

James Stewart
McMaster University and University of Toronto

Troy Day
Queen’s University

Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States

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 This Book is Available on YakiBooki.com

This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions,
some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed
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formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for
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Biocalculus: Calculus for the Life Sciences © 2015 Cengage Learning

James Stewart, Troy Day WCN: 02-200-203

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To Dolph Schluter and Don Ludwig, for early inspiration

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