CUSTOMER TRAINING

2007 Page 1 of 48
Issue A.3
24 January 2007

P443 DISTANCE DEMONSTRATION:

QUADRILATERAL CHARACTERISTICS

Summary:
This document will enable the reader to construct the MiCOM P443 Quadrilateral characteristics
using the Omicron Test Universe, Advanced Distance test module v2.11.

T&D
Automation & Information Systems - St Leonards Avenue – Stafford – ST17 4LX – England
Tel: +44 (0)1785 223251 – Fax: +44 (0)1785 212232
AREVA T&D UK LTD. Registered Office: St Leonards Avenue – Stafford – ST17 4LX
Registered in England: 4955841
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Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................3
1.1. RELAY CONNECTIONS .................................................................................................4
2. QUADRILATERAL CHARACTERISTICS ......................................................................5
2.1. QUADRILATERAL CHARACTERISTIC SHAPE.............................................................5
2.1.1. Directional quadrilateral...................................................................................................5
2.1.2. Offset quadrilateral ..........................................................................................................5
2.1.3. Default Settings ...............................................................................................................6
2.1.4. Selecting Quadrilateral Characteristics in the relay.........................................................7
2.1.5. Removing the Residual Compensation ...........................................................................8
2.1.6. Fault Locator ...................................................................................................................8
2.2. CONSTRUCTING THE ADVANCED DISTANCE TEST MODULE.................................9
2.2.1. System Settings ............................................................................................................11
2.2.2. Phase-Earth Fault Zone 1 .............................................................................................13
2.2.3. Phase-Phase Fault Zone 1............................................................................................14
2.2.4. Phase-Earth Fault Zone 2 .............................................................................................15
2.2.5. Phase-Phase Fault Zone 2............................................................................................16
2.2.6. Phase-Earth Fault Zone 3 .............................................................................................17
2.2.7. Phase-Phase Fault Zone 3............................................................................................18
2.2.8. Phase-Earth Fault Zone 4 .............................................................................................19
2.2.9. Phase-Phase Fault Zone 4............................................................................................20
2.2.10. XRIO Files .....................................................................................................................21
2.2.11. Test Settings .................................................................................................................22
2.2.12. Hardware Configuration ................................................................................................23
2.3. SHOT TESTING THE DISTANCE ZONE CHARACTERISTICS...................................24
2.3.1. Test Setup .....................................................................................................................24
2.3.2. Shot Testing ..................................................................................................................24
2.3.3. Specific Zone Testing....................................................................................................26
2.4. SEARCH TESTING FOR ZONE P ................................................................................28
2.4.1. Performing a Search Test .............................................................................................30
2.4.2. Phase-Earth Fault Zone P .............................................................................................32
2.4.3. Phase-Phase Fault Zone P ...........................................................................................33
2.4.4. Zone 1 Extension ..........................................................................................................34
2.5. QUADRILATERAL X/R ZONE PLOTS..........................................................................35
2.5.1. Phase-Earth ..................................................................................................................35
2.5.2. Phase-Phase.................................................................................................................35
3. TESTING QUAD CHARACTERISTIC RESIDUAL COMPENSATION.........................36
3.1. CALCULATING THE RESIDUAL COMPENSATION ....................................................37
3.1.1. Residual Compensation kZN = 1, kZN Angle = 0.0o .....................................................39
3.1.2. Search Testing the Residual Compensation without Omicron Compensation ..............40
3.1.3. Search Testing the Residual Compensation with Test Module Compensation.............42
3.1.4. Residual Compensation kZN = 1.06, kZN Angle = -39o ................................................44
4. SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................47
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1. INTRODUCTION
This document will enable the reader to construct the MiCOM P443 Quadrilateral characteristics
using the Omicron Test Universe, Advanced Distance test module v2.11.
Initially the quadrilateral characteristics are constructed and then tested using a fixed current
source. Shot testing the scheme and individual zone checks are described. Zone P is determined
by performing a search test within zone 3.
The residual compensation is then examined and the enlargements calculated and entered into the
test module. Search testing is used to perform boundary checks and the effect of the earth fault
return path characteristic angle is demonstrated.
Finally the test module ‘grounding factor’ feature is utilized, which will neutralise the residual
compensation enlargement for simplified user testing.
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1.1. RELAY CONNECTIONS

The relay should be connected to the Omicron as follows.

C3 P443
IA
IA
IB C2
C6
IC
IB
N C5
C9

IC
Test Set C8

C19
VA
VA
C20
VB
VB
C21
VC
VC
VN C22

M5
Timer
Stop RLY3
M6
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2. QUADRILATERAL CHARACTERISTICS
The quadrilateral elements are constructed from combinations of reactance lines, directional lines
and load blinders.

2.1. QUADRILATERAL CHARACTERISTIC SHAPE

2.1.1. Directional quadrilateral

The following characteristic is used for Zone 1, Zone P (optionally reversed), Zone 2 and Zone 4
(fixed reversed)

Figure 2-1: Quadrilateral characteristics

It is formed from a reactance line, two resistive reach blinders and the delta (for conventional)
directional line. The reactance line is arranged to operate for faults below the line, the blinders for
faults within the resistive reach limits and the delta directional line for forward faults.

2.1.2. Offset quadrilateral

The following characteristic is used for Zone 3 which can be optionally offset. By default optional
offset is enabled.

The offset is formed from two reactance lines and two resistive reach blinders. The upper and
lower reactance lines and the left and right resistive blinders are arranged to operate for faults
between them.
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2.1.3. Default Settings

The default settings result in the following reaches.

Z4 (t = 1s)
Z3 (t = 0.6s)
Z2 (t = 0.2s)
Z1 (t = inst)

Z1
Z2
Z3
Z4

• Z1 reach is 0 to 8 with a sub-cycle operating time.

• Z2 reach is 0 to 15 with an operating time of 0.2s.
• Z3 reach is -1 to 25 with an operating time of 0.6s.
• Z4 reach is -15 to 0 with an operating time of 1s.
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2.1.4. Selecting Quadrilateral Characteristics in the relay

This demonstration assumes default settings have been applied to the relay. Therefore make the
following setting change.
Locate the CONFIGURATION column heading.
Then navigate down to Restore Defaults and select Apply Defaults
Confirm these setting changes.

The relay by default has Mho characteristics for both the phase and ground zones. Therefore
these settings need to be changed to Quadrilateral.
Locate the DISTANCE SETUP column heading.
Then navigate down to Phase Chars and select Quad
Then navigate down to Ground Chars and select Quad
Remember to confirm the setting changes.
The setting file modifications are shown below.

The default zone reaches are suitable to allow testing and so no further modifications are required
at this stage.
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2.1.5. Removing the Residual Compensation

To enable simple initial testing and configuration of the Omicron the residual compensation will be
removed implying the earth path of the fault impedance loop is the same as the line path; therefore
the phase-phase and phase-ground characteristics will be the same.
Locate the LINE PARAMETERS column heading.
Then navigate down to kZN Res Comp and select 0.
Remember to confirm the setting change.
The setting file modifications are shown below.

2.1.6. Fault Locator

It is useful to change the fault locator to display the fault position in ohms.
To display the fault location is Ohms, the relay will require the following setting change.
Locate the MEASURE’T SETUP column heading.
Then navigate down to Fault Location and select Ohms.
Remember to confirm the setting change.
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2.2. CONSTRUCTING THE ADVANCED DISTANCE TEST MODULE

In this section it is shown how to configure the Omicron Advanced Distance testing module for the
default distance zone quadrilateral settings.
Launch the Omicron software and start the Advanced Distance Module.

The following screen should now be visible.

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Select Parameters Test Object..

The test object window should now appear.
Double click Distance or right-click and select Open DISTANCE dialog…

The following window will appear.

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2.2.1. System Settings

The following modifications should be made.

The line length should be set at 10 at 70o.

The residual compensation ‘Grounding factor’ should be removed.
Ensure Separate Arc Resistance is selected.
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Select the Zone Settings tab, then select New Edit and start entering the quadrilateral
characteristic zones as detailed in the following sections.
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2.2.2. Phase-Earth Fault Zone 1

Select the quad predefined shape and complete the settings as shown below and press OK.

The forward reach (8 ) is 80% of the line length 10 ; the forward resistive reach (8 ) is 80% of
the fault resistance 10 . The negative resistive reach (-2 ) is 25% of the forward resistive reach.
The angles correspond to the -3 degree tilt, the line characteristic angle and the approximate
directional line.
Select the settings shown below so the following configured zone 1 is visible.
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2.2.3. Phase-Phase Fault Zone 1

Select New Edit and then the quad predefined shape and complete the settings as shown
below and press OK.

The forward reach (8 ) is 80% of the line length, the forward resistive reach (4 ) is half of the 80%
of the fault resistance, this is to compensate for the fault path to the relay being out and back on
the line. The negative resistive reach (-1 ) is half of the 25% of the full forward resistive reach of
8 .
The angles correspond to the -3 degree tilt, the line characteristic angle and the approximate
directional line.
Select the settings shown below so the following configured zone 1 is visible.
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2.2.4. Phase-Earth Fault Zone 2

Select New Edit and then the quad predefined shape and complete the settings as shown
below and press OK.

The forward reach (15 ) is 150% of the line length; the forward resistive reach (15 ) is 150% of
the fault resistance. The negative resistive reach (-3.75 ) is 25% of the 150% of the fault resistive
reach.
The angles correspond to the -3 degree tilt, the line characteristic angle and the approximate
directional line.
Select the settings shown below so the following configured zone 2 is visible.
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2.2.5. Phase-Phase Fault Zone 2

Select New Edit and then the quad predefined shape and complete the settings as shown
below and press OK.

The forward reach (15 ) is 150% of the line length, the forward resistive reach (7.5 ) is half of the
150% of the fault resistance, this is to compensate for the fault path to the relay being out and back
on the line. The negative resistive reach (-1.875 ) is half of the 25% of the fault resistive reach
15 .
The angles correspond to the -3 degree tilt, the line characteristic angle and the approximate
directional line.
Select the settings shown below so the following configured zone 2 is visible.
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2.2.6. Phase-Earth Fault Zone 3

Select New Edit and then the quad predefined shape and complete the settings as shown
below and press OK.

The forward reach (25 ) is 250% of the line length; the forward resistive reach (25 ) is 250% of
the fault resistance. The negative resistive reach (-1 ) and the reverse reach are as setting.
The angles correspond to the -3 degree tilt, the line characteristic angle and the approximate
directional line.
Select the settings shown below so the following configured zone 3 is visible.
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2.2.7. Phase-Phase Fault Zone 3

Select New Edit and then the quad predefined shape and complete the settings as shown
below and press OK.

The forward reach (25 ) is 250% of the line length, the forward resistive reach (12.5 ) is half of
the 250% of the fault resistance, this is to compensate for the fault path to the relay being out and
back on the line. The negative resistive reach (-0.5 ) is half of the setting, whilst the reverse reach
is as setting.
The angles correspond to the -3 degree tilt, the line characteristic angle and the approximate
directional line.
Select the settings shown below so the following configured zone 3 is visible.
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2.2.8. Phase-Earth Fault Zone 4

Select New Edit and then the quad predefined shape and complete the settings as shown
below and press OK.

This zone is a reverse zone and if the impedance plot is inverted as shown above, it can be seen
that zone 4 is a reversed zone 2 in this application.
The reverse reach (-15 ) is 150% of the line length; the negative fault resistive reach (-15 ) is
150% of the fault resistance. The positive resistive reach (3.750 ) is 25% of the 150% of the fault
resistive reach.
The angles correspond to the -3 degree tilt, the line characteristic angle and the approximate
directional line. Select the settings shown below so the following configured zone 4 is visible.
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2.2.9. Phase-Phase Fault Zone 4

Select New Edit and then the quad predefined shape and complete the settings as shown
below and press OK.

This zone is a reverse zone and if the impedance plot is inverted as shown above, it can be seen
that zone 4 is a reversed zone 2 in this application.
The reverse reach (-15 ) is 150% of the line length; the negative fault resistive reach (-7.5 ) is
half of the 150% of the fault resistance. The positive resistive reach (1.875 ) is half of the 25% of
the 150% of the fault resistive reach.
The angles correspond to the -3 degree tilt, the line characteristic angle and the approximate
directional line. Select the settings shown below to configured zone 4 and press OK.
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2.2.10. XRIO Files

Press OK and return to the Test Object window.

Links can be made between the Custom module

and the Distance module to avoid data having to
be directly entered. The Custom model can then
represent the relay setting file.

The test object created so far, can be exported

as a XRIO file using the File menu and Export
function.

We shall not use this functionality in this demonstration, consult the appropriate Omicron manual or
ask your supervisor for a demonstration.

Press OK to return to the Test Module.

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2.2.11. Test Settings

Ensure that the settings shown below have been entered into the Settings tab.

A constant test current is going to be used with a 2A setting, the option to allow a reduction should
be selected to ensure all reaches are available. The pre, post and max fault times should also be
modified to more suitable values.
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2.2.12. Hardware Configuration

The hardware configuration default settings should be appropriate.
Select Parameters Hardware Configuration Analog Outputs.

Select Parameters Hardware Configuration Binary / Analog Inputs.

This setting allows the Omicron to be switched off when the relay trips.
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2.3. SHOT TESTING THE DISTANCE ZONE CHARACTERISTICS

2.3.1. Test Setup

In the Test View window, select the Trigger tab and configure the settings so that the relay is able
to trip the Omicron.

2.3.2. Shot Testing

In the Test View window, select the Shot tab (1), select a test point within zone 1 (2), select the
type of test L1-N (3). Then press the single test button (4) to start the test.

1 4

3
2
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If the test is successful, the relay will trip and the following test result should be visible, with a
green cross at the test location.
Interrogate the relay by pressing the Read key and verify that the fault record matches the applied
fault.

If the test is unsuccessful, then the following result will be visible, with a red cross at the test
location. If the relay does not trip, check the analogue wiring, if the relay has tripped, check that
the trip relay R3 is wired to the Omicron binary input 1.

Reposition the test location within a different zone (Z1, Z2, Z3 or Z4) and with a different fault type
(L2-N, L1-L2, L3-N etc..) and perform more single shot tests and very them with the fault record.
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2.3.3. Specific Zone Testing

The zones of protection overlap and so it is not possible to explore the zone 3 boundaries close to
relay location. If a specific zone requires testing, then the other zones need to be
temporarily disabled in the relay and within the Omicron test module.
To disable the other zones in the Omicron test module select the Zone Settings and remove the
ticks from the active box for the zones you wish to disable. For example leave only zone 3
enabled.

Press OK and return to the Test Module, only zone 3 should be visible on the X/R plot.

The relay will still operate for all zones, therefore the other zones have to be disabled in the relay
settings.
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Select the DISTANCE SETUP column header and navigate down to Zone 1 Ph status and select
Disabled. Repeat for zones 2, and 4; zone P should already be disabled. Continue down to the
ground fault zones Zone 1 Gnd Stat. and disable, repeat for zones 2 and 4.
The equivalent modifications to the setting file are shown below.

The zone 3 can now be specifically tested and boundaries explored.

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2.4. SEARCH TESTING FOR ZONE P

This feature can be useful to establish and confirm zone boundaries. In this section the search
feature will be used to identify the programmable zone default settings.
The programmable zone P settings are by default within the zone 3 settings, therefore to conduct
the test disable all the Omicron test module zones with the exception of zone 3 L-L and L-N.
To disable the other zones in the Omicron test module select the Zone Settings and remove the
ticks from the active box for the zones you wish to disable leaving only zone 3 enabled.

Press OK and only zone 3 should be visible on the X/R plot.

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Then enable zone P and disable zones 1, 2, 3 and 4 in the relay for phase-phase and phase-earth
faults. The equivalent modifications to the setting file are shown below.
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2.4.1. Performing a Search Test

The default zone P reach is within zone 3, therefore by searching within zone 3 the Omicron will be
able to identify the zone P reach.
To apply search lines, select the Search tab (1), then select L1-N type fault (2), then left click the
mouse at the X/R origin (3) and drag the mouse along the characteristic angles as shown (4).
After each line is created press the Add button (5). Repeat for each line, so that 4 tests are visible
(6).

1 7

2 5
4

3
6

Before the search is executed, right click on the X/R plot and make sure only the following options
are selected. Then start the test by pressing the execute arrow (7) shown above.
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The test should complete, as shown below. The red crosses indicate that the tests failed, which is
correct because we are searching for zone P and not zone 3.
It can be seen that the boundaries have been found.

The reach can be seen to be 20 along the line angle of 70o and along the resistive reach.
Clear the test results by pressing the X marked above and then these settings can now be entered
as a distance zone as shown below.
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2.4.2. Phase-Earth Fault Zone P

Select the Zone Settings and complete the settings as shown below and press OK.

The forward reach (20 ) is 200% of the line length; the forward resistive reach (20 ) is 200% of
the fault resistance. The negative resistive reach (-5 ) is 25% of the 2000% of the fault resistive
reach.
The angles correspond to the -3 degree tilt, the line characteristic angle and the approximate
directional line.
Select the settings shown below so the following configured zone P is visible. The zone has been
entered as zone 8.
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2.4.3. Phase-Phase Fault Zone P

Select the Zone Settings and complete the settings as shown below and press OK.

The forward reach (20 ) is 200% of the line length, the forward resistive reach (10 ) is half of the
200% of the fault resistance, this is to compensate for the fault path to the relay being out and back
on the line. The negative resistive reach (-2.5 ) is half of the 25% of the fault resistive reach 20 .
The angles correspond to the -3 degree tilt, the line characteristic angle and the approximate
directional line.
Select the settings shown below so the following configured zone P is visible. The zone has been
entered as zone 8.
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2.4.4. Zone 1 Extension

The reach of zone 1 can be temporarily extended as a percentage of zone 1 to form a zone 1
extension (zone 1X). For example zone 1 reach is 8 , therefore 150% (default setting) of 8 is
12 and the reach of zone 1 operating time is then extended to 12 . This is a useful feature often
employed in auto-reclosing schemes.
Enable all the zones within the relay and re-enable them in the Omicron Test Script if they were
disabled in the previous section.
To enable this feature navigate to the SCHEME LOGIC column heading.
Change the Z1 Ext Scheme to Enabled.
Remember to commit the setting change.
The equivalent modifications to the setting file are shown below.

Add the following logic to the PSL note the DDB number may vary between software versions.
Control Input 1
DDB #160 Reset Zone 1 Ext
> 1 DDB #446

The control input 1 now controls the zone 1 extension.

Turn ON Control Input 1 and apply a single shot test just above the reach of zone 1 within zone 2
and verify that the relay operates in the zone 1 operating time. Interrogate the relay fault record to
confirm zone 1 is operating.
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2.5. QUADRILATERAL X/R ZONE PLOTS

2.5.1. Phase-Earth

2.5.2. Phase-Phase
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3. TESTING QUAD CHARACTERISTIC RESIDUAL COMPENSATION

Save the Omicron test file created in the last section and open it again under a different file name,
therefore preserving the original version.
The residual compensation compensates for the earth fault path during earth faults.
The P443 residual compensation is as follows.
Z 0 − Z1
KZn =
3Z1

[
Compensated Reach = Reach Setting × 1 + KZn ]
Where:

KZn = Residual Compensation

Z0 = Zero Sequence Line Impedance

Z1 = Positive Sequence Line Impedance

The enlargement of the quad due to the residual compensation will be calculated, entered into the
Omicron Advanced Distance test module and verified.
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3.1. CALCULATING THE RESIDUAL COMPENSATION

The zero sequence impedance will be assumed to be four times the positive sequence impedance
with the same characteristic angle.
• Zone 1 Reach = 8
• Zone Angle = 70°
• Line Impedance = 10
• Line Angle = 70°
• Zero Sequence Impedance = 40 (4x the Line Impedance)
• Zero Sequence Impedance Angle = 70° (the same as the Line Angle)

First calculate KZn .

Z 0 − Z1 (40Ω∠70°) − (10Ω∠70°) 30Ω∠70°
KZn = = = = 1.0∠0°
3Z1 3 × (10Ω∠70°) 30Ω∠70°

Therefore the actual zone 1 earth fault reach will be extended to:

[ ]
Compensated Reach = Reach Setting × 1 + KZn = 8Ω∠70° × [1 + 1.0∠0°] = 16Ω∠70°

If default settings have been applied to the relay, then the residual compensation values required
are the default values, otherwise enter the following into the relay.
Locate the LINE PARAMETERS column heading.
Change kZN Res Comp to 1.0.
Change kZN Res Angle to 0.0o.
Remember to confirm the setting change.
The setting file modifications are shown below.
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Only zone 1 should be enabled within the relay, therefore disable zones 2, 3, P and 4 for both
phase and ground characteristics.
Remember to confirm the setting change.
The setting file modifications are shown below.
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3.1.1. Residual Compensation kZN = 1, kZN Angle = 0.0o

Select the Zone Settings and complete the settings as shown below and press OK.

Delete zone 8, which is zone P from the first section. Rename the new zone, zone 5 and only
activate the new zone 5 and zone 1 so that the following is visible. Remember to complete the
settings shown for the new zone 5.
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3.1.2. Search Testing the Residual Compensation without Omicron Compensation

The search test will be used to verify the zone characteristic at the boundaries. The Omicron test
module has the ability to compensate for the residual compensation which causes the mho
characteristic to enlarge. This feature will initially be disabled and the calculated enlargement of
the characteristic verified.
Select System Settings tab and check that the Grounding factor is set to zero and Separate Arc
Resistance is selected.
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To perform the Search test, select the Search tab (1). Then to apply the search line, select L1-N
type fault (2), then left click the mouse at the X/R origin (3) and drag the mouse along the line
characteristic angle to the boundary as shown (4). Press the Add button (5), so the test appears
(6). Then start the test by pressing the execute arrow (7).

7
1
5
2
4

The test should correctly identify the expanded characteristic.

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3.1.3. Search Testing the Residual Compensation with Test Module Compensation
The Omicron test module residual compensation (called grounding factor) will be enabled and this
will automatically amend the enlarged quad.
Delete the previous test results and select the System Settings tab and check that the grounding
factor is set as follows, which matches the relay setting.
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Repeat the search test and as can be seen tripping is at the original characteristic without the
residual compensation enlargement, because the Omicron is correctly compensating for it.
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3.1.4. Residual Compensation kZN = 1.06, kZN Angle = -39o

The zero sequence impedance will still be assumed to be four times the positive sequence
impedance but the fault angle will be decreased to a more realistic 40°.
• Zone 1 Reach = 8
• Zone Angle = 70°
• Line Impedance = 10
• Line Angle = 70°
• Zero Sequence Impedance = 40
• Zero Sequence Impedance Angle = 40°

Calculate KZn .
Z 0 − Z1 (40Ω∠40°) − (10Ω∠70°) 31.7Ω∠30.9°
KZn = = = = 1.06∠ − 39°
3Z1 3 × (10Ω∠70°) 30Ω∠70°

Therefore the actual zone 1 earth fault reach will be extended to:

[ ]
Compensated Reach = Reach Setting × 1 + KZn = 8Ω∠70° × [1 + 1.06∠ − 39°] = 15.5Ω∠50°

Enter the new residual compensation values into the relay.

Locate the LINE PARAMETERS column heading.
Change kZN Res Comp to 1.06.
Change kZN Res Angle to -39o.
Remember to commit the setting changes.
The setting file modifications are shown below.
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Select the Zone Settings and complete the settings as shown below and press OK.

The new zone should default to zone 6 and the following should be visible. Remember to
complete the settings shown for the new zone 6 and disable zone 5.
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Perform suitable search testing to verify the characteristic with and without the Omicron residual
compensation feature enabled. The following should result.
Without the Omicron residual compensation feature enabled.

With the Omicron residual compensation feature enabled.

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4. SUMMARY
When testing the quadrilateral characteristics, either constant source impedance or current is
suitable.
The residual compensation for the earth fault return path will cause the earth quad characteristics
to enlarge, unless the residual compensation factors are entered into the Omicron grounding
factors for the test module to amend.
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Issue A.3

VERSION CONTROL
Issue Author(s) Reason for change Date
A.1 CA Smith Original 13-02-06
A.2 CA Smith Updated for Omicron software v2.11 13-12-06
A.3 CA Smith Update 24-01-07