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Discovering Diverse Content Through
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 “A piece shall not by removing itself uncover the
kindred King to the attack of a hostile piece.”
Thus, it is clear, that a pinned piece is a disqualified piece; its
powers are dormant and by the laws of the game it is temporarily
reduced to an inert mass, and deprived of every faculty normally
appertaining to it as a Chess-piece. On the other hand, as is equally
obvious, the pinning piece is in full possession of its normal powers
and is qualified to perform every function.
To hold that a piece disqualified by the laws of the game can
nullify the activities of a piece in full possession of its powers, is to
assert that black is white, that the moon is made of green cheese,
that the tail can wag the dog, or any other of those things which
have led the German to promulgate his caustic formula on the
Anglo-Saxon.
Hence, artificially to nullify the normal powers of an active and
potential piece which is operating in conformity to the laws of the
game, and artificially to revivify the dormant powers of a piece
disqualified by the same laws; to debar the former from exercising
its legitimate functions and to permit the latter to exercise functions
from which by law, it specifically is debarred, is a self-evident
incongruity and any argument whereby such procedure is upheld,
necessarily and obviously, is sophistry.

No less interesting than instructive and conclusive, is reference of

this question to those intellectual principles which give birth to the
game of Chess, per se, viz.:
As a primary fundamental, with the power to give check, is
associated concurrently the obligation upon the King thus checked,
not to remain in check.
Secondly: The totality of powers assigned to the Chess-pieces is
the ability to move, provided the King be free from check. This
totality of powers may be denoted by the indefinite symbol, X.
The play thus has for its object:
The reduction to zero of the adverse X, by the operation of the
kindred X.
This result is checkmate in its generalized form. In effect, it is the
destruction of the power of the adverse pieces to move, by means of
check made permanent.
By the law of continuity it is self-evident that:
The power to move appertaining either to White or to Black, runs
from full power to move any piece (a power due to freedom from
check), down to total inability to move any piece, due to his King
being permanently checked, i.e., checkmated.
This series cannot be interrupted without obvious violation of the
ethics of the game; because, so long as any part of X remains, the
principle from which the series emanated still operates, and this
without regard to quantity of X remaining unexpended.
Thus, a game of Chess is a procedure from total ability to total
disability; i.e., from one logical whole to another; otherwise, from X
to zero.
Checkmate, furnishes the limit to the series; the game and X
vanish together.
This is in perfect keeping with the law of continuity, which acts
and dominates from beginning to end of the series, and so long as
any part of X remains.
Hence to permit either White or Black to move any piece, leaving
his King in check, is an anomaly.

Denial to the Pawn of ability to move to the rear is an accurate

interpretation of military ethics.
 Of those puerile hypotheses common to the man who does not
know, one of the most entrancing to the popular mind, is the notion
that Corps d’armee properly are of equal numbers and of the same
composition.
This supposition is due to ignorance of the fact that the
multifarious duties of applied Strategetics, require for their execution
like variety of instruments, which diversity of means is strikingly
illustrated by the differing movements of the Chess-pieces.
The inability of the Pawn to move backward strategically
harmonizes with its functions as a Corps of Position, in contradiction
to the movements of the pieces, which latter are Corps of Evolution.
This restriction in the move of the Pawn is in exact harmony with
the inability of the Queen to move on obliques, of the Rook to move
on obliques or on diagonals, of the Bishop to move on obliques,
verticals and horizontals, of the Knight to move on diagonals,
verticals, and horizontals, and of the King to move like any other
piece.

Possessed of the invaluable privilege of making the first move in

the game, knowing that no move should be made without an object,
understanding that the true object of every move is to minimize the
adverse power for resistance and comprehending that all power for
resistance is derived from facility of movement, the student easily
deduces the true object of White’s initial move in every game of
Chess, viz.:

PRINCIPLE
To make the first of a series of movements, each of which shall
increase the mobility of the kindred pieces and correspondingly
decrease the mobility of the adverse pieces.
 As the effect of such policy, the power for resistance appertaining
to Black, ultimately must become so insufficient that he no longer
will be able adequately to defend:

1. His base of operations.

2. The communications of his army with its base.
3. The communications of his corps d’armee with each other, or,
4. To prevent the White hypothetical force penetrating to its
Logistic Horizon.

To produce this fatal weakness in the Black position by the

advantage of the first move is much easier for White than commonly
is supposed.
The process consists in making only those movements by means
of which the kindred corps d’armee, progressively occupying
specified objectives, are advanced, viz.:

I. To the Strategetic Objective, when acting against the

communications of the adverse Determinate Force and its
Base of Operations.
II. To the Logistic Horizon, when acting against the
communications between the adverse Determinate and the
adverse Hypothetical Forces.
III. To the Strategic Vertices, when acting against the
communications of the hostile corps d’armee with each
other.

To bring about either of these results against an opponent equally

equipped and capable, of course is a much more difficult task than
to checkmate an enemy incapable of movement.
Yet such achievement is possible to White and with exact play it
seemingly is a certainty that he succeeds in one or the other, owing
to his inestimable privilege of first move.
 For the normal advantage that attaches to the first move in a
game of Chess is vastly enhanced by a peculiarity in the
mathematical make-up of the surface of the Chess-board, whereby,
he who makes the first move may secure to himself the advantage
in mobility, and conversely may inflict upon the second player a
corresponding disadvantage in mobility.
This peculiar property emanates from this fact:
The sixty-four points, i.e., the sixty-four centres of
the squares into which the surface of the Chess-board
is divided, constitute, when taken collectively, the
quadrant of a circle, whose radius is eight points in
length.
Hence, in Chessic mathematics, the sides of the Chessboard do
not form a square, but the segment of a circumference.
To prove the truth of this, one has but to count the points
contained in the verticals and horizontals and in the hypothenuse of
each corresponding angle, and in every instance it will be found that
the number of points contained in the base, perpendicular, and
hypothenuse, is the same.
For example:
Let the eight points of the King’s Rook’s file form the perpendicular
of a right angle triangle, of which the kindred first horizontal forms
the base; then, the hypothenuse of the given angle, will be that
diagonal which extends from QR1 to KR8. Now, merely by the
processes of simple arithmetic, it may be shown that there are,

1. Eight points in the base.

2. Eight points in the perpendicular.
3. Eight points in the hypothenuse.

Consequently the three sides of this given right angled triangle are
equal to each other, which is a geometric impossibility.
 Therefore, it is self-evident that there exists a mathematical
incongruity in the surface of the Chess-board.
That is, what to the eye seems a right angled triangle, is in its
relations to the movements of the Chess-pieces, an equilateral
triangle. Hence, the Chess-board, in its relations to the pieces when
the latter are at rest, properly may be regarded as a great square
sub-divided into sixty-four smaller squares; but on the contrary, in
those calculations relating to the Chess-pieces in motion, the Chess-
board must be regarded as the quadrant of a circle of eight points
radius. The demonstration follows, viz.:
Connect by a straight line the points KR8 and QR8. Connect by
another straight line the points QR8 and QR1. Connect each of the
fifteen points through which these lines pass with the point KR1, by
means of lines passing through the least number of points
intervening.
Then the line KR8 and QR8 will represent the segment of a circle
of which latter the point KR1 is the center. The lines KR1-KR8 and
KR1-QR1 will represent the sides of a quadrant contained in the
given circle and bounded by the given segment, and the lines drawn
from KR1 to the fifteen points contained in the given segment of the
given circumference, will be found to be fifteen equal radii each
eight points in length.

Having noted the form of the Static or positional surface of the

Chess-board and its relations to the pieces at rest, and having
established the configuration of the Dynamic surface upon which the
pieces move, it is next in sequence to deduce that fundamental fact
and to give it that geometric expression which shall mathematically
harmonize these conflicting geometric figures in their relations to
Chess-play.
As the basic fact of applied Chessic forces, it is to be noted, that:
 PRINCIPLE
The King is the SOURCE from whence the Chess-pieces derive all
power of movement; and from his ability to move, emanates
ALL power for attack and for defence possessed by a Chessic
army.

This faculty of mobility, derived from the existence of the kindred

King, is the all essential element in Chess-play, and to increase the
mobility of the kindred pieces and to reduce that of the adverse
pieces is the simple, sure and only scientific road to victory; and by
comparison of the Static with the Dynamic surface of the Chess-
board, the desired principle readily is discovered, viz.,
The Static surface of the Chess-board being a
square, its least division is into two great right angled
triangles having a common hypothenuse.
The Dynamic surface being the quadrant of a circle,
its least division also is into two great sections, one of
which is a right angled triangle and the other a semi-
circle.
Comparing the two surfaces of the Chess-board thus divided, it
will be seen that these three great right angled triangles are equal,
each containing thirty-six points; and having for their common
vertices, the points KR1, QR1 and R8.
Furthermore, it will be seen that the hypothenuse common to
these triangles, also is the chord of that semi-circle which appertains
to the Dynamic surface.
Again, it will be perceived that this semi-circle, like the three right
angled triangles, is composed of thirty-six points, and consequently
that all of the four sub-divisions of the Static and Dynamic surfaces
of the Chess-board are equal.
Thus it obviously follows, that:
 1. The great central diagonal, always is one side of each of the
four chief geometric figures into which the Chess board is
divided; that:
2. It mathematically perfects each of these figures and
harmonizes each to all, and that:
3. By means of it each figure becomes possessed of eight more
points than it otherwise would contain.

Hence, the following is self-evident:

PRINCIPLE
That Chessic army which can possess itself of the great central
diagonal, thereby acquires the larger number of points upon
which to act and consequently greater facilities for movement;
and conversely:

By the loss of the great central diagonal, the mobility of the

opposing army is correspondingly decreased.

It therefore is clear that the object of any series of movements by

a Chessic army acting otherwise than on Line of Operations, should
be:

PRINCIPLE
Form the kindred army upon the hypothenuse of the right angled
triangle which is contained within the Dynamic surface of the
Chess-board; and conversely,

Compel the adverse army to act exclusively within that semi-circle

which appertains to the same surface.
 Under these circumstances, the kindred corps will be possessed of
facilities for movement represented by thirty-six squares; while the
logistic area of the opposing army will be restricted to twenty-eight
squares.
There are, of course, two great central diagonals of the Chess-
board; but as the student is fully informed that great central
diagonal always is to be selected, which extends towards the
Objective Plane.

Mobility, per se, increases or decreases with the number of

squares open to occupation.
But in all situations there will be points of no value, while other
points are of value inestimable; for the reason that the occupation of
the former will not favorably affect the play, or may even lose the
game; while by the occupation of the latter, victory is at once
secured.
But it is not the province of Mobility to pass on the values of
points; this latter is the duty of Strategy. It is sufficient for Mobility
that it provide superior facilities for movement; it is for Strategy to
define the Line of Movement; for Logistics, by means of this Line of
Movement, to bring into action in proper times and sequence, the
required force, and for Tactics, with this force, to execute the proper
evolutions.
Mobility derives its importance from three things which may occur
severally or in combination, viz.:

1. All power for offense or for defense is eliminated from a

Chess-piece the instant it loses its ability to move.
2. The superiority possessed by corps acting offensively over
adverse corps acting defensively, resides in that the attack
of a piece is valid at every point which it menaces; while
 the defensive effort of a piece, as a rule, is valid only at a
single point. Consequently:

PRINCIPLE
Increased facilities for movement enhance the power of attacking
pieces in a much greater degree than like facilities enhance the
power of defending pieces.

Such increasing facilities for movement ultimately render an

attacking force irresistible, for the reason that it finally becomes a
physical impossibility for the opposing equal force to provide valid
defences for the numerous tactical keys, which at a given time
become simultaneously assailed. Hence:

PRINCIPLE
Superior facilities for occupying any point at any time and with any
force, always ensure the superior force at a given point, at a
given time.

The relative advantage in mobility possessed by one army over an

opposing army always can be determined by the following, viz.:

RULE
1. That army whose strategic front of operations is established upon
the Strategetic Center has the relative advantage in Mobility.

2. To utilize the advantage in Mobility extend the Strategic Front in

the direction of the objective plane.
3. To neutralize the relative disadvantage in Mobility eliminate that
adverse Corps d’armee which tactically expresses such adverse
advantage; or so post the Prime Strategetic Point as to vitiate
the adverse Strategic front.

Advantage in Mobility is divided into two classes, viz.:

I. General Advantage in Mobility.

II. Special Advantage in Mobility.

A General Advantage in Mobility consists in the ability to act

simultaneously against two or more vital points by means of interior
logistic radii due to position between:—

1. The adverse army and its Base of Operations.

2. Two or more adverse Grand Columns.
3. The wings of a hostile Grand Column.
4. Two or more isolated adverse Corps d’armee.

Such position upon interior lines of movement is secured by

occupying either of the Prime Offensive Origins, i.e.:

1. Strategic Center vs. Adverse Formation in Mass.

2. Logistic Center vs. Adverse Formation by Grand Columns.
3. Tactical Center vs. Adverse Formation by Wings.
4. Logistic Triune vs. Adverse Formation by Corps.

Special Advantage in Mobility consists in the ability of a corps

d’armee to traverse greater or equal distances in lesser times than
opposing corps.
 MILITARY EXAMPLES

“Never interrupt your enemy when he is making a false

movement.”—Napoleon.

In the year (366 B.C.) the King of Sparta, with an army of 30,000
men marched to the aid of the Mantineans against Thebes.
Epaminondas took up a post with his army from whence he equally
threatened Mantinea and Sparta. Agesilaus incautiously moved too
far towards the coast, whereupon Epaminondas, with 70,000 men
precipitated himself upon Lacedaemonia, laying waste the country
with fire and sword, all but taking by storm the city of Sparta and
showing the women of Lacedaemonia the campfire of an enemy for
the first time in six hundred years.

Flaminius advancing incautiously to oppose Hannibal, the latter

took up a post with his army from whence he equally threatened the
city of Rome and the army of the Consul. In the endeavor to rectify
his error, the Roman general committed a worse and was destroyed
with his entire army.

At Thapsus, April 6, 46 B.C., Caesar took up a post with his army

from whence he equally threatened the Roman army under Scipio
and the African army under Juba. Scipio having marched off with his
troops to a better camp some miles distant, Caesar attacked and
annihilated Juba’s army.
 At Pirna, Frederic the Great, captured the Saxon army entire, and
at Rossbach, Leuthern and Zorndorf destroyed successively a
French, an Austrian and a Russian army merely by occupying a post
from whence he equally threatened two or more vital points,
awaiting the time when one would become inadequately defended.

Washington won the Revolutionary War merely by occupying a

post from whence he equally threatened the British armies at New
York and Philadelphia; refusing battle and building up an army of
Continental regular troops enlisted for the war and trained by the
Baron von Steuben in the system of Frederic the Great.

Bonaparte won at Montenotte, Castiglione, Arcola, Rivoli and

Austerlitz his most perfect exhibitions of generalship, merely by
passively threatening two vital points and in his own words: “By
never interrupting an enemy when he is making a false movement.”

Perfection in Mobility is attained whenever the kindred army is

able to act unrestrainedly in any and all directions, while the
movements of the hostile army are restricted.
 NUMBERS

“In warfare the advantage in numbers never is to be

despised.”—Von Moltke.

“Arguments avail but little against him whose opinion is

voiced by thirty legions.”—Roman Proverb.

“That king who has the most iron is master of those who
merely have the more gold.”—Solon.

“It never troubles the wolf how many sheep there are.”—
Agesilaus.
 NUMBERS

“A handful of troops inured to Warfare proceed to certain

victory; while on the contrary, numerous hordes of raw and
undisciplined men are but a multitude of victims dragged to
slaughter.”—Vegetius.

“Turenne always was victorious with armies infinitely

inferior in numbers to those of his enemies; because he
moved with expedition, knew how to secure himself from
being attacked in every situation and always kept near his
enemy.”—Count de Saxe.

“Numbers are of no significance when troops are once

thrown into confusion.”—Prince Eugene.

Humanity is divisible into two groups, one of which relatively is

small and the other, by comparison, very large.
The first of these groups is made up comparatively of but a few
persons, who, by virtue of circumstances are possessed of
everything except adequate physical strength; and the second group
consists of those vast multitudes of mankind, which are destitute of
everything except of incalculable prowess, due to their
overwhelming numbers.
Hence, at every moment of its existence, organized Society is face
to face with the possibility of collision into the Under World; and
because of the knowledge that such encounter is inevitable,
unforeseeable and perhaps immediately impending, Civilization, so-
called, ever is beset by an unspeakable and all-corroding fear.
To deter a multitude, destitute of everything except the power to
take, from despoiling by means of its irresistible physique, those
few who are possessed of everything except ability to defend
themselves, in all Ages has been the chiefest problem of
mankind; and to the solution of this problem has been devoted
every resource known to Education, Legislation, Ecclesiasticism
and Jurisprudence.

This condition further is complicated by a peculiar outgrowth of

necessary expedients, always more or less unstable, due to that
falsity of premise in which words do not agree with acts.
Of these expedients the most incongruous is the arming and
training of the children of the mob for the protection of the upper
stratum; and that peculiar mental insufficiency of hoi polloi, whereby
it ever is induced to accept as its leaders the sons of the Patrician
class.
That a social structure founded upon such anomalies should
endure, constitutes in itself the real Nine Wonders of the World; and
is proof of that marvellous ingenuity with which the House of Have
profits by the chronic predeliction of the House of Want to fritter
away time and opportunity, feeding on vain hope.

The advantage in Numbers consists in having in the aggregate

more Corps d’armee than has the adversary.
All benefit to be derived from the advantage in Numbers is limited
to the active and scientific use of every corp d’armee; otherwise
excess of Numbers, not only is of no avail, but easily may
degenerate into fatal disadvantage by impeding the decisive action
of other kindred corps. Says Napoleon: “It is only the troops brought
into action, that avails in battles and campaigns—the rest does not
count.”
A loss in Numbers at chess-play occurs only when two pieces are
lost for one, or three for two, or one for none, and the like. No
diminution in aggregate of force can take place on the Chess-board,
so long as the number of the opposing pieces are equal.
This is true although all the pieces on one side are Queens and
those of the other side all Pawns.
The reason for this is:
All the Chess-pieces are equal in strength, one to the other. The
Pawn can overthrow and capture any piece—the Queen can do no
more.
That is to say, at its turn to move, any piece can capture any
adverse piece; and this is all that any piece can do.
It is true that the Queen, on its turn to move, has a maximum
option of twenty-seven squares, while the Pawn’s maximum never is
more than three. But as the power of the Queen can be exerted only
upon one point, obviously, her observation of the remaining twenty-
six points is merely a manifestation of mobility, and her display of
force is limited to a single square. Hence, the result in each case is
identical, and the display of force equal.
The relative advantage in Numbers possessed by one army over
an opposing army always can be determined by the following, viz.:

RULE
That army which contains more Corps d’armee than an opposing
army has the relative advantage in Numbers.
 “With the inferiority in Numbers, one must depend more
upon conduct and contrivance than upon strength.”—Caesar.

MILITARY EXAMPLES

“He who has the advantage in Numbers, if he be not a

blockhead, incessantly will distract his enemy by
detachments, against all of which it is impossible to provide a
remedy.”—Frederic the Great.

“He that hath the advantage in Numbers usually should

exchange pieces freely, because the fewer that remain the
more readily are they oppressed by a superior force.”—Dal
Rio.

At Thymbra, Cyrus the Great, king of the Medes and Persians, with
10,000 horse cuirassiers, 20,000 heavy infantry, 300 chariots and
166,000 light troops, conquered Croesus, King of Assyria whose
army consisted of 360,000 infantry and 60,000 cavalry. This victory
made Persia dominant in Asia.

At Marathon, 10,000 Athenian and 1,000 Plataean heavy infantry,

routed 110,000 Medes and Persians. This victory averted the
overthrow of Grecian civilization by Asiatic barbarism.
 At Leuctra, Epaminondas, general of the Thebans, with 6000
heavy infantry and 400 heavy horse, routed the Lacedaemonean
army, composed of 22,000 of the bravest and most skillful soldiers of
the known world, and extinguished the military ascendency which
for centuries Sparta had exercised over the Grecian commonwealths.
At Issus, Alexander the Great with 40,000 heavy infantry and
7,000 heavy cavalry destroyed the army of Darius Codomannus, King
of Persia, which consisted of 1,000,000 infantry, 40,000 cavalry, 200
chariots and 15 elephants. This battle, in which white men
encountered elephants for the first time, established the military
supremacy of Europe over Asia.

Alexander the Great invaded Asia (May, 334 B.C.) whose armies
aggregated 3,000,000 men trained to war; with 30,000 heavy
infantry, 4000 heavy cavalry, $225,000 dollars in money and thirty
days’ provisions.
At Arbela, Alexander the Great with 45,000 heavy infantry and
8,000 heavy horse, annihilated the last resources of Darius and
reduced Persia to a Greek province. The Persian army consisted of
about 600,000 infantry and cavalry, of whom 300,000 were killed.

Hannibal began his march from Spain (218 B.C.) to invade the
Roman commonwealth, with 90,000 heavy infantry and 12,000
heavy cavalry. He arrived at Aosta in October (218 B.C.) with only
20,000 infantry and 6,000 cavalry to encounter a State that could
put into the field 700,000 of the bravest and most skillful soldiers
then alive.
 At Cannae, Hannibal destroyed the finest army Rome ever put in
the field. Out of 90,000 of the flower of the commonwealth only
about 3,000 escaped. The Carthagenian army consisted of 40,000
heavy infantry and 10,000 heavy cavalry.

At Alesia, (51 B.C.) Caesar completed the subjugation of Gaul, by

destroying in detail two hostile armies aggregating 470,000 men.
The Roman army consisted of 43,000 heavy infantry, 10,000 heavy
cavalry and 10,000 light cavalry.

At Pharsaleus, (48 B.C.) Caesar with 22,000 Roman veterans

routed 45,000 soldiers under Pompey and acquired the chief place in
the Roman state.

At Angora, (1402) Tamerlane, with 1,400,000 Asiatics, destroyed

the Turkish army of 900,000 men, commanded by the Ottoman
Sultan Bajazet, in the most stupendous battle of authentic record.
After giving his final instructions to his officers, Tamerlane, it is
recorded, betook himself to his tent and played at Chess until the
crisis of the battle arrived, whereupon he proceeded to the decisive
point and in person directed those evolutions which resulted in the
destruction of the Ottoman army.
The assumption that the great Asiatic warrior was playing at Chess
during the earlier part of the battle of Angora, undoubtedly is
erroneous. Most probably he followed the progress of the conflict by
posting chess-pieces upon the Chessboard and moving these
according to reports sent him momentarily by his lieutenants.
 Obviously, in the days when the field telegraphy and telephone
were unknown, such method was entirely feasible and satisfactory to
the Master of Strategetics and far superior to any attempt to
overlook such a confused and complicated concourse.

At Bannockburne (June 24, 1314), Robert Bruce, King of Scotland,

with 30,000 Scots annihilated the largest army that England ever put
upon a battlefield.
This army was led by Edward II and consisted of over 100,000 of
the flower of England’s nobility, gentry and yeomanry. The victory
established the independence of Scotland and cost England 30,000
troops, which could not be replaced in that generation.

Gustavus Adolphus invaded Germany with an army of 27,000 men,

over one-half of whom were Scots and English. At that time the
Catholic armies in the field aggregated several hundred thousand
trained and hardened soldiers, led by brave and able generals.
At Leipsic, after 20,000 Saxon allies had fled from the battlefield,
Gustavus Adolphus with 22,000 Swedes, Scots and English routed
44,000 of the best troops of the day, commanded by Gen. Tilly. This
victory delivered the Protestant princes of Continental Europe from
Catholic domination.

At Zentha (Sept. 11, 1697), Prince Eugene with 60,000 Austrians

routed 150,000 Turks, commanded by the Sultan Kara-Mustapha,
with the loss of 38,000 killed, 4,000 prisoners and 160 cannon. This
victory established the military reputation of this celebrated French
General.

At Turin (Sept. 7, 1706) Prince Eugene with 30,000 Austrians

routed 80,000 French under the Duke of Orleans. Gen. Daun, whose
brilliant evolutions decided the battle, afterward, as Field-Marshal of
the Austrian armies, was routed by Frederic the Great at Leuthern.

At Peterwaradin (Aug. 5, 1716) Prince Eugene with 60,000

Austrians destroyed 150,000 Turks. This victory delivered Europe for
all time from the menace of Mahometan dominion.

At Belgrade (Aug. 26, 1717) Prince Eugene with 55,000 Austrians

destroyed a Turkish army of 200,000 men.

At Rosbach (Nov. 5, 1757) Frederic the Great with 22,000

Prussians, in open field, destroyed a French army of 70,000 regulars
commanded by the Prince de Soubisse.

At Leuthern (Dec. 5, 1757) Frederic the Great with 33,000

Prussians destroyed in open field, an Austrian army of 93,000
regulars, commanded by Field-Marshal Daun. The Austrians lost
54,000 men and 200 cannon.
 At Zorndorf (Aug. 25, 1758) Frederic the Great with 45,000
Prussians destroyed a Russian army of 60,000 men commanded by
Field-Marshal Fermor. The Russians left 18,000 men dead on the
field.

At Leignitz (Aug. 15, 1760) Frederic the Great with 30,000 men
out-manoeuvred, defeated with the loss of 10,000 men and escaped
from the combined Austrian and Russian armies aggregating
130,000 men.

At Torgau (Nov. 5, 1760) Frederic the Great with 45,000 Prussians

destroyed an Austrian army of 90,000 men, commanded by Field-
Marshal Daun.

Washington, with 7,000 Americans, while pursued by 20,000

British and Hessians under Lord Cornwallis, captured a Hessian
advance column at Trenton (Dec. 25, 1776) and destroyed a British
detachment at Princeton, (Jan. 3, 1777).

Bonaparte, with 30,000 infantry, 3,000 cavalry and 40 cannon,

invaded Italy, (March 26, 1796) which was defended by 100,000
Piedmontese and Austrian regulars under Generals Colli and
Beaulieu. In fifteen days he had captured the former, driven the
latter to his own country and compelled Piedmont to sign a treaty of
peace and alliance with France.
At Castiglione, Arcole, Bassano and Rivoli, with an army not
exceeding 40,000 men Bonaparte destroyed four Austrian armies,
each aggregating about 100,000 men.

At Wagram, Napoleon, with less than 100,000 men, overthrew the

main Austrian army of 150,000 men, foiled the attempts at succor of
the secondary Austrian army of 40,000 men, and compelled Austria
to accept peace with France.
In the campaign of 1814, Napoleon, with never more than 70,000
men, twice repulsed from the walls of Paris and drove backward
nearly to the Rhine River an allied army of nearly 300,000 Austrians,
Prussians and Russians.

In the year 480 B.C., Xerxes, King of Persia, invaded Greece with
an army, which by Herodotus, Plutarch and Isocrates, is estimated at
2,641,610 men at arms and exclusive of servants, butlers, women
and camp followers.
Arriving at the Pass of Thermopolae, the march of the invaders
was arrested by Leonidas, King of Sparta, with an army made up of
300 Spartans, 400 Thebans, 700 Thespians, 1,000 Phocians and
3,000 from various Grecian States, posted behind a barricade built
across the entrance.
This celebrated defile is about a mile in length. It runs between
Mount Oeta and an impassible morass, which forms the edge of the
Gulf of Malia and at each end is so narrow that a wagon can barely
pass.
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