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10
SCIENCE
QUARTER 3
Week 6

Capsulized Self-Learning Empowerment

Toolkit

Schools Division Office of Zamboanga City

Region IX, Zamboanga Peninsula
Zamboanga City

“Unido, Junto avanza con el EduKalidad Cree, junto junto puede!”

WRITTEN BY: LLANELIE ELAINE R. RULIDA MA. VIRGINIA ABAO JATICO

Secondary School Teacher I Secondary School Teacher I
Talisayan National High School Curuan National High school
 1

SUBJECT & Science

QUARTER 3 WEEK 6 DAY ____________________________________
GRADE/LEVEL 10 dd/mm/yyyy

TOPIC Evolution: Its Evidence and Occurrence

9. Explain how fossil records, comparative anatomy and genetic
LEARNING
information provide evidence for evolution. (S10LT-III-f-39)
COMPETENCY
10. Explain the occurrence of evolution. (S10LT-IIIg-40)
(ELC)

IMPORTANT: Do not write anything on this material. Write your answers on a separate
sheet. Do not forget to answer all the Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs).

UNDERSTAND
Evolution
What is Evolution?

Evolution is a process by which the physical characteristics of types of creatures

change over time, new types of creatures develop, and others disappear. Organisms
have changed over time, their structures, traits, and abilities allowed them to adapt and
survive in their environment.

What are the evidence for Evolution?

The different evidence of evolution:

1. Fossil record
2. Comparative anatomy
3. Embryonic Development
4. Genetic information

Fossils are examples of evidence that

paleontologists use in studying evolution. They are
traces or remains of organisms that lived in the past
and were preserved by natural processes or
catastrophic events. They can be remains of
organisms which includes bones, shells, teeth, and
feces embedded in rocks, peat, resins, and ice.
Paleontologists, who study fossils, make
initial estimates of the age through the position in Figure 1. Fossil dragonfly, a form
the sedimentary rocks. Fossils found in the bottom dating to the Late Jurassic Period.
layer are much older than those found in the upper
layer of rocks.

WRITTEN BY: LLANELIE ELAINE R. RULIDA MA. VIRGINIA ABAO JATICO

Secondary School Teacher I Secondary School Teacher I
Talisayan National High School Curuan National High school
 2

Biostratigraphy enables scientists to match Trivia!

rocks with fossils to other rocks with those fossils to The first identified
determine the age. Scientists use carbon dating when dinosaur fossil belonged to
determining the age of fossils that are less than 60,000 a Megalosaurus. An array
years old, and that are composed of organic materials of its bones, including a large
such as wood or leather. lower jawbone, were found
around 1815, but it wasn’t
Fossils provide solid evidence that organisms until 1824 that William
from the past are not the same as those found today. Buckland published an
The fossil record was one of the early sources of data article describing their
previous owner as a reptile
underlying the study of evolution and continues to be
or “great fossil lizard.”
relevant to the history of life on Earth.

Comparative anatomy is another type of evidence for evolution. It is the presence

of structures in organisms that share the same basic form.

• Homologous structures are structures

from different species which have a
similar internal framework, position, and
embryonic development. Homologous .
structures are similar structures that
evolved from a common ancestor.
Species may have the same origin but
different functions. Figure 2. The similar construction of these
appendages indicates that organisms share a
common ancestor.
.
For example, the bones in the appendages of a human, dog, bird, and
whale all share the same overall construction (Figure 2) resulting from their
origin in the appendages of a common ancestor.

• Analogous structures are structures of unrelated species evolved to look

alike, because it adapted to similar function. Analogous structures have
closely related functions but do not have common ancestors/origin.

Figure 3. The Wings of a bat and a butterfly

have the same function but different origins.

SAQ-1: Explain how fossils provide evidence for evolution.

WRITTEN BY: LLANELIE ELAINE R. RULIDA MA. VIRGINIA ABAO JATICO

Secondary School Teacher I Secondary School Teacher I
Talisayan National High School Curuan National High school
 3

Embryonic Development is another Stage 1

type of evidence for evolution. An embryo
is an early stage of development in Stage 2
organisms. Embryonic development
includes stages such as blastula, gastrula,
and organogenesis. Stage 3

Studies show that species that are

closely related exhibit similar embryonic
Figure 4. Stages of the Embryonic development
development. Even when in the adult
of the different Vertebrates
stage, the organisms are quite different.

For example, the embryo of fish, salamanders, lizards, birds, cats, and humans
are similar during the first stage of their embryonic development as shown in Figure 4
and have several homologous structures that are present when the organisms are
adults.
Genetic information is found on DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) which is present
in the cells of plants and animals. This the last evidence for evolution. The DNA and
the genetic code reflect the shared ancestry of life. DNA comparisons can show how
related species are.
For example, the sequence of
Number of
amino acids in the cytochrome C of
Organisms Differences in Amino
the different vertebrates.
Acids
Cytochrome c is a heme protein that Chimpanzee 0
is localized in the compartment Fruit fly 29
between the inner and outer Horse 6
mitochondrial membranes. Gorilla 1
Rattlesnake 14
The greater the similarity in Read Bread Mold 28
amino acid sequence, the closer the Rhesus Monkey 1
relationship of the organisms. The Screwworm Fly 27
organisms which are similar in Snapping turtle 15
structure and possess similarity at Tuna fish 21
the biochemical level could probably Wheat 43
have a common ancestor. Pigeon 12
Table 1. Comparison of Cytochrome C of a human to other organisms
.
Table 1 shows that the sequence of amino acids in the cytochrome of Chimpanzee
and human is the same and that of the gorilla and human is very similar. The similarity in
the amino acid sequence of the two organisms would mean similarity in their DNA. This
manifests that they could have a common ancestor.

SAQ-2: Explain how genetic information provides evidence for evolution.

How does Evolution occur?

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck was the first evolutionist to believe

that organisms change over time. Using fossil records as a guide,
Lamarck was able to develop three (3) theories.

WRITTEN BY: LLANELIE ELAINE R. RULIDA MA. VIRGINIA ABAO JATICO

Secondary School Teacher I Secondary School Teacher I
Talisayan National High School Curuan National High school
 4

1. The Theory of Need– which states that organisms change in response to their
environment. Their ability to survive helped them developed characteristics
necessary for them to adapt to a given environment. An example is the capability of
birds to fly because their ancestors had the urge and tried to fly.

2. The Theory of Use and Disuse which according to Lamarck, organs not in use will
disappear while organs in use will develop. An organism can reshape or alter its traits
depending on the importance of that trait to the organism. For example, Lamarck
believed that before, the giraffes have short necks, but because of the need to survive
and to reach tall trees for food, they kept stretching their necks until these became
longer and able to reach taller trees.

3. The Theory of Acquired Characteristic in this theory, the acquired traits of an

organism that were influenced by the environment can be passed on to its offspring.
These acquired characteristics were believed to be inherited by their offspring and
propagated by the next generation. For example, If the giraffe was successful in
acquiring the trait of having a long neck, then the trait would be passed on to its
offspring.

Charles Robert Darwin is known as the Father of Evolution. He

proposed the Theory of Natural Selection. The theory of natural
selection is the process where organisms with favorable traits are
more likely to reproduce. In doing so, they pass on these traits to the
next generation. Over time this process allows organisms to adapt to
their environment.

Darwin’s concept of natural selection can be summed up into five (5) major ideas:

1. Organisms struggle to survive to avoid extinction.

If organisms continue to reproduce, there would

not be enough resources for a population of
organisms to survive in a particular area. Thus, all
organisms will struggle for the acquisition of these
limited resources. Competition occurs among
individuals and only those that are the fittest will
survive. Because of this, organisms are compelled
to change to make themselves fit to survive. If they
fail to do so, they will become instinct. At other
times, changes in species over time can lead to new species, a process called Speciation.
It is the rise of two or more species from one existing species. Indirectly, speciation can give
rise to a new genus of organisms.
2. Organisms vary in their physical, functional, and behavioral characteristics.

Variation of an organism allows a specific kind of

species to survive more than the other members.
For example, if you look at the spots of a cow, you
will notice that they don’t all have the same number
or color of spots.

WRITTEN BY: LLANELIE ELAINE R. RULIDA MA. VIRGINIA ABAO JATICO

Secondary School Teacher I Secondary School Teacher I
Talisayan National High School Curuan National High school
 5

3. Organisms which can best adapt to their environment would survive and produce
better offspring (Adaptation)

An organism that best adapts to its environment and successfully produces healthy offspring
is considered fit. The fittest organisms can produce the same or better offspring and would
avoid extinction. Reproduction of healthy offspring will guarantee the transmission of the
same healthy traits in future generations.

Polar bears live in a cold environment and Adaptation allows some animals to blend into their
defend on a thick coat of insulated fur, which surroundings and is called camouflage. This is a
covers a warming layer of fat. distinct advantage for both predators and prey to
survive.

4. There is a higher probability of the next generation of organisms to survive if they

acquired the adaptive characteristics.

This is true if the adapted (new) trait belongs to an organism that can survive and reproduce.
However, if the organism that has the adapted traits died then there will be a smaller or no
chance at all for the next generation to survive having the adaptive characteristics.

5. Environmental conditions can affect the survival of organisms.

When a catastrophe happens in the environment, only those organisms that can adapt to the
new condition of the environment will survive. Other organisms will either migrate to another
place or die and become extinct.

Darwin also suggested that selection also takes place in nature. In selective
breeding, the farmer identifies and selects the best and desirable trait to
propagate. In natural selection, environmental factors promote the survival
of the fittest and eliminate the less fit.

Darwin and Lamarck's theories were the foundation of evolutionary thought. Although
both were not able to defend how traits were passed on from generation to generation
(genetics), their theories became a big step forward in the study of evolution.

Today, scientists have studied and explained how genes were passed down from
parents to offspring. They were able to explain also the mechanism of evolution that
causes genetic variation among organisms.

SAQ-3: How do organisms evolve?

SAQ-4: How does natural selection work?

WRITTEN BY: LLANELIE ELAINE R. RULIDA MA. VIRGINIA ABAO JATICO

Secondary School Teacher I Secondary School Teacher I
Talisayan National High School Curuan National High school
 6

Let’s Practice!

(Write your answer on the separate sheets.)

A. Directions: Supply the terms on the blanks to complete the statements.

(1)__________ are the remains left by plants and animals

that lived many years ago. The age of fossils could be
estimated through its position in the (2) _______ rocks.
(3)_____________ was one of the early sources of data
underlying the study of evolution and continues to be relevant
to the history of life on Earth.

The second evidence for evolution is

(4)______________________,study of similarities and
differences in the anatomy of different species. It is
closely related to evolutionary biology and phylogeny
(the evolution of species). It has two types:
(5)_____________________ are similar structures that
evolved from a common ancestor. Homology is the
relationship between structures or DNA derived from
the most recent common ancestors and
(6)_______________ are structures that have evolved
independently in two living organisms to serve the same
purpose.

The third evidence of evolution is

(7)_______________________,the more closely related
species would be (8)_____________in their earliest stages of
development.

The last evidence for evolution is (9)_____________. This is

found in DNA. Organisms with similar DNA could have a
(10)________ ancestor.

B. Think About It!

WRITTEN BY: LLANELIE ELAINE R. RULIDA MA. VIRGINIA ABAO JATICO

Secondary School Teacher I Secondary School Teacher I
Talisayan National High School Curuan National High school
 7

Study the given corresponding description. Choose the word inside the box
that best matches the description. Write your answer on the space provided before
the number.

Theory of Use and Disuse Fit Evolution

Variation Competition Speciation
Camouflage Natural Selection

______________1. A term used to describe organisms that are able to adapt to their
environment and reproduce healthy offspring.
______________2. A theory that says that organisms lose or acquire a body part.

______________3. The adaptation that allows some animals to blend into their surroundings.
______________4. It is a process where organisms with favorable traits are more likely to
reproduce.
______________5. This occurs among organisms if there are not enough resources for
them to survive.

C. Guess Who?!
Identify who stated the following theories. Write L for Lamarck and D for
Darwin.

_______1. There was a variation in a population.

_______2. Organisms changed because they wanted to survive.
_______3. Parents are only able to pass on traits that they were born with.
_______4. Organisms would survive if they acquired the adaptive characteristics.
_______5. The acquired traits of organisms can be passed on to its offspring.

REMEMBER
Key Points

✓ Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of animals, plants, and other organisms
from the past.
✓ Fossils are important evidence for evolution because they show that life on earth
was once different from life found on earth today.
✓ Biostratigraphy enables scientists to match rocks with particular fossils to other
rocks with those fossils to determine the age.
✓ Comparative anatomy has long served as evidence for evolution, now joined in
that role by comparative genomics; it indicates that organisms share a common
ancestor.
✓ Analogous structures have different ancestry but the same function.
✓ Homologous structures have the same ancestry but may no longer serve the same
function.
✓ Genetic information is found on DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) which is present in
the cells of the plants and animals.

WRITTEN BY: LLANELIE ELAINE R. RULIDA MA. VIRGINIA ABAO JATICO

Secondary School Teacher I Secondary School Teacher I
Talisayan National High School Curuan National High school
 8

✓ Lamark proposed the Theory of Need, The Theory of Use and Disuse, and the
Theory of Acquired Characteristics. His theory was based on the principle that
organisms change defending on their needs.

✓ Darwin proposed the Natural Selection Theory and summed up this theory in five (5)
major ideas to clearly explain how evolution happens in nature.

✓ Darwin believed that organisms survive because their adaptive traits are successfully
passed on to the next generation.

TRY
Test I Multiple Choice:
Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. What word pertains to the preserved 5. Base on the table on item 4, what
remains or traces of animals, plants, and organism is closely related to a
other organisms from the past. human?
A. Horse
A. Green plants B. Rhesus Monkey
B. Skittle C. Pigeon
C. Fossil D. Wheat
D. Common Ancestry 6. Which of the following statement
explains Lamarck’s Theory of Use and
2. What structure is shown by the image Disuse?
below?
A. Body structures develop because
they are used extensively.
B. Body structures develop because
they are not in use.
C. Body structures develop because of
competition.
D. Body structures develop because of
mutation.
7. How does adaptation help animals?

A. To hide from predators.

A. homologous structure B. To survive in their habitats.
B. vestigial structure C. To hunt for food.
C. analogous structure D. All of these are correct
D. comparative anatomy 8. When a species is unable to adapt to
changing environment, what usually
3. How do the fossil records provide occurs?
evidence for evolution?
A. starvation
A. Fossils provide evidence by keeping B. variation
records of the traces or remains of C. extinction
organisms that lived in the past and D. adaptation
were preserved by natural processes
or catastrophic events. 9. According to Darwin’s theory of
B. Fossils provide evidence by the evolution, how do new species evolve?
structures of the organisms.
A. Artificial Selection

WRITTEN BY: LLANELIE ELAINE R. RULIDA MA. VIRGINIA ABAO JATICO

Secondary School Teacher I Secondary School Teacher I
Talisayan National High School Curuan National High school
 9

C. Fossils provide evidence by B. Reincarnation

comparing the embryos of the C. Natural Selection
organisms. D. Unnatural Selection
D. Fossils provide evidence by
considering the similarities of the 10. Which of the following best explains
amino acid sequence. the mechanism of natural selection?

A. Individuals in a population change to

4. The table shows the Comparison of
best suit their environment; those
Cytochrome C of a human to other
that survive reproduce and pass on
organisms. What can be inferred about
their traits.
humans and Fruit fly?
B. Populations evolve in response to
the individuals who compromise the
Number of population, not the environment.
Organisms Differences in C. There is variation among individuals
Amino Acids in a population; those born with traits
Chimpanzee 0 best suited for the environment
Fruit fly 29 survive and reproduce.
Horse 6 D. All of the above
Gorilla 1
Rattlesnake 14
Read Bread Mold 28
Rhesus Monkey 1
Screwworm Fly 27
Snapping turtle 15
Tuna fish 21
Wheat 43
Pigeon 12
A. Their structures are homologous
B. Their structures are analogous.
C. Their ancestors are common since
their amino acid sequence is similar.
D. Their ancestors are not common since
their amino acid sequence is different.

Acosta, Herma D., et.al. Science Learner’s Material. Pasig City. REX
Bookstore, Inc., 2015.

BioLogos. "What Is the Evidence for Evolution? - Common-questions."

BioLogos. January 14, 2019. Accessed April 15, 2021.
https://biologos.org/common-questions/what-is-the-evidence-for-
REFERENCE/S evolution.

Boundless. "Boundless Biology." Lumen. Accessed August 15, 2020.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-
biology/chapter/evidence-of-evolution/

WRITTEN BY: LLANELIE ELAINE R. RULIDA MA. VIRGINIA ABAO JATICO

Secondary School Teacher I Secondary School Teacher I
Talisayan National High School Curuan National High school
 10

"Darwin, Evolution, & Natural Selection (article)." Khan Academy.

Accessed September 20, 2020.
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/natural-
selection/natural-selection-ap/a/darwin-evolution-natural-
selection.

Espinosa, Allen A., Lorenzo, Aloysius D., Navarette, Bonifacio Jr. V.,
Santos, Melandro D. Discover Science 10. Makati City. DIWA
LEARNING SYSTEMS INC., 2015

."Evidence for Evolution - Quiz." Quizizz. Accessed September 20,

2020.
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/58151fa27ed566181473ffdc/evide
nce-for-evolution.

Learning, Lumen. "Biology for Majors I." Evidence for Evolution |

Biology for Majors I. Accessed April 15, 2021.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-wmopen-
biology1/chapter/outcome-evidence-for-evolution/.
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WRITTEN BY: LLANELIE ELAINE R. RULIDA MA. VIRGINIA ABAO JATICO

Secondary School Teacher I Secondary School Teacher I
Talisayan National High School Curuan National High school