Renewable Energy Focus 49 (2024) 100553

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Renewable Energy Focus

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Research Review

Hybrid AC-DC microgrid coordinated control strategies: A systematic

review and future prospect
Atul S. Dahane *, Rajesh B. Sharma
Department of Electrical Engineering, Government College of Engineering Amravati, Maharashtra 444604, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Presently, there is huge development in conventional power systems due to the evolution of modern smart grids,
Hybrid microgrid wherein interconnected microgrids with a high level of energy storage and renewable energy penetration are
Bus voltage control gaining popularity in the modern distribution network. Future electrical distribution systems, or even trans­
Droop control
mission structures that combine AC and DC sources and loads are thought to be most promising when it comes to
Coordinated control
hybrid AC-DC systems. Using a combined operation of both AC and DC microgrids through an interfacing
Decentralized control
Interfacing/interlinking converter converter, hybrid AC-DC microgrids are advanced and benefitted with the use of both AC and DC topologies.
Power management techniques for these microgrids are among the most important operational aspects. This
paper provides a systematic review on numerous schemes to control hybrid AC-DC microgrids. Basically,
microgrid control strategies are categorized as local control and coordinated control. Coordinated control is
further divided in three control strategies as, distributed, centralized, and decentralized control. All these control
strategies are employed to satisfy many control objectives, like bus voltage and frequency regulation, power
sharing, and management, power quality, stability and reliability improvement, energy management, and eco­
nomic dispatch. In this paper, various aspects associated with these control objectives and limitations in their
control strategies are discussed. Also, future prospects on control of hybrid AC-DC microgrids and an effective
and robust control strategy for power management possibly to be employed, are presented in the concluding
section of this paper.

1. Introduction residential, commercial, agricultural and industrial. Moreover, photo­

voltaic systems (PVs) and other distributed generations (DGs) operating
In recent times, with the use of emerging new technologies such as with utility grid can pose severe problems of poor reliability and poor
renewable energy sources (RESs) preferably called as distributed energy power quality due to their dynamic behavior [2]. To overcome this
resources (DERs) like solar and wind system along with the energy problem in AC grid we have voltage regulators and reactive power
storage systems (ESSs) are connected at multiple nodes in utility grid. compensation devices or Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS)
Moreover to cater today’s variable and unpredicted power demand of controllers. But these methods are costly and can cause unwanted
utility and to reduce dependency on conventional energy resources like changes in other electrical parameters and injection of harmonics in AC
fossil fuels and to reduce environmental impact, use of DERs and ESS is system [3,4]. Conveniently voltage control in DC grid is more accurate
more beneficial [1]. But this also adds severe problems in power man­ and efficient with low power loss and no harmonics injection [5,6].
agement of the system in particular control of AC bus voltage and pro­ Here, microgrid plays a prominent role, as the present scenario in power
portional power sharing. This is in particular due to the variable system enables the use of smaller independent electrical systems having
characteristics of the energy sources and variable load profiles such as, its own DERs like wind and solar generation along with energy storage

Abbreviations: DER, Distributed Energy Resources; RES, Renewable Energy Sources; ESS, Energy Storage Systems; DG, Distributed Generations; PV, Photovoltaic;
AC, Alternating Current; DC, Direct Current; IC, Interlinking/Interfacing Converter; FACTS, Flexible AC Transmission System; PCC, Point of Common Coupling; LED,
Light Emitting Diode; HVAC, High Voltage Alternating Current; HVDC, High Voltage Direct Current; STS, Static Transfer Switch; VSC, Voltage Source Converters;
EMS, Energy Management System; EV, Electric Vehicle; MGCC, Microgird Central Controller; LC, Local Controller; LVDC, Low Voltage Direct Current; GPS, Global
Positioning System; SOC, State Of Charge.
* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (A.S. Dahane), [email protected] (R.B. Sharma).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ref.2024.100553
Received 4 December 2023; Received in revised form 3 February 2024; Accepted 14 February 2024
Available online 15 February 2024
1755-0084/© 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A.S. Dahane and R.B. Sharma Renewable Energy Focus 49 (2024) 100553

devices like batteries, fuel cell, super-capacitors etc., feeding local loads (centralized, decentralized and distributed control) of DC and AC
and also connected with the utility as discussed in [7,8]. This has been microgrid operating independently with utility. The architecture and
widely promoted across the globe in particular for the remote localities challenges in hybrid AC-DC microgrid are reviewed in [24]. Moreover,
and rural areas due to increase in reliability and controllability of the with combined operation of both AC and DC microgrid using interfacing
system. converter, a hybrid AC/DC microgrids are advanced and benefitted with
A microgrid, as well-defined by US Department of Energy and certain use of both AC/DC topologies as it rely on both AC and DC sources of
European organizations, is a cluster of distributed energy resources energy [13,14] and [20]. But such hybrid microgrids require relatively
(DERs), energy storage systems (ESS) and interconnected loads that are complex control strategies [25,26]. Basically the control strategies for
clearly separated by electrical boundaries and function as a single, DC sub-microgrid are focused on regulation of bus voltage, without
controllable entity in relation to the utility [9]. The microgrids are considering reactive power control frequency synchronization, whereas,
connected to the utility through more than one node termed as point of the AC sub-microgrid provides AC bus voltage as well as frequency
common coupling (PCC). Subject to the availability of grid supply and regulation [27–29]. Moreover, a hierarchical control is mostly suitable
other operating conditions, a microgrid need to be run in either grid-tie control strategy for AC-DC microgrids as discussed in [30–32]. Also, to
or islanded mode [10,11]. Considering that voltage at a common bus, provide stable operation in microgrid and smooth transition in an active
connecting to other distributed energy resources and AC/DC loads, a distribution networks, distributed control strategy can be employed as
microgrid can be categorized as DC, AC or hybrid AC-DC [12–14]. discussed in [33,34]. Further, use of coordinated control schemes for
Moreover the standalone DC microgrid provides most appropriate AC-DC microgird control are thoroughly discussed in [35–37]. Pres­
power source in the distant region contributes to the economic benefits, ently, various new control strategies are being proposed by the re­
such as decline in operating and servicing costs [15,16]. But the variable searchers for hybrid AC-DC microgrid so as to get a stable and smooth
nature of distributed energy resources and variable load profiles (AC/DC operation during any possible operating condition on the system which
loads) leads to voltage deviation in DC microgrid. With bus voltage are briefly explored in the subsequent sections of this paper.
control, DC microgrid can be operated very efficiently and smoothly Remaining of this paper is structured as follows: Study objectives and
than the conventional AC grids. Therefore, DC microgrids are considered review methodology are discussed in section 2. Section 3 briefly covers
to be the future of the power system. While, AC microgrids are less arrangement and concept of hybrid AC-DC microgrid, power topologies
efficient due to presence of more voltage conversion steps needed to link and use of interfacing converter (IC). Various control strategies and the
DERs and ESSs that are typically DC as reported in [17,18]. On the other control objectives of hybrid AC-DC microgrid are systematically inves­
hand, the DC microgrids have a common DC bus, so there is no tigated in section 4. Section 5 explores the comparative analysis between
requirement of time synchronization among the other components in various control strategies along with different control objectives.
microgrid, no reactive power compensation and also power factor losses Research challenges and future prospect on control of hybrid AC-DC
can be neglected as discussed in [16]. Further energy saving in DC microgrid and use of effective and robust control scheme for power
microgrid with LED lighting load can be achieved using Smart Personal management is reported in Section 6. At the end, section 7 concludes this
Sensor Network Control proposed in [19]. Yet, DC microgrid involves paper.
several practical and operational difficulties like smooth shifting from
islanded operation to grid-tied mode and design of effective protection 2. Study objectives and review methodology
systems as discussed in [20,21].
The system of AC/DC sources supplying respective AC/DC buses is The primary goal of this paper is to present systematic review on
termed as hybrid AC-DC microgrid that works in the grid-tied mode and various control strategies for hybrid AC-DC microgrid. A literature sur­
can be operated independently evenwhen during no power transfer from vey has been conducted extensively and explored different control ob­
utility grid which is called as an islanded mode as reported in [18,22]. jectives. Further, each control objective and related research papers
For the grid-tied operating mode, any shortfall or excess power can be have been identified, grouped and studied to evaluate the same. This
transacted with the utility. For islanded operating mode, there are two way all the control objectives have been identified and their control
types as intentional (planned islanding) and unintentional (unplanned strategies studied to elaborate respective author’s perspective. For
or accidental islanding). The service maintenance and scheduled out­ hybrid AC-DC microgrids, power management techniques are among the
ages comes under intentional islanding while, short circuit /fault or utmost important operational aspect. This paper aims to coordinate and
malfunctioning of the system components leads to unintentional classifies the investigation conducted in hybrid AC-DC microgrid high­
islanding which is more challenging to control. The interconnection and lighting main control objective of power management considering bus
interoperability of DERs with associated ESSs and ICs can be imple­ voltage control and proportional power sharing. Also, a brief discussion
mented as mentioned in the IEEE standard IEEE-1547 [5] and [23]. The on some emerging trends in microgrid operation and control, various
utility provides AC generation while generation from renewable energy problems and the limitations associated with these control strategies
sources can be AC and DC. Traditionally, AC generation and high power have been thoroughly investigated. Moreover, the challenges involved
transmission through high voltage AC transmission (HVAC) are widely in employing an effective control strategy on issues exist in hybrid AC-
used but due to vast development in renewable energy sources and DC microgrid are reported in final concluding part of this paper.
power electronics, DC generation and high power transmission through A systematic review approach is applied to gather relevant litera­
high voltage DC transmission (HVDC) lines becomes more popular now tures on hybrid microgird. Extensive search is carried out based on
a days. So, after understanding the benefits of both AC and DC micro­ various keywords such as hybrid microgrid, bus voltage control, droop
grids, researchers developed hybrid AC-DC microgrid, targeting for control, coordinated control, decentralized control, interfacing/inter­
improved and efficient power flow control, power management, and linking converter (IC), and power management. The various scholarly
stability, reliability, energy management along with economic databases and search engine used for this work includes IEEE explorer,
operations. IET digital library, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Googler scholar etc. Any un­
In hybrid AC-DC microgrid the direct incorporation of DERs, ESSs related research articles/papers to research topic are filtered out and
and AC/DC loads are practically achieved. Moreover, the hybrid AC-DC more relevant and recent literatures which are manually selected over a
microgrid requires lesser power converters, thus decreasing the total precise time line as shown in Fig.1. Further data screening is done to
system losses and expenses. Due to the requirement of synchronizing AC identify research contributions in hybrid AC-DC microgrid control
and DC buses, hybrid AC-DC microgrids grid architecture is more strategies. The extracted data is well structured so as to facilitate sys­
complicated than that of an independently running AC and DC micro­ tematic investigation. Following Fig.2 shows flow diagram of literature
grid. This further imposes more research work into coordinated control review carried out throughout this paper.

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A.S. Dahane and R.B. Sharma Renewable Energy Focus 49 (2024) 100553

auxiliary equipment’s etc. the interconnection of microgrid with the

utility grid must comply with the IEEE standards as stated in [5,23] and
[25]. Hybrid AC-DC microgrid power topologies are drawn in many
ways [13] and [37–39]. Practically benefited and more conventional
power topology for hybrid AC-DC microgrid is illustrated in Fig.4.
Basically, it consist of AC, DC sub-microgrid along with interfacing
converter and connected to utility via static transfer switch (STS). AC
sub-microgrids can have AC/DC sources (PV, wind and battery), AC
loads, coupled to a common AC bus through DC/AC converters whereas
DC sub-microgrid consist of DC sources (PV, battery), DC loads which
are coupled to common DC bus using DC/DC converters. Practically, for
hybrid AC-DC microgrid, all AC sources and loads are linked to AC sub-
microgrid and DC sub-microgrid has all DC sources and loads linked to
it. This is beneficial in reducing the power losses and simple power ar­
chitecture by avoiding multiple power conversion stages, so that a
Fig. 1. Publication trend on reviewed research work for hybrid micro­
grid control simple and efficient control strategy can be applied. Further these two
AC-DC sub-microgrids are integrated using interfacing converter or
interlinking converters (IC). A few scholarly works employ voltage
3. Concept of hybrid AC-DC microgrid
source converters (VSC) as part of their power topology [28].
As discussed in section 1, the present situation in power system,
enables the use of smaller independent electrical systems termed as 3.2. Interfacing/interlinking converter (IC)
microgrid, which has its own distributed generations along with energy
storage devices (ESSs) like batteries, fuel cell, super-capacitors etc. The interfacing/interlinking converter (IC) is a bidirectional AC-DC
These microgrids feeds local loads and also connected with the utility
grid, has been widely promoted across the globe in particular for the
remote localities like educational institutes, industries, military base,
mining, ocean application etc. and also for the rural areas due to rise in
system reliability and controllability. Such system with DC and AC
microgrids are termed as hybrid AC-DC microgrid [10,13]. As reported
in section 1, hybrid AC-DC microgrid are popular and practically more
benefited. The interconnections of various electrical components in
hybrid AC-DC microgrid are given by power topologies. The integration
of AC and DC sub-microgrid is implemented through interlinking con­
verters (ICs). Power topologies are briefly investigated in the following
sub-section 3.1. The pictorial representation of typical application based
structure of hybrid AC-DC microgrid is depicted in Fig.3 as follows.

3.1. Power topologies

Conventionally, for any grid power topology consist of AC/DC

Fig. 3. Application based structure of hybrid AC-DC microgrid
sources, AC/DC loads, power converters/inverters, common buses and

Fig. 2. Flow diagram of literature review carried out.

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A.S. Dahane and R.B. Sharma Renewable Energy Focus 49 (2024) 100553

Fig. 4. Conventional power topology of hybrid AC-DC microgrid.

converter essential to connect two microgrids as DC microgrid and AC centralized, and decentralized control. While, depending on the time­
microgrid forming a hybrid AC-DC microgrid. The coordinated opera­ frame for completing these tasks and the location of the control loop
tion of all ICs is required to regulate the common AC bus voltage and implementation at device level, local area level, or supervisory level, the
frequency with basic power sharing. On the priority basis these multiple control functions can be categorized into primary, secondary, and ter­
interfacing converters are required to be locally controlled to ensure tiary levels [24]. Here, coordinated control implements hierarchical
voltage/current regulation for the individual DC sub-microgrids under control approach based on the control function required. For the pur­
decentralized control scheme. The extensive study of these converters is pose of carrying out primary control tasks like power sharing, bus
required for economical and reliable operation of microgrid [26]. All voltage and frequency regulation, decentralized methods like droop
this converters employed for microgrid control and operation can be control are mostly recommended. There is no requirement of commu­
classified in three types of converters namely grid forming, grid feeding, nication between the controlled entities because control actions are
and grid supporting converters. The grid feeding converter based on chosen solely on the basis of local information. Whereas, a centralized
current source converter has a shunt connected high output impedance. controller gathers the status of system components and sends set points
This converter is able to inject both real and reactive power in the utility via bidirectional communication to the controlled entities or sub-
while operating in grid-tied mode. Whereas, voltage source converter microgrids at local controllers. Applications needing system-wide data,
(VSC) is employed for grid forming and supporting converter which like precise power control and optimal energy exchange between sub-
controls the magnitude of voltage and frequency. Practically, islanded microgrids typically employ centralized control architecture. It is re­
mode of operation is obtained by grid forming converter which acts like ported by the researchers that centralized controllers are not very reli­
AC voltage source having a less series impedance. This converter offers a able in nature. Centralized control can be implemented quite simply.
reference for magnitude of voltage and frequency in the microgrid. Additionally, in the MG system’s operation, it has shown excellent
Whereas, both grid-tied and islanded mode of operation can be obtained response. Nevertheless, a lot of issues are still open, especially when
through grid supporting converter and acquires the features of both grid utilizing a large-scale hybrid system. Establishing a consensus on global
feeding and grid forming converters. variables and sparse communication between neighbours are features
that define distributed control [26,33]. The requirement for increased
4. Hybrid AC-DC microgrid control strategies reliability, security, and alertness at the secondary and tertiary control
levels creates a need for distributed control. Basically, for AC and DC
The control of hybrid AC-DC microgrid is difficult and a significant microgrids, a methodical approach known as hierarchical control as
research in associated technical challenges requires a continuous and reported in [30–32] which uses centralized or distributed control has
rigorous investigation. Control strategies of DC microgrid and AC been thoroughly discussed in the latter part of this sub-section. The
microgrid working independently are straightaway applicable to hybrid conventional classification of control strategies for microgrid is shown in
AC-DC microgrids considering both AC and DC sub-microgrids param­ Fig.5.
eters in the control action as thoroughly investigated by researchers in The coordinated control strategies are employed to realise one or
the literatures [26,28]. The classification of these control strategies, many control objectives, like bus voltage and frequency regulation,
various control objectives involved and detail investigation of main power sharing, and management, power quality, stability and reliability
control objective i.e. power management are thoroughly discussed in the improvement, energy management, and economic dispatch. Conven­
following sub-sections 4.1 to 4.3. tionally, at primary level, bus voltage and frequency regulation are
obtained using decentralized control strategy. Distributed control
strategy is used for voltage and current control, basic power sharing and
4.1. Classification of control strategies P/Q control. Whereas, to realise large scale control objectives like power
management, energy management, economic dispatch etc. a centralized
Traditionally, the control strategy is mainly classified as local control control approach is required [37]. Moreover, many researchers sug­
and coordinated control. Based on information flow and degree of gested a methodical approach known as hierarchical control that uses
sharing between the controlled entities or sub-microgrids, coordinated either centralized or distributed control. An effective and efficient
control is further divided into three control strategies: distributed,

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Fig. 5. Conventional classification of control strategies for microgrid.

hierarchical coordination control strategy for an islanded community discussed in [43]. An integrated, adaptive, hybrid AC-DC microgrid
microgrid is able to maintain the specified voltage and frequency as employing large number of DERs and ESSs into the existing distribution
proposed in [40]. Essentially the hierarchical control is categorized in networks is designed and implemented by researchers in [45]. It is
three control methods namely primary control, secondary control and portable, scalable, easy to deploy and control. Restructured architecture
tertiary control as proposed in literatures [41–44]. Primary control is the of hierarchical control can be appropriate to realize hybrid microgrid
fastest control with response time in fraction of seconds. In this primary control. A hierarchical control strategy popularly employed in hybrid
control strategy basically, voltage and current regulation, basic power AC-DC microgrid is illustrated by Fig.6.
sharing, frequency regulation, islanding detection and protection con­ Several other control techniques for microgrid has been proposed by
trol algorithm are being employed. A decentralized secondary control various researchers but persist many problems. Such as more voltage
employing power sharing depend on multi agent system based method is fluctuation at load point during operating mode switching in microgrid,
proposed [42]. The benefit of this conventional droop method is to strategies restricted to either grid connected mode or islanded mode
provide proactive, reactive and autonomous control. It is suggested to only, neglecting the changes in external factors like weather and load,
create and use a multiagent system in real-time testing where, a DC bus voltage not recovering to initial value. This, leads to poor power
decentralized and distributed control strategies are employed for quality for sensitive loads or devices. Some of the researchers have
microgrid control. In a real life scenario a practical application of a real- proposed the solution to all these above mentioned problems with use of
time testbed for multiagent system interoperability is developed and switching voltage regulators that can limit DC bus voltage fluctuations
implemented for hierarchical control of microgrid by researchers as efficiently [21,29]. In this, researchers tried to minimize the voltage

Fig. 6. Hierarchical control of hybrid AC-DC microgrid.

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A.S. Dahane and R.B. Sharma Renewable Energy Focus 49 (2024) 100553

fluctuations by optimizing the use of energy sources, like PV system with control objectives as depicted in Fig.8. This paper’s primary goal is to
battery and the utility grid. The control strategies for DC microgrid are look into main objective of power management of hybrid AC-DC
focused on regulation of bus voltage, without considering any reactive microgrid in detail. Other control objectives are also been discussed in
power control frequency synchronization as reported in [39]. Presently, the latter section 5.
various new control strategies are being proposed by the researchers for
bus voltage regulation in hybrid AC-DC microgrid so as to get stable and
4.3. Power management
smooth operation during any possible condition on the system.
Following sub-section 4.2 discusses various control objectives or func­
The basic objective of this paper is to review control strategies
tions required for hybrid microgrid control. The control techniques to
employing power management of hybrid AC-DC microgrid. Basically
realize some of these control objectives are thoroughly discussed in the
under main control objective of power management, there comes AC/
subsequent sub-section 4.3.
DC voltage control, real/reactive power control, storage power control
and grid current control as sub-control objectives depicted in Fig. 8. The
control techniques applied to hybrid AC-DC microgrid are based on
4.2. Control objectives
droop methods which uses local measurements for controlling primarily
bus voltage and frequency of microgrid. There are some conventional
Practically, microgrid controllers are designed to perform certain
droop methods as well as modified droop methods to ensure accurate
operation to serve multiple control objectives as listed down [26,29].
and stable power management of hybrid AC-DC microgrid. The existing
hybrid microgrid without any communication links employs P-f, Q-V
1) Bus voltage control and frequency control under both grid-tied and
and P-Vdc droop characteristics based decentralized control satisfying
islanded operating mode.
main control objective of power management. Also the sub-control goals
2) Control of real and reactive power realizing better power sharing
like AC-DC voltage control, proportional power sharing and power
during both grid-tied and islanded operating mode.
control under the main operation of power management shown in Fig. 8
3) Smooth transition within all modes of operation of microgrid as well
are thoroughly investigated in the sub-sections 4.3.1 to 4.3.3.
as between a grid-tied mode and an islanded mode of operation.
4) Power flow control between microgrid along with its sub-microgrids
4.3.1. Droop control methods for hybrid microgrid
and utility for proper synchronization.
The conventional power topology of hybrid AC-DC microgrid consist
5) Maintaining continuity of electrical power to critical loads;
individual AC and DC sub-microgrids which are interlocked through IC.
6) Ability to black start during grid failure;
All distributed generations (DGs) supplying the hybrid AC-DC microgrid
7) Harmonic mitigation in AC sub microgrid;
employed droop method for sharing AC and DC loads as reported in
8) Economic operation of microgrid tied with utility grid;
[28,38,44] and [46]. Some of the basic droop control of AC and DC
9) Enhancement of reliability and stability in a hybrid AC-DC microgrid
microgrids are discussed as follows.
with several distributed generation (DGs) and energy management
A. AC sub-microgrid with active power–frequency droop control
system (EMS).
This droop method is mostly used to regulate AC sub-microgrid
under decentralized control strategy as reported in [28,47] and [48].
All the above mentioned operation of microgrid must be able to fulfil
The following Fig. 9 (a) shows droop characteristics of AC DG units.
the various basic control objectives. Here, an attempt is made to sys­
Here, frequency fi of the ith AC DG unit can be given by equation (1)
tematically review the control strategies considering most important
[47],
primary control objectives under power management. AC-DC voltage
control, proportional power sharing and power flow control based on fi = fNL − mi Pac
i (1)
conventional and modified droop methods are briefly discussed in sub-
section 4.3. The control of hybrid microgrid is illustrated in Fig.7. Also where, fNL is the no load frequency; Pac
i is active power and mi is droop
various control objectives are broadly grouped under the following main constant of the ith AC DG unit. For no load condition, system frequency

Fig. 7. Control area of hybrid microgrid.

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Fig. 8. General classification of control objectives for control of microgrid.

Fig. 9. Steady state droop characteristics a) AC DG units, b) DC DG units.

can be same as fNL. On the other hand, as the load increases the fre­ sharing but it is applied to islanded mode only, requiring larger
quency tends to decrease, consequently, each AC DG unit shares the load communication and computations. Basically the bus voltage control is
in proportion to the reciprocals of the droop constants. Likewise, active achieved by IC while operating in grid-tied operation as discussed in
power of any AC DG unit is calculated using the known frequency. [49] and [52–55]. Use of a coordinated control scheme for AC and DC
Assuming, f is frequency measured by an IC then real output of AC sub- EV/ESSs to efficiently operate hybrid microgrid is discussed by re­
microgrid DGs 1 and 2 as Pac ac
1 and P2 , respectively can be shown in Fig. 9 searchers in [49]. This control scheme regulates AC and DC bus voltage
(a). and frequency while with the help of microgrid central controller
B. Real power-DC voltage droop control of DC sub-microgrid (MGCC), real and reactive power management can be realized in both
This droop control is mostly used by DC DG units as discussed in balanced and unbalanced systems. A maximum constant boost approach
[28,47] and [48]. Output voltage, Vdc dc th
j , and real power, Pj , of j DC DG for IC control in both grid-tied and islanded operation is very much
unit is given by equation (2) [47], useful even in the case of unbalanced AC loads as discussed in [51]. A
device-level controller for IC and battery for controlling the voltage
Vjdc = VNL
dc
− nj Pdc (2)
j variations in AC and DC microgrids is suggested in [52]. A decentralized
power supply in AC/DC sides of hybrid microgrid can be achieved by
where, VdcNL is required no load voltage at DC bus and nj is droop constant.
employing different power management strategies with fixed power
While, employing power sharing strategy between DERs in a DC sub-
references as discussed in [53]. Additionally, a decentralized approach
microgrid, errors can occur because of the existence of series resis­
to DC bus control using a controller based on disturbance observers is
tance between the link of DC DG unit and DC bus. Therefore, additional
covered in [54]. Conventional droop based new normalization tech­
control scheme as reported in [50] can be useful to calculate DC bus
nique can control power transfer between AC and DC links of AC-DC sub-
voltage using resistance, measured value of DC voltage and current. The
microgrids for power management with the minimum deviations in
droop control characteristics of DC DG units with additional control are
voltage and frequency as discussed in [55].
mostly similar to droop characteristics of AC DG units as shown in Fig. 9
During islanded operating mode, ESS is very much useful to control
(b). For, AC sub-microgrid, total power generated by DC DGs is calcu­
DC bus voltage through boost converter and AC bus voltage is regulated
lated using a common DC bus voltage.
via inverter employing droop method as discussed in [50,56]. The basic
droop characteristics like Q-V and P-f droop for AC microgrid is used to
4.3.2. AC/DC voltage and power control based on conventional droop
control AC power flow and AC bus voltage, whereas P-Vdc droop for DC
methods
sources is applied to control DC bus voltage. The advantage of conven­
A global power sharing in an islanded mode using local control
tional droop methods is easy implementation and design. These con­
technique for IC control is proposed in [47] which has simple and easy
ventional droop control methods requires frequency or power
implementation under hierarchical control and applicable to islanded
calculations performed robust control operation using output power as a
mode only with poor performance under decentralized control. Further,
control parameter. But there are certain disadvantages in this such as,
optimized droop characteristics proposed in [48] has a control area of
delay related with the power calculation, poor power sharing at higher
optimal global power sharing, frequency restoration and voltage regu­
loading conditions and presence of frequency deviations as mentioned in
lation for multi DGs. This method preserves precise and stable power

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[57]. because of change in loading conditions. As X/R ratio in microgrids is

A voltage controller for IC as mentioned in [58] shown ability to small, the real and reactive power flows are highly coupled and
control both AC and DC bus voltages. But the limitation of this droop dependent on both power angle (δ) and V. This effects in poor perfor­
control is that it cannot achieve both the bus voltage control and correct mance by the conventional droop control of microgrid as reported by
proportional power sharing control objectives at a time. Achieving both researchers in [67].
control objectives of minimum fluctuations in bus voltage and accurate Further, more enhanced V-I droop method is proposed by researchers
proportional power sharing, as discussed by the researchers in [49,59] in [68] which depends on the GPS signal to synchronize DERs. Here,
have obtained simultaneous control of bus voltage and accurate pro­ short term GPS outages can be acceptable, but the modified V-I droop
portional power sharing using centralized control strategy. Some re­ control is suitable for long-term GPS outages results in more stable
searchers in [37,60] also proposed coordination control between operation of the system as proposed in [63]. In this method a control
various DERs of hybrid AC-DC microgrid fulfilling both bus voltage and parameter as output current and piecewise linear droop characteristic is
power control simultaneously. proposed. This V-I droop method is based on direct use of voltage &
A decentralized bi-directional droop with control area of funda­ current measurements. Therefore, compared to traditional droop
mental power sharing and linear load operation, achieved proportional methods, it has more advantages, such as a quicker dynamic response to
power sharing is proposed in [38]. But it has a drawback of poor reactive load variations and a decreased delay in power calculation and aver­
power sharing in AC microgrid. Some researchers also proposed aging. Increases the accuracy of power sharing under heavier loading
implementation of easy control strategy applied for varying ICs loading conditions and removes frequency deviations in the AC microgrid as a
conditions as discussed in [61] but there exist inherent load dependent result of GPS timing technology adaptation. Also a frequency droop
voltage deviations. Further, to fulfil control objectives such as AC and based strategy for autonomous operation with multiple interlinking
DC voltages support during islanding event and seamless mode switch­ converters is proposed in [44]. This control strategy has many advan­
ing without frequency deviations can be achieved by a decentralized tages such as accurate coordination between the ICs, appropriate load
bidirectional control in [62]. It achieves proportional power sharing for sharing without any effect of the series resistances, prevents unnecessary
parallel bidirectional power converter but this is applicable to islanded power circulation amongst the AC and DC microgrids and overloading of
mode only and DC voltage deviation increases when expecting more the converters, increase maximum power transfer by ICs and DC link
stability. Moreover, decentralized droop control mentioned in [63] voltage can be regulated precisely. For facilitating flexible power man­
benefits in global power sharing as there is no requirements of calcu­ agement, a steady-state and dynamic power sharing, damping provision
lations for frequency or power, has a minimum delay, an accurate load by leveraging a multifunctional droop function is proposed in [69]. It
sharing during transients and zero frequency deviations. Yet, there exist employs novel complex droop control for voltage control units in hybrid
a limitation due to requirement of GPS based communication and not DC MGs tuning at different frequencies. Some of the above mentioned
useful during long-term GPS failure. control strategies proposed by various researchers are also precisely
Further, enhanced droop control seamless switching control strategy tabularised and discussed in Table 3 of the following section 5.
is proposed using hybrid AC-DC microgrid switching process in both
grid-connected and island mode as discussed in [39]. This control 5. Comparative analysis between various control strategies
strategy benefits in pre-synchronization control of amplitude, phase,
and frequency and smooth transfer from island to grid. Some researchers As discussed earlier in section 4, coordinated control strategy
proposes a nonlinear droop control based decentralized economic employed for microgrid control basically divided into three control
operation to minimize variations in voltage and frequency, a control strategies depending upon the control decision taken by and use of
system based on the incremental costs of AC frequency and DC voltage is communication link between the microgrid controllers. These are,
proposed in [64]. Hence, it is possible to realize both economic power centralized control, decentralized control and distributed control.
flow between the two sub-microgrids and also among all DGs. During Practically, most of the microgrid consist one central controller as MGCC
islanded operation of hybrid AC-DC microgrid, the main control objec­ and other local controllers as LCs with dedicated communication link for
tives are to stabilize and control both AC/DC bus voltages at point of control action. While employing a centralized control methodology, a
common coupling (PCC) and realize proportional power sharing. To high bandwidth communication connection is essential to deliver feed­
achieve these objectives, some researchers proposes a control strategy back and control signals between DERs and MGCC. This communication
based an optimal decentralized output-feedback modeling [65]. The key link makes the centralized control more costly and reliability and
challenges in hybrid microgrids control are ESSs state of charge (SOC) controllability of the microgrid may be compromised during any failure
balancing, voltage and frequency control and basic power sharing in this link. This further leads to microgrid instability. Whereas,
ensuring stability of system. To overcome these challenges, an innova­ decentralized control doesn’t requires any kind communication link. So,
tive control without any communication link is used by some re­ control decision is taken at LCs only using local parameters which is the
searchers in [66], wherein, a modified droop method is proposed for the most practical case in the microgrid. Similarly, in distributed control,
interlinking converter (IC). This method can be applied to a multi sub- control action is taken by LCs but there is a dependency on other LCs
microgrid with several DC bus voltages and dissimilar frequencies. which interacted with each other. There are so many other comparative
parameters based on which all the three coordinated control strategies
4.3.3. AC/DC voltage and power control based on modified droop methods are overviewed as shown in Table 1.
For power sharing among parallel ICs a current-voltage based droop
is suggested which uses hierarchical control and easy to implement but 5.1. Comparison between coordinated control strategies
affected by system parameters [41]. There are some modified droop
control methods such as V-I droop characteristics discussed in [67] Following Table 1 shows a comparison amongst the centralized,
employed for better frequency and voltage regulation as well as decentralized, and distributed control as reported in [26,33].
enhanced power sharing accuracy in hybrid AC-DC microgrid. The
decentralized control employs conventional droop control as P-f and Q- 5.2. Comparison between various droop control methods for power
V droop characteristics for real and reactive power flow control management
respectively. Decoupling of the real and reactive power flow equation is
feasible even though Q-V and P-f droop methods are based on highly Considering the comparative analysis between centralized, decen­
inductive networks. Also, these conventional droop methods are char­ tralized, and distributed control as discussed in Table 1 of sub-section
acterized by slow dynamics and deviations in frequency and voltage 5.1, the more suitable control strategy to fulfil primary control objective

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A.S. Dahane and R.B. Sharma Renewable Energy Focus 49 (2024) 100553

Table 1 5.3.1. Energy management and economic operation

Comparison between centralized, decentralized, and distributed control. An optimal planning of AC-DC hybrid microgird using conventional
Centralized control Decentralized control Distributed control droop methods is suggested by some of the researchers in [70]. In hybrid
AC-DC microgrid clusters operation, a bi-level optimization technique is
Control decision is taken Control decision is at Control decision depends
by MGCC and send to LCs only using local upon all LCs which recommended to reduce the variations in power exchange and achieve
LCs. parameters. interact with each other. the minimum operation costs [71]. A centralized energy management
Dependency on MGCC. No dependency on No dependency on MGCC strategy on a hybrid AC/DC microgrid using communication with low
MGCC. but on other LCs. bandwidth between the local and central controllers is proposed in [72].
Dependency on No communication Robustness to failure in the
communication links. links. communication links.
Using this model-free approach researchers able to achieve proportional
Larger control area. Smallest control area. Control area depends upon power sharing, energy storage management and power flow control.
number of LCs involved. Considering the outputs of renewable energy sources, operation char­
Poor reliability and Better reliability and Improved reliability and acteristics of microgrid components and real time electricity price, a
controllability. controllability. controllability.
temporally coordinated energy management is proposed in [73]. In this
Entire microgrid operation Unaffected by failure at Unaffected by failure at
can be hampered due to MGCC. MGCC. strategy a dynamic conversion efficiency of IC is used to mitigates the
single point of failure. power fluctuations and achieve economic energy management of hybrid
Large computational Least computational Less computation microgird. The power quality of bidirectional AC/DC ICs can be signif­
requirements requirements requirements as compared icantly impacted by non-linear loads in hybrid microgrids. This problem
to Centralized control
Assured optimal decision. Uncertainty in optimal Optimal decision is
is solved by an improved harmonic suppression control strategy based
decision. attainable. on droop control for bidirectional IC proposed in [74]. This strategy
Poor plug and play feature. Easy to achieve plug Plug and play feature is realize bidirectional power flow, maintains the DC bus voltage and
and play feature. possible using dedicated reduced total harmonic distortion. An advanced energy management
communication system.
system (EMS) with a real-time monitoring interface can be useful for the
effective operation of hybrid microgrid as proposed in [75]. Using op­
of power management is decentralized control strategy. It is quite timum power supply of loads through the available RESs and ESSs state
evident that considering the aspect of economical, reliability and of charge (SOC), this method provides the optimum operation and
controllability with easy functionality, decentralized control is better control with balanced power supply, voltage profile and stable fre­
than the other coordinated control strategies. For a hybrid AC-DC quency. Some researchers reviewed the varied techniques, forecasting
microgrid, the sub-control objectives, which are primarily AC and DC methods, control strategies, uncertainty consideration, tariffs set for
voltage control and reliable power flow control with minimal fluctua­ financial benefits, etc. as reported in [76]. An innovative reformer based
tions in the voltage magnitude and frequency, can be successfully met by fuel cells that generates hydrogen on demand, thereby eliminating the
using a decentralized control strategy. Further, decentralized control requirement of hydrogen storage is also discussed. For islanded mode of
strategy employing droop characteristics for control of one or more operation, energy management using stochastic framework can be
electrical parameters such as voltage magnitude, frequency, power are employed for multi-area hybrid microgrids to recognize the optimal
classified in two droop control methods as conventional droop based power dispatch on day to day basis as discussed in [77]. Through
such as P-Vdc droop for DC and Q-V and P-f droop for AC sources and effective DG management in the hybrid microgrid, this framework aims
modified droop like V-I droop. The following, Table 2, shows compar­ to lower operating costs and customer power outages.
ative analysis between various conventional and modified droop control
schemes applied to hybrid AC-DC microgrid as reported in [63,67]. 5.3.2. Stability enhancement
An exhaustive inertial control scheme is suggested in order to
5.3. Comparative discussion on various control objectives enhance the hybrid microgrids dynamic performance and overall sta­
bility during power outages [78]. A new cost-effective control strategy
Even though power management is the primary objective of hybrid for control of grid connected converter for each IC to achieve autono­
microgrid the recent trend in research is happening to improve power mous DC-link pole voltage in a bipolar hybrid microgrid is discussed in
quality and stability, achieve optimal planning, energy management and [79]. Some researchers have proposed an adaptive control for bidirec­
economic operation. Some of these research work are discussed in the tional IC of a hybrid AC-DC microgrid coupled to intelligent AC network
following sub-sections 5.3.1 to 5.3.4. Following Fig. 10 shows the [80]. In hybrid AC/DC microgrids, a neuro-fuzzy inference system-based
literature survey on hybrid AC-DC microgrid using Venn diagram. adaptive power oscillation damping controller is used to reduce low-

Table 2
Comparative analysis between conventional and modified droop methods.
Conventional droop (P-Vdc droop for Modified droop (V-I droop)
DC and Q-V and P-f droop for AC
sources)

Control parameter: Output Power. Control parameter: Output Current.

Nonlinear droop function. Piecewise linear droop function.
Easy implementation and design. Robust Enhanced control, direct use of voltage
control, requires frequency or power and current measurements.
calculation.
Delay linked with the averaging and Quicker dynamic response to load
power calculation. changes and decreased delay in power
calculation and averaging.
Poor power sharing accuracy at higher Enrich the sharing precision at greater
loading condition. loading state.
Presence of frequency deviations. Removes frequency deviations in the AC
microgrid due to adaptation of GPS
timing technology.
Fig. 10. Literature survey on hybrid AC-DC microgrid using Venn diagram.

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A.S. Dahane and R.B. Sharma Renewable Energy Focus 49 (2024) 100553

frequency oscillations caused by non-linear loads like induction motors enhanced as discussed by researchers in [101]. This method benefits in
is proposed in [81]. An advanced intelligent controller system employ­ regulation of DC and AC bus voltage simultaneously not upsetting the
ing algorithm based on deep neural network and maximum power point power sharing competencies of the converter. In traditional con­
tracking improves the power quality and reduces total harmonic trol methods due to converters current rating limitations, the active
distortion value in hybrid microgrid as discussed in [82]. Interface power transfer capability of ICs is impacted by unbalanced grid condi­
compensators based technique to improve power quality of hybrid AC/ tions. Some researchers suggested a unique control approach with zero
DC microgrids is discussed in [83]. Enhancement in power quality based active power oscillation to improve the active power transfer capability
on a unified virtual oscillator controller for both grid-following and grid- as reported in [102]. This uses a novel technique for current sharing in
forming voltage source converters is discussed in [84]. Here, researchers parallel bidirectional ICs that has adjustable current reference co­
able to achieve bidirectional power control and DC bus voltage regula­ efficients. Moreover, there exist an adverse effects of unbalanced voltage
tion. Using a decentralized droop control scheme, power management of on a single IC in hybrid AC-DC microgird so parallel bidirectional ICs are
hybrid microgrid with several sub-microgrids can be accomplished as commonly used to handle higher power and currents is discussed in
discussed in [85]. Three-port interlinking converters with a decentral­ [103]. This control strategy cancels out active power oscillation and
ized power management approach allow hybrid microgrids to withstand ensures reduced peak currents for redundant IC operation. Also, a
power fluctuations as discussed in [86]. distributed uniform control for parallel bidirectional ICs of hybrid
The problem of network reconfigurations and disconnection of microgrid can be realized using low-bandwidth communication to
generators/loads causing intrinsic lack of inertia in a weak grid can be achieve power coordination between sub-microgrids and AC/DC voltage
overcome by auto-tuning of interlinking converters as discussed by re­ regulation even during fault condition on main grid as discussed in
searchers in [87]. Here, researchers able to retain common bus voltage [104]. A virtual inertia control scheme for bidirectional IC using virtual
with proportional power sharing amongst the energy storages. Inherent synchronous generator is proposed so as to increase DC bus voltage and
low-inertia systems, uncontrolled output power of DERs and unpre­ AC bus frequency inertia as discussed in [105]. DC voltage, AC fre­
dicted load condition can easily incur dynamic stability problems like quency, and power transmission between the AC and DC sub-microgrids
transient power, frequency deviations and affect transition of operating respond dynamically even during load fluctuations. This control method
modes. To solve this issues an improved scheme for controlling dynamic permits bidirectional ICs to share active power equally, avoids power in
stability using only locally measured signals is proposed in [88]. Also an circulation, and realizes precise power sharing among ICs working in
improved active power control scheme using virtual synchronization parallel.
machine for bidirectional AC/DC main converter is proposed is pro­
posed [89]. Here, researchers able to improve inertia of the hybrid 5.3.3. Power quality improvement
microgrids DC bus voltage and AC bus frequency too. A unique droop Bidirectional ICs and sub-microgrids with inadequate power man­
control of hybrid IC in AC/LVDC microgrid is employed to effectively agement can introduce significant variations in a frequency and voltage
control both real and reactive power and improve the power quality as of AC and DC bus. This is due to a heavy or light load condition on some
discussed in [90]. of the DERs in a hybrid AC/DC microgrid. Some researchers realized
To increase the dynamic stability, a comprehensive control scheme precise voltage/frequency restorations and power sharing simulta­
based on two regulator loops able to control the frequency and DC neously with low bandwidth communication as discussed in [106]. An
voltage is suggested for IC control of hybrid AC/DC microgrid [91]. A approach to ripple mitigation based on virtual resistors using decen­
nonlinear load harmonic suppression in islanded microgrid can be tralized control is employed by some researchers in [107]. This enables
realized by virtual synchronous generator as discussed in [92]. Con­ autonomous precise ripple current sharing and mitigation for parallel
ventional droop methods can be applied to control fundamental powers bidirectional ICs. But there exist an adverse effects on DC sub-microgrid
of hybrid AC/DC microgrid as proposed in [93]. While enhanced scheme and interfacing converters due to unbalance voltage on AC sub-
of bidirectional IC control for islanded hybrid AC/DC microgrid based microgrid. Some researchers proposed two new control strategies
on direct frequency control method using synchronverter technology is based on peak current sharing strategy for parallel ICs to increase power
employed for real power sharing and transient frequency control [94]. quality of both AC and DC sub-microgrids as discussed in [108]. While
To deal with dynamics in AC and DC voltages control for a hybrid some researchers address the issue of a voltage uncertainty due to
microgrid consisting central and distributed ESSs an adaptive active bidirectional IC in hybrid AC-DC microgrid operating on continuous
power sharing techniques is employed as discussed in [95]. load, others explores the effect of the power flow direction on the hybrid
Some researchers have proposed distributed secondary control based microgrid based on islanded droop’s small-signal stability. There is only
on consensus technique that can be employed to control precise DC one tuning factor in an active damping method based on PI controller
current and voltage along with reactive power sharing and regulate AC and model predictive controller technique, and it is independent of the
frequency [96]. Here, researchers used the normalized droop charac­ internal parameters of the bidirectional IC is proposed in [109]. Stability
teristics as also reported in [38], utilizing a secondary control system to assessment of hybrid AC/DC microgrids is performed based on eigen­
bring frequency and DC voltage back to its specified levels. Conventional value analysis method as reported in [110]. Also for hybrid AC-DC
designed employing secondary control scheme controlling AC and DC microgrid stability enhancement, a modified hybrid voltage and cur­
sub-microgrids independently, neglecting the interaction between two rent controller based on simultaneous supply voltage and grid current
sub-microgrids leads to poor power sharing and dynamic response. This harmonic compensation strategy by coordinated control of two shunt
issue can be overcome as some researchers proposed a novel consensus ICs is discussed in [111]. Hybrid AC/DC microgrid’s optimum economic
based distributed secondary control scheme which concurrently controls operation is achieved using compartmentalization scheme based on
AC and DC voltage magnitude and frequency [97]. Whereas, some re­ independently controlled and coordinated AC and DC nanogrids [112].
searchers proposed a modified consensus based algorithm without any A new simplified and more flexible architecture for hybrid microgrid
additional proportional-integral controllers to realize proportional with multiport IC is proposed in [113]. Distributed coordination control
power sharing in the hybrid microgrid components [98]. A fully strategy between generators using finite-time controller for the micro­
distributed consensus based control using multi-agent mechanism and grids ICs that safeguards an economic operation is proposed in [114].
alternating direction method of multiplier is proposed in [99]. The
practices in employing cooperative control like finite-time consensus, 5.3.4. Reliability and optimal scheduling of islanded hybrid microgrid
linear consensus, and heterogeneous consensus are reported in [100]. The ESS like battery is crucial in control of power and voltage in an
Incorporating voltage and power droop methods combined to in­ islanded microgrid. However, frequent discharging and charging can
fluence the linking of DC and AC voltages, the controlling of IC can be easily result in early battery failure mainly due to fluctuations in local

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A.S. Dahane and R.B. Sharma Renewable Energy Focus 49 (2024) 100553

load and DERs output. Some of the researchers have tried to overcome Table 3
this problem using power flow control based new energy management Comparative analysis of control schemes for power management employing
strategy for islanded microgrid as reported in [56]. A control strategy droop methods for hybrid AC-DC microgrid.
based an optimal decentralized output-feedback modeling with general Control Strategy Control Area Advantages Limitations
topology is discussed in [65]. Here, the suggested modeling setting took Decentralized bi- Fundamental Proportional power In an AC
into account the sources of ambiguity, like the DG and IC units’ plug- directional power sharing sharing is achieved. microgrid,
and-play functionality, modifications in the microgrid topology, varia­ droop [38]. and linear load reactive power
tions in load, and the volatile filter parameters of IC units. A deep neural operation. sharing is
inadequate.
network and maximum power point tracking based algorithm is pre­
Enhanced Shifting an AC/ Control of It is only
sented in [82] to determine the optimal daily power dispatch and to Smooth DC hybrid frequency, phase, applicable for
reduce operating expenses and power disruptions to customers by effi­ transition microgrid and amplitude prior switching
ciently managing the DERs and ESSs for the islanded mode of oper­ Control between grid- to synchronization; operations. Uses
ation hybrid microgrid. Plug-in electric vehicle usage is on the rise, Strategy of connected and seamless transition tedious
droop control island modes. from island to grid. calculations.
affecting the microgrid performance, especially in islanded microgrid [39].
scenarios. In addition, to offer substantial adaptability in the functioning Current-Voltage Power sharing Use of hierarchical Affected by system
of a islanded microgrid with restricted power output is realized through based droop among parallel control and easy to parameters.
modifications to demand and the incorporation of an elasticity in [41]. ICs. implement.
Decentralized Power sharing Proactive, reactive Use of
microgrid operation. A novel mathematical model for isolated micro­
secondary relying on multi and autonomous conventional
grids that allows for optimal scheduling of DERs and intelligent load control [42]. agent system control. droop.
management, considering smart plug-in electric vehicle charging, de­ based approach.
mand response and EMS operation is proposed in [115]. A new reliable Autonomous Power sharing accurate Affected by system
optimal dispatch model with two stages, min-max-min, for an islanded Operation with in hybrid coordination parameters.
Multiple microgrids between the ICs,
operation of hybrid microgrid is proposed in [116]. This establishes the
Interlinking operating with appropriate load
DGs’ start-up and shutdown conditions, power dispatch of individual Converters several ICs. sharing without any
units, and measures the energy storage degradation. Therefore, reduces based on effect of the series
the daily operating costs of the microgrid using robust strategy for ­ frequency resistances,
droop strategy prevents
optimal dispatch. Moreover, by projecting a DG’s lifespan utilisation and
[44]. unnecessary power
using optimal scheduling, an unexpected shutdown can be evaded as circulation amongst
reported in [117]. Additionally some researchers considered the oper­ the AC and DC
ation and maintenance cost of DGs, cost of power exchange to utility, microgrids and
degradation cost of ESSs and cost associated with load shedding. A overloading of the
converters, increase
novel model of microgrid scheduling based on two-stage adaptive
maximum power
robust optimization that takes into account forecasting errors in re­ transfer by ICs and
newable generation and loads, along with stochastic accidental island­ DC link voltage can
ing conditions is proposed in [118]. be regulated
precisely
Local control Global Power Simple and easy Applicable to
5.4. Comparative analysis based on some of the existing literatures method for IC Sharing in an implementation islanded mode
[47]. Islanded mode. under hierarchical only and poor
There are numerous control strategies proposed by researchers for control. performance
hybrid AC-DC microgrid. Many researchers tried to give more accurate under
decentralized
control algorithm to fulfill one or more control objectives of hybrid AC- control.
DC microgrid. The control techniques based on decentralized control Optimized droop Optimal global Preserves precise Applicable to
approach for power management employing droop control as stated in characteristics power sharing, and stable power islanded mode
section 4 are briefly investigated for comparative analysis as shown in [48]. frequency sharing. only and Larger
restoration & communication
the Table 3. Decentralized control strategy is more advantageous over
voltage and computation
the other coordinated control as discussed in previous sub-section 5.1. regulation for required.
As seen in the Table 3, some of the droop characteristics based controls multi DGs.
are applied for islanded mode of operation only and some are applicable Hybrid AC-DC For ICs loading Implementation is Inherent load
for both grid connected and islanded mode. These control methods droop [61] conditions easy. dependent voltage
deviations
fulfils one or more control objectives preferably voltage control, pro­ Decentralized Proportional Support AC and DC Applicable to
portional power sharing, frequency regulation for reliable power flow bidirectional power sharing voltages during islanded mode
control and seamless transition between operating modes of hybrid AC- control [62]. for parallel islanding event and only and DC
DC microgrid. bidirectional smooth transition voltage deviation
power with no frequency increases when
The following Table 4 shows a systematic overview on research work
converter. deviations. expecting more
reported by many authors which has been categorized under various stability.
coordinated control strategies satisfying different control objectives. It is Decentralized Global power No calculations for Requirement of
evident from the Table 4 that extensive research work is going on in droop control sharing. frequency or power, GPS based
decentralized control based on droop characteristic method to satisfy [63]. minimum delay, communication
accurate load and not useful
main control objective of power management such as AC/DC voltage sharing during during long-term
control, power sharing, and frequency control. transients and zero GPS failure.
frequency
6. Research challenges and future prospect on hybrid AC-DC deviations.
Decentralized Controls Reduced deviations Requires rigorous
microgrid control
Economic depends on the in frequency and calculations based
Operation incremental voltage and hence
In this paper an attempt is made to review hybrid AC-DC microgrid (continued on next page)
with IC topologies in brief and their control schemes in details. Many

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A.S. Dahane and R.B. Sharma Renewable Energy Focus 49 (2024) 100553

Table 3 (continued ) can pose severe problem to operation and control of microgrid. Practi­
Control Strategy Control Area Advantages Limitations cally, major power quality issues in DC microgrid are voltage fluctua­
tions and harmonics whereas AC microgrid has the problems of voltage
based on costs of DC economic power on incremental
nonlinear voltage and AC interaction between cost criteria.
fluctuations, unbalances and harmonics. This is also the area where
droop Control frequency. the sub-microgrids extensive research is needed. A microgrid is so operated and controlled
[64] and sharing of to provide emergency power during and after abnormal events arises
power among all due to natural disasters or manmade or system failures. In such situa­
DGs.
tions microgrid is designed to use energy storage system or will maintain
its own spinning reserve. Interestingly, the blend of today’s technology
control schemes and control configurations can be categorized as such as advanced hardware, smart controllers, intelligent inverters and
centralized and decentralized as reviewed in [119]. Majority of the re­ compatible communications will increase economical and operational
searchers have proposed power management control aspects using benefits of advanced microgrid systems as reported [121,122].
decentralized or coordinated control strategies. While, the current As per the detail investigation carried out in this paper and based on
strategies based on traditional controllers in microgrid are appropriate the literatures available on the hybrid microgrid control, a possible so­
for voltage control, the inadequate control of frequency still exists. Some lution is identified. The application of decentralized coordinated control
of the researchers have thoroughly discussed the innovative control scheme using modified droop control is more benefitted economically
methods for frequency regulation in hybrid microgrids such as distur­ besides better reliability and controllability. Extensive research work is
bance estimation technique: h-infinity control, sliding mode control, expected in future to improve coordinated control strategy considering
adaptive control, and model predictive control, back-stepping control more critical control objective of power management during both grid-
techniques based on the Kalman state estimator and intelligent control tied and islanded operation of hybrid AC-DC microgrid.
methods as reported in [120].
Traditionally, utility is so operated that all power transfer occurred 7. Conclusion
from transmission to distribution system. But the recent advancement
such as hybrid AC-DC microgrid together with distributed generations This paper attempts to review several control schemes for hybrid AC-
(DGs) and energy storage system (ESS) etc. creates potential bi- DC microgrid. For traditional highly integrated grid control and opera­
directional power flows. This in turns imposing utilities to implement tion, hybrid AC-DC microgrid plays prominent role in recent times due
more intelligent or smart distribution networks having ability to operate to use of emerging new technologies such as DERs, ESS along with power
under normal as well as abnormal conditions. Basically, microgrid
functions in two modes, grid-tied (feeding) and islanded mode. The
generation and load balance can be maintained in both of these modes of
microgrid operation. Many times a situation arises where microgrid fails
to supply demand/load with low or no generation and/or energy storage
or there can be fault on utility grid and the whole system may collapse or
shutdown. Even if it survived the transition between operating modes in
microgrid is delayed, abrupt and compromised quality service because
of inadequate coordination within the microgrid and with the utility
grid. Therefore it is very much essential to operate and control the
microgrid seamlessly and effectively so as to maintain the reliability
without compromising the power quality of the system. Some of the
researchers have tried to overcome these issues as discussed in the
section 5 but this is an area in hybrid microgrid, wherein more research
is required. Challenges in hybrid AC-DC microgrid control are depicted
in Fig.11 as follows.
Voltage variations occurs because of output mismatch at terminals of
various DGs, ESS, interlink converter and unbalanced AC/DC loads. The
Unbalances in such microgrid system are due to more use of single phase
asymmetrical and non-linear loads as well as single phase DG’s. Also the
power quality problems are the major concern for this futuristic hybrid
AC-DC microgrid. The harmonics injection due power converters and
non-linear loads which is measured in terms of total harmonic distortion Fig. 11. Challenges in controlling hybrid AC-DC microgrid.

Table 4
Overview of various coordinated control strategies of hybrid AC-DC microgrid.
Control Strategy Control Objective References

Centralized Control Energy management & economic operation. [49,52,70,71,72,73,75,76,77].

Power quality improvement. [34,74,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,87,105].
Decentralized Control AC/DC voltage control, power sharing, frequency [38,39,41,43,44,46,47,51,54,57,58,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,85,86,88,89,90,93,99,119].
(Droop Control) regulation and power management.
Power quality improvement. [54,57,92,93,94].
Energy management & economic operation. [56,64,119].
Distributed Control AC/DC voltage control, power sharing and power [33,48,50,95,96,97,98,99,103,104,106].
management.
Power quality improvement. [107,108,109,110,111].
Energy management & economic operation. [99,100,112].
Hierarchical Control Power management, energy management & economic [30,31,32,40,41,42,43,45,106,113,114],
operation.

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