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PHYSICS TOPICAL MOCK REVISION

DISTRICTS SAMPLED AND COMPILED.
1. NAIROBI SCHOOLS
2. STAREHE BOYS CENTER
3. MANGU HIGH SCHOOL
4. ALLIANCE GIRLS HIGH SCHOOL
5. HOMABAY
6. RACHUONYO
7. MIGORI
8. UGENYA/UGUNJA
9. KISUMU WEST
10. MATUNGU
11. BUTERE
12. KAKAMEGA EAST
13. NYATIKE
14. KHWISERO
15. TRANS NZOIA WEST
16. TRANSMARA
17. KAKAMEGA NORTH
18. MUMIAS
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TABLE OF CONTENT
TOPICS SET RANGE FROM FORM ONE TO FORM FOUR
General questions for practice ............................................................................................................... 3
Measurement I ....................................................................................................................................... 6
Force .. ..................................................................................... ……………………………..……………..
Light ......................................................................................................................................................... 9
Pressure .................................................................................................................................................. 12
Current I ................................................................................................................................................ 12
Participate nature of matter .................................................................................................................... 14
Thermal expansion .................................................................. …………………………………………...
Light ........................................................................................................................................................ 15
Electrostatics............................................................................. …………………………………………..
Measurement II ....................................................................................................................................... 19
Turning effect of a force .......................................................................................................................... 21
Equilibrium and centre of quality ........................................................................................................... 23
Fluid flow ................................................................................................................................................. 25
Hook’s law ............................................................................................................................................... 27
Magnesium ............................................................................................................................................. 27
Reflection at curved surfaces .................................................................................................................. 27
Linear motion ........................................................................................................................................... 36
Machines & inclined planes ................................................. ………………………………………….….…
Resistors .................................................................................................................................................. 38
Newton’s law........................................................................ …………………………………..…………...
Circular motion.......................................................................... …………………………………...........
Refraction of light.................................................................... …………………………………………...
Sound II.................................................................................................................................................... 42
Thin lenses ............................................................................................................................................... 42
Quality of heat ........................................................................................................................................ 42
Waves II.................................................................................... ………………………………………..…
Work, energy and power .......................................................................................................................... 45
Floating and sinking ................................................................................................................................. 46
Photoelectric effect .................................................................. …………………………………………....
Electronics ............................................................................................................................................... 50
X-ray ........................................................................................................................................................ 50
Radioactivity........................................................................... …………………………………………….
GM induction......................................................................... …………………………..………………….
GM spectrum ............................................................................ ……………………………….................

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GENERAL QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE
1. Suggest one reason why on hot day, heat loses in mains electricity transmission lines may
generally be greater than on a cold day. (1mk)
2. Why is a gap left between one end of a metal bridge and the end of a road leading to
the bridge (1mk)
3. Why does a person weaving dump clothes feel cold on a strong wind (2mks)
4. A bullet of mass 0.8g traveling at 400m/s is stepped by a concrete wall. Calculate the
amount of heat energy transferred to the wall. (2mks)
5. The figure below shows a uniform metre rule on equilibrium.
(i) What is the significance of the word uniform metre rule (1mk)
(ii) Determine the weight of the metre rule Metre rule (2mks)

7.2N
6. An object is projected vertically upwards at a speed of 15ms-1. How long will it take to
return to the same level of projection? (3mks)
7. A boy pulls the handle of a lawn mower at an angle of 30o to the horizontal with a force
of 120N. Calculate the work done when the mower moves through a distance of 12.8m. (3mks)
8. State Hooke’s law (1mk)
9. A force of 20N causes a wire to stretch by 40mm. calculate the energy stored on the
100mm wire when stretched 50mm (3mks)
10. State two ways of increasing the strength of an electromagnet (2mks)
11. The diagram shows capacitors in parallel connected to 4V battery

(i) Calculate the total capacitance 4V (2mks)

(ii) What is the energy stored on the capacitors (3mks)
12. Show that a body falling from a height h hits the ground with energy E = ½ mv2 (3mks)
13. (a) State Hooke’s law (1mk)
(b) A force of 50N stretches a spring by 60mm. what force will extend by 20mm (3mks)
(c) Calculate the work required to stretch the spring by 40mm (3mks)
(d) If the diameter of the spring is 14mm, calculate the stress provided when the force
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of 100N is applied. (3mks)
14. A bullet is fired horizontally from a cliff at a velocity 100ms-1. It takes 10 seconds to
hit the ground.
(i) Sketch the graph of height against time for the motion (2mks)
(ii) Calculate the height of the cliff (2mks)
(iii) What is the horizontal distance moved form the cliff when the bullet hits the ground (3mks)
(iv) Determine the velocity and direction with which the bullet hits the ground (3mks)
15. A crane lifts a load of 2000kg though a vertical distance of 3.0m in 6 seconds.
(a) Determine the ;
(i) Work done (2mks)
(ii) Power developed by the crane (2mks)
(iii) Efficiency of the crane given that it is operated by an electric motor rated 12.5Kw
(b) In an experiment to determine the specific latent heat of vaporization of matter, steam
at 100oC was passed into water contained in a well lagged copper calorimeter. The
following results were made:
Mass of calorimeter = 50g
Initial mass of water= 70g
Initial temperature of water = 5oC
Final mass of calorimeter + condensed steam = 123g
Final temperature of mixture = 30o
Specific heat capacity f water = 5200JKg-1K-1 and specific heat capacity for copper = 390JKg-1U-1)
Determine the; (a) Mass of condensed steam (1mk)
(b) Heat gained by the calorimeter (4mks)
(c) Specific latent heat of vaporization of steam (3mks)
16. Distinguish between soft and hard magnetic materials (2mks)
17. (a) Define the following terms ; (i) Mechanical advantage
(ii) Velocity ration
(iii) Efficiency
(b) Draw a diagram of a pulley system having ;
(i) Velocity ratio of 5 (3mks)
(ii) The pulley system above is used to raise a lead of 100N through a distance of 5cm.
The system is 80% efficient.
Calculate; (i) The effort (4mks)
(ii) The work done (3mks)

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18. (a) State the principle of moments (1mk)

(b) A uniform plan of length 6m is pivoted at the centre to make a see saw. A weight of
200N acts at one end. A body weighing 500N moves towards the pivot on the plank as shown.

200N
How far will the boy have to move from the pivot, for the see-saw to balance? (3mks)
19. A string vest keeps a person warm though it is a collection of holes bounded by strings.
Explain (2mks)
20. Which property of waves explains why sounds are easier t hear at night (1mk)
21. Three resistors are connected as shown at the figure below.

1000
Determine the potential difference between A and B (3mks)
22. A wise cyclist will carry a load on the bicycle’s carrier and not in a rack sack on his
back. Explain (2mks)
23. Give a reason why tungsten is performed as target material in the X-ray tube. (1mk)
24. An object weighs 0.56N in air and 0.42N when wholly immersed in water. Calculate
the density of the object. (Density of water = 1x103kgm-3) (3mks)
25. The conductivity of a metallic conductor decreases with increase in temperature whereas
the conductivity of a semi-conductor increases with increase in temperature. Explain (2mks)
26. Light of frequency 6.0x 1014Hz strikes a sodium surface of work function 3.68 x 10-19J.
Calculate the maximum energy with which electrons are emitted.
(Planks constant = 6.6 x 10-34J) (3mks)
27. Use the kinetic theory to explain the behavior of illuminated smoke floating in air (2mks)
29. Find the quantity of heat required to change ice at -10oC to water at 0oC (3mks)
30. The pattern below shows oil leakage on a path at the rate of 10drops per second form a lorry.

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(a) Calculate the initial and final velocity (3mks)

(b) Calculate the acceleration of the lorry (2mks)
SECTION 1 – QUESTIONS
Measurement I
1. (a) Distinguish between density and relative density of a substance
(b) A ship of mass 1300 tonnes floats on sea water:
(i) What volume of sea water is displaced (Density of sea water is 1025kg/m3)
(ii) Suppose it sails from sea water to fresh water, what cargo must be removed so that
the same volume of water is displaced?(Density of fresh water = 1000kg/m3
(c) Describe an experiment to verify the law of floatation
2. Define relative density
3. A bathroom shower has 200 holes each 2.5mm2 in area. Water flows from a pipe of cross-section
area of 15cm2 at 5m/s to the shower. Determine the speed of the spray.
4. A piece of metal N of mass 2kg weighs 18N in water and 12N in liquid M. Determine the density
of ;
(i) The metal N
(ii) The liquid M
5. A measuring cylinder contains 50cm3 of light oil at 0oC. When a lump of dried ice is placed in
the oil, the total volume is 72cm3. Determine the density of the ice
The figure 1 below shows a manometer connected to a gas supply. The pressure of the gas supply
above the atmospheric pressure is equivalent to a 20cm column of water. Use this information and
the figure to answer questions 2 and 3.

Force
1. (a) The figure below shows a balloon carrying hydrogen gas 3m3 of density 0.09kgm-3. The mass
of the balloon fabric is 2kg and the density of air is 1.25kgm-3

String

i) Determine the tension in the string

ii) If the string is suddenly cut, calculate the acceleration of the balloon upwards
iii) What is the maximum mass of the equipment the balloon can lift at a constant velocity
b) State and explain two features of a hydrometer that make it sensitive in its function
2. A block of mass 5kg rests on an inclined surface as shown in the diagram below:

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Determine the static friction on the block
3. State two factors that would raise the boiling point of a liquid
4. Give a reason why water wets glass while mercury does not.
5. (a) Give an example where force is applied and no work is done
(b) The graph below shows the variation between force and distance for a boy pushing a concrete
block of mass 25kg through a vertically height of 12m.

(i) Determine the total work done by the boy within 70m
(ii) How much energy is wasted?
(iii) Give an account for the energy wasted
6. State the principle of moments.
7. State any two factors that affect the earth’s gravitational force
8. Figure 3 below shows a wire loop with a string that has been dipped into soap solution.

Fig. 3

i) Sketch a similar diagram to show the observed effect if the soap film is punctured at X
ii) Explain the observations made in (i) above
9. Figure 2 shows two glass tubes of different size of bore, dipped in a glass beaker half full of
water

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fig. 2

Complete the diagram to show how water will rise up in the two glass tubes

10. (a) State the conditions necessary for the law of conservation of linear momentum to hold
(b) The diagram figure 13 below shows a steel ball bearing gently dipped in a viscous liquid
contained in a tall cylinder
fig. 13

(i) Name giving their directions the forces acting on the ball bearing as it moves down
the cylinder
(ii) The graph in figure 14 below shows the velocity-time graph (a) for the motion of the
above ball

On the same diagram, draw the graph (b) for a steel ball of smaller radius in the same liquid
(iii) Explain the difference in the two graphs (a) and (b)
(c) (i) A breakdown truck tows a car of mass 1000kg along a level road, and accelerates
at 0.5m/s2. What is the tension in the tow line
(ii) If the tow line in (c)(i) above breaks when the car reaches a speed of 36km/h, how far will
the car travel before coming to rest if the breaking force is 2000N?
11. Explain why it is easier to ride a bicycle round a bend on a road if the surface is dry than
when it is wet
12. Give one difference between limiting and dynamic forces of friction
13. Mercury on a clean glass slide collects into small spherical balls as shown in figure 2 below.
Explain why

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Drops of mercury

Clean glass slide

14. The figure 7 below shows two blocks of masses M1=1.5kg and M2 = 2.0kg which are in
contact on a frictionless table

fig. 7

A force F=7N acts on the bodies, determine the force on mass M2

15. State one factor that determines the depth to which mercury is depressed in a glass
capillary tube.

Pressure
1. State the possible reason why, if water is used as a barometer liquid, the glass tube required
to hold the column of the liquid is longer
2. State the definition of atmospheric pressure
3. What is the density of alcohol?
4. A person’s lung pressure as recorded by a mercury manometer is 90 mm Hg. Express this
pressure in SI units.
5. The figure below shows to light pith balls arranged as shown.

Pith balls

State what is observed when air is blown on the outer sides of the pith balls.
7. The barometric height at sea level is 76cm of mercury while at a point on a highland it is 74cm
of mercury. What is the altitude of the point? (Take g = 10m/s 2 , density of mercury =
13600kg/m3 and density of air as 1.25kg/m3)
8. a) Define specific latent heat of fusion of a substance
b) Water of mass 200g at temperature of 60°Cis put in a well lagged copper calorimeter of mass
80g. A piece of ice at 0° C and mass 20g is placed in the calorimeter and the mixture stirred
gently until all the ice melts. The final temperature, T, of the mixture is then measured.
Determine:
i) The heat absorbed by the melting ice at O°C
ii) The heat absorbed by the melted ice (water) to rise to temperature T (answer may be
given in terms of T)
iii) The heat lost by the warm water and the calorimeter (answer may be given in terms of T)
iv) The final temperature of the mixture

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(Specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 334 000 J kg-1
Specific heat capacity of water = 4 200 J kg -1 K-1
Specific heat capacity of copper = 900J kg-1 K-1)
9. Figure 4 below shows a measuring cylinder of height 30cm filled to a height of 20cm with
water and the rest occupied by kerosene

Fig. 4

Given that density of water = 1000Kgm-3, density of kerosene = 800Kgm-3 and atmospheric
pressure = 1.03x105 pascals, determine the pressure acting on the base of the container
10. State Pascal’s principle of transmission of pressure
11. A helical spring extends by 1 cm when a force of 1.5N is applied to it. Find the elastic potential
energy stored in it.
12. Two immiscible liquids are poured in a container to the levels shown in the diagram below.

Figure 5

If the densities of the liquids A and B are 1g/cm3 and 0.8g/cm3 respectively, find the pressure
acting upon solid C at the bottom of the container due to the liquids

13. Mark the position of the water levels in the manometer when the gas supply is fully turned on
14. Calculate the pressure of the gas supply (Atmospheric pressure = 1.0x105Pa)

figure 1

15. A small nail may pierce an inflated car tyre and remain there without pressure reduction
in the tyre. Explain the observation
16. (a) State two ways of increasing pressure in solids
(b) The figure 1 shows a liquid in a pail

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fig. 1
Suggest a reason why pail manufacturers prefer the shape shown to other shapes
17. Figure 8 shows a funnel inverted over a light ball.

Explain the observation that would be made when streamlines of air is blown strongly down
the narrow section of the funnel
18. A block measuring 20cm x 10cm by 5cm rests on a flat surface. The block has a weight of 3N.
Determine the maximum pressure it exerts on the surface.
19. The figure below shows a hydraulic press P which is used to raise a load of 10KN. A force
F of 25N is applied at the end of a lever pivoted at O to raise the load

Liquid X

(a) State one property of liquid X

(b) Determine the distance x indicated on the press if force on piston B is 100N
19. A mercury –in-glass barometer shows a height of 70cm. What height would be shown in the
barometer at the same place if water density 1.0 x 103kg/m3 is used.
(Density of mercury = 13600kgm-3)
20. The total weight of a car with passengers is 25,000N. The area of contact of each of the four
tyres with the ground is 0.025m2. Determine the minimum car tyre pressure
21. (a) The diagram below represents a u-shaped glass tube sealed at one end and containing mercury

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(i) What is the pressure of the gas as shown in the diagram above?
(ii) Explain why the gas should be dry if it is to be used to verify a gas law
(iii) Describe how the arrangement can be used to verify Boyle’s law.
(b) Use the kinetic theory of gases to explain why;
(i) the pressure of a gas increases with temperature increase
(ii) The pressure of a gas decreases as volume increases
22. The reading on a mercury barometer at Mombasa is 760mm. Calculate the pressure at Mombasa
(density mercury is 1.36xl04Kgm-3 )
23. The figure below is a manometer containing water. Air is blown across the month of one tube
and the levels of the water changes as the figure below.

Blow air

Explain why the level of water in the right limb of manometer is higher.

........ .................................................................................... Current I

1. (a) Distinguish between natural and forced convection currents
(b) Draw the cross-section of a basic solar heating panel that uses heat from the sun to warm
water which flows through pipes
(b) Explain the following as regards to the solar heater:-
(i) Why the pipe is made of copper
(ii) How the green house effect occurs and aids the working of the panel
2. State two advantages of generating an alternating current (a.c) to direct current (d.c) in a
power station.
3. The table below shows results obtained in an experiment to determine the internal resistance
of a cell
V(V) 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 08 1.3
R() 0.45 0.65 0.80 1.05 1.40 2.4
1/ (V-1)
V
1/ (-1)
R

i. Complete the table for values of 1/V and 1/R giving your answers to 3 d.p
ii. Plot a graph of 1/V against 1/R
iii. Use the graph to determine the e.m.f E and the internal resistance r of the cell given that
E=r 1
V R (4mks)
Particulate nature of matter
1. (a) State the kinetic theory of matter
(b) State two reasons why gas particles diffuse faster than solid particles
(c) You are provided with a long glass-tube, fitting corks, cotton wool, concentrated solution
hydrochloric acid and concentrated ammonia solution.
(i) Draw a possible set-up to compare the rates of diffusion of ammonia gas and hydrochloric
acid gas
(ii) Outline a clear procedure on how the experiment can be carried out

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(iii) What are the possible observations and conclusion
2. Distinguish between gases and liquids in terms of inter molecule forces.
3. What is the experimental evidence that shows that molecules in gases and liquids are in a state
of motion
4. State Newton’s second law of motion.
5. Smoke particles in air when strongly illuminated were observed to describe continuous, random
haphazard movements. Explain what would be observed when the air temperature is decreased
6. State how heat transfer by radiation is reduced in a vacuum flask
7. (a) A partially filled balloon is placed in a bell jar with its open end on a thick glass plate
as shown
in figure 16. The contact between the jar and the glass plate is greased to make it air tight:
fig. 16

State and explain what happens to the balloon when air in the ball jar is slowly evacuated
(b) Figure 17 below shows an arrangement to demonstrate diffusion through solids:-
fig. 17

The hydrogen gas is supplied for sometimes then stopped. State and explain what is likely
to be observed when the hydrogen gas supply:-
(i) is on
(ii) is stopped
(c) The diagram fig. 18 shows a glass tube containing enclosed air by a thread of mercury 50mm
long when the tube is held in a horizontal position
fig. 18 Mercury thread
Trapped
air

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(i) The tube is slowly raised in a vertical position with the open end facing up. Determine
the new length of the trapped air (tube has same area of cross-section; atmospheric
pressure = 750mmHg)
(ii) Account for the difference in the column of trapped air using kinetic theory of matter
assuming that temperature is constant.
8. Two samples of bromine vapour are allowed to diffuse separately under different conditions, one
in a vacuum and the other in air. State with reasons the conditions in which bromine will diffuse
faster
9. In terms of kinetic theory of matter, explain why evaporation causes cooling
10. (a) In an experiment to demonstrate Brownian motion, smoke was placed in air cell and observed
under a microscope. Smoke particles were observed to move randomly in the cell.
(i) Explain the observation
(ii) Give a reason for using small particles such as those of smoke in this experiment
(iii) What would be the most likely observation if the temperature in the smoke cell was
raised?
(b) An oil drop of average diameter 0.7mm spreads out into a circular patch of diameter
75cm on the surface of water in a trough
(i) Calculate the average thickness of a molecule of oil
(ii) State two assumptions made in (i) above
11. Give a reason why gases are more compressible than liquids
12. Explain the cause of random motion of smoke particles as observed in Brownian motion
experiment using a smoke cell.

Thermal expansion
1. Figure 1 shows a beam balance made out of concrete and reinforced with steel

Concrete
Steel
Use a diagram to explain the behaviour of the shape of the beam when heated up
2. (a) Sate two liquids which are used in thermometer.

(b) With a reason, state which of the two liquids in 3 (a) above is used to measure temperature in
areas where temperatures are:
. (i) below -400c (ii) 1500c
3. What do you understand by the statement ‘lower fixed point’ on a temperature scale?
4. Name two adaptations that can be made to a mercury thermometer to make it more sensitive
5. Figure 5 shows a bimetallic strip made of brass and iron. A marble is placed at end A of the
bimetallic strip as shown below:-

fig. 5

State and explain what will be observed when the bimetallic strip is strongly cooled

6. The figure below represents a bimetallic strip of metals X and Y at room temperature

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The figure below shows its shape when dipped into crushed ice

Sketch a diagram in the space given below to show the shape when the strip is heated to a
temperature above the room temperature

7. Give a reason why a concrete beam reinforced with steel does not crack when subjected to
Changes in temperature.

Measurement II

1. A ball bearing of mass 0.0015 kg is held between the anvil and spindle of a micrometer screw
gauge. The reading on the gauge when the jaws are closed without anything in between is
0.11mm. Use this information and the position of the scale in the figure below to answer the

a) What is the diameter of the ball bearing?

b) Find the density of the ball bearing giving your answer correct to three significant
2.

The springs A, B, C and D are identical and each extends by 2cm, when a force of 6N is
suspended on the system. Determine the extension of the system

3. Water in a dam falls through a height 24.5m. If we assume that there are no energy losses,
calculate the new temperature of the water as it strikes the lower end, given that its initial
temperature at the top of the dam is 18.9°C

4. Lycopodium powder is lightly sprinkled on a clean water surface in a large tray. A red hot
needle is plunged at the centre of the water surface. State and explain the observation

5. A micrometer screw gauge has a negative zero error of 0.06mm. Show on a micrometer screw

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gauge, including the essential parts only a reading of 5.99mm

6. (a) The data below was obtained in an experiment to estimate the diameter of an oil molecule:-
- Level of oil in burette= 26cm3
- Level of oil in burettes after adding 50drops of oil=25.2cm3
- Diameter of oil patch= 7cm
(i) Determine the volume of one drop of oil
(ii) Calculate the thickness of a molecule
(iii) State any two assumptions made in this experiment
(iv) In the experiment 14.(a) lycopodium powder is used on the water surface. What is the role
of the lycopodium powder?
(b) A molecule of a liquid occupies a space about 1.5 x 10-9m high and about 0.6 x 10-9m in
thickness and breadth. Calculate the number of molecules in a litre of the liquid

7. The vernier calipers shown below have a zero error of -0.06 cm

.

Figure 1
State the actual reading on the instrument.

8. A micrometer screw gauge with zero error of -0.01mm is used to determine the diameter of a
marble whose diameter is 2.32mm.
(i) State the reading taken when the cylinder is grasped by the jaws
(ii) In the space below, sketch the scale that gives the reading in (a) above if it has a pitch

9. Figure 1 below shows an object of volume 300cm3 placed on the pan of a beam balance.
The pointer was initially at the zero mark

Fig. 1
Determine the density of the object in Kgm-3
10. Figure 1 shows marble of mass 2.0g placed between the jaws of Vernier calipers. The
magnified section is also shown. The reading of the gauge when the jaws were fully
closed without the marble was 0.01cm. Use this information and the figure to answer
questions 1 and 2.

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fig. 1

What is the diameter of the marble?

11. Determine the density of the marble give your answer to three significant figure (assume that the
marble is spherical)

12. Three identical springs A, B and C of negligible weight are arranged as shown below;

If C stretches by 3cm, and bar XY is assumed to be weightless, determine the extension in A

13. When a drop of olive oil of radius 1.36mm is placed on the surface of water, it spreads out
to form a circular film of diameter 40cm. Calculate;
(a) The volume of the olive oil drop in m3 (Take  = 22/7)
(b) Using the value of (a) above, estimate the thickness of the film.
(c) Explain why lycopodium powder is sprinkled on the surface of water before the
oil is dropped on it.
(d) State two assumptions made when finding the thickness of the film formed.

14. Figure (a) Shows vernier calipers with the jaws completely closed while (b) shows the same
vernier calipers in use

Determine the actual diameter of the coin

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15. Give the reading on the micrometer screw gauge if it has a positive zero error of 0.01mm

16. Draw a sketch of a micrometer screw gauge showing a reading of 8.53mm.

17. The figure below shows a measuring cylinder containing some water.

Another 10cm3 of water was in to the cylinder from a burette delivering volumes from
0cm3 to 50 cm. Record in the spaces provided the new reading indicated on each vessel.
18. Sketch a vernier calipers scale reading 3.41 cm.
19. In an experiment to determine a certain length ‘L’ in a pendulum experiment the following
results were obtained:

The up thrust was calculated from the spring balance and it was found to be 0.5N when the
cylinder was fully submerged. Determine:
(i) Volume of the metal cylinder.
(ii) Mass of the liquid displaced by the cylinder.
(iii) Density of the liquid

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20. The figure below shows a scale of part of venier caliper
9 10 cm

State the correct reading of the scale if the instrument has a zero error of -0.02cm.

Turning effect of a force

1. Figure 4 below shows a uniform metre rule in equilibrium under the forces shown

Frictionless pulley

400g
40cm 100cm

20cm

200g
Determine the weight of the metre rule
2. The diagram below shows a uniform meter rule of mass 300g balanced by two forces F1 and F2.
Force F2 is 5N. Assuming there is no frictional force on the pulleys,

F1

Pulley Calculate the force F1

3. (a) The figure below shows a system in equilibrium at room temperature. The system is taken
outside where the temperature is 20oC higher for sometime.

Explain why it tips to the right when it is taken outside the room.
(c) (i) State the law of floatation.
(ii) The fig. below shows a floating object of volume 40,000 cm 3 and mass 10g. It is held as
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shown in water of density 1.25g/cm3 by a light cable at the bottom so that ¾ of the volume
of the object is below the water surface. (Assume that up thrust due to air is negligible)

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Figure

(iii) (I) Calculate the volume of the object under water. *

(II) State the volume of water displaced by the object.
(III) Calculate the weight of water displaced.
(iv) Determine the tension in the cable
(v) Calculate the density of the object.
4. State the principle of moments.
5. Figure 4 shows a uniform wooden plank which weighs 10N. The plank is balanced at 0.8m
from one end by a mass of 2.5kg

fig. 4

What is the length of the wooden plank in metres?

6. Figure 4 shows a uniform rod AE which is 40cm long. It has a mass of 2kg and pivoted at D. If
2N is acting at point E, and 30N force is passed through a frictionless pulley

Find the force (x) acting at end A

7. A uniform half metre long beam, pivoted at the 10cm mark, balances when a mass of 150g is
suspended at the 0cm mark as shown below:

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Calculate the weight of the beam
8. The figure below shows a ring of a thin steel washer.

Determine the centre of gravity of the washer.

9. The diagram below shows a uniform metre rule balanced by two forces A and B. If force B is 5N,
assuming that there no frictional force on the fixed pulley, calculate the weight of the
metre rule.

30o

Equilibrium and centre of gravity B

1. a) Define centre of gravity
b) The figure below shows a wine glass

State how the stability of the glass is affected if it is filled with wine
2. The diagram below shows an empty wine glass.

Figure 3

State and explain the effect on its stability when wine is put into the glass.
3. State two ways in which stability of a body can be increased
4. In the set up in figure 5, the metre rule is in equilibrium

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5. Figure 6 shows a spring coin which tends to remain vertical but topples immediately it stops
Direction

Explain this observation

6. In the thin triangular laminar ABC shown in figure below, determine geometrically the
centre of gravity B

A
7. A uniform metre rule is balanced at its centre. It is balanced by the 30N, 5N and the magnetic
force between P and Q. P is fixed and Q has a weight of 5N

20cm 30cm

30N 5N Q

Magnetic force

Ignoring the weight of the metre rule, calculate the value of the magnetic force between Q and P
8. (a) Use simple sketches to show the three states of equilibrium. Name the states.
(b) Define center of gravity of a body.
(c) State two factors affecting stability of body
(d) The figure below shows a metal plate 2 m long, 1M wide and negligible thickness.
A horizontal force of 50 n applied at point ‘A’ Just makes the plate tilt.

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Calculate the weight of the plate.

Fluid flow
1. Figure 5 below shows the cross-section of an aerofoil, with the aeroplane moving in the direction
shown by the arrow.

Sketch the streamlines to show how air flows past the wing as the aeroplane moves

2. State Bernoulli’s principle

3. The diagram below shows a section of a pipe with different cross – sectional area.

Figure 4

If water flows with a velocity of 5ms-1 in section P, what would be the velocity of water in
section Q if the cross sectional areas are as shown?
4. In the diagram in figure 3, water flows through a section of a pipe whose diameter changes
as shown

figure 3

Sketch a graph of the variation of pressure along the line ABCD

5 (i) State Bernoll’su principle

(ii)

Explain how air is drawn into the barrel

6. The diagram below (figure 6) shows a cross- section of an aeroplane wing. When the aeroplane
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is moving at a constant height and constant speed, an upward force is exerted on its wing

What is the cause of the upward force?

7. The figure below shows a light body floating in a container

State and explain the observation when a stream of air is blown over the mouth of the container
as shown

8. Sea water of density 1.04g/cm3 is being pumped into a tank through a pipe of uniform
cross-sectional area of 3.142cm2. If the speed of water in the pipe is 5m/s, determine the
volume flux in S.I units

9. The figure below shows a pith ball being lifted in to a funnel end of a blower.

Explain this observation

10. (a) Define turbulent flow in fluids .

(b) The diagram below shows an obstacle placed in front of flowing water.

Water flow

Complete the diagram to show how the water flows around the obstacle.

11. Water flows in a horizontal pipe of varying cross –sectional area and diameter and shown
in the figure below.

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If the cross-sectional area of A is 5cm2 and that of B is 4,5cm2 and also the rate at which the
water flows from A is 100m/s,. Calculate the speed water through B.
(d). Given the apparatus, density bottle, beam balance, granular solid, water and blotting paper,
describe the measurement on the experiment that can enable one to determine the relative
density of the granular solid.
(e).Draw a single pulley with a velocity ratio of 2.

Hooke’s law

1. The following results were recorded in an experiment where different masses were hung on the
end of a long spring whose other end was firmly fixed. The length of the spring and the mass
hanging from it were recorded as below. Original length of spring was 40cm.

Length of spring (cm) 44 48 52 56 60 65 70 74

Mass attached (kg) 0.15 0.30 0.45 0.60 0.75 0.90 1.05 1.20
Force (load) on the spring (N)
Extension of spring (m)

(a) Complete the table for load and corresponding extensions

(b) Plot a graph of extension of the spring against load on the spring on the grid provided
(c) Determine the spring constant using the linear section of the graph
(d) Give an explanation why the slope of the graph changes when a mass greater than 0.75kg is
attached to the spring
(e) From the list of quantities below, select quantities that are vector quantities:-
speed, density, force, acceleration and current
2. Sketch a graph of length of a helical spring against compressing force until the coils of the
spring are in contact

3. The three springs shown in figure 2 are identical and have negligible weight. The extension
produced on the system of springs is 20cm

fig. 2

Determine the constant of each

4. The graphs in figure 8 represents the relations between extension e and mass, m added on two
springs x and y

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Fig. 8 e (mm)

m(g)
Given that the two springs are made from the same material, give a reason why the graphs
are different

5. A single light spring extends by 3.6cm when supporting a load of 2.5kg. What is the total
extension in the arrangement shown below. (Assume the springs are identical)

6. Three identical springs with proportionality constant of 50N/m. each are connected as shown
below and support a load of 60N

Calculate;
(a) The extension in one spring
(b) The extensive proportionality constant of the springs

7. When a load of 20N is hung from a spring, the spring has a length of 15 cm. The same spring
has a length of 17 cm when supporting a load of 25N. Determine the spring length when
supporting no load.
The figure below shows a U-tube manometer. Use it to answer question 5 and 6. Density of
water = 100 kgm-3.
8. The diagram below shows three identical springs which obey Hooke’s law.

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(i) Determine the length X.

Magnetism
1. Use the domain theory to explain the process of magnetization

Reflection at curved surfaces

11. a) Define the term magnification as applied to curved mirrors.

b) The table below shows the results obtained in an experiment with a concave mirror.

Image distance V(cm) 20 25 30 35 40 45

Magnification (m) 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
i) Use your graph to determine the focal length of the mirror given that the equation relating m and v
is such that: m+1= v
f
Linear motion

1. a) Distinguish between the terms ‘uniform velocity’ and ‘uniform acceleration’

b) The figure below shows a section of a ticker tape. The dots were made at a frequency of 50 Hz.
Determine the acceleration of the trolley pulling the tape

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c) The graph below shows a part of the motion of a basket ball which is projected vertically
upwards from the ground and is allowed to bounce on the ground

Velocit y

i) Explain the motion of the ball relating it to its different positions along the following
I.AB II.BC III.CE
ii) From the graph calculate the acceleration due to gravity
c) State Newton’s second law of motion

2. One end of a metal rod is heated in a flame. After some time the other end becomes hot.
Explain this observation

3. A bullet of mass 150g moving at an initial velocity of 80m/s strikes a suspended block
of mass 2.5kg

3. (a)The block swings from point A to B. Determine the vertical displacement between A and B
. (b) What observations are you likely to observe on the block after collision

4.

From the graph, determine the average speed of the body.

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5. The diagram below shows a ball being whirled in a vertical plane.

Figure 7

(a) Sketch on the same diagram, the path followed by the ball if the string cuts when the ball
is at position shown in the diagram.

6. The figure below shows a circuit diagram for controlling temperature of a room.

Contact

(i) Explain the purpose of the strip.

(ii) Describe how the circuit controls the temperature when the switch S is closed.

7. The figure 5 below shows a uniform bar of length 1.0m pivoted near one end. The bar is kept
in equilibrium by a spring balance as shown:

figure 5

Given that the reading of the spring balance is 0.6N, determine the reaction force at the pivot

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8. The figure 8 shows the motion of a train over a section of track which includes a sharp bend

Speed (ms-1)

Time (s)
(a) The section of the track with the sharp bend has a maximum speed restriction. The train
decelerates approaching the bend so that at the start of the bend, it has just reached the
maximum speed allowed. The train is driven around the bend at the maximum speed
allowed and accelerates immediately on leaving the bend. Calculate the length of the bend
(b) The train has to slow down to go round the bend. Calculate the deceleration
(c) As the train is driven round the bend, there is an extra force acting, called the centripetal force.
(i) On the figure 9 below, draw an arrow to show the direction of this force

(ii) State the effect that this force has on the motion
(iii) State how this force is provided

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(d) Figure 10 below shows a car with a dummy driver before and after a collision test:

Figure 10
The mass of the dummy driver is 90kg. The impact time to reduce the dummy’s speed from
45ms-1 to zero is 1.2 seconds:
(i) Calculate the average force on the dummy during impact
(ii) State the main energy transformation during the collision
(iii) Calculate how much of the dummy’s energy is transformed during the collision

9. (a) The velocity-time graph in the figure below illustrates the motion of a ball which has
been projected vertically upwards from the surface of the moon. The weight of the object on
earth’s surface is 20N, when the acceleration due to gravity is 10ms-2.
(i) State why the velocity becomes negative after 3seconds.
(ii) Determine the acceleration of free fall on the moon showing clearly your work
(iii) Determine the total distance travelled by the ball in 5.0sec
(iv) Find the weight of the ball on the moon

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Velocity (ms-1)

---2

(v) If the ball was projected vertically upwards on the earth with the same velocity.
What difference would you expect to observe in the velocity-time graph above. Illustrate with a
sketch on the same axis

(b) The figure below represents part of a tape pulled through a ticker-timer of frequency 50Hz
moving down an inclined plane.

1.5cm 3cm
If the trolley was allowed to move down the inclined plane for 4 seconds, calculate the distance
it covers

10. (a) State Boyle’s law

(b) The volume of a bubble at the base of a container of water is 3cm3. The depth of water is
30cm. The bubble rises up the column until the surface ;
(i) Explain what happens to the bubble as it rises up the water column
(ii) Determine the volume of the bubble at a point 5cm below the water surface
(c) A faulty thermometer records 11oC instead of 0oC and 98oC instead of 100oC. Determine
the reading on the thermometer when dipped in liquid at a temperature of 56oC

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11. Figure 9 is a velocity- time graph describing the motion of a particle

What does the shaded area represent?

12. a) State Newton’s first law of motion

b) A parcel is to be dropped from an aeroplane traveling horizontally at 120ms-1, at an altitude
of 720m, to fall into a certain village.
Determine:
i) The time taken for the parcel to reach the ground
ii) How far ahead of the plane, the village should be when the parcel is released
c) A small stone, M1of mass 20g is attached to a string which in turn is passed through a smooth
thin cylinder. The other end of the string is tied to mass M2. The mass M1 is whirled in
a horizontal circle of radius 1m and mass M2 remains stationary as shown in figure 10
i) State two forces acting on the system other than the tension in the thread on M2
ii) Explain the observation made on mass M2 if the speed of M1, is increased
iii) Calculate the velocity of M1, if the mass M2 is 50g and the radius of the circle
is 1m

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13. (a) Define uniform velocity
(b) The graph figure 10 below shows displacement –time graph of a in motion
fig 10

(i) Determine the instanteous velocities at t = 1second and at t = 4 seconds

(ii) Use the results in (b)(i) above to determine the acceleration of the body

14. A ball of mass 100g is kicked horizontally from the top of a cliff. If the ball takes 4 seconds
to hit the ground, determine the height of the cliff

15. A ball is kicked vertically upward from the ground with a velocity of 60m/s and reaches a maximum
height (h), it then falls freely back to the ground and bounces upwards to a height of 5M
(a) Sketch a velocity-time graph to represent the motion of the ball from the time it is kicked
vertically upwards until it bounces to a height of 5M
(b) Determine:
(i) the time taken by the ball to reach the maximum height(h)
(ii) The maximum height (h) reached by the ball

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(iii) The velocity with which it bounces after striking the ground for the first time
(c) State any assumption made in your calculations in (b) above

16. In an experiment on momentum, trolley P of mass 800g was attached to a ticker timer of
frequency 50Hz. Trolley P, initially moving with a velocity of 0.5m/s, was made to collide
with a stationary trolley Q of mass 400g. A copy of the tape as it appeared after the collision is
presented in the figure below:-

(a) Determine the velocity of the trolley P after collision

(b) Calculate the impulsive force experienced by trolley P
(c) State the type of collision

17. I. (a) State the three equations of linear motion.

(b) A car is traveling uniformly at 100km/hr when the driver observes a road block ahead.
He takes 0.5 s before applying the brakes which brings the car to rest with a uniform
deceleration of 4m/s2. Determine the distance traveled by the car from the time the driver
observed the road block until the car comes to rest.
(c) A car moves at a constant speed of 20ms-1 for 50s and then accelerates uniformly to a speed
of 25ms-1 over a period of 10s. This speed is maintained for 50 s before the car is brought to
rest with uniform deceleration in 15s.
(d) Draw a graph of velocity (Y – axis) against time (graph paper to be availed)
(II) Calculate:
(i) The average speed for the whole journey.
(ii) The acceleration when the velocity changes from 20 ms-1 to 25ms-1 . m,
show that v2=2as +u2

18. Sketch a velocity-time graph for a body moving with zero acceleration

19. The figure below shows a velocity –time graph of a ball bouncing vertically upward from
the ground. The velocity upward is taken positive.

Velocity

Determine the maximum height when the ball rises.

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20. (a) On the axes provide below, sketch a graph of velocity V versus time (t) for uniformly
accelerated motion given that when t = 0, V is greater than zero.

(b) A car is brought to Rest from a speed of 20 ms-1 in time of 2 seconds. Calculate the
deceleration.
21. (a). State the law of linear momentum
(b). A marble of mass 50g moving on a horizontal surface at a velocity of V collides with another
glass marble of mass 75g resting on same horizontal surface. After collision, the marble
bounces back a long the path at a speed of 3.5m/s while the other marble moving with a
speed of 3.0m/s .Forward .
Determine the speed V.
(c). The paper below was attached to a trolley and pulled through a ticker tape times of frequency
50Hz. Determine the acceleration of the trolley.

(d). Study the figure below

Steam
Calculate the pressure in the steam in the cylinder which would just raise the piston if area of
of the piston in contact with steam is 2cm2 and Atmospheric pressure is1.0 x 105 Nm-2.
(e) State a reason why the earth is colder at night than daytime during a sunny

21. A block of mass 20kg slides downward a plane inclined of 6o0 with the horizontal. The
coefficient of friction between the plane and the block is 0.4.

60o

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Calculate the acceleration of the block.
22. A body accelerates uniformly from initial velocity of U m/s to a final velocity of V m/s
in time t seconds. If acceleration during the motion is a m/s2 and the distance covered is S

Machines & inclined planes

1. An inclined plane of length 5m is used to raise a body of mass 60kg to the back of a lorry. If the
plane is inclined at an angle 25° from the horizontal, calculate the efficiency of the system given
that a constant force of 650 N is used to push the body up the plane

45o

2. Vicky performed an experiment using a pulley system as shown in the figure.

Figure 13
Effort
1000N

LOAD 4000N
(a) What is the V.R. of the system?
(b) Determine the M.A. of the system. *
(c) Calculate the efficiency of the system.

(d) Explain why efficiency of a practical machine is always less than 100%
(e) If the load moves a distance of 5 cm. Find the work done on the load.
3. The figure below shows a pulley system being used to raise a load. Use the information given
in the figure to answer questions (a) and (b)

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(ii) If a load of 100N is raised by applying an effort of 48N, determine the efficiency of
the system.

4. (a) (i) Define the term velocity ratio (V.R)

(ii) Name one machine that has a velocity ratio of less than one (V.R < 1)
(b) The figure below shows a set-up used to find the mechanical advantage of a pulley system

On the axes provided sketch a graph of mechanical advantage (M.A) against load (L)

Mechanical
Advantage

Load (N)
(c) A hydraulic machine is used to raise a load of 100kg at a constant velocity through a height
of 2.5m. The radius of the effort piston is 1.4cm while that of the load piston is 7.0cm. Given
that the machine is 80% efficient, calculate:-
(i) The effort needed
(ii) The energy wasted in using the machine

5. (i) complete the diagram below to show how the pulley can be used to raise a load L by
applying an effort E

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(ii) The pulley system above has a mechanical advantage of 3. Calculate the total work done
when a load of 60N is raised through a height of 9M
Newton’s law
1. (a) State Newton’s first law of motion
(b) Distinguish between elastic collision and inelastic collision
(c) A minibus of mass 2000kg traveling at a constant velocity of 36km/h collides with a stationary
car of mass 1000kg. The impact takes 2 seconds before the two move together at a constant
velocity for 20 seconds. Calculate:
(i) The common velocity
(ii) The distance moved after impact
(iii) The impulse force
(iv) The change in kinetic energy
2. State Newton’s second law of motion
3. State the law of inertia
4. A footballer kicks a ball of 600g initially at rest using a force of 900N. If the foot was in
contact with the ball for 0.1sec. What was the take off speed of the ball?
5. State Newton’s third law of motion

6. (a) State Newton’s second law of motion

(b) The figure below shows two mini buses A and B at a speed of 40m/s and 20m/s
respectively moving in opposite directions. They collided head on

Determine the common speed of the vehicles if they stuck to each other

Circular motion
1. Give a reason why bodies in circular motion undergo acceleration even when their speed
is constant
2. a) Define the term angular velocity
b) The figure shows a body of mass m attached to the centre of a rotating table with a string
whose tension can be measure. (the device for measuring tension is not shown in the figure)


r m

String
The tension T, on the string was measured for various values of angular velocity, . The distance
r from the centre was maintained at 30cm. The results are as shown below :

Angular velocity  (rad -1) 2.0 3. 4.0 5.0 6.0

Tension T (N) 0.04 0.34 0.76 1.30 1.96
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i) Plot the graph of T (y – axis) against2
ii) From the graph, determine the mass, m, of the body given that
T = m2 r – C Where C is a constant
iii) Determine the constant C and suggest what it represents in the set up
3. (a) A body moving in a uniform circular motion accelerates even though the speed is constant.
Explain this observation.
A fun fair ride of diameter 12m makes 0.5 revolutions per second.
(i) Determine the periodic time, T, of the revolutions.
(ii) Determine its angular velocity, .
(iii) Determine the linear velocity of the child riding in it.
(iv) If the mass of the child is 30 kg, find the centripetal force that keeps the child in the
motion.
4. Figure 6 shows a body of mass m attached to the centre of a rotating table with string
whose tension can be measured (the device for measuring the tension is not shown in
the figure)

 r
String

fig.6

The tension T, on the string was measured for various values of angular velocity .
The distance r of the body from the centre was maintained at 60cm. Table 2 shows the results
obtained:-

Angular velocity () (rads-1) 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

Tension (T) (N) 0.04 0.34 0.76 1.30 1.96

(i) Plot the graph of T against 2

(ii) From the graph determine the mass m of the body given that T = m2r – C,
where C is constant
(iii) Determine the constant C and suggest what it represents in the set-up

5. (a) (i) In uniform circular motion, a particle undergoes an acceleration while its speed remains
constant. Explain how the acceleration if caused
(ii) A car of mass 1.5 x 103kg negotiates a level round about of radius 20m at a speed of
10m/s. Calculate the centripetal force acting on the car
(b) The diagram figure 15 below shows a conical pendulum:-
fig. 15

(i) State and explain the effect on r of increasing the speed of the pendulum, given that the
string is inextensible
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(c) Explain why a cyclist going round a bend at high speed tilts inwards

6. (a) Define angular velocity

(b) The figure below shows an object of mass 0.2kg whirled in a verticle cycle of radius
0.5m at uniform speed of 5m/s

Determine
(i) The tension in the string at position A
(ii) The tension in the string at position B
(iii) The tension in the string at position C
(c) From the values obtained in (i) (ii) and (iii) above, determine the point the string will most
likely snap. Explain
(d) A small pendulum bob having a mass of 150g is suspended by an inelastic string of length
0.5m. The mass is made to rotate in a horizontal circle of radius 0.4m and whose centre is
vertically below the point of suspension
(i) Determine the tension in the string
(ii) State one application of the pendulum

7. (a) Explain why a body moving in a circular path with constant speed is said to be accelerating
(b) (i) A wooden block of mass 200g is placed at various distances from the center of a turntable,
which is rotating at constant angular velocity. It is found that at a distance of 8.0cm from
the center, the block just starts to slide off the table. If the force of friction between the block
and the table is 0.4N, Calculate:
(I) The angular velocity of the table
(II) The force required to hold the block at a distance of 12cm from the center of the table
(c) A block of mass 400g is now placed at distance of 8.0cm from the centre of the turntable in (i)
above and the turntable rotated at the same angular velocity. State with a reason whether or
not the ball will slide off

8. A small object moving in a horizontal circle of radius 0.2m makes 8 revolutions per second.
Determine its centripetal acceleration

9. (a) The figure below shows a body of mass m attached to the centre of a rotating table with a
string whose tension can be measured. The device for measuring the tension is not shown in
the diagram:

String

The tension T on the string was measured for various values of angular velocity, . The distance
r of the body from the centre was maintained at 30cm. The graph below shows the results
obtained when Tension (y-axis) is plotted against (angular velocity )2
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(i) Name the force represented by the Tension (T)

(ii) From the graph, determine the mass m, of the body given that T=M2r - c where c is a constant

1.8

1.6

1.4
Tension (N)

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

(Angular velocity w)2

-0.2

(iii) Determine the constant c and suggest what it represents in the set-up

10. A mass of 2kg is attached to a string of length 50 cm. It is whirled in a circle in a vertical plane
at 10 revolution per second about a horizontal axis. Calculate the tension in the string when the
mass is at the :-
(a) Highest point of the circle.

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(b) Lowest part of the circle.

11. A bucket full of water is whirled in a vertical circle of radius 1.6m, determine the
minimum speed required to keep the water intact.

1. (a). The set up in the figure below was used to investigate the variation of the centripetal
force F with the radius of a circle in which a body rotates. Various Masses were hooked
on thread passing through a glass tube to balance circular motion as shown.

r
Body

Thin cotton thread

Glass tube

Masses

The table below shows the results obtained from the above experiment

Radius v(cm) 15 25 34 40 50 61
Mass m(kg) 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07

(i). Plot a graph of tension T in the thread against radius of circular motion.
(ii). Use the results above to determine the angular velocity of the body if its mass is 15g.
(b). (i). Determine the time a 3kw heater takes to melt 10kg. f ice at 0oC to water at 50oC.
Take specific latent heat of fusion for ice as 3.34 x 105 j/kg while specific heat capacity of
Water as 4200j/KgoC .
(ii). State one assumption made in the kinetic theory of gases.
Sound II
1. A student carrying out an experiment discovered that it took 2 seconds for sound wave
traveling through a telephone line to cover a distance d metres and 20 seconds for the same
sound traveling through air to cover a similar distance. Determine the ratio of the speed of
sound in air to that in the wire.

Thin lenses

1. Use a ray diagram to show how short sightedness in a human eye can be corrected.
Quality of heat
1. (a) Define the term specific heat capacity.
(b) A block of metal of mass 300g at 1000c is dropped into a logged calorimeter of heat capacity
40Jk-1, containing 200g of water at 20 0c. The temperature of the resulting mixture is 34 0c.
(Specific heat capacity of water = 4200Jkg-1k-1)
Determine:
(i) Heat gained by calorimeter.
(ii) Heat gained by water.
(iii) Heat lost by the metal block.
(iv) Specific heat capacity of the metal block.

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2. (a) State two differences between boiling and evaporation.

(b) 200g of a solid was uniformly heated by a 0.2 kw heater for sometime. The graph in the
figure below shows how the temperature of the solid changed with time.

(i) Explain what is happening between OA and AB.

(ii) Calculate the specific heat capacity of the solid.
(iii) Calculate the specific latent heat of fusion k of the solid.

3. (a) Define the term heat capacity

(b) A block of metal of mass 150g at 100oC is dropped into a logged calorimeter of heat capacity
40Jk-1 containing 100g of water at 25 oC. The temperature of the resulting mixture is 34oC.
(Specific heat capacity of water = 4200J/KgK)
Determine;-
(i) Heat gained by calorimeter
(ii) Heat gained by water
(iii) Heat lost by the metal block
(iv) Specific heat capacity of the metal block

4. (a) Distinguish between evaporation and boiling

(b) A jet delivering 0.44g of dry steam per second, at 100oC is directed on to crushed ice
at 0.0oC contained in an unlagged copper can which has a hole in the base. 4.44g of water
at 0.0oC flow out of the hole per second
(i) How many joules of heat are given out per second by condensing steam and cooling to
0.0oC of water formed?(Latent heat of vaporization of steam = 2.26 x 106JKg-1,
c for water = 4200JKg-1K-1)
(ii) How much heat is taken in per second by the ice which melts?
(iii) Suggest why these amounts above are different
(c) Figure 7 below shows a cross-section of a vacuum flask

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(i) Name the parts labelled A and B on the diagram
(ii) Explain how the heat losses are minimized when hot liquid is poured into the flask

5. (a) Figure 2 shows two identical thermometers. Thermometer A has a blackened bulb while
thermometer B has a silvery bulb. A candle is placed equidistant between the two thermometers

Fig. 2
A

State with a reason the observations made after some time

5. (b) Figure 3 shows a test tube partially filled with water. An ice wrapped in wire gauze is
placed at the bottom of the test-tube. It is then held in the flame of a bunsen burner as
shown below

State and explain what will be observed after some time

6. Give any two differences between evaporation and boiling
7. Explain why steel feels colder than wood at the same temperature

8. An electric heater 1KW 240V is used to raise the temperature of a 5kg copper block from
15oC to 33oC. If the specific heat capacity of copper is 400JKg-1K-1 and assuming no heat is
lost to the surrounding,
Calculate the time taken

9. (a) Define specific latent heat of fusion

(b) 0.5kg of naphthalene contained in an aluminium can of mass 0.4kg is melted in a water
bath and raised to a temperature of 100oC . Calculate the total heat given out when the
can and its contents are allowed to cool to room temperature, 20oC . Neglect losses by
evaporation during heating process and give your answer to the nearest kilojoule.
(For naphthalene melting point = 80oC , Specific heat capacity for both liquid and
solid =2100J/KgK; specific latent heat of fusion = 170000J/Kg.
For aluminium: specific heat capacity = 900J/Kgk
(c) Briefly explain two ways other than direct heating by which quantity of liquid may be made to
evaporate more quickly
(d) The diagram below shows a charcoal refrigerator

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(i) Explain why charcoal is used and why it is sprinkled with water
(ii) What is the role of the metallic tank and the wire mesh

10. An electric kettle with a shinny outer surface would be more efficient than one with a dull
outer surface. Give a reason for this

11. A heating element rated 2.5 KM is used to raise the temperature of 3.0 kg of water through
50oC. Calculate the time required to Effect this. (Specific heat capacity of water is 4200J/kgK).

Work, energy and power

1. (a) State the law of conservation of energy
(b) The graph below shows the potential energy against displacements for a body of mass 80g
Potential energy (J)

0.20 P T

0.10 Q S

0.00 0.05 0.1

Displacement m

The body oscillates about point R. Calculate the velocity of the body at:
(i) P and T
(ii) Q and S
(iii) at R
(c) A wheel and axle are used to raise a load of 280N by a force 40N applied to the rim of the
wheel. If the radii of the rim and axle are 70cm and 5cm respectively, calculate:
(i) The mechanical advantage
(ii) The velocity ratio
(iii) The efficiency

2. (a) A bicycle has wheels 66 cm in diameter. Its crank wheel has 44 teeth and the rear sprocket
16 teeth. The crank radius is 16.5 cm.
(i) Determine the radius of the rear sprocket.
(ii)The bicycle moves when the rear sprocket is made to move. Hence determine the
velocity ratio.
(b) A man uses a block and tackle mechanism of velocity ratio 6 to lift a car engine
smoothly through a height of 1 m in 5s. The man applies a force of 300N while the
mass of the engine is 120 kg. Determine:
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(i) The mechanical advantage of the pulley system.

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(ii) its efficiency.

3. (a) Define work and state its S.I units

(b) A crane lifts a load 500kg through a vertical distance of 4m in 8 seconds. Determine:
(i) Work done by the crane
(ii) Power developed by the crane
(iii) Efficiency of the crane given that it is operated by an electric motor rated 2.8Kw
(iv) State two effects which contribute to the efficiency being less than 100%

4. A load of 100N is raised using the system in the figure below by an effort.

Load 100N
Given that the efficiency of the machine is 90%, calculate the minimum effort.

Floating and sinking

1. (a). State Archimedes’s Principle .
b). A during bell of weight 60,000N and volume 2m3 is to be raised from the bottom of
the sea. If the density of sea water is 1024kg/m3, calculate:
(i) the mass of sea-water displaced by the bell.
(ii) The force a crane must first exert to just lift the bell from the sea-bed.
(c). The figure below shows a bock of wood of dimension 16cm x 8cm 2cm floating with
¾ of its size submerged in a liquid.

Beaker
Liquid L

Balance

During the experiment with the following set-up above, the following results were obtained.
-Initial reading of the Toppan balance with empty beaker = 22g.
-Final reading of the top pan balance = 176g.
Use the above results to determine:
(i). the density of the block
(ii). The density of the liquid.
2. (a) A piece of sealing wax weighs 3N in air and 0.22N when immersed in water. Calculate:
(i) Its relative density.
(ii) Its apparent weight ,in a liquid of density 800 kgm-3.
(b) The figure below shows a uniform beam one metre long and weighing 2N kept in
horizontal position by a body of weight 10N immersed in a liquid.
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Determine the upthrust on the load.

3. A bubble of air has a diameter of 2.0 mm when it is 0.5m below the water surface of a boiler.
Calculate the diameter of the bubble as it reaches the surface, assuming that the temperature
remains constant.
(Take g = 10Nkg-1 density of water = 103kgm-3 and atmospheric pressure = 105Mn-2

4. (a) State the Archimedes principle

(b) The figure below shows a block of mass 25g and density 200kg/m3 submerged beam by
means of a thread. A mass of 2g if suspended form the beam as shown in the figure below

(i) Determine the up thrust force acting on the block

(ii) Calculate the density of the liquid
(c) A rectangular block of dimensions 4m x 3m x 2m is tethered to the sea bed by a wire. If the
density of the material making the block is 0.67g/cm 3 and density of water is 1.1g/cm 3,
calculate: (i) Up thrust force on the block
(ii) Tension on the wire

5. Explain why a needle can be carefully made to float in pure water but sinks if a detergent is
added.

6. (i) State the law of floatation.

(ii) The fig. below shows a floating object of volume 40,000 cm 3 and mass 10g. It is held as
shown in water of density 1.25g/cm3 by a light cable at the bottom so that ¾ of the volume
of the object is below the water surface. (Assume that up thrust due to air is negligible)
Figure

(iii) (I) Calculate the volume of the object under water.

(II) State the volume of water displaced by the object.
(III) Calculate the weight of water displaced.
(iv) Determine the tension in the cable
(v) Calculate the density of the object.

7. (a) A trolley is being pulled horizontally from a ticker-tape timer. The figure below shows part
of the ticker-tape.

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Figure 12

(i) Find the average velocity, u, at the section marked A.

(ii) Find the average velocity, V at the section marked B.
(iii) Find the acceleration of the trolley between A and B.
(b) If the mass of the trolley is 500g, determine the resultant force which acted on the trolley
that caused the acceleration.
8. (a) State Archimedes’ principle
(b) (i) Draw a clearly labelled diagram of common hydrometer which is suitable for measuring
the densities of liquids varying between 1.0 and 1.2 g/cm3. Show clearly the marks indicating
1.0, 1.1 and 1.2 g/cm3.
(ii) State the principle upon which the instrument’s use depends
(c) A concrete block of volume V is totally immersed in sea water of density .Write an
expression for the upthrust on the block

9. (a) Define the term relative density

(b) The diagram below shows a wooden log 12m long, density 800kg/m3 and cross-sectional
area 0.06m2 floating upright in sea water of density 1.03g/cm3, such that a third of it is
covered by water. A= 0.06m2

(i) Determine the weight of the block

(ii) The up-thrust on the block
(iii) The minimum weight that can be placed on the block to just make it fully submerged
(c) The following set-up was then used by a student to determine the relative density of a cork

Cork Cork

Sinker Sinker
Water
water

During the experiment, the following measurements were taken:-

- Weight of sinker in water = w1
- Weight of sinker in water and cork in air = w2
- Weight of sinker and cork in water = w3
(i) Write an expression for the up thrust on cork
(ii) Write an expression for the relative density of the cork
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10. (a) State the law of floatation

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(b) The diagram figure 11 below shows a block of wood floating on water in a beaker. The set-up
is at room temperature:-

fig. 11

The water in the beaker is warmed with the block still floating on it. State and explain the
changes that are likely to occur in depth x

(c) The diagram figure 12 below shows a balloon which is filled with hot air to a volume of
200m3 .
fig. 12

(i) Determine the upthrust on the balloon (density of air 0.0012g/cm3)

(ii) The balloon is to be balanced by hanging small rats each of mass 200g on the lower end of
the rope. Determine the least number of rats that will just make the lower end of the rope touch
the ground.
11. (a) State Archimedes’s principle
(b) A rectangular brick of mass 10kg is suspended from the lower end of a spring balance
and gradually lowered into water until its upper end is some distance below the surface
(i) State and explain the changes observed in the spring balance during the process
(ii) If the spring reads 80N when the brick is totally immersed, determine the volume of
the brick. (Take density of water = 1000kgm-3)
(c) The figure below shows a hydrometer

Explain:
(i) Why the stem is made narrow
(ii) Why the bulb is made wide
(iii) Why the lead-shots are placed at the bottom
12. (a) State the law of floatation
(b) The diagram below shows a wooden block of dimensions 50cm by 40cm by 20 cm held in
position by a string attached to the bottom of a swimming pool. The density of the block
is 600kgm-3

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(i) Calculate the pressure in the bottom surface of the block

(ii) State the three forces acting on the block and write an equation linking them when the
block is stationary
(iii) Calculate the tension on the string

13. A block of glass of mass 250g floats in mercury. What volume of glass lies under the surface
of Mercury? Density of mercury is 13.6 x 103 Kg/m3

14. a) State the law of floatation

b) A balloon of negligible weight and capacity 80m3 is filled with helium of density 0.18Kgm-3.
Calculate the lifting force of the balloon given that the density of air = 1.2Kgm-3
c) A piece of glass has a mass of 52g in air, 32g when completely immersed in water and 18g
when completely immersed in an acid. (Take: density of water = 1g/cm3)
Calculate:
i) Density of glass
ii) Density of the acid

Electronics
1. The figure below shows the set up for a simple cell.

a) Name the Electrode A and the solution B

b) State two reasons why the bulb goes off after a short time

X-ray
12. a) State the energy changes that take place in an X - ray tube
b) Electrons in an X-ray tube are accelerated by a potential difference of 40 kV. If 20 % of the
electrons are converted into X- rays, determine the maximum wavelength of the emitted
electrons.
c) i) Draw a simple circuit consisting of a photocell to show the direction of flow of current
ii) The diagram below shows a wave form displayed on a CR0 screen.

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If the Y — gain reads 0.5V cm-1 while the time base is set at 0.1 ms cm-1, determine the amplitude
and frequency of the wave.

Radioactivity 238
1. A radioactive substance 92 X decays by emission of two alpha particles and one beta particle.

Write a balanced equation of this emission.

GAS LAWS
1. (a) State Boyle’s law
(b) A column of air 5cm is trapped by mercury thread of 10cm as shown in the figure below.
If the tube is laid horizontally as shown in (b), calculate the new length of trapped air
(atmospheric pressure =75.0cmHg and density of mercury = 13600kgm-3)

10cm Mercury
Air
`
5cm

L 10cm
(c) Explain why:

(i) It is difficult to remove the lid from a preserving jar which was closed when the
(ii) A force pump must be used instead of a lift pump to raise water from a deep well over 10m
2. The figure below shows a simple set up for pressure law apparatus:-

a) Describe how the apparatus may be used to verify pressure law

b) The graph in the figure below shows the relationship between the pressure and temperature
for a fixed mass of an ideal gas at constant volume

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i) Given that the relationship between pressure, P and temperature, T in Kelvin is of the form
P = kT + C
Where k and C are constants, determine from the graph, values of k and C
ii) Why would it be possible for pressure of the gas to be reduced to zero in practice?
c) A gas is put into a container of fixed volume at a pressure of 2.1 x 10 5. Nm-2 and
temperature 27°C. The gas is then heated to a temperature of 327°C. Determine the
new pressure

3. (a) State Boyle’s law

(b) The volume of a bubble at the base of a container of water is 3cm3. The depth of water
is 30cm. The bubble rises up the column until the surface ;
(i) Explain what happens to the bubble as it rises up the water column
(ii) Determine the volume of the bubble at a point 5cm below the water surface
(c) A faulty thermometer records 11oC instead of 0oC and 98oC instead of 100oC. Determine
the reading on the thermometer when dipped in liquid at a temperature of 56oC

4. (a) State Boyles law

Some students carried out an experiment to verify Boyle’s law and recorded their results as
shown in the table below:-
Pressure KN/ M2 400 320 160 180
Volume (m3) 2.0 2.5 5.0 10.0
1/ (mm-3)
V
(i) Complete the table
(ii) Plot a graph of pressure against 1/volume
(c) Determine the gradient for the graph and state its units
(d) A sample of gas has a pressure of 1.0 x 105Pa when its temperature is 10oC. What
will be its pressure if its temperature is raised to 100oC and its volume doubled

5. (a) State: (i) Boyle’s Law

(ii) Charles’ Law.
(b) A form three student carried out an experiment on one of the gas law. She obtained the
following results.
Temperature (0c) 10 35 60 80 90 110
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Volume V(cm3) 5 5.8 6.4 7.0 7.2 7.8
(i) Plot a graph of volume V against temperature.
(ii) From the graph, determine the volume of the gas at 0oc.
(iii) Determine the slope of the graph.
(iv) The equation of the line obtained is of the form V = kT + c. What is the value of k and c?

6. (a) State Charles’ law

(b) A mass of gas occupies a volume of 150cm3 at a temperature of -73°C and a pressure of
1 atmosphere. Determine the 1.5 atmospheres and the temperature 227 °C

7. In an experiment to verity Boyle’s law, two quantities were advised to be kept constant
(a). State the quantities.
(b). the results of experiment to verify Boyle’s law were recorded in the table below.
Pressure(atmospheres) 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Volume (litres) 0.62 0.521 0.450 0.391 0.351
Plot a suitable graph to verify the law.
(c). Determine the volume of the gas when the pressure is two atmospheres.

END OF SECTION 1

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SECTION II QUESTIONS
Pressure
1. In the diagram below, the U-tube contains two liquids; X and Y which do not mix. If the density
of liquid Y is 900Kgm-3 and that of X is 1200Kgm-3, calculate the height of liquid Y

Current II 🗸1

1. A battery is rated 120 AH. How long will it work if it steadily supplies a current of 4A.
2. The current capacity of an accumulator is 40Ah. Find the amount of current flowing if the
accumulator is used for 600 minutes
3. (a) A student hung a magnet next to a coil of wire to make a door chime as shown in figure 6:-
figure 6

When the switch S was put on, the magnet hit the chime bar which made some noise.
(i) Explain how the current made the magnet move towards the chime bar
(ii) What should the student do to make the magnet hit the chime bar harder?
(iii) The student was asked to describe the energy changes inside the device. State the changes:

(b) A coil of wire is connected in series with a battery, a rheostat and a switch as shown in figure 7:

(i) Draw on the diagram, the shape of the magnetic field inside and outside the coil when the
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switch is closed
If the jockey J on the rheostat is moved towards Q what’s the effect on:-

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(ii)The resistance of the circuit
(iii) The current through the coil
(iv) The magnetic field in the coil

(i) Explain why a transformer will only transform alternating voltages and not direct current voltage
(ii) Explain why transformers are widely used throughout the national grid system

4. Determine the current passing through L1 in the figure shown below, given that 0.8A passes
through the battery, 0.28A through L2 and 0.15A through L3.

Figure 3

5. State two advantages of generating an alternating current (a.c) to direct current (d.c) in a power
station.

Thermal expansion
1. Aquatic animals and plants are observed to survive in frozen ponds. Explain this observation

Light
1. The length of a pinhole camera is 20cm. Determine the height of a storey building 300m away
from the pin hole if the image formed on the screen of the pin hole camera is 2.5cm high

Electrostatics
1. (a) An earthed pointed conductor C is placed near an insulated conductor X charged positively
as shown below. +++
C
+++

State and explain what happens to charges on x finally.

(b) A spherical metal sphere is charged positively and brought to contact with the inside surface
of a hollow conductor it is then transferred to the cap of the telescope. State and explain
what is observed.
(c) On the axes below sketch a graph of charge against time for charging capacitor.
Charge
Q

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TOPLIGHT TOP SCHOOLS CHOICE MOKE QUESTIONS

(d) State two applications of capacitors.

2. The figure below shows an uncharged pith ball under the attraction of a charged ball.

State and explain what would be observed after the two pith balls touch
3. a) Two metal cons A and B of different sizes rest on two identical gold leaf electroscope as shown.

Compare the divergence of the gold leaves of the two electroscopes. Explain your answer
b) Two identical spheres A and B each standing on an insulated base are in contact. A
negatively charged rod is brought near sphere A as shown below

In what way will A differ from B if separated while the rod is near?
4. In the figure 1 below, explain what happens when one of the metal balls comes into contact with
a negatively charged rod

figure 2

5. A gold leaf electroscope is positively charged as shown in the diagram in figure 1 where C is the 91
TOPLIGHT TOP SCHOOLS CHOICE MOKE QUESTIONS
cap and L is the gold leaf. State and explain what happens to L when a positively charged rod is
brought near C without touching it.
Figure 1

6. You are provided with a charged electroscope, an insulator and a conductor. Describe how
you would use these apparatus to distinguish in the insulator from the conductor

7. Two identical metal spheres A and B each standing on an insulating base are in contact.
A negatively charged rod is brought near sphere A as shown in the figure below.

In what way will sphere A differ from B if it is separated while the rod is near?

Measurement II
1. The figure below shows a micrometer screw gauge being used to measure the diameter of a rod.
The thimble scale has 50 divisions.

Magnetsim
1. (a Two pins are attached to each of the magnets as shown below.
(i) (ii)

Explain the behaviour of pins in each case.

(b (i) Draw the magnetic field pattern around the magnets below.

N S

Soft iron block

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(ii) Give one application of this behaviour of soft iron.
2 Give a reason why attraction in magnetism is not regarded as a reliable method of testing
for polarity

3 (a) The diagram figure 7 below shows an electromagnet made by a student of Nyamogo Girls
secondary school, in the laboratory. The magnet was meant to pick up and release a metal object

(i) Name giving reasons a suitable material for part X

(ii) The electromagnet will just lift a metal of mass 150g. Taking g = 10N/Kg, what will be the
least force exerted by the magnet to do this
(iii) State the changes which the student should make so that a heavier metal object could be
lifted by the magnet
(iv) Explain why the strength of the above magnet cannot be increased indefinitely
(b) The diagram figure 8 below shows one method of making a magnet. Complete the diagram
to make both ends A and B of the cores be North poles

fig. 8

4. Use the domain theory to differentiate between hard magnetic materials and soft magnetic
materials
5. Two similar pins were placed one on a wooden block and the other on an iron block. The two
blocks were placed near a magnet. State and explain the observations noted
6. Draw the magnetic field pattern in the figure below and indicate the direction of the force.
Figure 5
🗸

7. The figure below shows uncharged pith ball under the attraction of a charged ball

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State and explain what would be observed after the two pith balls touch

8. The diagram below shows a magnetic field patterns between magnets S and R. use it to answer
questions below:-

S R

A B

(a) Identify the poles A and B

(b) State which of the two magnets R and S is stronger. Explain

9. You are provided with a two metal bars; one is magnetized while the other is un-magnetized.
Describe briefly how you can identify the two bars without using repulsion method
10. A steel bar can be magnetized and not an aluminum bar. Explain

11. (a) State the two laws of electromagnetic induction

(b) State one way through which energy is lost in a transformer and give a remedy for it.
(c) The resistance of a length of power transmitting cable is 20 and is used to transmit 12KV
at a current of 1A. If the voltage is stopped up to 18KV by a transformer, determine the
power loss. (Assume the transformer is ideal)
(d) Using a well- labeled diagram explain how a moving coil meter works
(e) Suggest one method of decreasing the sensitivity of a moving coil meter

12. The diagram below shows a ferromagnetic material being magnetized by the method shown

Permanent magnet

On the axes given below, sketch a graph to show how the strength of the magnet being created
varies with the number of strokes

13. Arrange the following types of waves in order of increasing frequency:-Ultra-violet radiation,
visible light, radio waves and x-rays
14. a) State Lenz’s law of electromagnetic induction
b) The figure 6 below shows a diagram of a simple electric generator

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Rotation
X B A Y

P Q
R

i) Label the parts P and Q

ii) Identify the polarities of the poles X and Y
iii) State two ways of increasing the voltage – output in this generator
c) A transformer supplies a current of 13.5A at a voltage of 48v to a device from a.c. main
supply of 240V. Given the transformer is 80% efficient; calculate
i) The power supplied to the transformer
ii) Current in the primary coil

15. The figure below shows a magnetic material being magnetized

Complete the diagram showing the windings on the magnetic material so as to produce polarities
at A and B both south poles

16. Explain why repulsion method is the surest test for polarity of a magnet as opposed to attraction

17. A nail is electrically magnetized. It attracts an increasing number of iron pins as the
magnetizing current increases. After sometime, the nail can no longer attract any more pins.
Explain this observation.
18. The table below shows the type of radiation, detection method and uses of electromagnetic
radiations. Complete the table:

Type of radiation Detection method Use

Ultraviolet Photopraphic paper
Blackened thermometer Warmth sensation
Radio waves Communication
19. The figure 3 shows the effect on the magnetic field when two materials .A and B are placed
in the magnetic field.
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State the difference between A and B.

20. A nail is electrically magnetized. It attracts an increasing number of iron pins as the magnetizing
current increases. After sometime, the nail can no longer attract any more pins. Explain this
observation.
21. Use the domain theory to explain the process of magnetization

Reflection at curved surfaces and spherical surfaces

1. (a) The table below shows the object distance u and the corresponding image distance v of an
object placed in front of a convex lens.
u cm 20 25 30 40 50 70
v cm 20 16.7 15 13.3 12.5 11.5
1 cm -1

u
1 cm-1
V
(i) Complete the table by giving your answer to 3 d.p.
(ii) Plot a graph of 1 (y axis) against 1
v u
(iii) From the graph, determine the focal length of the lens.
(b) State any two differences between human eye and the camera.
2. A battery is rated 120 AH. How long will it work if it steadily supplies a current of 4A.
3. a) Distinguish between mechanical and electromagnetic waves
b) What is the relationship between periodic time and the frequency of a progressive wave
c) Complete the diagram below to show the shape of the wave fronts after passing the gap

Barrier

4. Complete the ray diagram to show the position of the image

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5. The figure below shows two mirrors inclined at an angle of 30o to each other. A ray of light is
incident on one mirror as shown

60o

30o

Sketch the path of the ray to show its reflection on the two mirrors

6. What is meant by the term spherical aberration?

7.

State one application of the set up above

8. A plain sheet of paper and a plane mirror both reflect light yet only the plane mirror forms
images. Explain why the paper cannot form images.

9. Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using a convex mirror as a driving mirror

10. The table below shows the image distance V and the corresponding magnification, M for an
object placed in front of a concave mirror.

Magnification M 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

Image distance V(cm) 15 20 30 40 50 60 70

(a) Plot a graph of V (y-axis) against the magnification M

(b) From the graph, determine the focal length of the mirror

(c) Given the image IM, locate the position of the object OB. Use arrows to show how
the image is formed on a concave mirror

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11. State the difference between a virtual image formed by a plane mirror and that formed by
a concave mirror
12. Figure 1 shows an object O being viewed using two inclined mirrors M1 and M2. Complete
the diagram by sketching rays to show the position of the image as seen by the eye -E

M1

M2
E
Fig 1.

13. The figure below shows an object placed in front of a plane mirror. Draw appropriate rays to
locate the image as seen by the observer.

Object

Observer

Plane mirror
14. Define the following terms as used in curved mirrors:-
(i) Principal focus (F)
(ii) Focal length (f)
(b) By use of a ray; diagram, show how a concave mirror may be a dentist mirror
(c) An object is placed 12cm from a convex mirror of radius of curvature 20cm. Calculate
the position of the image
(d) (i) A lady holds a large concave mirror of focal length 1.8m from her face. State two
characteristics of her image in the mirror
(ii) A boy is standing between two cliffs A and B but nearer to cliff A than B. He stands 160m
from wall BA and shouts once. He hears two echoes and discovers that the time between the
two echoes is 0.8 seconds. Determine how far the boy is standing from cliff B given that the
speed of sound in air is 340m/s

Linear motion
1. A footballer kicks a ball of mass 0.6kg initially at rest using a force of 720N. If the foot was in
contact with the ball 0.1seconds, what was the take off speed of the ball?
2. A car starting from rest accelerated uniformly for 5minutes to reach 30m/s. it continues at this
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speed for the next 20minutes and then decelerates uniformly to come to a stop in 10minutes.
On the axes provided, sketch the graph of the velocity against time for the motion of the car.

40

Velocity (m/s)
30

20

10

0
10 20 30 40
Time (minutes)

Machines & inclined planes

1. (a) Distinguish energy from work
(b) A lady uses a ramp to lift 1500N load though a vertical distance of 10m. The ramp makes an
angle 30o to the horizontal. If the efficiency of the ramp is 75%:
(i) Calculate the V.R of the machine
(ii) Find the mechanical advantage
(iii) Find the effort needed to move the load up the ramp at constant velocity
🗸1
Resistors
1. Your are provided with the following apparatus: connecting wires, an ammeter, fixed resistors,
a voltmeter, a variance resistor, a switch and two dry cells in a cell holder. Draw a circuit that
can be used using the apparatus above to verify Ohm’s law 2. (a) Three resistors A, B and C
where A is resistor 200 Ω C of resistance 100 Ω and B is of
unknown resistance are connected in parallel. This arrangement is then placed in a circuit
and current passing through and potential difference across it measured. The table below
shows the result.

p.d.v. 3.0 6.0 9.0 12.0 15.0

Current A 0.15 0.30 0.45 0.60 0.75
(i) Plot a graph of p.d. against current A
(ii) From the graph calculate the total resistance of the resistors.
(iii) What is the value of the unknown resistor?
(b) The ammeter in the figure below shows a reading of 2A. What is the reading of the
voltmeter v.?
10

2

3. a) Three resistors of resistance 2.0 and 6.0 are connected togeth er in a circuit. Draw
a circuit diagram to show the arrangement of the resistors which gives

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i) Effective resistance of 3.0

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ii) Minimum resistance
b) In figure 9 the voltmeter reads 2.1V when the switch is closed, the voltmeter reads 1.8v and
the ammeter 0.1 A

A V

Determine:
X
i) The e.m.f of the cell
ii) The internal resistance of the cell
iii) The resistance of the of the lamp
c) One reason why the earth pin is longer than the neutral and the live pins is to open the
shutters of the socket, state one other reason why it is longer
d) Why are lamps in a house always connected in parallel but not in series?

4. State two other factors, which would affect the resistance of a metal conductor other than
the temperature
b) The ammeter in the circuit below has negligible internal resistance. The cell has internal
resistance of 0.5 and an electromotive force of 3.0V

Determine the value of current the ammeter registers when switch S is closed
5. a) State Ohms law
6. In the configuration of resistors given below, determine the current through the 5 resistor
5

12.4V
7. Figure 5 is a circuit diagram of three resistors connected to a 6V battery

Determine the potential difference across the 3 resistor

8. (a) Study the circuit diagram shown below.

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Figure 7

6

4

(i) Determine the reading of the voltmeter V. 3

(ii) Determine the reading of the ammeter A.
(iii) Explain the effect on the reading of the voltmeter if the 3 resistor is altered to be 6

(b) A transformer is designated to work from a 240V a.c. mains and to give a supply of 8V
to ring house bells. The primary has 4800 turns.
(i) What type of transformer is this? Give a reason.
(ii) Why is the iron core laminated?
(iii) Calculate the secondary turns if the efficiency is 100%.
9. The diagram in the figure below shows a wheat stone bridge

K, L, M and N are four resistors joined as shown. The value of resistance of resistor K is
unknown. I1, I2, I3 and I4 are the amount of current passing through K, M, L and N respectively.
It is also provided that L is a variable resistor.
(i) Explain how the set-up is used to determine the value of unknown resistance of K
(ii) State why wheat stone bridge is more accurate in measuring resistance than the voltmeter-
ammeter method
(b) In an experiment to determine the resistance of a nichrome wire using the metre bridge, the
balance point was found to be at 38cm mark. If the value of the resistance in the right hand
gap needed to balance the bridge was 25, Calculate the value of resistance of nichrome wire
10. Four capacitors of capacitance, 3µf, 4µf, 5µf and 3µf are arranged as shown below. Find the

11. In the circuit diagram below, X is a fixed resistor while Y can be varied between O
and 100 using a sliding jockey

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100

Calculate:
(i) The minimum possible current in the circuit (2mks)
(ii) The maximum possible current in the circuit (2mks)
(c) The following figure shows an electric circuit in which five resistors are connected
to a battery of e.m.f 4.0V and negligible internal resistance
4 1

5.5

Determine:
(i) The total resistance of the circuit
(ii) The potential difference between Y and Q
(d) Explain two factors that affect the resistance of a metallic conductor

12. Three identical cells of e.m.f. 2.Ov and of negligible internal resistance are connected as shown
in figure below. Determine the ammeter reading.

Refraction of light
1. The refractive index of paraffin is 1.47 and that of glass is 1.55. Determine the critical
angle of a ray of light travelling from glass to paraffin
2. The diagram figure 1 below shows a ray of light incident on glass air boundary:

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fig. 1

A second ray strikes the boundary at the same point C at an angle of incident greater than ao.
(i) On the diagram, draw the second ray before and after striking the boundary
3. a) State Snell’s law
b) When does total internal reflection occur?
c) The figure below represents a ray of light falling normally on the curved surface of a
semi- circular glass block A at an angle of 32° at O and emerging into air at an angle of 48°

48o

32o

Calculate the absolute refractive index of the glass of which the block is made.
(Assume air is a vacuum)

4. Figure 2 below shows a ray of light traveling from glass to water


figure 2

figure 2

Calculate the angle  if the refractive index of glass and water are 3/2 and 4/3 respectively (3mks)
5. Figure 3 shows light rays moving from medium 1 to medium 2. If the refractive index of medium
1 is 4/3 and that of medium 2 is 3/2. Calculate angle r
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6. (a) The diagram below shows a glass prism and an incident ray striking the face marked AB.
The critical angle of the glass is 42o. Use it to answer the questions that follow:-

(i) Complete the diagram showing the path of the emergent ray
(ii) Calculate the angle of refraction of the resultant emergent ray
7. (a) (i) What is a critical angle as used in refraction of light?
(ii) State one condition under which total internal reflection occurs
(b) Calculate the value of the critical angle c in the figure below

(c) (i) Show that m=v+1

f
where m = linear magnification , V= Image distance and f is the focal length of lens
(ii) In the table below shows readings obtained out of an experiment to determine focal length
of a converging lens
Image distance V (cm) 17.1 18.3 20 23 30
Object distance (u) 40 35 30 25 20
Plot a graph of 1 against 1 and determine the focal length of the lens from the graph.
V u (Use the graph paper provided).
8. a) The Fig.9 shows a ray of sunlight incident to face AB of a glass prism. -•

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i) Complete the diagram showing the observation on the screen.
ii) Explain the observation on the screen.
iii) State why the spectrum formed above is not pure.
b) i) You are provided with four equilateral prisms and four convex lenses. Sketch a diagram
showing how all the eight can be arranged to make a simple prism binoculars.
ii) State one reason why prisms produce better optical instruments than plane mirrors.

Sound II
1. The human ear can distinguish two sounds as separate only if they need it at least 0.1 seconds
apart. How far from a wall must an observer be in order to hear an echo when he shouts.
(Speed of sound = 330m/s)

2. A girl standing 220m from the foot of a high wall claps her hands and the echo reaches her
1.29 seconds later. Calculate the velocity of sound in air using this observation

3. A boy standing in front of a cliff blows a whistle and hears the echo after 0.5 seconds. He then
moves 17m further away form the cliff and blows the whistle again. He now hears the echo after
0.6seconds. Determine the speed of the sound

4. Sound tends to travel over longer distance at night. Explain

5. You are given two tubes T1 and T2, a clock and a hard wall. Explain how you can use the
apparatus to demonstrate reflection of sound

tube 2

6. State two conditions necessary for total internal reflection to occur

7. A student carrying out an experiment discovered that it took 2 seconds for sound wave
traveling through a telephone line to cover a distance d metres and 20 seconds for the same
sound traveling through air to cover a similar distance. Determine the ratio of the speed of
sound in air to that in the wire.

8. State one factor that affects the velocity of sound in air

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Thin lenses
1. The figure below shows how rays from a distant and near objects are focused inside a human
eye with a certain defect

Retina

Name the defect and state two causes of the defect

2. (a) The figure below shows an object O placed in front of an objective lens L o whose focal
length fo is less than fe, the focal length of the eyepiece Le. Complete using ray construction
how the arrangement would produce a compound microscope

(b) A nail is placed 25cm from the objective lens of focal length 15cm. On the other side of the
objective lens another converging lens of focal length 30cm is placed as the eyepiece. The
distance between the two lenses is 52.5cm
Find: (i) the position of the first image
(ii) the position of the final image from the eye piece lens

3. (a) The figure below shows a set-up consisting of a mounted lens, L1, a screen S, a metre
rule and a candle
L
S
Candle

Metre rule

(i) Describe how the set-up can be used to determine the focal length, f of the lens.
(ii) Explain why the set-up would not work if the lens was replaced with a diverging lens
1 1
(b) The graph in the diagram in figure below shows the relationship between and
u v
for a converging lens where u and V are the object and image distances respectively.
From the graph, determine the focal length f of the lens

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(5mks)

x (10-3 cm-1)
1/
u

1
3 /v x (10-3 cm-1)

(c) An object placed 15cm from a convex lens forms an image twice the size of the object.
Determine the focal length of the lens

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4. The graph below represents a graph of stopping potential Vs , V against frequency f, Hz

Stopping potential, Vs (V)

1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4

0.2
0
X1014
Frequency, F(Hz)

(a) Use the graph to determine:

(i) The threshold frequency of the metal
(ii) Plank’s constant
(iii) Work function of the metal

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(b) Figure 8 below shows a mercury vapour lamp, which emits ultraviolet light held over a
negatively charged electroscope:

figure 8

(i) What happens to the leaf after the lamp is switched on?
(ii) Explain why it happens
(iii) If the experiment is repeated with equally bright red light held the same distance from the
plate in place of the mercury vapour lamp, what effect would this have on the leaf?
Give a reason
(iv) What does photoelectric effect suggest about the nature of light?

5. (a) Describe briefly a simple method of estimating the focal length of a convex lens.
(b) Define linear magnification of a lens.
(c) In an experiment to determine the focal length of a converging lens, the following reading
were obtained

Image distance V cm 14.3 16.0 17.7 21.0 31.0

Magnification m 0.4 0.60 0.80 1.10 2.10
(i) Plot a graph of m against V.
(ii) From the graph determine the focal length of the lens.
(d) Which eye defect is corrected by a diverging lens? Show using a diagram how this is achieved

6. a) Describe with the aid of a labeled diagram an experiment to determine the focal length of the
lens when provided with the following;
▪ An illuminated object screen
▪ A convex lens
▪ A lens holder
▪ A plane mirror
▪ A meter rule
b) A small vertical object is placed 28cm in front of a convex lens of focal length 12cm. In the
space below, draw a ray diagram to locate the image and find its magnification.
(use a scale: 1cm represents 4cm)
c) The figure below shows a human eye with a certain defect

i) Name the defect

ii) On the same diagram, sketch the appropriate lens to correct the defect and sketch rays
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to show the effect of the lens

7. An object of height 10cm is placed in front of a diverging lens of focal length 25 cm and at a
distance of 20 cm from the lens. Calculate the height of the image formed

8. (a) The figure below shows an object, O, placed in front of an objective lens Lo whose focal
length, ƒo is less than the focal length of the eye piece lens; Le Complete using ray
construction how the arrangement would produce a compound. Microscope

(b) A thin converging lens of focal length 30cm is used to form a real image on a screen 90cm
from the lens, Determine :-
(i) The object distance
(ii) The magnification

9. Figure 2 shows an object O placed in front of a concave ion with principal foci F and F1.
Construct a ray diagram to locate the position of the image

F1

Fig 2

10. Use a ray diagram to show how short sightedness in a human eye can be corrected.

11. a) An object is placed 15 centimeters in front of a diverging lens of focal length 20 cm. Use
a ray diagram to determine the image distance and its magnification.
b) A nuclide F has a half life of 5 hours. What percentage of the original number of atoms of the
isotope would have decayed after 30 hours?
c) A current of 1.5A flows through a conductor in 5 seconds. Determine the number of
electrons that pass through the conductor (charge on an electron = 1.6 x 10-19 C)
12. Calculate the wavelength of the KBC f.m radio waves transmitted at a frequency of 95.6
mega Hertz

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Quality of heat
1. 500g of a metal is heated to 100oC and then placed in a 200g mass of water at 15oC. If the
final temperature rises to 21oC, calculate the specific heat capacity of the metal.
(Specific heat capacity of water = 4200J-1kg-1

Waves II
1. (a) (i) Distinguish between stationary and progressive waves
(ii) State a reason why a closed tube or pipe produces less quality sound than an open one
(b) The figure below shows a piston inside a glass tube

Closed end

Air inside is made to vibrate producing a fundamental note. Find the fundamental frequency
to be produced
(c) If the glass tube is made open by removing the piston and opening the other end, what is
the new fundamental frequency?

2. The figure below shows circular waves approaching a straight reflector. Complete the sketch
to show what happens when the waves hit the reflector.

3. (a) St ate one difference between the way sound waves and electromagnetic waves are
transmitted.
(I) A mine worker stands between two vertical cliffs 400 m from the nearest cliff.
The cliffs are X distance apart. Every time he strikes the rock once he hears two echoes,
the first one comes after 2.5 sec. while the 2nd follows 2sec. later. From this information;
Calculate;
(i) Speed of sound in air.
(ii) The value of X.
(b) The figure below shows waves starting from two coherent sources S1 and S2.

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S1

S2
P

What would be observed at P if the waves are

(i) light waves. (ii) Sound waves.
(c) State the conditions for diffraction of light to occur.✓1 mk
4. The diagram below represents plane wave fronts produced in a ripple tank.

A 15cm B
Given that the distance AB is 15 cm, determine the wavelength of the wave
5. (a) The figure below shows a wave profile with velocity 340m/s

Displacement
(m) Displacement
8m
(m)
Determine: (i) The frequency of the wave
(ii) The period of the wave
(b) On the same diagram in (b) above sketch a wave profile of another wave with same
frequency, greater amplitude but 180o out of phase with the one in (b)
6. Figure 3 shows the displacement of a particle in a progressive wire incident on a boundary
between deep and shallow region

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Complete the diagram to show what is observed after bounding. (Assume no loss of energy)
7. (a) Explain the difference between progressive waves and stationary waves
(b) State any two conditions necessary for the establishment of a stationary wave
(c) (i) The figure below shows two loudspeakers L1 and L2 connected to a signal generator

An observer walks along the line 0-01 (equidistant from L1 and L2) and another along the
Line AA1.Explain the observation made by each and give reasons to your answer
(d) If a wave is propagated at a velocity of 50m/s; determine its frequency if the distance
travelled by the wavelength in 2 cycles is 1.25m
(e) State one condition necessary for interference to occur

8. Give conditions necessary for diffraction of waves to occur

9. Distinguish between diffraction and refraction of waves
10.
2.0m
Time (x10-2)s

Determine the frequency of the wave

11. The figure below shows a wave profile.

Determine the frequency of the wave.

12. The following shows a diagram of displacement against ti🗸

m1e cure of a standing wave
reflected its own pith

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13. A student touches the surface of water in a big pan at point A at regular intervals and observes
the ripples as in the diagram below. Explain the pattern of the ripples observed.

Figure 2
•
X• A

14. In the figure below shows a series of plane wires approaching a gap. Complete the diagram
to show the wire after passing through the gap if

15. (a) (i) State the difference between mechanical and electromagnetic waves
(ii) Give one example of each of the above waves
(b) The figure below shows water waves crossing a boundary between deep and shallow water
Shallow Deep
region

Complete the diagram to show the wave in the deep region

(c) (i) Complete the diagram below to show the shape of the wave fronts after passing
through the deep gap

Barrier

(ii) What is the relationship between periodic time and frequency of a progressive wave?
(iii) Explain why radio waves reception is better than T.V reception in mountainous regions
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16. a) i) Distinguish between stationery waves and progressive waves. In terms of their propagation.
ii) State a reason why a closed pipe produces less quality sound than an open pipe.
b) The Fig. 10 represents an oscillation taking place at a particular point while a sound wave
in a gas passes the point. The vertical axis is labeled displacement.

2.0

1.0

0
Fig. 10 1.0 2.0 3.0 Time(s)
1.0

2.0
i) Explain what is meant by displacement in this context.
ii) From the figure determine: I. The period.
II. The frequency

c) Calculate the wavelength of the sound wave in the figure. Take the velocity of sound
in the gas to be 34m/s
d) State two factors that can. increase the speed of sound in. solids
Work, energy and power
1. Given that a lamp is rated 45W 240V. Calculate the resistance of the heating element.
2. An electric bulb is rated 40W, 240V. What is the resistance of its filament?
3. An electrical immersion heater is rated 3kW, 250V. Choose a suitable fuse from 3A, 5A, 10A,
12A, and 20A that can be used in such an appliance.
4. An electric kettle is rated 3KW, 250V. Determine the resistance of the coil
5. An electric kettle rated 3.0Kw, 240V is filled with water. If the water boiled after 8 minutes
of heating, determine the energy used in boiling the water.
6. (a) An electrical heater is rated 3.45KW. The heater is immersed in 2.4kg of water.
Calculate the minimum time it takes for the temperature of the water to rise from
23.0oC to 69.0oC. (Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2Jg-1K-1)

Floating and sinking

1. Define thermionic emission
2. (a) State:- (i) Archimedes’s principle
(ii) The law of floatation
(b) The solid of mass 12kg, weighs 100N and 94N when fully immersed in water and liquid
L respectively. Calculate:-
(i) The density of the liquid in S.I units
(ii) The density of the solid

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Photoelectric effect
1. (a) Define the following:
(i) Photoelectric effect
(ii) threshold wavelength
(b) The variation of frequency f with the maximum kinetic energy Ek of the emitted
electrons is shown on the graph below:

Using the graph above, determine

(i) the threshold frequency fo of the radiation *RCH*

(ii) the value of the Planck’s constant h

(iii) the work function, Wo
(c) On the same graph in (b) above, draw a line to show the variation of frequency, f, with the
maximum kinetic energy, Ek, of the emitted electrons from a second metal which has a lower
work function that used in (b)
2. Figure 8 below shows a mercury vapour lamp, which emits ultraviolet light held over a
negatively charged electroscope:

figure 8

(i) What happens to the leaf after the lamp is switched on?
(ii) Explain why it happens
(iii) If the experiment is repeated with equally bright red light held the same distance from the
plate in place of the mercury vapour lamp, what effect would this have on the leaf?
Give a reason
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(iv) What does photoelectric effect suggest about the nature of light?
3. Calculate the wavelength of Green light whose energy is 3.37 x 10-19 J .
(h = 6.63 x 10-34JS, C = 3.0 x 108m/s)
4. a) Define the term work function
b) Name one factor that determines the velocity of photoelectrons produced on a metal surface
when light shine on it
c) In a photoelectric effect experiment, a certain surface was illuminated with radiations of
different wavelengths and stopping potential determined for each wavelength. The table
below shows the results obtained.

Stopping potential , Vs 1.35 1.15 0.93 0.62 0.36

-7
Wave length, (x10 m) 3.77 4.04 4.36 4.92 5.46
i) On the grid provided plot a graph of stopping potential (Y –axis) against frequency
ii) From your graph determine:
a) The threshold frequency
b) The plank’s constant, h
(e = 1.6 x 10-19 Coulomb, C = 3.0 x 108 m/s)
5. a) State the role of the Grid in a cathode ray tube
b) Explain why a magnetic field is used in the TV deflection system instead of an electric field
c) The time base of a CRO is 25ms/div while its gain is 2.5V/div. Use this information to
answer the questions that follow:
i) Calculate the frequency of the signal
ii) What is the peak voltage of the signal
6. The graph below shows the relation between the stopping potential, Vs and the frequency
of radiation when a certain surface is illuminated with light of different frequencies
Stopping potential Vs(ev)

From the graph determine:-

(i) The threshold frequency
(ii) The value of plank’s constant (e = 1.6 x 10-19C)
(III) The work function of the material

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7 a) State one reason why a C.R.O is a more accurate voltmeter than a moving coil voltmeter
(b)The diagram below represents a cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO)
A
B D
C
;

Screen

i) Name the parts labeled A and B

ii) What are the functions of C and D?
iii) State how electrons are produced
8. a) What is meant by the term photo electric effect
b) In an experiment using a photo cell, ultra violet light of varying frequency strikes a metal
surface. The maximum Kinetic energy (KE max) of the frequency F is measured. The graph
below shows how the maximum kinetic energy varies with frequency F
K.E max ( X 10-19kJ)

Use the graph to determine:-

i) Threshold frequency F
ii) The plank’s constant, h
iii) Work function of the metal
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9. (a) The diagram fig 9 below shows a photo cell; connected in a circuit:-
fig. 9

(i) Complete the diagram by indicating the correct polarities in the gap for current to flow in
the circuit
(ii) State and explain the effect of using light of different wave lengths on the amount of
current flowing in the circuit given that the distance of the source of light remains the same
(b) Two fixed resistors one of 100 and the other of unknown resistance are connected in parallel.
The combination is placed in a circuit and current passing through the combination was
measured for various p.d. The graph in figure 10 below drawn to scale shows the results:-

(i) From the graph, calculate the total resistance of the combination

(ii) Determine the value of the unknown resistance

(c) (i) Explain the cause of eddy currents and how they are minimized in a transformer

(ii) A transformer with 4200 turns in the primary coil operates a 240V mains supply and gives an
output of 8.0V. Determine the number of turns in the secondary coil (assuming it is 10% efficient)

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10. State one factor that affects photoelec🗸tric effect
11. a) i) What is photoelectric effect?
ii) You are provided with the following; a photo cell; a source of UV light, a rheostat,
a source of e.m.f, a millimeter, a voltmeter and connecting wires. Draw a circuit
diagram to show how photoelectric effect may be demonstrated in the laboratory
b) In a photoelectric effect experiment, a certain surface was illuminated with radiation of
different frequencies and stopping potential determined for each frequency. The following
results were obtained:

Frequency (f) (x 1014 Hz) 7.95 7.41 6.88 6.10 5.49

Stopping potential, (Vs), (V) 1.35 1.15 0.93 0.62 0.36

i) Plot a graph of stopping potential (Y-axis) against frequency

ii) Determine plank’s constant, h and the work function of the surface given that
EVs = hf – hfo, where hfo = Qe = 1.6 x10-19 C
c) A surface whose work function Q = 6.4 x 10-19 J is illuminated with light of frequency
3.0 x1015 Hz. Find the minimum K.E of the emitted photo electrons
(use value of h obtained in b(ii) above)

ELECTRICITY & Electronics

1. State one advantage of a lead-acid accumulator over a dry cell
2. State one defect of a simple cell and explain how it can be corrected.
3. Study the circuit

Determine the current flowing in the circuit

4. When the time base of a cathode ray oscilloscope is turned on, there is a horizontal trace
across the screen as shown in the figure:-

Screen

(i) An alternating potential difference of constant frequency and constant amplitude is then connected
to the Y-input of the oscilloscope. Sketch on the same diagram above the trace which might
be obtained
(ii) The time base is switched off but the alternating potential difference is left connected. Describe
what would be observed on the screen
5. The figure below shows the wiring in a modern mains appliance

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Identify the wires Y and Z

6. State two ways of decreasing capacitance
7. (a) The figure below represents part of an electric cooker coil.

(i) State why the part labeled W is coiled

(ii) State the property of material X that makes it suitable for its use
(b) State the advantage of transmitting power at:-
(i) Very high voltage
(ii) Alternating voltage
(c) Aluminium wires are commonly used in power transmission than copper wires. Give two
advantages of aluminum as transmission lines
(d) The diagram below shows a wrongly wired three pin plug.

(i) Indicate in the diagram above the correct colors for the wiring
(ii) State the use of device marked X
(e) A household uses a 1.5Kw water heater for 2 hours a day for 30 days. If the cost of
electricity is shs.6.70 per Kwh, how much will they pay for this consumption?
8. The diagram below shows a simple cell:-

(a) (i) Name z and solution y

(ii) Name and explain the defect that occurs at plate z
(iii) Give one method of preventing the defect that occurs at the copper plate
(b) (i) Explain how P-type semi-conductor is formed
(ii) The figure below shows a circuit diagram for full wave rectification

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RL

(I) Draw the diodes D3 and D4 on the diagram to complete the circuit
(II) On the axes below sketch a voltage –time graph observed when a C.R.O is connected
at points

(a)PQ (b) ST

(iii) On the circuit diagram (b) (ii) above, draw a capacitor which can be used to smoothen
the output voltage
9. Explain how conductivity of a semi conductor changes with increase in temperature
10. With the time base switched on; the following trace was obtained on the screen of a CRO as
shown in the figure below:

Draw a circuit diagram that can be used to produce the wave above
11. Figure 4 below shows a circle with two diodes P and Q and a cell:-

Figure 4
Explain the observation which would be made if S is closed
12. Explain why eight 1.5V cells arranged in series to give a total of 12V cannot be used to start
a car. But car battery of 12V starts a car

13. a) i) Distinguish between a p- type and an n- type extrinsic semi conductors

ii) The figure below shows a bridge rectifier

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A capacitor has been connected across the resistors as shown. Sketch on the axes below the
wave form when a C-R-O is connected across the resistor; R

Sketch on the same axes above the wave form when a C-R-O is connected across the resistor R
and capacitor c removed
iii) Figure shows a voltmeter connected across the cell. The voltmeter reads 1.5V when the
switch S, is open and 1.25V when the switch is closed.

i) What is the e.m.f of the cell?

ii) What is the terminal voltage of the cell?
iii) Calculate the internal resistance of the cell
14. What is the use of a fuse in an electric circuit?
15. Distinguish between Topping and Dopping
16. The figure below shows the set up for a simple cell.

a) Name the Electrode A and the solution B

b) State two reasons why the bulb goes off after a short time
17. The figure 2 shows a simple cell made of copper and zinc electrodes dipped in dilute
sulphuric acid

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a) Identify the cathode

b) If a voltmeter is connected across the rods the reading is observed to reduce with time.
State two causes of this observation
18. State one reason why colour televisions have a higher power rating than black and white
televisions
19. Explain two factors that affect the capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor
20. a) A girl opened up a used up dry cell and found the following:
i) The zinc casing was ‘eaten away’
ii) The cell was watery
Name the cell defect
b) Three identical bulbs are connected in series with a battery of dry cells. At first the bulbs
shine brightly but gradually become dimmer. Using the same cells, explain how you
would increase the brilliance of the bulbs
21. Figure 9 below shows a diagram of an n – p – n transistor.
(a) Complete the diagram by showing the connections of two batteries suitable for biasing the
transistor in the common- emitter mode.

Figure 9

22. State the purpose of introducing an impurity in a semi conductor.

23. In an attempt to establish the relationship between current through a junction diode and the p.d
across it, a student connected a diode to an e.m.f source as in figure 3 below:-

fig. 3

(a) State whether the diode is forward biased or reverse biased

(b) Briefly describe how she obtained her readings
(c) Sketch a graph to represent the relationship between current (y-axis) and the p.d across the
diode
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24. Figure 8 shows a circuit where a battery of emf 4.5V, switches A and B, two capacitors
. C1= 0.3 µF and C2 = 0.5 µF and a voltmeter are connected
E = 4.5V

B C1 = 0.3f

C2 = 0.5f
a) Determine the charge on C1 when switch A is closed and switch B is open
b) What is the effective capacitance CT when both switches A and B are closed?

c) State what is observed on the voltmeter when;

i) Switch A is closed and switch B is open
ii) Switch A is closed and opened and then B is closed
iii) Explain the observation made in c(ii) above
25. (a) Define capacitance
(b) Two aluminium plates A and B of same dimensions are each mounted on an insulating stand.
Plate A is charged to high voltage and connected to uncharged electroscope while plate B is
earthed. The two plates are placed side by side as in the diagram figure 4 below:-

(i) Indicate on the diagram the position of the leaf and charge distribution on the electroscope
(ii) State and explain the observation on the electroscope when the distance (x) of separation
between the plates is increased while keeping the area of overlap the same
(c) A 12f capacitor is charged with a 200V source then placed in parallel with uncharged 8.0f
capacitor as shown in fig 5 below:-
fig. 5

Determine:
(i) The initial charge on the 12f capacitor
(ii) The final charge on each capacitor
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(d) The diagram figure 6 below shows a pear shaped charged conductor on an insulating stand
(charges not shown on the diagram)
fig. 6

Part A is touched using a proof-plane and then the proof-plane is brought next but not touching
the cap of a leaf electroscope (not shown on the diagram). The same experiment is repeated for
part C of the conductor.
(i) State the expected observation in the above experiments
(ii) Explain the observations made in (d) (i) above
(iii) Name any one application of the above phenomenon

26. a) State two factors that affect the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor
b) The diagram below shows an arrangement of capacitors in a circuit
1F

2F 3F

3F

10V
i) Determine the total charge in the circuit

27. a) What is doping as used in electronics

b) Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic semi-conductors.
c) What would be observed in the diagram below when switch S is closed, B1 and B2 are
identical torch bulbs

B1

B2

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28. a) Define Eddy currents
b) The diagram below shows the north pole of a magnet approaching a solenoid

i) Using Lenz’s law, indicate the direction of current through the galvanometer
ii) Explain the observation made when:
I The magnet is moved away from the solenoid
II The magnet is placed stationary in the solenoid

c) A transformer is designed as shown in the figure below. If the primary coil has 2400 turns and
the secondary has 200 turns calculate the p.d across BC assuming there are no energy losses in
the transformer

Primary

d) The figure shows a cross- section of a bicycle dynamo. The wheel is connected by an axle
to a permanent cylindrical magnet and is rotated by the bicycle tyre

i) Explain why the bulb lights

ii) How can the bulb be made brighter
29. A car battery requires topping up with distilled water occasionally. Explain why this is
necessary and why distilled water is used
30. Draw appropriate symbol of a circuit diagram of a junction diode in reverse bias

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31. a) In the circuit diagram shown in Fig.5 each cell has an e.m.f of 1,5v and internal resistance
of 0.5Ω. The capacitance of each capacitor is 1.4F.

Fig.5

i) When the switch S is closed determine the ammeter reading.

ii) When the switch S is closed determine the charge on each capacitor.
b) The diagram in Fig. 6 represents two parallel plates of a capacitor separated by a distance d.
Each plate has an area of a square unit. Suggest two adjustments that can be made so as to
increase the effective capacitance.

Fig.6

c) Complete the table to describe the function of the parts of a lighting conductor.
Port Function
Spike
Thick copper rod
Earthed metal plate

32. The circuits in Fig. 7 shown are close to each other.

Fig. 7

a) When the switch is closed, the galvanometer shows a reading and then returns to zero.
When the switch is then opened, the galvanometer shows a reading in the opposite
direction and then returns to zero. Explain these observations.
b) Energy losses in a transformer are reduced by having a laminated soft iron core. State and
explain two other ways of reducing energy loses in a transformer.

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c) The e.m.f generated as the soil of an alternating generator rotates is represented in the graph in

i) Give reasons for the changes in the e.m.f as the coil rotates from 00 to 900 and 900 to1800.
ii) Sketch on the same diagram a similar graph if the generator was a direct current one.

33. State one advantage of:

i) A lead-acid accumulative over a dry cell
ii) A dry cell over lead-acid accumulator

34. Three identical cells of e.m.f. 2.0v and of negligible internal resistance are connected as shown
in figure below. Determine the ammeter reading.

35. State one advantage of:

i) A lead-acid accumulative over a dry cell
ii) A dry cell over lead-acid accumulator
36. Compare the property of material used to make a fuse wire to one used to make the filament of
a torch bulb.
37. State two reasons why the CRO is a more accurate voltmeter than a moving coil voltmeter.
38. The strip below represents part of the electromagnetic spectrum. C is the visible part of the
spectrum. A is the region of the shortest wave length and F the highest
A B C D E F

Name the sections which represent:

(i) X-rays (ii) Infra-red (iii) T.V waves
39. Sketch a forward bias characteristics of a P – N junction diode in the axis below

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X-ray
1. Give one use of X –rays in medicine
2. State the factor that affects:-
(i) The intensity of X-rays
(ii) The strength of X-rays
3. An x-ray tube must be highly evaluated. Give a reason for this
4. a) In the production of X- rays, electrons are directed at a tungsten target. State a reason why
the target is made of tungsten
b) How can the intensity of the X-rays tube be increased?
5 a) Arrange the following waves in order of increasing frequencies: microwaves, x-rays,
Infra-red, ultra-violet
b) The table below shows the electromagnetic spectrum;
Gamma A Ultra B Infra red Radio
rays violet waves
i) Identify A and B
ii) State one use for each

6. Figure 12 below shows an x-ray tube:

figure 12

(a) Indicate on the diagram the path of x-ray beam supplied by the tube
(b) Why is M set at angle of 45o relative to the electron beam?
(c) Name a suitable metal that can be used for part M and give a reason for your choice
(d) State how the following can be controlled:-
(i) Intensity
(ii) Penetrating power
(iii) The exposure to patients
(e) An x-ray tube is operating with an anode potential of 12Kv and a current of 10.0m.A:
(i) Calculate the number of electrons hitting the anode per second
(ii) Determine the velocity with which the electrons strike the target
(iii) State one industrial use of x-rays
7. (i) The diagram below shows simplified diagram of an x-ray tube,

Figure 8

(a) Name the parts A, B, and C.

(b) What adjustments would be made to:
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(i) Increase the penetrating power of the x-rays produced.
(ii) Increase the intensity of the rays produced.
(c) Name a suitable material for the part marked B and give a reason for your choice.
(d) Name a suitable material for the part marked C and sate its purpose.
(e) Why is it necessary to maintain a vacuum inside the tube?
(f) State one use of x-rays in the following areas; -
(i) In medicine
(ii) In Industry.

8. a) The figure shows the circuit of a modern X-ray tube

EHT

Evacuated tube
i) Indicate the path of the X-ray beam supplied by the tube
ii) Name the part labeled C and state its function (2 mks)
iii) If the tube above is operated at an accelerating potential of 100kV and only 0.05% of
the energy of the electrons is converted to X – rays, calculate the wave length of the
generated X-rays. (Take electric charge e = 1.602 x10-19C, planks constant
h = 6.63 x 10-34 Js, and speed of light c = 3.0 x 108m/s)
iv) State two properties of X-rays
v) State one industrial application of X-rays

9. Below is a nuclear reaction

232 A K 228 B Y- radiation CX

Y
90 88

i) Identify radiation K
ii) Determine the value of X and Y

10. a) State the energy changes that take place in an X - ray tube
b) Electrons in an X-ray tube are accelerated by a potential difference of 40 kV. If 20%
of the electrons are converted into X- rays, determine the maximum wavelength of the
emitted electrons.
c) i) Draw a simple circuit consisting of a photocell to show the direction of flow of current
ii) The diagram below shows a wave form displayed on a CR0 screen.

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If the Y — gain reads 0.5V cm-1 while the time base is set at 0.1 ms cm-1, determine the
amplitude and frequency of the wave.

11. The table below shows results obtained in an experiment to determine the internal resistance
of a cell
V(V) 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 08 1.3
R() 0.45 0.65 0.80 1.05 1.40 2.4
1/ (V-1)
V
1/ (-1)
R

i. Complete the table for values of 1/V and 1/R giving your answers to 3 d.p
ii. Plot a graph of 1/V against 1/R
iii. Use the graph to determine the e.m.f E and the internal resistance r of the cell given that
E = r+ 1
V R

Radioactivity
1. (a) Define radioactive decay
(b) A radioactive element decays to 1/128 of its original activity after 49 days. Determine its
half –life
2. (a) You are provided with the following:-
- One diode
-A load resistor
- An a.c. source
- One transformer
(i) Using the above apparatus draw a circuit arrangement for half wave rectification
(ii) Explain how the circuit drawn in (a)(i) above achieves half wave rectification
(b) (i) Determine the value of x and y in the nuclear equation below:-
238 y
U Z + 4β
92 x
(ii) The half life of a radioactive element is 20minutes. The mass of the element after 120
minutes is 0.03125g. Determine the original mass of the element
(iii) What evidence supports the fact that gamma rays are not charged
(iv) Alpha particles have low penetrating power as opposed to beta particles. Give a reason
for this
v) A manufacturer wishes to check the thickness of steel sheets he produces. Explain how
this can be done using a radioactive source and a counter

3. a) What is meant by radio active decay?

b) Uranium 235 was bombarded with a neutron and fission took place in the following manner:
235 90 a
+ 10n
92 U 38Rn + bX + 10( 10n)

Determine the values of a and b

c) When carrying out experiments with radio active substance one is instructed that the source
should never held with bare hands but with forceps. Give a reason for the instruction

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d) The diagram below shows the paths taken by three radiations A, B and C from a radio
active isotope through an electric field

i) State the charge on plate Y Y

ii) Identify the radiation A and C
iii) Give a reason why C deviates move A c
e) 90 Th disintergrates into radium (Ra) by emission of two alpha and two beta particles as
233
in equation 90 Th A ZRa + 2( 2H) + 2 (4-e1)
State:
i) The atomic number of the daughter nuclide
ii) The mass number of the daughter nuclide
f) One of the application of Beta emission (B) is controlling thickness gauge. Explain
how they are used for this purpose?

4. The following is a nuclear reaction for a fusion process resulting from the reaction of polonium
with loss of beta particles
210 S T

81 3 ßdecay 84 82
(i) Determine the values of S and T
(ii) State the source of the energy released 🗸1

5. The expression below is an equation for radioactive element A. Element B and C are the daughter
nuclides. A, B and C are not the actual symbols of any of the elements
238 234 X
A B +C
92 90 Y
(a) State what type of radioactive decay this is.
(b) What is the value of:
X……………… Y……………………

6. Arrange the following in order of increasing frequency: Red light, Infrared radiation, X-rays,
UV radiation, Short –radio waves, TV and Fm radio waves, Am radio waves and Long radio
waves.
7. Radium -222 is a radioactive element with a half-life period of 38 sec. What fraction of the mass
of a sample of this element remain after 380 sec.
8. (a) Define the term half-life of a radioactive material
(b) (i) Use the table below to plot a graph of activity against time
Activity 680 567 474 395 276 160 112 64
(Disintegration/seconds)
Time t (days) 0 1 2 3 5 8 10 14
(ii) Find the half-life of the material in days
(c) The half-life of a radio-active substance is 138 days. A sample of the substance
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has 8 x 1010 un-decayed nuclei at time t = 0. How many un-decayed nuclei will
be left after 690 days?

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(d) An element x (uranium) decays by emitting two alpha particles and a beta particle
to yield element Y
(i) State the atomic number and mass number of Y
(ii) Write down the decay equation
9. a) What is meant by radioactive decay?
b) A radioactive source placed 12cm from the detector produced a constant count rate
of 5 counts per minute. When the source is moved close to 3cm, the count rate varies
as follows;
Time 0 20 40 60 80
Count rate 101 65 43 29 21

i) State the type of radiation emitted.

ii) Explain the constant count rate when the source is 12cm away.
iii) Plot a graph of count rate against time (Use graph paper)
iv) Use the graph to estimate the half life of the element
10. State one advantage of:
i) A lead-acid accumulative over a dry cell
ii) A dry cell over lead-acid accumulator

GM induction
1. What is Fleming’s right hand rule used for?
2. State Lenze’s law of electromagnetic induction

END SECTION 2

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SECTION III QUESTIONS

KAKAMEGA CENTRAL DISTRICT
Question 1
You are provided with the following apparatus;
- A wooden plank of length 1m or a meter rule
- A meter rule
- A half- meter (can be shared)
- Two complete retort stands
- Some thread
- A stop watch/ clock
Proceed as follows:-
1 a) Set up the apparatus as shown. Ensure the loops on the wooden plank and meter rule are
loose to enable easy sliding of the threads.
The separation between the meter rule and the plank must remain 20cm throughout
the experiment.

b) i) Adjust the positions of the thread such that one is at the 10cm mark and the other at the 90cm
mark so that the distance marked d is 80cm. Maintain the threads vertical by moving the
loops on the plank.

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ii) Now displace one end of the meter rule slightly on a horizontal plane so that when released
it oscillates about a vertical axis as in the figure below.

iii) Measure the timer for 10 oscillations and record the value in the table provided below
c) i) Repeat the procedure in (b) above for the values of d shown in the table (set the values of
d by adjusting the positions of the loops in steps of 5cm on both sides)
ii) Complete the table
D (cm) D (m) 1/d2 (M-2) Time for 10 oscillations Period T (s) T2 (S2)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20

d) i) On the grid provided, plot a graph of T2 (y – axis) against 1/d2 (M-2)

ii) Determine the slope of your graph
iii) Given that T2 = 16K2 where K is a constant. Use the graph to determine the value of K
5d2

QUESTION 2
This question has two parts A and B. Answer both parts.
You are provided with the following:
- A lens and a lens holder
- A candle
- Object consisting of a hole 2cm in diameter and parallel wires 1.5cm apart in a stiff card.
(See diagram below)
- A screen
- A meter rule

Proceed as follows:-
a) Illuminate the object with the candle flame.
b) Arrange the object, lens and screen in line as shown in figure 3 below

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c) Measure the distance, d, between the two parallel wire that acts as the object
d = ..............................cm
d) Adjust the lens, u to 80cm
e) Move the screen until a clear image is formed on it.
f) Measure the distance, X, of the image, making sure that what you measure is an image corresponding
to the previous reading, d.

Record these values in the table below:-

g) Repeat your readings of x with u = 70, 60, 50, 40 and 30cm and complete the table
U (cm) 80 70 60 50 40 30
X(cm)
d/ x

h) i) On the grid provided plot a graph of u (y – axis) against d/x

ii) I . Determine the slope, S of the graph

II. Find the intercept on the u – axis

PART B
You are provided with the following:-
- A jockey J
- An ammeter
- A voltmeter
- A switch
- 6 connecting wires, Z with crocodile clips on one end
- A resistor wire labeled XY mounted on a piece of wood having a millimeter scale
- 2 new dry cells

Proceed as follow:
I) i) Connect the circuit as shown below:

ii) Close the switch and note the voltmeter and ammeter readings when XJ = 10cm
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iii) Repeat procedure (i) and (ii) above with XJ = 20 cm and enter in the table 3 as below:
*KKC*

Table 3:-
Length XJ (cm) P.d.V . (v) Current, I (A)
10
20

J) Given that log I = n log V + log k, where k and n are constants, determine the values of k and n

KAKAMEGA EAST DISTRICT

1. You are provided with:

- Mass M
- One 100g mass
- Metre rule
- Cotton thread (3 –pieces each about 30cm long)
- Retort stand and clamp
- 250cm3 glass beaker
- 200cm3 of water
(a) (i) The loops of thread on solid M and the 100g mass
(ii) Suspend the metre rule on the clamp from the 50cm mark
(iii) Hang mass m from the mark. Balance the metre rule using the 100g mass (see fig. 1 below)

(iv) Measure the distance X and X1 from the 50cm mark

(v) Repeat the procedures for the values of X indicated in the able below:
X(cm) X1(cm) X2(cm) X1 –X2 (cm)
45
40
35
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30
25
20
(b) (i) Repeat steps (a) (iii) to (a) (iv) above, but this time, keep mass M totally immersed in water.
Record distance X2 required to balance the 100g mass in the table above.
(ii) Complete the table for the values of (X1- X2)
(c) (i) Plot a graph of X1 (Vertical axis) against (X1-X2) on the grid provided
(ii) Determine the slope S of your graph
(iii) What physical property does the slope, S represent?
(iv) Given that the density of water is 1000kg/m3, determine the density of mass, M
(d) (i) Using the apparatus you were given, determine the mass of your metre rule
(ii) Draw a diagram of the set-up of the apparatus you have used to work out (d) (i) above

2. You are provided with the following:-

- Two dry cells (size D)
- 1M long nichrome wire (S.W.G 28) labelled AB
- Ten connecting wires, one of length 70cm having a jockey
- A micrometer screw gauge
- A torch bulb
- An ammeter (0 10A)
- A voltmeter (0 – 3V)
- Switch
Proceed as follows:-
(a) (i) Set-up the circuit below:

fig 2

(ii) With the jockey (J) at X i.e L = 100cm, record the voltmeter reading, and the ammeter reading I.
Repeat the readings for L = 80, 60, 40, 20, and 0cm and enter your results in the table below:

L(cm) 100 80 60 40 20 0
P.d V(Volts)
Current I (A)

(b) (i) Plot a graph of p.d V (y-axis) against the ammeter reading , I
(ii) Determine the slope of your graph when V = 0.5volts
(iii) What physical quantity does the slope in (ii) above represent?
(c) (i) Given the apparatus above, draw a diagram of the circuit you would use to determine
the current through the resistance wire, AB and the p.d across it when the cells are now
in series
(ii) Set-up the circuit you have just drawn and record the current I and p.d V when L = 100cm
(iii)Using the micrometer screw gauge, measure the diameter d of the wire, AB
d= mm
(iv) Calculate the quantity, S, given that:
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S = Vd2
4I L (Take  = 3.14)

Give the units of S

MIGORI/NYATIKE DISTRICT
Q.1 You are provided with the following apparatus:-
- 600 ml beaker.
- A measuring cylinder (100ml).
- Plasticine.
- A meter rule.
- Distilled water supplied in a 500 ml wash bottle.
- Candle.
- Screen.
- Tissue paper, 30 cm ruler

Proceed as follows:-
a i) Add 310 ml of water to the beaker and obtain h, the height in cm of the water above
the base of the beaker.
h = ....................................................... cm
ii) Calculate an approximate value of R, the internal radius in cm from the formula.
R=

b) i) Fill the beaker with more water and set up the apparatus as shown in figure 1. The vessel
should be placed at around 50 cm mark on the scale.
Figure 1

ii) Starting with 1OR, adjust the screen until you see a sharp bright vertical line.
iii) Record the distance V of the image in table 1 whose image is sharpest. Repeat the
experiment with values of u between 1OR and 3R cm.
u 3R 4R 5R 6R 7R 8R 9R 10R
u (cm)
v (cm)
c) Plot the graph of u against v.
d) From the graph determine.
i) v1 the value of v for which v = u.
ii) u1 the value of u for which u = 2v.
e) Calculate f, the effective focal length of the ‘lens’ from the formula.
f = u1 + u1
5
f) Give the approximate value of R/f .

Q2. Part A.

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You are provided with the following apparatus:-
• Boiling tube.
• A cork with a hole and a thermometer to fit in it.
• Complete retort stand.
• Source of heat.
• Some distilled water in a beaker.
• Stop-watch.
• Tissue paper.
• 250ml beaker.

Proceed as follows:-
a) Heat the water in a beaker until it boils. It is essential that the water is kept boiling throughout
the experiment.
b) Clamp the boiling tube as shown in figure 2 making sure that the tube does not touch the
base of the retort stand.

figure 3 figure 2

c) Using a 250 ml beaker, transfer some boiling water into the boiling tube making sure that
some space is left. Plug the tube with the cork that carries the thermometer as shown in
figure 3.
d) Starting with the temperature of 80oC, note the temperature of the water every 1 minute
i) Tabulate your results in a table as shown below:-

Time t (min) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Temperature (oC)

ii) Plot a graph of temperature  (oC), against t, min.

iii)Find the gradient d of your graph at the temperature of 70oC
dt
. iv) Find the rate of heat loss, R, at the temperature of 70oC given that
R = K d where K = 1.23 x 104
dt

Q.2 Part B
You are provided with the following:-
• Two New identical dry cells (size D)
• Nichrome wire labelled AB, mounted on a metre rule.
• An ammeter (0 – 1.5A) or (0 - 2.5A).
• A voltmeter 0 – 5V.
• A cell holder.
• 8 connecting wires at least 4 with crocodile clips.
• Jockey.
• A switch

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Proceed as follows:-
a) Connect the circuit as shown in figure 4 below

gure 4

b) Connect the end A and B where AB = 100 cm across the terminals as shown in figure 4.
Close the switch and measure both I and p.d., v across the wire AB.
i) Current I = ......................................................................... A
ii) p.d. V = ..............................................................................V
iii) Measure the e.m.f. of the cells, E = ..................................................... V
iv) Given that equation E = V + Ir, determine the internal resistance of the two cells.

SOTIK DISTRICT
1. You are provided with the following apparatus:-
▪ Micrometer screw gauge
▪ Vernier caliper
▪ Water in a beaker 1000ml(should be ½ full)
▪ Long test-tube
▪ Some dry sand
▪ Spatula
▪ Millimetre scale marked on a paper strip
▪ Some cellotape
▪ 6 ball bearings
Proceed as follows:-
(i) Measure and record the diameter d of one ball bearing using micrometer screw gauge
d= cm
(ii) Determine the volume V of the spherical ball bearing
V= cm3
(iii) Measure the inside diameter d of the test-tube using vernier caliper. Record it below:
d= cm
(iv) Find the cross-section area A of the test tube
A= cm2
(b) (i) Place the millimeter scale along the height of the test tube so that the zero is at the bottom
(ii)Place the test-tube in the water carefully and add sand bit by bit until it floats while
vertically upright in the water as shown:-

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Millimeter

(iii) Note and record the height ho of water level by use of attached millimeter scale
ho = cm
(c) Add one ball bearing into the tube, note and record the new level h in the table of results below:
(d) Repeat step (c) with two, three, four, five & six ball bearings and record their corresponding h(cm).
Compute values of h-ho(cm) in the table below:-
No. of Ball Bearing (N) Floating level h(cm) h – ho(cm)
1
2
3
4
5
6
(e) Plot a graph of h-ho(cm) against the number of ball bearings (N)
(f) Determine the slope S, of the graph
(g) Relative density Ps, of ball bearing is given by:
Ps = SA. Find Ps
V

2. PART I
You are provided with the following apparatus:-
▪ Rectangular glass block
▪ Four optical pins
▪ Plain paper
▪ Soft board
▪ Piece of cellotape

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Proceed as follows:-
(a) (i) Use cellotape provided to hold the sheet of plain paper on the soft board
(ii) Place the glass block on the middle of plain paper and with a sharp pencil, draw its outline
ABCD as shown:-
A B

(b) (i) Construct the normal on side AB, but close to A. Use protractor and ruler to draw an
incident ray with an angle of incidence = 10o D
(ii) Insert pins P1 andCP2along the path drawn. Viewing through the glass block on side CD,
locate P3 and P4 such that P3 P4 appear in line with images of P1 and P2
(iii) Produce P1P2 to obtain a lateral displacement as shown in the figure below:-
Measure angle of refraction r, and lateral displacement

P1
P2

P3

(c) Repeat steps (b)(ii) and (b)(iii) for angles of incidence i = 20o, 30o, 40o, 50o and 60o. Tabulate
your results as shown in the table:-
Note: (You must handover your workings on the plain paper with the question paper after the
session)

Angle of incidence i 20o 30o 40o 50o 60o

Angle of refraction
Lateral displacement
(d) Plot a graph of lateral displacement, d, against angle of refraction r
2. PART II
You are provided with the following:-
▪ An ammeter (0- 1A)
▪ A voltmeter (0-2.5V or 0-5V)
▪ Two dry cells
▪ A mounted resistance wire
▪ Eight connecting wires, two with crocodile clips
▪ A three volts torch bulb in a bulb holder
▪ A cell holder
▪ A switch
▪ A jockey or a crocodile clip
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(a) Set-up the apparatus as shown below:-

●
Switch Cells

Resistance wire
C
ℓ
B
A

Jockey

(b) With the jockey or crocodile clip at C, 30cm, 50cm and 70cm, record their corresponding
V1, V2 and V3
(c) Replace the voltmeter with a torch bulb and an ammeter. Connect in series as shown in the
circuit diagram:-

(d) Read and record the ammeter reading I1, I2 and I3 for the corresponding values of lengths:
ℓ1 = 30cm, I1 =
ℓ2= 50cm, I1 =
ℓ3= 70cm , I3 =
(e) (i) Determine voltage values across the bulb for lengths 30cm, 50cm and 70cm given that
V = 0.025L
(ii) Determine the average resistance of bulb during the experiment

UGENYA/UGUNJA DISTRICT
Question 1
Part 1
1. You are provided with the following apparatus:-
▪ Clamp, boss and stand
▪ Optical pin fixed on a piece of cork
▪ Wire (length 30cm)
▪ Stop watch

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Proceed as follows:

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(a) Bend the wire in the middle so that the angle formed is 20o.
(b) Set up the apparatus as shown in figure 1 below
pin

Copper wire

fig. 1

(c) (i) Displace the wire horizontally and allow it to swing freely. Record time t for 10 complete
oscillations.
(ii) Calculate the number of oscillations per second (f) f = 10/t
(d) Repeat the procedure above for the other given angles on table 1

Angle  o Time( t)for 10 oscillations  = 10/t 2 (Hz)2 /

2 Cos /2
20
40
60
80
100
(e) On the grid provided plot a graph of 2 against cos /2
(f) Find the gradient of the graph, stating its units

Part II
You are provided with the following:-
• A rectangular glass block
• 1white plain sheet of paper
• 4 optical pins
• 4 thumb tacks
• A soft board
You are required to determine the refractive index of the glass block

Proceed as follows:
(i) Fix the sheet of paper provided on the soft board using the thumb tacks
(ii) Place the rectangular glass block on the plain paper and trace its outline
(iii)Remove the block and draw a normal line at point O. Draw a line incident at an angle of 15o as
shown in figure 2 below
(iv) Stick 2 Pins P1 and P2 along the ray in and by looking through the glass block from the opposite
side, stick two other pins P3 and P4 in line with the images of P1 and P2. Remove the glass block
(v) With O as the centre, draw a circle of radius 5cm, to cut both the ray incident and the
refracted ray at L and M respectively.
(vi) Using a set square, draw the perpendicular LN and MN to the normal

(c) Repeat the procedure (iii) to (iv) for other values of 30o and 45o as shown in figure 2

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L 15o N
O
M
Fig. 4 N

(c) Make LN and MN and record your values in the table 2 below

Angle of incidence LN(mm) MN (mm) Refractive index LN

MN
15o
30o
45o
(d) Average value of refractive index =

Question 2
You are provided with the following apparatus:
• Bi convex lens
• Lens holder
• Screen S
• Candle
• Screen with cross wire X
• Meter rule
• Plasticine
Proceed follows:-
(a) Arrange the apparatus as shown in the diagram below:-‘

a cm Metre rule
(Ensure the metre rule is firmly held on the bench by plasticine and the flame and

crosswire is at a horizontal level with the centre of the lens throughout the experiment)

(b) At a point a = 94cm from the screen X, obtain a sharp image of the crosswire on screen S by

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adjusting the position of the lens along the metre rule. Record the values of b and c as shown in the

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diagram.
(c) Adjust the position of screen S along the metre rule for a =90cm, obtain a sharp image of the
crosswire on screen S by adjusting the position of the lens. Record the corresponding values
of b and c

Repeat the procedure (a) and (b) above for other values of a = 94cm, 90cm, 86cm, 82cm,
78cm, 74cm and complete the table below
a cm b cm C cm d = a/c
94
90
86
82
78
74

(d) Plot a graph of b(cm) (y-axis) against d

(e) Determine the slope S of the graph
(f) Given that the equation of the graph is b =(100)d determine the value of L from the

equation above L
(g) What does L represent?

PART II
Arrange the apparatus as shown below:
Lens

Screen S
Candle

Metre rule

u= 30cm V
(a) Obtain a sharp image of flame on screen S by adjusting the position of screen S. Record the image
distance , V = cm
(b) Determine the constant m = V
u
(c) What does m represent?

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NDHIWA DISTRICT

Question 1
You are provided with the following apparatus:-
• A metre rule
• A wire of length at least 100cm
• A retort stand, boss and clamp
• A stop watch or stop clock
• A micrometer screw gauge
• An overflow can, a beaker atleast 50ml
• A 50ml measuring cylinder
• A piece of thread about 30cm
• Water in a 250ml beaker
• Two pieces of wood
• Mass labeled m

Proceed as follows:-
(a) (i) Fill the overflow can with water to overflowing level and then allow it to drain.
(ii) Immerse the mass m into the can. Collect the overflow in a beaker as shown below in fig 1:-

(iii) Using the measuring cylinder provided determine the volume V of the water collected in
the beaker V= cm3

(iv) Calculate I given that I = 106m

V where m = 0.30kg
(b) Set-up the apparatus as shown in figure 2 below. Ensure that the wire is free of kinks and the end
tied to the hook is firm and the hook does not move.

(c) Adjust the length L, of the wire so that L = 70cm, Give the mass m, a slight twist such that when

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released it oscillates about the vertical axis as shown by the arrows in figure 2 measure the time
for
twenty oscillations and record in table 1.

(d) Repeat the procedure in (c) above for other values of L shown in table 1. Complete the table
Table 1:
Length L(cm) 70 60 50 40 30 20
Length L (m)
Time for 20
oscillations (s)
Period T (s)
T2(s)2

(e) On the grid provided, plot the graph of T2(S2) against L (m)
(f) Measure the diameter d of the wire d = ....................metres
(g) (i) Determine the slope of the graph
(ii) Given that T2 = 322L where G is a constant, use the graph to determine the value of G
Gd

Question 2.
You are provided with the following apparatus:-
- Two new dry cells
- A resistor labelled Q
- A wire AB mounted on a millimeter scale
- 6 connecting wires with crocodile clips on one end of atleast three
- A voltmeter
- An ammeter
- A switch

Proceed as follows:-
(a) Connect the apparatus provided as shown in figure 3 below:-
(b)

fig. 3

(i) Take the voltmeter reading when the switch S is open.V1= ........................ Volts
(ii) Close the switch S, and take the voltmeter reading V2 and the ammeter reading I
V2 = ..................................... Volts
I= ....................................... Amperes
(iii) Calculate the quantity P = V1 – V2
I
(c) Set-up the circuit as shown in figure 4:-

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fig. 4

(i) Take the voltmeter reading V and the ammeter reading I

(ii) Determine the resistance R of Q given that R = V
I
N/B :-The circuit must be left open when no reading is taken

(c) Set-up the circuit shown in figure 5

fig.5

(d) Move the crocodile clip along the wire AB to a point such that L = 100cm. Note the voltmeter
reading and record in table 2.
(e) Repeat (d) above for values of L= 80cm, 60cm, 40cm, 20cm and 0cm, tabulate your results
Table 2
Length L (cm) 100 80 60 40 20 0
1 1
L cm
Voltmeter reading
(V)
I (1/V)
V
(f) Plot the graph of I against I
V L
(g) Find the slope of the graph

MUMIAS DISTRICT
1. You are provided with the following apparatus:
- Ammeter (0-2.5A)
- A voltmeter (0 –5 V)
- A straight wire AB 1.0m long mounted on a millimeter scale
- Two jockeys
- Connecting wires
- Micrometer screw gauge (to be shared)
- Two dry cells (size D) a cell holder and a switch
- A cell holder
- Switch

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Procedure:
(a) Using the micrometer screw gauge, determine the diameter d of the wire
Set up the apparatus as shown in fig. 1

Fig. 1

With both jockeys set at L=10cm from A, measure the current I through the wire and voltage (V)
across. Repeat these corresponding values of current I and voltage (V) in the table below:

Length (cm) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Length (m)
Current I(A)
Voltage V(V)
R = V/I ()

(i) Using the values in table I plot a graph of Resistance R() against length L(m)
(i) Determine the slope of the graph
(ii) Determine the resistivity of the material of the wire given that;
R = 4ρh
d2

2. You are provided with the following apparatus:

- A spring balance, (0-2.5N)

- A retort stand, a boss and a clamp
- A wooden block
- One 50g mass
- A beaker and some water
- Five pieces of strings
- A vernier calipers (to be shared)

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Procedure
(a) Measure the length of the wooden block using a vernier calipers L =
(b) From the lower end of the wooden block, mark levels on the wood at intervals of 1cm for 5cm
as shown. Mark these levels using pieces of thread
(c) Set-up apparatus as shown below in fig 2.

5cm 5cm
4cm 4cm
3cm 3cm
2cm 2cm
1cm 1cm

(d) Lower the mass into the empty beaker provided. The mass should be as low as possible by not
touching the base of the beaker.

Record the reading W1 of the spring balance

(i) Slowly pour water into the beaker until the mass is completely immersed. Continue adding
Water into the beaker until when the level reaches mark (thread) indicating 1cm on the wooden
block. Read and record the value W2 of the spring balance (Don’t disturb the wood and mass
when pouring water into the beaker)
(e) Repeat procedures in d(ii) above by adding water up to the line indicating 2cm, 3cm,
4cm and 5cm. Denote these lines by values h. Complete the table for different values of h

h(cm) 1 2 3 4 5
W2 (N)
F= (W1 – W2) (N)

f. (i) Plot a graph of F against h

(ii) Determine the gradient of the graph
(iii) Given that F =Dgh + C Whereby D and C are constants, g = 10N/kg
100
use the graph to determine the values of D and C d

(iv) Determine the constant W for the wooden block given that W = DL

KISUMU WEST DISTRICT

Question 1

- You are provided with the following:-

- A voltmeter
- An ammeter
- Two dry cells and a cell-holder
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- A switch
- A potentiometer or Rheostat
- Six connecting wires

Proceed as follows:-
(a) Set-up the circuit as shown in figure 1 below:-

fig. 1

(b) With the switch open, record the reading Eo of the voltmeter
Eo= ...............................................................................................volts
(c) Close the switch. Adjust the voltmeter to read 0.5volts using the potentiometer or Rheostat.
Measure the corresponding current with the ammeter and record in table 1
(d) Repeat the procedure in (c) using different voltmeter readings provided in tale 1 below, each
time recording the corresponding ammeter reading. Complete the table

Table 1

Voltage (V) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 2.7

Volts
Current (I) A

I (A-1)
I

R = V (Ohms)
I

(e) Plot a graph of 1/I (y-axis ) against R

(f) Determine the slope S of the graph
(g) (i) Find Ro, the value of R when1/I = 0 A-1
(ii) Evaluate 1/S – Eo

Question 2.
You are provided with the following apparatus:
- A thin lens marked L
- A lens holder
- An office pin
- An optical pin
- A white screen
- A metre rule
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- Some plasticine

Focus a distant object, say a window, by letting the lens L position invariant. Meanwhile slide the
white screen back and forth till a sharp image of the distant object; window, appears clearly on the
white screen.
Measure the distance, f, between the lens L and the white screen
f = ..........................................cm

(b) Set-up the apparatus as shown in figure 4 below. Use the office pin as an object and place it
at a distance less than f; of the lens L.
Mount the office pin on plasticine to enhance its proper visibility through the lens L
Take the optical pin and use it as a search pin. Find a position of no parallax between the search
pin and the image through the lens L. Measure the distance
between the office pin and the image, V in centimeters
fig 4

(c) Describe the image characteristics

(d) Put the object pin near the lens L, that is, at u = 3cm. Observe through the lens L such that
there is no –parallax between the object and the image, i.e. when V= 3cm
(e) Repeat the procedure using at least six different values of u. complete table 2 below:-

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Table 2:

Object distance, Ucm 3.0 4.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 10.0 11.0 12.0

Image distance , Vcm

M=V
U

(f) Plot a graph of U (y-axis) against V

(g) (i) from your graph, find the value of V when u  f
(ii) State the application of this practical in real life experience

TRANS- NZOIA WEST DISTRICT

PART A
1. You are provided with the following:
- A complete retort stand
- An optical pin
- A concave mirror and a holder or a lump of plasticine
- A cork
- A candle
- A screen
- A metre rule

You are required to estimate the focal length of the mirror. Arrange the apparatus as follows in figure 1
below:
Figure 1 Eye
Cork
Stand
Image

Object pin

Mirror

a) By adjusting the clamp on the stand, move the object pin up and down until the inverted image
and pin itself appear to coincide (use – no- parallax method). Measure the distance
h = ........................................................ cm
b) Calculate the value f given that
f= h/2
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c) Arrange the apparatus as shown in figure 2 below
Figure 2

d) Place the candle at a distance u = 22cm from the mirror. Move the screen along the mirror rule
until a sharp image is formed on the screen. Measure and record the image distance V
e) Repeat the experiment with the values of u = 24cm, 26cm, 28cm and 30cm. Record your values
in table 1 below

Object distance u (cm) Image distance V (cm) Magnification M= v/u

22
24
26
28
30

f) Plot a graph of magnification, m (y- axis) against image distance, v

g) Given that M = V - 1 . Determine the focal length, f
f

PART B
You are provided with the following apparatus:-
- A lens
- A lens holder
- A white screen
- A metre rule
- Candle
Procedure
i) Set up the apparatus as shown in figure 3 below
Figure 3
Candle
Lens
Screen

u V
j) Starting with u = 30cm adjust the position of the screen to obtain a sharp image of the candle.
Record the value of V in the table 2 below
k) Repeat the procedure above for u = 20 cm and complete the table 2 below
Table 2
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(U) cm V (cm) Uv (cm2) U+V (cm)
20
30

ii) Given that the focal length of the lens satisfies the equation, f = UV
U+V
Determine the average value of the focal length f

Q2. You are provided with the following:

- 2 dry cells
- A cell holder
- A torch bulb
- A bulb holder
- A voltmeter
- An ammeter
- A switch
- 8 connecting wires, one with a jockey and some with crocodile clips
- A wire attached on a metre rule or millimeter scale

Proceed as follows :-
a) i) Set up the circuit as shown in figure 4 below
Figure 4

Jockey Millimeter scale

P Q
100cm
ii) With the jockey at P (i.e. L= 100 cm), take the voltmeter reading (v) and ammeter reading (A)
Record V and I readings in table 3 below
iii) Repeat the procedure to take readings for L = 80 cm, 60cm, 20cm and 0 cm respectively
Record your readings in table 3 below:
Table 3
L (cm) 100 80 60 40 20 0
V (v)
I (A)
iv) What changes do you observe on the bulb as Ll decreases from P to Q ?
v) Plot a graph of voltage (v) (y- axis) against current (I)
vi) Determine the slope of graph when I = 0.226A
vii) What physical quantity is represented by the slope of the graph at any given point?
viii) Use your graph to describe how the physical quantity in (vii) above is affected as current
increases. Explain
b) Using some of the apparatus in a (i) above, draw a diagram you would use to determine
resistance of the wire. Explain how you determine the resistance

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RACHUONYO SOUTH DISTRICT

1. You are provided with the following:-

• Ammeter
• A voltmeter
• A straight wire XY mounted on a millimeter scale
• Two jockeys
• 7 connecting wires
• A micrometer screw gauge (to be shared)
• A cell holder for two dry cells
• Two dry cells
• A switch

Proceed as follows:
(a) Using the micrometer screw gauge, determine the diameter ‘d’ of the wire XY
d = mm
Set-up the apparatus as shown below:-

With both jockeys set at L = 10cm from X, measure current I through the wire and voltage

V across it. Repeat this procedure for the other values of L and record in the table below:

Length (cm) 10 30 40 50 70 80 100

Length (m)
Current I(A)
Voltage V(V)
R = V/I()

(b) (i) Using the values in the table above, plot a graph of I(A) against R() on the grid provided
(ii) Determine the gradient of the graph at R = 10
(iii) Given that -I = πd2R where L = 60cm, find the value of K
4KL

2. You are provided with a glass vessel of a minimum height of 12cm and a minimum diameter
of 6cm, a retort stand and clamp, two optical pins labelled A and B, liquid M, ½metre rule
and a cork:

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Procedure
Place a pin A at the bottom of the glass vessel and then pour liquid M upto a height of 2cm from
the bottom of the glass vessel. Move pin B on a sliding cork adjacent to the jar up or down until
there is no parallax between it and the image of pin A. mark on the outside of the beaker where
the image pin is located
(a) Measure X and record its value X= cm
mk)
(Note that Xis the distance between top level of liquid M and where the image of pin is located)
(b) Repeat this procedure for different values of y from the initial value of 2cm in steps of 2cm.
complete the table shown below:
Ycm 2 4 6 8 10 12
X cm
Arrangement of apparatus

(c)Draw a graph of x (y-axis) versus y on the grid provided

(d) Calculate the slope, S of your graph
(e) Given that n = 1 , calculate the value of n
s

B. You are provided with the following:

• A half metre rule
• Two pieces of thread
• 50g mass
• A retort stand, clamp and boss

Proceed follows
(i) Using a loop of thread suspend the half metre rule on the retort stand as shown below, at 41cm
(ii) Using the second loop suspend the 50g mass at a point that sets the half metre rule in
equilibrium, as shown below. (Horizontally balanced)

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0 50cm

Record the value of

P = ......................................................... cm
Using the equation; M x q = P x 50, calculate the value of M
N/B q + 25 = 41

SOTIK DISTRICT 1ST EXAM

1. You are provided with the following apparatus:- Optical pin

▪ Full retort stand
▪ Optical pin Copper wire
▪ 20cm copper wire
▪ Protractor
Plasticine
▪ Two pieces of plasticine
▪ Cork

▪ Stop watch *

A. Bend a wire in the middle. Place it on a protractor and adjust an angle  of 50o. Attach the
two pieces of plasticine on the ends of the wire. Then place the wire on the optical pin as shown
B. Displace the wire horizontally by a small angle and set it in oscillation. By use of stop watch
obtain time for 20 oscillations. Repeat this procedure for values of , 60o, 70o, 80o, 90o and
100o. Record your measurements in the table and complete it determining values of period T,
frequency (Hz), 2 (Hz)2 and cos (/2)

Angle  o Time t for 20 Period T Frequency 2 cos(/2)

oscillations in sec (Sec)  (Hz) (Hz)2
50
60
70
80
90
100

C. (i) Draw graph of 2 (Hz)2 against cos(/2)

C. (ii) Determine the gradient of the graph

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C (iii) The relationship betweenand  is 4L2 =150Z cos(/2) – 10. Where L is 0.2m.

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Determine the constant Z by the graph

Question 2

PART A
You are provided with;
- 1000ml measuring cylinder , Clean water, Two optical pins, Retort stand, Cork, and a Wooden block

Retort stand

Search optical
Water pin
Image optical pin Clamp

Object optical pin Cork

Wooden block

A. Place optical pin in the measuring cylinder. Add water to reach 400cm3 mark. View the optical pin
through water and locate its image.
B. (i) Place another optical pin in cork and then in retort stand clap as shown. Move this optical pin
(search pin) up and down until it coincides with image optical pin as seen through water. Read off
the volume reading of the search optical pin when it coincides with image of object optical pin.
Repeat this procedure for water volume marks of 600, 700,800, 900, and 1000cm 3. Enter your
observations in table *
Table
Water level volume reading H cm3 Image level volume reading h cm3
400
600
700
800
900
1000

B (ii) Draw a graph of H(cm3 ) against h(cm3)

C (i) Determine slope of your graph
(ii) Determine M if H = mh + C where M and C are constants
(iii) If m = M where M is refractive index of water, determine M
M-1

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Part B
You are provided with a lens, plane mirror, retort stand, cork and optical pin and half metre rule.
Set up apparatus as shown

Eye Retort stand

Image Object pin

optical pin
Clamp

Lens Cork

Mirror
Wooden
block

Move the object optical pin up and down. Look for its image. When object optical pin coincides with its
image measure the vertical distance from mirror to object optical pin. Repeat the experiment.
(i) 1st attempt: Vertical height of optical pin = cm
2nd attempt: Vertical height of optical thumb pin = cm
(ii) Determine the average vertical height of optical thumb pin
(iii) Now determine the focal length of the lens using the above measurements

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SOTIK DISTRICT 2ND EXAM

QUESTION 1
Part A
You are provided with the following:
▪ A uniform metre rule.
▪ A spring balance.
▪ Two 15 cm long string.
▪ 2 complete stands.
▪ 30 cm or half metre rule.
▪ A set square.

Proceed as follows:
a) Set the apparatus has been set ready for use as shown in the figure below. The metre rule has
suspended at the 99.0 cm mark with a length of string securely tied to the clamp of the retort stand Q.
So not change this position throughout the experiment.

99

b) Adjust the position of the clamp of the retort stand P so that the metre rule is suspended
at 0.5 cm mark and is horizontal.
c) Note and record the distance, x from A to B and also the tension, T, of the spring balance.
Enter your results in the table below.
x (cm) T (N) 1 (m-1)
x

(3 mks)
d) Adjust the position of the clamp of the retort stand O so that the metre rule is suspended
at the 10.0 cm mark and is horizontal. Note and record the distance x and T in the above table.
e) Repeat part (d) of the experiment with the spring balance suspended at the 15, 20, 25
and 30 cm marks. Enter your results in the table and complete the table.
f) (i) On the grid provided, plot a graph of T (y –axis) against 1 (5 mks)
(ii) Determine the slope, S, of the graph. (2 mks)
(iii) Given that M = S , find a value M, the mass of the metre rule (1 mk)
4.8
B. a) (i) Place a candle and screen about 50 cm apart. Place a lens (convex) in between
the screen and the candle. Move the lens from about 10 cm from the candle towards the
screen until a sharp image is focused on the screen. Mark this point U 1. Move the lens
until the second sharp image of a smaller size is focused on the screen. Mark this point U2.

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u1 u2

(ii) Measure the displacement of the lens i.e. distance between U1 and U2 and let it be X1. Let the
distance between the screen and the candle be Y1 i.e. Y = 50 cm.
(iii) Repeat the procedure in (a) above by using a value of Y of 40 cm. Let it by Y2. Find the
displacement X2
Find the value of x = x1 + x2, and value of Y = Y1 + Y2. (2 mks)
2
(iv) Given the equation 4f = X2 – Y2
Y
Calculate the focal length of the lens(f). (3 mks)
2. You are provided with the following apparatus. Two cells of 1.5v each, Nichrome wire gauge
30. An ammeter 0-5 A or 0-25 A range, cell holder, voltmeter 0.3v or 0.5 eight conductors at
least 4 with crocodile clips,, A switch and a metre rule.
Procedure
(a) Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram below.

V
A

100cm Metre

0 A 1 2 C 100

Nichrome
(b) (i) Connect the ends A and point C where AC is 100 cm across the terminal as shown. Close
the switch and measure both current I and p.d. across the wire AC.
Current I = (1 mk)
p.d.(v) = (1 mk)
(ii) Measure the e.m.f. of the cells E = (1 mk)
(c) Reduce the length AC as shown 100, 70 cm, 60 cm, 50 cm, 40 cm and 20 cm. In each case
record the current (I) and the corresponding p.d.(v)
(d) Enter the length in table.
Length L (cm) 100 70 60 50 40 20
I (A)
V (Volts)
E – V (V)
Complete the table (6 mks)
(e) (i) Plot a graph of (E-V) (V) on the y –axis against I(A) on the x – axis. (5 mks)
(ii) Determine the gradient of the graph. (3 mks)
(iii) Given the equation E + V + Fr determine the internal resistance of each cell. (3 mks)
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TRANS MARA DISTRICT
1. You are provided with the following:- *
 Dry cell,
 An ammeter (0.25A)
 A voltmeter (0-2.5V)
 A mounted resistance wire,
 6 connecting wires
 A jockey or a crocodile clip
Proceed as follows:-
(a) Set up the experiment as shown in the figure below:-

Jockey


X Y
(b) With the jockey at X, record the ammeter and voltmeter reading
(c) Vary the length of the mounted wire through which current flows by moving away from X
to a new point Y. record the ammeter and voltmeter readings obtained in the table below.
Length (cm) 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Volmetre
readings (v)
Ammeter
readings (A)

(d) On the grid provided plot a graph of V (y axis) against I

(e) Determine the slope, M of the graph
(f) The equation of the cell from which current is being drawn is E = V + Ir
Use the equation to determine:-
(i) E.m.f of the cell
(ii) The internal resistance of the cell

2. You are provided with the following:-

 A candle
 a metre rule
 A white screen
 A lens and a lens holder
 Cross wires mounted on a cardboard
 Plasticine
Procedure:-
(a) Place a metre rule on a bench and hold it in position using plasticine
Arrange the screen, the lens and the cross wires along the metre rule as shown:

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Cross wire
Candle

Metre rule

(b) Light the candle and place it next to the cross wires such that the flame is at the same level
with cross wires and the cross wires concide with the middle part of the flame.
(c) Adjust the position of the lens so that U=15cm. Now adjust the position of screen until a sharply
focused image of cross wire is obtained in the screen. Record the value of V in the table
(d) Repeat the procedure in (c) above for values of U shown in the table
U(cm) V(cm) (U + V)cm
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29

(e) Plot a graph of (U + V) against V

(f) From the graph determine the values of V and (U+V) for which the graph has minimum values
V minimum Vm = cm
(U+V) minimum (U + V)m= cm
(g) Calculate the values of h1 and h2 from the equations below
(i) h1 = Vm = cm
2
h2 = (U+V)m = cm
4
(ii) Determine the average of h1 and h2
h = h1 + h2 = cm
2
(h) Using the graph, determine V when U + V = 41.6cm

END SECTION III

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