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 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
 But political enemies soon began to press the Supreme Dictator hard.
There were conspiracies of the Carrera party. Diplomatic misunderstandings
arose between Chile and both the United States and England.
Meanwhile, a more serious situation was developing which was to bring
misery to Chile. The aristocrats, who had been Royalists, began to work
secretly against O’Higgins and the Republic. Government officials, who
were jealous of O’Higgins’s power and success, plotted against him. These
conspirators succeeded in getting control of the Assembly.
The Assembly demanded his resignation. O’Higgins knew that if he
should refuse to resign, his act would plunge Chile into civil war. Rather
than harm his Country, he laid down his power.
The People of Chile, who loved and revered him, wept with sorrow at
his abdication. And his enemies would not have dared to attack him, had
they not known that he would never shed one drop of Chilean blood in his
own defense.
FIRST SOLDIER, FIRST CITIZEN
The rest is soon told.
Bernardo O’Higgins, with his mother and his sister Rosa, went into
exile.
He sought refuge in Peru. He reached there after the Amazing Meeting.
San Martin was gone. The Peruvians welcomed him with sincere
hospitality. They gladly offered to shelter him in his exile. They gratefully
acknowledged all that he had done to help equip the Liberating Army which
had freed Peru. They gave him a fine sugar plantation, and honoured him in
every way they could.
So he lived quietly among them for many years.
But things were not going well in the Republic of Chile. Her first place,
which she had held among other southern Republics because of her well-
organized Government and her fine civic reconstruction, the work of
O’Higgins, this her first place, was lost. She stood no longer at the head of
her sister Republics.
She was become a prey to political quarrels. The Holy Alliance in
Europe was threatening her. It was then that Chile received gladly the
Monroe Doctrine of the United States, which protected her against Spain.
 Then Chile, in her trouble, recalled O’Higgins and voted to restore him
to all his titles and honours.
Though he loved Chile, he knew it was not best to return, so he refused.
Soon after which, he died in Peru.
He is, to-day, the beloved National Hero of the Chilean People.

CHILE AS SHE IS
Sunny, happy, smiling Chile, stretches like a broad ribbon unrolling itself
along the Pacific coast of South America. To-day she is a Republic with a
Constitution and a President.
Chile is a prosperous Republic; for after civil war and political struggles,
she has found herself, and is even stronger and more vigorous than when
under the rule of Bernardo O’Higgins.
High in her background loom the Andes, their jagged summits covered
with eternal snows; while in their hearts are valleys, lakes, and rushing
torrents, rich copper mines, and grazing grounds.
Chile’s immensely long and narrow land reaches from the hot and arid
deserts of Peru, to the cold and rainy country of Cape Horn. But the
beautiful, sunny, happy Chile lies between these two extremes. In that
delightful part, grow barley, wheat, grapes; and herds of cattle and horses
feed on the rich grass. Each year, Chile sends quantities of grain as well as
of iodine, nitrates, and wool, to the markets of our United States, and to
those of other countries as well.
In Chile, thousands of school children in the cities, towns, and villages
are taught to honour the name of Bernardo O’Higgins, who founded their
Government, Chile’s “first Soldier, first Citizen.”
The children of Chile keep their Independence Day on February 12,
while our children in the United States are celebrating Lincoln’s Birthday.
ONE OF TWENTY
Chile is only one of twenty flourishing Latin American Republics. They are
called Latin American, because they were settled by Latin Races, Spanish,
French, or Portuguese.
There are eighteen Spanish-American ones; one French, Haiti; and one
Portuguese, Brazil. In these twenty Republics there are more than
75,000,000 people.
This book is too short a one in which to tell about all the Liberators of
these Republics.
There was Toussaint l’Ouverture, the extraordinary coloured man, an ex-
slave, who liberated Haiti. Haiti was the first Latin American Republic to
declare its Independence.
In Peru, there was Tupac Amaru, the brave young Indian Cacique, a
descendant of the “Child of the Sun” whom Pizarro conquered. He tried to
liberate his people from Spain, but was captured with all his family, and put
to death.
In Paraguay there was the tyrant-liberator Francia, about whom that
fascinating romance in English, El Supremo, tells. While La Banda
Oriental, as Uruguay used to be called, had for a Liberator, the bold bandit-
like Artigas. In Mexico, it was the priest Hidalgo who roused the Mexican
People to revolt against Spain.
The Peoples of the eighteen Spanish-American Republics, are not one
People like those of our United States, living at peace under one
Government and governed by one Constitution.
They are not a Union. Instead, each is a separate Republic. Each may do
as it pleases without consulting the welfare of the others. This at times,
brings about bad feeling, and even war.
But to prevent war and bloodshed, some of these Republics have
adopted a better way.
THE BETTER WAY
To-day, high on a ridge of the Andes Mountains, high, high above the level
of the sea, stands a gigantic bronze monument. It is a figure raised on a
pedestal. In one hand it holds a cross, while it extends the other hand in
blessing.
The winter winds sweep against it with driving storms of snow. The
summer winds whirl drifts of sand around its base. But with peaceful look,
the figure gazes far beyond the black rocks, frozen peaks, and rushing
torrents of the Andes, toward the busy world of men.
On its base is inscribed:—
 Sooner shall these mountains crumble into dust, than Chileans and
Argentines shall break the peace to which they have pledged themselves
at the feet of Christ the Redeemer.
is the figure of El Cristo[7] of the Andes. It is a monument standing
It
close to a lonely trail, once the highway from Argentina into Chile. It was
erected a few years ago by the Republics of Chile and Argentina.
It happened this way:—
The two Republics had disputed for years over the boundary line which
passed along the crest of the Andes. Each claimed a large share of valuable
territory. Neither would allow the other to settle the boundary line.
Sometimes, the Argentine soldiers, patrolling the frontier, would find the
Chilean patrol camping on the disputed ground. The two patrols would have
angry words and nearly come to blows. So the bad feeling grew worse until
both Republics were ready for war.
Then the Chileans and Argentines remembered that their grandfathers
and great-grandfathers, under San Martin and O’Higgins, had fought side
by side, and had shed their blood together in the cause of Independence.
They could not bring themselves to slaughter each other, for they were
brothers.
They agreed to arbitrate. They appealed to England to decide the
boundary line for them. King Edward the Seventh sent a commission to the
Andes, which surveyed the region to as far south as Cape Horn. The King
gave his decision. Thus the boundary question was settled without
bloodshed. Though Chile was not quite satisfied, she loyally stood by the
King’s decision.
So the conflict was stopped, good feeling returned, and the Republics
were saved from the horrors of war.
To commemorate this great event,—the better way of settling a Nation’s
quarrel by Arbitration,—the Argentines and Chileans erected El Cristo.
The figure was cast from the metal of old cannon left by the Spanish
soldiers when they were driven from the land by O’Higgins and San Martin.
It is twenty-six feet high, and is mounted on a huge pedestal. Near it is set
up a boundary-marker inscribed on one side Chile, and on the other,
Argentina.
El Cristo of the Andes was dedicated. Several thousand people were
present. The vast solitudes of the Andes were broken. Cannon roared and
bands played. Then the Bishop of Ancud spoke:
“Not only to Argentina and Chile,” he said, “do we dedicate this
monument, but to the World, that from this it may learn the lesson of
Universal Peace.”
Years have gone by since then. To-day a railroad takes travellers over the
mountains by another route. They no longer pass the bronze figure that
pleads for Peace.
“The peon with a mail-bag strapped on his back has tramped his way for
the last time down the rocky trail in the winter-snows,” writes Mr. Nevin O.
Winter, who has seen El Cristo. “El Cristo stands among the lonely crags
deserted, isolated, and storm-swept; but ever with a noble dignity befitting
the character.”
But Chile and Argentina have not yet forgotten their pledge. They are
still showing the World the Better Way—the way of Arbitration and Peace.
 SEPTEMBER 6

THE MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE

THE FRIEND OF AMERICA
As soon as I heard of American Independence, my heart was enlisted!
Lafayette

LAFAYETTE SAID WHEN OFFERING HIS

SERVICES TO CONGRESS
After the sacrifices I have made, I have the right to exact two favours.
One is to serve at my own expense—the other is, to serve at first as
volunteer.

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, TO LAFAYETTE

On Bidding Him Farewell, in 1825

Our children, in life and after death, shall claim you for our own. You
are ours by that more than patriotic devotion with which you flew to the
aid of our Fathers at the crisis of their fate.... Ours by that tie of love,
stronger than death, which has linked your name, for endless ages to
come, with the name of Washington.

Lafayette was born in France, September 6,

1757
He came to the rescue of America, 1777
He made his triumphal tour, 1824-25
He died in France, May 20, 1834
His full name was Marie Joseph Paul Yves
Roch Gilbert Du Motier Marquis de
Lafayette. He preferred to be called plain
“Citizen Gilbert Motier.”
 I WILL JOIN THE AMERICANS!
One night, in 1776, the old Marshal, Commander of the French forces at
Strasburg, was giving a dinner party in honour of the Duke of Gloucester.
This light-hearted English Duke was in disgrace with his royal brother
King George the Third of England; so he was taking a little trip abroad. At
the Marshal’s dinner he was maliciously regaling the guests with a
humorous account of how the Americans had flouted King George and had
flung his chests of tea into Boston Harbour, and had declared their
Independence.
The Duke’s sympathies were all with the Americans, and he dwelt on
their need of volunteers. Amongst the guests—officers in blue and silver,
Strasburg grandees in gold-lace and velvet, all exclaiming, laughing, and
gesticulating—was one silent, solemn-faced young officer.
He was lean, red-haired, and hook-nosed, and very awkward. He kept his
eager eyes fixed on the Duke’s face. Nobody noticed him.
After dinner, he strode across the room to the Duke, and opened his lips
for the first time.
“I will join the Americans—I will help them fight for Freedom!” he
cried; and as he spoke his face was illuminated. “Tell me how to set about
it!”
The young man was the Marquis de Lafayette, nineteen years old, a rich
French noble, the adoring husband of a sweet young wife, and the father of
one little child.
Edith Sichel (Retold)

IN AMERICA
Accompanied by Baron de Kalb, Lafayette safely reached America, and
presented his credentials to Congress.
Washington met him first at a dinner in Philadelphia. He was so pleased
with Lafayette’s eager, brave spirit, and with his unselfish offer of sword
and fortune for the American cause, that he invited him to become a
member of his family, and to make Headquarters his home.
Lafayette was delighted, and immediately had his luggage taken to the
camp. And from that time on, he was always a welcome guest both at camp
and at Mount Vernon.
 ON THE FIELD NEAR CAMDEN
What became of Lafayette’s companion, the Baron de Kalb?
He served his adopted country, the United States, until at the battle near
Camden, he fell, still fighting though pierced by eleven wounds.
“The rebel General! the rebel General!” shouted the British soldiers who
saw him fall. And they rushed forward to transfix him with their bayonets.
But his faithful adjutant tried to throw himself on the Baron’s body to
shield it, crying out at the same time, “Spare the Baron de Kalb!”
The rough soldiers raised the wounded Baron to his feet, and, leaning
him against a wagon, began to strip him.
Just then the British General, Lord Cornwallis, rode up. He saw his
valiant enemy stripped to his shirt, the blood pouring from his eleven
wounds. Immediately, he gave orders that the Baron should be treated with
respect and care.
“I regret to see you so badly wounded,” he said, “but am glad to have
defeated you.”
The Baron was carried to a bed. He was given every care. His devoted
adjutant watched by his bedside, and the British officers came to express
their sympathy and regret. But the brave Baron lingered three days only,
then he died. Almost his last thoughts were with the men of his command.
He charged his adjutant to thank them for their valour, and to bid them an
affectionate farewell from him.
The people of Camden erected a monument in memory of the Baron de
Kalb.
THE BANNER OF THE MORAVIAN NUNS
 “Take thy Banner; and beneath
The war-cloud’s encircling wreath
Guard it—till our homes are free—
Guard it—God will prosper thee!
..........
“Take thy Banner; and if e’er
Thou shouldst press the soldier’s bier
And the muffled drum should beat
To the tread of mournful feet,
Then this Crimson Flag shall be
Martial cloak and shroud for thee!”

And the Warrior took that Banner proud,

And it was his martial cloak and shroud.

From The Hymn of the Moravian Nuns,

Henry Wadsworth
Longfellow

It was the young and gallant Marquis de Lafayette, who during the terrible
rout on the field of Brandywine, leaped from his horse, and sword in hand
tried to rally the fleeing American soldiers. But a musket ball passing
through his leg, he fell wounded to the ground.
His brave aide-de-camp placed Lafayette on his own horse, thus saving
his life. Lafayette then tried to rejoin Washington, but his wound bled so
badly that he had to stop and have his leg bandaged.
Meanwhile, it was growing dark. All was fear and confusion around him.
The American soldiers were fleeing from every direction toward the village
of Chester. They were rushing on in headlong flight, with cannon and
baggage-wagons. The thunder of the enemy’s guns, the clouds of dust, the
shouts and cries, the general panic, were terrific.
Lafayette was forced to retreat with the Army, but in spite of his wound,
he retained presence of mind enough to station a guard at the bridge before
Chester, with commands to keep all retreating soldiers from crossing it. So,
when Washington and General Greene rode up, they were able to rally the
soldiers and restore something like order.
As for Lafayette, he was soon after carried to the town of Bethlehem in
Pennsylvania, and left with the Moravian Nuns.
These good women nursed him, and bestowed every kindly care upon
him, until his wound was healed and he was able to rejoin the Army. He had
been serving without a command, but after his gallant action at
Brandywine, he was made head of a division.
It was while Lafayette was still at Bethlehem, that a brilliant officer from
the American Army came to see him. He was the Lithuanian-Polish Patriot,
Count Casimir Pulaski.
All the Nuns, and in fact every one in Bethlehem, knew Count Pulaski’s
romantic history, how while in Poland he had fought for the Independence
of his Country, and had been sent into exile. He was now fighting for
America’s Liberty.
And when the Nuns learned that Count Pulaski was raising a corps in
Baltimore, they were eager to honour him. With their own hands they made
a banner of crimson silk, embroidering it beautifully. This they sent to him
with their blessing.
He carried the crimson banner through battle and danger, until at last he
fell so badly wounded that he died.
The crimson banner was rescued, and carried back to Baltimore.
LOYAL TO THE CHIEF
It was during that terrible Winter at Valley Forge, that Generals Gates and
Conway “with malice and duplicity,” were plotting against Washington.
They wanted to win the young and influential Marquis de Lafayette to
their conspiracy. They planned to do so by separating him from
Washington. So they used their influence to have him appointed to an
independent command, with Conway as his chief lieutenant. And this they
did without consulting Washington.
But they reckoned without their host. The gallant young Frenchman was
loyal. He was incapable of a dastardly act. Though scarcely twenty years
old, he had a mind of his own. He refused to take command without
Washington’s consent; and insisted on having Baron de Kalb, not Conway,
for his lieutenant.
Then he set out for York, to get his papers.
He had left Washington with the soldiers, starving and shivering at
Valley Forge; he found General Gates and his officers in York, comfortably
seated at dinner, the table laden with food and drink. They were flushed and
noisy with wine, and greeted Lafayette with shouts of welcome.
They fawned upon him; they complimented and toasted him. He listened
to them quietly; and, as soon as he received his papers, rose as if to make a
speech.
There was a breathless silence. All eyes were fixed upon him.
In politest tones, he reminded them there was one toast that they had
forgotten, and which he now proposed:—
The health of the Commander-in-Chief of the Armies of the United
States.
There was silence. There was consternation and embarrassment. No one
dared refuse to drink. Some merely touched the glasses to their lips, others
set them down scarcely tasted.
Then, bowing with mock politeness and shrugging his shoulders,
Lafayette left the dining-hall, and mounting his horse rode away.
John Fiske and Other Sources (Retold)
WE ARE GRATEFUL, LAFAYETTE!
During the War for Independence, Lafayette served without pay. He also
cheerfully expended one hundred and forty thousand dollars out of his own
fortune, purchasing a ship to bring him to America, and raising, equipping,
arming, and clothing a regiment. And when he landed in America, he
brought with him munitions of war, which he presented to our Army. He
gave shoes, clothes, and food to our naked suffering American soldiers.
After the War was over, some small recognition was offered him by our
Government. But while on his visit here in 1825, to show appreciation of
his unselfish aid to us in time of need, and in compensation for his
expenditures, Congress passed a bill presenting him with two hundred
thousand dollars and a grant of land.
 There were, however, a few members of Congress who violently
opposed the bill, much to the shame of all grateful citizens. And one
member of Congress, humiliated at this opposition, tried to apologize
delicately to Lafayette.
“I, Sir, am one of the opposition!” exclaimed Lafayette. “The gift is so
munificent, so far exceeding the services of the individual, that, had I been
a member of Congress, I must have voted against it!”
And to Congress itself, Lafayette, deeply touched said:—
“The immense and unexpected gift which in addition to former and
considerable bounties, it has pleased Congress to confer upon me, calls for
the warmest acknowledgments of an old American soldier, an adopted son
of the United States—two titles dearer to my heart than all the treasures in
the world.”
SOME OF WASHINGTON’S HAIR
Cordial ties bound the land of Washington to the land of Bolivar one
hundred years ago.
Then the South American Liberator was held in such high esteem here,
that after the death of Washington his family sent Bolivar several relics of
the national hero of the United States, including locks of Washington’s hair.
The gift was transmitted through Lafayette, who had it presented to
Bolivar by a French officer. And the latter bore back to the noble French
comrade of Washington, an eloquent letter of thanks from Bolivar.
The South American Liberator professed throughout his life ardent
admiration for the United States, and once in conversation with an
American officer in Peru, prophesied that within one hundred years, the
land of Washington would stand first in the world.
T. R. Ybarra

WELCOME! FRIEND OF AMERICA!

1824-25
It was twenty-five years after the death of Washington. It was 1824. In New
York City, joy bells were ringing, bands playing, cannon saluting, flags
waving, and two hundred thousand people wildly cheering.
 The Marquis de Lafayette was visiting America. He was landing at the
Battery. He was no longer the slender, debonair, young French officer who,
afire with ardent courage, had served under Washington, but a man of sixty-
seven, large, massive, almost six feet tall, his rugged face expressing a
strong noble character, his fine hazel eyes beaming with pleasure and
affection. But his manner was the same courtly, gracious one of the young
man of nineteen who so long ago had exclaimed, “I will join the Americans
—I will help them fight for Freedom!”
Since the American War for Independence, Lafayette had been through
the terrible French Revolution, and had spent five years in an Austrian
prison. Now, as he landed once more on American soil, he was the
honoured and idolized guest of millions of grateful citizens of the United
States.
As he stepped from a gayly decorated boat, and stood among the throngs
of cheering New York folk, his eyes filled with tears. He had expected only
a little welcome; instead he found the whole Nation waiting expectant and
eager to do him honour.
His tour of the country in a barouche drawn by four white horses, was
one continuous procession. Enormous crowds gathered everywhere to greet
him as he went from city to city, town to town, and village to village. He
passed beneath arches of flowers and arbours of evergreens. Children and
young girls welcomed him with songs, and officials with addresses. He was
banqueted and fêted. “Lafayette! Lafayette!” was the roar that went up from
millions of throats.
At Fort McHenry, he was conducted into the tent that had been
Washington’s during the War for Independence. There, some of Lafayette’s
old comrades-in-arms, veteran members of the Society of the Cincinnati,
were awaiting him.
Lafayette embraced them with tears of joy. Then looking around the tent,
and seeing some of Washington’s equipment, he exclaimed in a subdued
voice:—
“I remember! I remember!”
Later in the day, a procession was formed, which as it passed through the
streets of Baltimore, displayed in a place of honour the crimson silk banner
of Count Pulaski, embroidered for him by the Moravian Nuns of
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.
 In Boston, Lafayette in a barouche drawn by four beautiful white horses,
was escorted by a brilliant procession through the streets. At the Common,
he passed between two lines of school-children, girls in white, and boys in
blue and white; and a lovely little girl crowned him with a wreath of
blossoms.
Across Washington Street, were thrown two arches decorated with flags,
and inscribed with the words:—
WELCOME, LAFAYETTE!

The Fathers in glory shall sleep,

That gathered with thee to the fight,
But the Sons will eternally keep
The Tablet of Gratitude bright.
We bow not the neck, and we bend not the knee,
But our hearts, Lafayette, we surrender to thee.

And when he entered Lexington, he passed beneath an arch on which

was written in flowers:

Welcome! Friend of America!

To the Birthplace of American Liberty.
 SEPTEMBER 24

JOHN MARSHALL
THE EXPOUNDER OF THE CONSTITUTION
I had grown up at a time ... when the maxim, “United we stand, divided
we fall,” was the maxim of every orthodox American; and I had imbibed
these sentiments so thoroughly that they constituted a part of my being.
John Marshall.
He had a deep sense of moral and religious obligation, and a love of
truth, constant, enduring, unflinching. It naturally gave rise to a
sincerity of thought, purpose, expression and conduct, which, though
never severe, was always open, manly, and straightforward.
Yet it was combined with such a gentle and bland demeanour, that it
never gave offense. But it was, on the contrary, most persuasive in its
appeals to the understanding.
Justice Joseph Story

John Marshall was born in Virginia,

September 24, 1755
Became an officer in a Company of Minute
Men, 1775
Was Envoy to France, 1797
Was appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court of the United States, 1801
He died, July 6, 1835

THE BOY OF THE FRONTIER

In a Log Cabin
Through the ancient and unbroken forests, toward the Monongahela River,
Braddock made his slow and painful way. Weeks passed, then months. But
the Colonists felt no impatience because everybody knew what would
happen when his scarlet columns should finally meet and throw themselves
upon the enemy.
Yet this meeting when it came, proved to be one of the lesser tragedies of
history, and had a deep and fateful effect upon American public opinion,
and upon the life and future of the American People.
Time has not dulled the vivid picture of that disaster. The golden
sunshine of that July day; the pleasant murmur of the waters of the
Monongahela; the silent and sombre forests; the steady tramp, tramp of the
British to the inspiriting music of their regimental bands, playing the
martial airs of England; the bright uniforms of the advancing columns
giving to the background of stream and forest a touch of splendour;—and
then the ambush and surprise; the war-whoops of savage foes that could not
be seen; the hail of invisible death, no pellet of which went astray; the
pathetic volleys which the doomed British troops fired at hidden
antagonists; the panic; the rout; the pursuit; the slaughter; the crushing,
humiliating defeat!
Most of the British officers were killed or wounded, as they vainly tried
to halt the stampede. Braddock himself received a mortal hurt.
Furious at what he felt was the stupidity and cowardice of the British
regulars, the youthful Washington rode among the fear-frenzied Englishmen
striving to save the day. Two horses were shot under him. Four bullets rent
his uniform. But crazed with fright, the Royal soldiers were beyond human
control.
Only the Virginia Rangers kept their heads and their courage. Obeying
the shouted orders of their young Commander, they threw themselves
between the terror-stricken British and the savage victors, and, fighting
behind trees and rocks, were an ever-moving rampart of fire that saved the
flying remnants of the English troops.
But for Washington and his Rangers, Braddock’s whole force would
have been annihilated.
So everywhere went up the cry, “The British are beaten!”
At first, rumour had it, that the whole force was destroyed, and that
Washington had been killed in action. But soon another word followed hard
upon this error—the word that the boyish Virginia Captain and his Rangers
had fought with coolness, skill, and courage; that they alone had prevented
the extinction of the British Regulars.
 Thus it was that the American Colonists suddenly came to think, that
they themselves must be their own defenders. It was a revelation, all the
more impressive because it was so abrupt, unexpected, and dramatic, that
the red-coated professional soldiers were not the unconquerable warriors,
the Colonists had been told that they were. From colonial mansion to log
cabin, from the provincial capitals to the mean and exposed frontier
settlements, Braddock’s defeat sowed the seed of the idea that Americans
must depend upon themselves.
Close upon the heels of this epoch-making event, John Marshall came
into the world.
He was born in a little log cabin in what is now a part of Virginia, eleven
weeks after Braddock’s defeat. The Marshall cabin stood about a mile and a
half from a cluster of a dozen similar log structures, a little settlement
practically on the frontier.
Off to the Blue Ridge
Some ten years after Braddock’s defeat, we can picture a strong rude wagon
drawn by two horses, crawling along the stumpy, rock-roughened, and mud-
mired road through the dense woods that led to a valley in the Blue Ridge
Mountains.
In the wagon sat a young woman. By her side a sturdy red-cheeked boy
looked out with alert but quiet interest showing from his brilliant black
eyes. And three other children cried their delight or vexation as the hours
wore on.
The red-cheeked boy was John Marshall.
In this wagon, too, were piled the little family’s household goods. By the
side of the wagon, strode a young man dressed in the costume of the
frontier. Tall, broad-shouldered, lithe-hipped, erect, he was a very oak of a
man. His splendid head was carried with a peculiar dignity. And the grave
but kindly command that shone from his face, together with the brooding
thoughtfulness and fearless light of his striking eyes, would have singled
him out in any assemblage, as a man to be respected and trusted.
A negro drove the team, and a negro girl walked behind. So went little
John Marshall with his father and mother, from the log cabin to their new
Blue Ridge home, which was not a log cabin, but a frame house built of
whipsawed uprights and boards.
 Making an American
John Marshall lived near the frontier, until he was nineteen, when as
Lieutenant of the famous Culpeper Minute Men, he marched away to battle.
And during those nineteen years he had been growing up to be an
American.
The earliest stories told little John Marshall must have been frontier ones
of daring and sacrifice.
Almost from the home-made cradle, he was taught the idea of American
solidarity. Braddock’s defeat was the theme of fireside talk of the Colonists,
and from this grew in time the conviction that Americans, if united, could
not only protect their homes from the savages and the French, but could
defeat, if need be, the British themselves.
So thought John Marshall’s father and mother, and so they taught their
children.
For the most part, the boy’s days were spent studying and reading, or
rifle in hand, in the surrounding mountains and by the pleasant waters that
flowed through the valley of his forest home. He helped his mother, of
course, did the innumerable chores which the day’s work required, and
looked after the younger children. He ate game from the forest and fish
from the stream. Bear meat was plentiful.
Whether at home with his mother, or on surveying trips with his father,
the boy continually was under the influence and direction of hardy, clear-
minded unusual parents.
Their lofty and simple ideals, their rational thinking, their unbending
uprightness, their religious convictions—these were the intellectual
companions of John Marshall’s childhood and youth.
Give Me Liberty!
Thomas Marshall, John’s father, served in the Virginia House of
Burgesses of which Patrick Henry was a member.
When Thomas Marshall returned to his Blue Ridge home, he described,
of course, the scenes he had witnessed and taken part in. The heart of his
son thrilled, we may be sure, as he listened to his father reciting Patrick
Henry’s words of fire.
 And again, when Patrick Henry became the voice of America, and
offered the “Resolutions for Arming and Defense,” and carried them with
that amazing speech ending with:—
Give me Liberty or give me Death!
Thomas Marshall sat beneath its spell.
And John Marshall, now nineteen years old, heard those words from his
father’s lips, as the family clustered around the fireside of Oak Hill, their
Blue Ridge home.
The effect on John Marshall’s mind and spirit was heroic and profound.
Albert J. Beveridge (Arranged)

THE YOUNG LIEUTENANT

When John Marshall was nineteen, he was about six feet high, straight, and
rather slender, and of dark complexion. His eyes were dark to blackness,
strong and penetrating, beaming with intelligence and good nature. His
raven black hair was of unusual thickness.
He was Lieutenant of a Company, and wore a purple or pale blue
hunting shirt, and trousers of the same material fringed with white. A round
black hat, with a buck-tail for a cockade, crowned his figure.
The news of the Battle of Lexington reached him, and he was soon on
the muster-field training his Company.
First, he made his men a speech, telling them that he had come to meet
them as fellow soldiers, who were likely to be called on to defend their
Country and their own rights and liberties—that there had been a battle at
Lexington in which the Americans were victorious, but that more fighting
was expected—that soldiers were called for—and that it was time to
brighten their firearms, and learn to use them in the field—and that, if they
would fall into a single line, he would show them the new manual exercise,
for which purpose he had brought his own gun.
Then before he required the men to imitate him, he went through the
manual exercise by word and motion, deliberately pronounced and
performed. He then proceeded to exercise them with the most perfect
temper. Never did man possess a temper more happy, or one more subdued
or better disciplined.
 After a few lessons, he dismissed the Company, saying that if they
wished to hear more about the war, he would tell them what he understood
about it. The men formed a circle about him, and he talked to them for
about an hour.
After that he challenged an acquaintance to a game of quoits. And they
closed the day with foot-races and other athletic exercises.
Horace Binney (Retold)
SERVING THE CAUSE
Young John Marshall became a Lieutenant in the first regiment of
Minute Men raised in Virginia. These were the citizen soldiery of the
Colonies, who “were raised in a minute; armed in a minute; marched in a
minute; fought in a minute; and vanquished in a minute.”
His father Thomas Marshall was Major of this Virginia regiment of
Minute Men. Their appearance was calculated to strike terror into the hearts
of an enemy. They were dressed in green hunting-shirts, home-spun, home-
woven, and home-made, with the words,
Liberty or Death!
in large white letters on their bosoms.
They wore in their hats, buck-tails, and in their belts, tomahawks and
scalping knives. Their savage, warlike appearance excited the terror of the
inhabitants as they marched through the country.
Lord Dunmore told his troops, before the action at the Great Bridge, that
if they fell into the hands of the “shirt-men,” they would be scalped.
To the honour of the “shirt-men,” it should be observed, that they treated
the British prisoners with great kindness—a kindness which was felt and
gratefully acknowledged.
Henry Flanders (Arranged)
AT VALLEY FORGE
Through the battles of Iron Hill, of Brandywine, of Germantown, and of
Monmouth, John Marshall bore himself bravely. And through the dreary
privations, the hunger, and the nakedness of that ghastly Winter at Valley
Forge, his patient endurance and his cheeriness bespoke the very sweetest
temper that ever man was blessed with.
 So long as any lived to speak, men would tell how he was loved by the
soldiers and by his brother officers; how he was the arbiter of their
differences and the composer of their disputes. And when called to act, as
he often was, as Judge Advocate, he exercised that peculiar and delicate
judgment required of him, who is not only the prosecutor but the protector
of the accused.
It was in the duties of this office that he first met and came to know well
the two men, whom of all others on earth he most admired and loved, and
whose impress he bore through his life—Washington and Hamilton.
William Henry Rawle (Arranged)
SILVER HEELS
Young John Marshall surpassed in athletics, any man in the Army. When
the soldiers were idle at their quarters, it was usual for the officers to
engage in a game of quoits or in jumping and racing. Then he would throw
a quoit farther, and beat at a race any other. He was the only man, who with
a running jump, could clear a stick laid on the heads of two men as tall as
himself.
On one occasion, he ran a race in his stocking feet with a comrade. His
mother, in knitting his stockings, had knit the legs of blue yarn and the heels
of white. Because of this and because he always won the races, the soldiers
called him:—
“Silver Heels.”
J. B. Thayer (Arranged)
WITHOUT BREAD
Told by John Marshall’s Sister
He was then an officer in the American Army, and he came home for a visit,
accompanied by some of his brother officers, some young French
gentlemen.
When supper time arrived, Mother had the meal prepared for them, and
had made into bread a little flour, the last she had, which had been saved for
such an occasion.
The little ones cried for some, and Brother John inquired into matters.
He would eat no more of the bread, which could not be shared with us.
 He was greatly distressed at the straits to which the fortunes of war had
reduced us. And Mother had not intended him to know our condition.
From the Green Bag
HIS MOTHER
John Marshall’s mother, Mary Isham Keith, was a woman of great force
of character and strong religious faith. She was pleasing in mind, person,
and manners. And her son loved her with that chivalrous tender devotion,
which made him gentle with all women throughout his life.
A few weeks before his death, John Marshall told his friend, Judge Story,
that he had never failed to repeat each night, through his long life, the little
prayer which begins:—

Now I lay me down to sleep,

that he had learned, when a baby, at his mother’s knee.

Sallie E. Marshall Hardy (Arranged)
HIS FATHER
His father, Thomas Marshall, served with great distinction during the War
for Independence. He was a man of uncommon capacity and vigour of
intellect.
John Marshall, after he became Chief Justice, used often to speak of him
in terms of the deepest affection and reverence. Indeed, he never named his
father, without dwelling on his character with a fond and winning
enthusiasm.
“My father,” he would say with kindled feelings and emphasis, “my
father was a far abler man than any of his sons. To him I owe the solid
foundation of all my own success in life.”
Justice Joseph Story (Condensed)
THREE STORIES
What was in the Saddlebags
One Autumn, John Marshall was invited to visit Mount Vernon, in company
with Washington’s nephew.
 On their way to Mount Vernon, the two travellers met with a
misadventure, which gave great amusement to Washington, and of which he
enjoyed telling his friends.
They came on horseback, and carried but one pair of saddlebags, each
using one side. Arriving thoroughly drenched by rain, they were shown to a
chamber to change their garments.
One opened his side of the bags, and drew forth a black bottle of
whiskey. He insisted that he had opened his companion’s repository.
Unlocking the other side, they found a big twist of tobacco, some corn
bread, and the equipment of a pack-saddle.
They had exchanged saddlebags with some traveller, and now had to
appear in a ludicrous misfit of borrowed clothes!
Eating Cherries
After the war, John Marshall studied law, and began practice in Virginia
courts. He served in many important offices both of his State and of the
Nation.
Here is a little story told of him when he first began his practice. At that
time, he was very simple though neat, in his dress.
He was one morning strolling, we are told, through the streets of
Richmond, attired in a plain linen roundabout and shorts, with his hat under
his arm, from which he was eating cherries, when he stopped in the porch
of the Eagle Hotel, indulged in a little pleasantry with the landlord, and then
passed on.
A gentleman from the country was present, who had a case coming on
before the Court of Appeals, and was referred by the landlord to Marshall as
the best lawyer to employ. But “the careless languid air” of Marshall, had so
prejudiced the man that he refused to employ him.
The clerk, when this client entered the courtroom, also recommended
Marshall, but the other would have none of him.
A venerable-looking lawyer, with powdered wig and in black cloth, soon
entered, and the gentleman engaged him.
In the first case that came up, this man and Marshall spoke on opposite
sides. The gentleman listened, saw his mistake, and secured Marshall at
once, frankly telling him the whole story, and adding, that while he had
come with one hundred dollars to pay his lawyer, he had but five dollars
left.
Marshall good-naturedly took this, and helped in the case.
Learned in the Law of Nations
In time, John Marshall became a great lawyer. He declined the office of
District Attorney of the United States at Richmond, that of Attorney
General of the United States, and that of Minister to France, all offered him
by Washington.
When President Adams persuaded him to go as envoy to France, he
wrote to another envoy of “General Marshall,” as he was then called, from
his rank of Brigadier-General in the Virginia Militia:—
“He is a plain man, very sensible, cautious, guarded, and learned in the
Law of Nations.”
James B. Thayer (Arranged)

THE CONSTITUTION
As the British Constitution is the most subtile organism, which has
proceeded from progressive history; so the American Constitution is the
most wonderful work ever struck off at a given time, by the brain and
purpose of man.
William Ewart Gladstone
“A Constitution,” says the dictionary, is “the fundamental organic law or
principles of Government of a Nation, State, Society, or other organized
body of men.
“Also a written instrument embodying such law.”
This is not so hard to understand:—
The first statement may be applied to the English Constitution, which is
not a written Document like ours. It is, instead, a vast body of laws and
judicial decisions, which, accumulating through the centuries, and
beginning long before the time of the Magna Carta, have been handed down
from one generation to another.
On the other hand, the second statement in the dictionary, may be
applied to the Constitution of the United States, which is a Document, a
written instrument, framed and adopted for our protection by those able and
noble Patriots who met in the Federal Convention, over which George
Washington himself presided. They were wise men, learned in the Law, and
far-sighted. They planned a Government for the great future of a very great
Free People.
Since its adoption, other Republics of the world have used our
Constitution as a model for their own.
Our Constitution guarantees self-government, and regulates just
government. It is the foundation of our national life. Without it, we should
be threatened with anarchy. Anarchy means universal confusion, terror,
bloodshed, lawlessness of every description, and the destruction of religion,
education, business, and of everything which makes life and home beautiful
and safe.
After we had declared our Independence and won our Liberty, this
Country was threatened with anarchy because we had as yet no Constitution
to regulate Government, and each State did much as it pleased.
But after the Constitution was adopted, and the States were united and
had became One People under One Government, order, peace, and
prosperity resulted.
Thus the amazingly rapid growth of “Our Beloved Country,” as
Washington called it, is due to the safeguards of that most precious
Document, the Constitution of the United States. For which reason every
boy and girl should read it carefully, should regard it with reverence, and
should surround it with every protection, as being, with the blessing of God,
the source of the life and welfare of our Nation.
As for John Marshall, he did not help to frame the Constitution; but it
was largely through his efforts and those of James Madison, that the
Virginia State Legislature ratified it. In another way, also, he had a great
part in its making.
After the Constitution was adopted, being a new Document there existed
no body of judicial decisions interpreting its meanings, like the decisions of
England which guided English judges. A body of American decisions had to
be made to interpret our Constitution in order to guide American judges.
This was John Marshall’s great work.
In 1801, President John Adams called the profound lawyer, John
Marshall, to be Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.
It was a most wise appointment, as we shall now see.
 EXPOUNDING THE CONSTITUTION
Chief Justice Marshall took his place at the head of the National
Judiciary. The Government under the Constitution, was only organized
twelve years before, and in the interval eleven amendments of the
Constitution had been regularly proposed and adopted.
Comparatively nothing had been done judicially to define the powers or
develop the resources of the Constitution. In short, the Nation, the
Constitution, and the Laws were in their infancy.
Under these circumstances, it was most fortunate for the Country, that
the great Chief Justice retained his high position for thirty-four years, and
that during all that time, with scarcely any interruption, he kept on with the
work he showed himself so competent to perform.
As year after year went by and new occasion required, with his
irresistible logic, enforced by his cogent English, he developed the hidden
treasures of the Constitution, demonstrated its capacities, and showed
beyond all possibility of doubt, that a Government rightfully administered
under its authority, could protect itself against itself and against the world.
Hardly a day now passes in the Court he so dignified and adorned,
without reference to some decision of his time, as establishing a principle
which, from that day to this, has been accepted as undoubted law.
In all the various questions of constitutional, international, and general
law, the Chief Justice was at home; and when, at the end of his long and
eminent career, he laid down his life, he and those who had so ably assisted
him in his great work, had the right to say, that the judicial power of the
United States had been carefully preserved and wisely administered.
The Nation can never honour him or them, too much for the work they
accomplished.
Chief Justice Waite (Arranged)

THE GREAT CHIEF JUSTICE

I have always thought from my earliest youth till now, that the greatest
scourge an angry Heaven ever inflicted upon an ungrateful and a
sinning People, was an ignorant, a corrupt, or a dependent Judiciary.
John Marshall

Respected by All
When the venerable life of the Chief Justice was near its close, he was
called to give his parting counsel to his native State, in the revision of her
Constitution.
A spectacle of greater dignity than the Convention of Virginia in the year
1829, has been rarely exhibited. At its head was James Monroe, conducted
to the chair by James Madison and John Marshall, and surrounded by the
strength of Virginia, including many of the greatest names of the Union.
The reverence manifested for Chief Justice Marshall, was one of the
most beautiful features of the scene. The gentleness of his temper, the purity
of his motives, the sincerity of his convictions and his wisdom, were
confessed by all.
He stood in the centre of his native State, in his very home of fifty years,
surrounded by men who had known him as long as they had known
anything, and there was no one to rise up even to question his opinions,
without a tribute to his personal excellence.
The True Man
This admirable man, extraordinary in the powers of his mind, illustrious by
his services, exalted by his public station, was one of the most warm-
hearted, unassuming, and excellent of men.
His life from youth to old age was one unbroken harmony of mind,
affections, principles, and manners.
His kinsman says of him, “He had no frays in boyhood. He had no
quarrels or outbreakings in manhood. He was the composer of strifes. He
spoke ill of no man. He meddled not with their affairs. He viewed their
worst deeds through the medium of charity.”
Another of his intimate personal friends has said of him, “In private life
he was upright and scrupulously just in all his transactions. His friendships
were ardent, sincere, and constant, his charity and benevolence unbounded.
Magnanimous and forgiving, he never bore malice. Religious from
sentiment and reflection, he was a Christian, believed in the Gospel, and
practiced its tenets.”
Horace Binney (Condensed)

WHAT OF THE CONSTITUTION?

 The Unity of Government, which constitutes you One People, is also now
dear to you.
It is justly so; for it is a main pillar in the edifice of your real
Independence, the support of your tranquility at home, your peace abroad;
of your safety; of your prosperity; of that very Liberty, which you so highly
prize. ...
To the efficacy and permanency of your Union, a Government for the
whole is indispensable.
Washington, from his Farewell Address

To me it is a marvel that the Constitution of the United States has operated

so successfully.... But the United States is a singular example of political
virtue and moral rectitude.
That Nation has been cradled in Liberty, has been nurtured in Liberty,
and has been maintained by pure Liberty. I will add that the People of the
United States are unique in the history of the human race.
Simon Bolivar, the Liberator

Let us make our generation one of the strongest and brightest links in that
golden chain which is destined, I fondly believe, to grapple the People of all
the States to this Constitution for Ages to come.
We have a great, popular constitutional Government ... defended by the
affections of the whole People. No monarchical throne presses these States
together. No iron chain of military power encircles them. They live and
stand under a Government popular in its form, representative in its
character, founded upon principles of equality, and so constructed, we hope,
as to last for ever.... Its daily respiration is Liberty and Patriotism. Its yet
youthful veins are full of enterprise, courage, and honourable love of glory
and renown.
Daniel Webster

May our children and our children’s children for a thousand generations
continue to enjoy the benefits conferred upon us by a United Country, and
have cause yet to rejoice under those glorious institutions bequeathed us by
Washington and his compeers! Now, my friends—soldiers and citizens—I
can only say once more, Farewell.
Abraham Lincoln
 ENVOY

God of our Fathers, whose almighty hand

Leads forth in beauty, all the starry band
Of shining worlds, in splendour thro’ the skies,
Our grateful songs, before Thy throne arise.

Thy love divine, hath led us in the past;

In this Free Land, by Thee our lot is cast;
Be Thou our ruler, guardian, guide, and stay,
Thy Word our law, Thy paths our chosen way.

From war’s alarms, from deadly pestilence,

Be Thy strong arm our ever sure defence;
Thy true religion in our hearts increase,
Thy bounteous goodness nourish us in Peace.

Refresh Thy people on their toilsome way;

Lead us from night to never-ending day;
Fill all our lives with love and grace divine;
And glory, laud, and praise be ever Thine!

D. C. Roberts (1876)
 APPENDIX

FOR TEACHERS AND STORY-TELLERS

I
PROGRAMME OF STORIES FROM THE HISTORY OF THE
UNITED STATES
II
STORY PROGRAMME OF SOUTH AMERICA’S STRUGGLE FOR
INDEPENDENCE
 APPENDIX
I
PROGRAMME OF STORIES FROM THE HISTORY OF THE
UNITED STATES
FOR TEACHERS AND STORY-TELLERS
This Programme may be used, day by day, in teaching the history of
the United States. The stories are not intended to take the place of the
textbook; but they may be utilized in many delightful ways to illustrate it.
If they are told, or read aloud, or dramatized by the children, they will
make historic events and characters stand out so vividly, that the boys
and girls will never forget their American history.
The stories are arranged by dates of leading events, so that the
teacher may easily illustrate the day’s lesson in the textbook.
1451 (about) Birth of Columbus, and his Boyhood
The Sea of Darkness, p. 3
The Fortunate Isles, p. 5
The Absurd Truth, p. 7

1492 Discovery of America

Cathay the Golden, p. 10
The Emerald Islands, p. 12

1493 Columbus’s Return to Spain

The Magnificent Return, p. 13

1498 Discovery of South America (Columbus’s Third Voyage)

The Fatal Pearls, p. 15

1502 Discovery of Panama (Columbus’s Fourth Voyage)

Queen Isabella’s Page, p. 21
The Twin Cities, p. 24
The Pearls Again, p. 26

1619 The First Representative Assembly in America (in Virginia)

 The Author of the Declaration, p. 308

1620 Signing of the Mayflower Compact

The Father of the New England Colonies, p. 125

1620 Landing of the Pilgrims

The Savage New World, p. 128

1620-23 Settlement of Plymouth Colony

Welcome, Englishmen! p. 131
Lost! Lost! a Boy! p. 132
The Rattlesnake Challenge, p. 136
The Great Drought, p. 138

1636-37 Roger Williams and the Founding of Providence

Roger, the Boy, p. 349
Soul Liberty, p. 350
What Cheer! p. 352
Risking his Life, p. 354

1639 Connecticut’s Independent Constitution

Brother Jonathan, p. 208

1681 William Penn and the Founding of Pennsylvania

The Boy of Great Tower Hill, p. 31
Westward Ho, and Away! p. 34
The City of Brotherly Love, p. 36
The Place of Kings, p. 38

1693-1718 William Penn and World Peace

He Wore it as Long as he Could, p. 32
The Peacemaker, p. 33
Onas, p. 41

1755 Braddock’s Defeat and the Boyhood of Washington

The Boy in the Valley, p. 191
The Boy of the Frontier, p. 427
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