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Discovering Diverse Content Through
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 Cockburn, George Ralph Richardson, Toronto,
M.P. for Centre Toronto, was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, 15th
February, 1834. He received his education in the High School and
University of his native city, where he graduated in 1857, with the
highest classical honors, carrying off the Stratton prize. He
subsequently prosecuted his classical studies in Germany under the
celebrated Professor Zumpt. On his return home he engaged for
several years as a teacher at Merchiston Castle Academy and at
Montgreenan House Academy. In 1858 he came to Canada and
began his career here as rector of the Model Grammar School,
having been appointed to this position by the Council of Public
Instruction for Upper Canada. Some time afterwards he was
commissioned by the government of Canada to inspect the higher
educational institutions of the province of Ontario, and the results of
this investigation, which extended over a period of two years, were
given to the public in two comprehensive reports, in which the
condition and modes of higher education were carefully and
elaborately set forth. Mr. Cockburn then visited a number of the
principal institutions of learning in the United States, in order to
make himself familiar with their methods. In 1861 he was appointed
principal of Upper Canada College, and a member of the Senate of
Toronto University. For over twenty years he had a successful career
as an instructor of youth, and his able management of Upper
Canada College raised the institution high in public estimation both
for the thoroughness of its teaching and the excellent moral
influence which prevailed within its walls. After the resignation of the
rectorship, Mr. Cockburn travelled for two years in Europe, making
himself acquainted with the various systems of government on that
continent. There are few men in Canada who have done more than
Mr. Cockburn for the cause of education. The celebrated Dr. Schmidt,
of Edinburgh, said of him that he was no ordinary scholar, but a
thorough philologist, possessing a good insight into the structure,
the relation and affinities subsisting between the ancient and
modern languages of Europe, and always characterized him as one
of the best Latin scholars that Scotland has produced. Mr. Cockburn
takes an interest in all public questions, and is one of the live
citizens of Toronto. He is president of the Toronto Land and
Investment Company; a director of the London and Canadian Loan
and Agency Company, the Building and Loan Association, the
Glasgow and London Assurance Company, and of the Ontario Bank.
He was a member of the Senate of the University of Toronto for over
twenty years. At the general election of 1887 Mr. Cockburn
presented himself to the electors of Centre Toronto for parliamentary
honors, when they returned him by a large majority—his opponent
being Mr. Harvey. In religion he is a Presbyterian; and in politics a
Conservative. He is married to Mary, daughter of Hampden Leane, of
Kentucky, United States.

Prior, James, Manager of the Lybster Cotton Mills,

Merritton, Ontario, was born in Toronto, on the 12th November,
1849. His father, Richard Prior, was a British soldier, who settled in
Canada about the year 1847. James was educated in the common
schools of his native city. Shortly after leaving school he went into a
grocery store, where he served about four years, and then into the
warehouse of Gordon, Mackay and Co., wholesale dry goods
merchants, Toronto. Here he remained about a year, when in 1868
he was transferred to that firm’s cotton mills at Merritton. Here he
began his upward career, and worked in a subordinate position until
1878, when he was appointed manager. Since then he has steadily
devoted himself to the business, and we can say there is now not a
more competent manager of a cotton mill in the Dominion. For
several years Mr. Prior has travelled through the New England States
to visit the New England mills, and pick up all the new ideas
introduced, and by this means he has been able to produce in the
Lybster mills the finest cotton fabrics in the Canadian markets. Mr.
Prior has been a temperance man from youth, and has in
consequence exerted a good influence among the employees in the
mill and in the neighborhood in which he resides. He has in his day
taken a lively interest in the Liberal-Conservative cause, especially in
its protective policy; does not favor commercial union with the
United States. In religion he is an adherent of the Episcopal church.
He was married in October, 1878, to Sara Ann, daughter of
Alexander and Mary Winslow, of Thorold, Ontario, and has a family
of four children, two boys and two girls.

Lemieux, François Xavier, Barrister, M.P.P. for the

county of Levis, province of Quebec, is the leading criminal lawyer of
the district of Quebec, and well-known throughout the Dominion as
the principal counsel for the defence in the Riel case, in which he
was associated with Messrs. Fitzpatrick, of Quebec, and
Greenshields, of Montreal. His connection with this great cause
célèbre, and the popular excitement to which it and its tragic sequel
gave rise throughout the country, but especially in the province of
Quebec, made his name very familiar at the time. Mr. Lemieux was
born at Levis, on the 9th of April, 1841. His parents were of the
farming class, but his uncle, the late Hon. François Lemieux, was a
man of great public note in his day, a leading member of the Quebec
bar, member for Levis county in the Legislative Assembly of Canada,
and one of the commissioners of crown lands and public works
before confederation. His memory is still warmly cherished by the
people of Levis. Our subject was educated at the Levis College and
Quebec Seminary, and studied law at Quebec with Hon. M. A.
Plamondon, then a prominent practitioner and now resident judge of
the Superior Court in the Arthabasca district, whose daughter, Diana,
he afterwards married. Called to the bar in 1872, he soon
distinguished himself, especially as a criminal pleader, and his fame
in that branch of the profession has since risen to such a pitch that
no prisoner arraigned for trial before the criminal courts of the
Quebec and surrounding districts considers his interests at all safe
unless Mr. Lemieux has been retained for the defence. This popular
confidence in his abilities is undoubtedly warranted by his wonderful
success in the great majority of the cases with which he has been
connected. It has almost passed into a proverb among the French
Canadians of the Quebec district, that if any man can cheat the
gallows of its due, François Xavier Lemieux is the man to do so.
Indeed, as in the Boutel poisoning case, he has been known to save
his client from the last penalty of the law, even after the gallows had
been actually erected and within a few hours of the time fixed for
the execution. A man of rare eloquence and knowledge of human
nature, deeply versed in the criminal jurisprudence of the country
and always armed at all points for the fray, and endowed with
marvellous energy and versatility, he may be said to have no equal,
and certainly no superior in his specialty at the Lower Canadian bar
to-day. The secret of his forensic triumphs must unquestionably be
looked for in his skill in cross-examination and his power to sway
juries, and it was these characteristics which pointed him out as the
fit and proper person to lead for the defence in the Riel case at
Regina. It was thought in Lower Canada that if any one could snatch
the half-breed leader from his perilous position, Mr. Lemieux was the
man, and, when he volunteered his services for the purpose, his
offer was accepted with an enthusiastic burst of gratitude from a
great body of his fellow-countrymen. For these hopes on the
occasion, the result of the trial proved disastrous, but the effort he
made to save Riel from the scaffold, as well on the trial as
afterwards, only served to increase Mr. Lemieux’s popularity and to
intensify the bitterness of the agitation which followed the rebel
leader’s execution. In that agitation Mr. Lemieux took a most active
and prominent part, figuring and speaking with his impassioned
eloquence at nearly all the great meetings at Quebec, Montreal,
Levis, etc., to protest against Riel’s hanging and the oppression of
the half-breeds. In fact, few men contributed more to the success of
the so-called national movement, which overthrew the Ross
administration and brought the Liberals and Conservative bolters into
power under Hon. H. Mercier in the province of Quebec after the
general election of October, 1886. For some years before the Riel
trial, Mr. Lemieux had been a member of the Quebec Legislature. He
had been an unsuccessful candidate for Bonaventure during the Joly
administration in 1878, and again for Beauce at the general election
of 1882; but in November, 1883, on the resignation of Hon. T.
Paquet to accept the shrievalty of Quebec, he was returned after a
hard contest as the representative of Levis county, and re-elected for
the same constituency at the last general election, when he passed
over with his friends from the Opposition to the treasury benches in
the Legislative Assembly on the defeat of the Ross and the formation
of the Mercier government, during the session of 1887. In the house,
Mr. Lemieux is a ready debater, and few of his adversaries care to
cross swords with him. He belongs to the Roman Catholic faith; and
in politics is a Liberal.

Jolicœur, Philippe Jacques, Q.C., Assistant Provincial

Secretary, Quebec, is one of the prominent figures of official life at
the ancient capital, and a gentleman who has made his mark in the
profession of the law. He was born in Quebec, on the 30th April,
1829, and was educated in the classics at the Quebec Seminary,
which has turned out so many eminent men in the church and the
learned professions. On the completion of his classical course, in
1849, he began the study of the law under Sir N. F. Belleau, then a
prominent practitioner at the Quebec bar, and afterwards first
lieutenant-governor of the province of Quebec, and on his admission
to the bar, in 1854, the two entered into a law partnership which
was only dissolved in 1858, when Sir Narcisse entered actively into
politics. Down to 1867, Mr. Jolicœur continued to divide his attention
between his extensive law practice and his duties as a member of
the city council of Quebec, in which he occupied a seat for a number
of years with honor to himself and advantage to his fellow-citizens.
During his career in the council, he was elected by his colleagues to
act as pro-mayor for the city in the absence of the regular
incumbent of that office, and gave public satisfaction in the position
of chief magistrate. A sound lawyer and one of the most respectable
and self-respecting practitioners, with talents rather of the solid than
the brilliant order, he was elevated to the silk and created a Q.C. in
July, 1867, and later on in the same month, on the organization of
the provincial departments at Quebec, at the outset of
confederation, he was offered and accepted the important post of
assistant provincial secretary, which he still holds, though he has
been tempted to accept more exalted appointments. The position of
resident judge of the Superior Court at Gaspé was in this way
tendered to him, but family bereavements and failing health
compelled him to decline. As an official, Mr. Jolicœur is noted for his
efficiency, urbanity, and assiduity and generally esteemed by all who
come into contact with him officially or otherwise. Though he never
took a very active part in politics before he entered the civil service,
he was always an adherent and supporter of the Conservative party.
In religion he is a Roman Catholic; and as a French Canadian he has
ever taken a deep and intelligent interest in the advancement of his
race, holding office for years in the St. Jean Baptiste Society of
Quebec, and filling for some time, also, the position of president of
L’Institut Canadien of that city. In 1858, he married Honorine Matte,
of Quebec, by whom he has had issue eleven children, all of whom
except four boys were carried away by the hand of death while still
young.

Cabana, Hubert Charon, Sherbrooke, Quebec,

Prothonotary of the Superior Court for the province of Quebec,
district of St. Francis, was born on the 14th of June, 1838, at
Verchères, a parish situate on the south side of the St. Lawrence
river, about thirty miles from Montreal. He is the son of Lambert
Charon Cabana, a well-to-do farmer, of Verchères, and of Marie
Louise Endfield, granddaughter of Colonel Thomas Endfield, who
came direct from England to what is now the province of Quebec, in
1760, and died in 1812, being eighty-two years of age. The subject
of this sketch was educated at the College of L’Assomption, in the
town of L’Assomption, a classical college, incorporated as such over
fifty years ago. He took a full classical course, leaving the college in
June, 1858; entered on the study of the law in October, 1858; was
admitted to practice on October 7th, 1862, at Sherbrooke, and
practised there as advocate, solicitor, and attorney, until the 17th
September, 1885, when he was appointed prothonotary. On the 3rd
October, 1880, the degree of Law Licentiate Magister was conferred
on him by Lennoxville University; has been professor of civil law at
the Lennoxville University since 1880; made Queen’s counsel on the
26th June, 1883; elected bâtonnier of the bar, district of St. Francis,
on the 1st May, 1884; elected member of the city council of
Sherbrooke, for the first time, in January, 1876, and was continued
in office until his appointment as prothonotary, which appointment
rendered him by law unable to act any longer as councillor, when he
was unanimously elected mayor of Sherbrooke, in January, 1880,
and again in 1885. On the 13th October, 1866, he established the
Pionnier de Sherbrooke, it being now the oldest established French
newspaper published in this part of the province of Quebec, known
as the Eastern Townships, in partnership with L. C. Belanger, now
practising in Sherbrooke as advocate. He bought out Mr. Belanger’s
interest in the paper on the 24th July, 1874, and continued to
publish it till April, 1878, when he sold it to “La Compagnie
Typographique des Cantons de l’Est,” of which company he was
chosen president, and continued to act in that capacity until
September, 1885. In September, 1883, he went to Europe, and in
the course of his tour visited the principal cities and places of
interest in France, Belgium, and Italy. He is a Roman Catholic in
religion. On the 13th July, 1866, he was married to Marietta, eldest
daughter of Francis Carr, a well-to-do farmer of the township of
Compton, about twelve miles from Sherbrooke, and who had
become a Catholic some time before her marriage, her family being
Protestant.

Botsford, Hon. Bliss, Moncton, N.B., was born on the

26th November, 1813, at Sackville, N.B. The Botsford family have
taken a prominent part in New Brunswick and Canadian history. He
is the seventh son of the late Hon. William Botsford, who was
speaker of the New Brunswick Assembly, and one of the judges of
the supreme court of the province. His grandfather, Amos Botsford,
was a United Empire loyalist, from Newton, Conn., and was the first
speaker of the New Brunswick Assembly after it became a separate
province, and held that office for twenty-eight years. Hon. Lieut.-Col.
Amos E. Botsford, senator from New Brunswick, is an elder brother
of the subject of this sketch. Hon. Bliss Botsford was educated at
King’s College, Fredericton; studied law with the late William End, of
Bathurst; was admitted as an attorney in 1836; called to the bar of
New Brunswick in 1838; and practised his profession at Moncton
from 1836 to 1870. During those thirty-four years he had a fair share
of criminal as well as an extensive civil practice, and gained well-
merited distinction at the bar of his native province. He was brought
into special prominence by the celebrated Albertite suit, in which he
was the defendant’s attorney, and won the case. While at the bar,
his vigorous, earnest, and persuasive style of delivery always made a
favorable impression on a jury, being, like most of the members of
his family, of commanding presence, with a personal magnetism that
was often irresistible. He sat for Westmoreland in the New Brunswick
Assembly, from 1851 to 1854, from 1857 to 1861, and from 1865 to
October 24th, 1870, when he was elevated to the bench. As a judge,
he is held in high esteem by the profession, being very painstaking,
carefully weighing in his mind all cases presented for his
consideration, and is logical and concise in his charges to the jury.
He is not over-exacting in his requirements of younger members of
the profession, generally allowing them considerable latitude and
freedom; but when called upon to decide any point of a relevant or
irrelevant character, he is prompt and firm in his decision. He was
appointed surveyor-general in 1865, and was a member of the
executive council during the administration of the late Hon. Sir Albert
Smith, and speaker from 1867 until the general election in 1870, his
politics being Conservative. Judge Botsford was married in 1842, at
Moncton, to Jane, daughter of John Chapman, from Cumberland,
England, and has had five children, three daughters and one son
living, all married, and another son who died. Sarah L., the eldest
daughter, is the wife of William J. Croasdale, civil engineer, Moncton;
Eliza is the wife of George C. Peters, son of Dr. George Peters,
deceased, St. John; Robert L. married Emily C., eldest daughter of
Lewis Carroll, and is a physician and surgeon, practising at
Richibucto, N.B.; and Florence is the relict of the late Thomas Byers,
Moncton.

Bain, James William, St. Polycarpe, Quebec, M.P. for

Soulanges, was born at St. Polycarpe, Quebec, on the 22nd June,
1838. Mr. Bain is one of that very large class of French Canadians
who, though thoroughly identified with their fellow-countrymen, are
partly of Scottish blood. The father of the subject of this sketch was
Daniel Bain, from Caithness-shire, a thorough Scot, having all the
best characteristics of his race. The mother was Adelaide Lantier, a
descendant of an old French Canadian family, sister of the late J. P.
Lantier, M.P. for Soulanges. The son has the Scottish cast of
countenance, and might readily be mistaken for a native of the “land
of the mountain and the flood.” He was educated in his native town,
where he has ever since resided. On arriving at man’s estate, he
entered business with his father, who carried on a large trade as a
merchant in Polycarpe. Though taking an active and prominent part
in public affairs in his own district from an early age, he has
continued to devote his attention to his business, extending it in
every way, until it has brought him a large amount of worldly
prosperity. Mr. Bain first devoted attention to school affairs, and
when elected to the school board was soon made president of that
body, a position which he has retained for ten years. At the death of
J. P. Lantier, in 1882, the Conservatives of the county chose Mr. Bain
as their candidate in the election which was to follow. The contest
was a keen one, and resulted in the election of his opponent, G. R.
S. De Beaujeau, by a majority of two votes. Mr. Bain protested the
election, and an appeal being made to the Supreme Court, Mr.
Beaujeau was unseated. A new election followed in February, 1885,
and Mr. Bain was returned by a majority of twenty-six votes, and
took his seat in the House of Commons at Ottawa. The lot of the
French Conservative member of parliament was not altogether a
happy one during the contest in 1887, owing to the prejudice stirred
up in relation to the unfortunate Riel affair; but Mr. Bain did not
shrink from the contest, and again accepted the nomination of his
party. The struggle was one of the keenest ever known in the
district; but the people had faith in their old representative, and so
he still sits in the house as the representative for Soulanges. Though
differing from the younger school of French Canadian politicians, in
that he lays little claim to being an orator, and makes no effort to
shine in the theatrical way so many of them affect, Mr. Bain performs
the duties of a representative of the people faithfully and well. He is
strictly regular in his attendance, and brings to bear upon the
legislation of the house practical experience in business affairs, and
good common sense. In 1877 Mr. Bain married Georgiana, daughter
of the late J. O. Lantier, well known in Montreal for many years as a
prominent merchant.

Chisholm, Mrs. Addie, Ottawa, President of the

Women’s Christian Temperance Union of Ontario, is a native
Canadian, having been born in the city of Hamilton, Ontario. Her
early life was spent there, excepting a few years devoted to study in
the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary, at Lima, New York, where she was
distinguished for diligence, aptitude, and general proficiency. Both
before and after her marriage she was known as an enthusiastic
worker in every religious and charitable movement, and many
benevolent institutions had the advantage of her wise counsel,
gentle sympathy and bright encouragement. As an infant class
teacher in one of the Methodist Sunday schools of Hamilton, she was
remarkably successful in developing on right lines the tender minds
that were entrusted to her care, and here she passed through just
the training to fit her for the broader sphere of usefulness that was
waiting her riper talents and attainments. Sympathizing very deeply
with the temperance reformation, she could not but be drawn
strongly towards the crusade work which was so successful in the
United States some years ago, and when that great uprising of
loving, ill-treated womanhood, was crystalized into the effective and
permanent form—the Women’s Christian Temperance Union
organization, Mrs. Chisholm at once came to the front as one of its
enthusiastic supporters, warmest advocates, and most efficient
directors. Mrs. Yeomans was the first president of the Ontario Union,
and was succeeded by Mrs. Chisholm, several years ago, and has
held the position up till to-day, being annually reinstated by the
unanimous vote of her appreciative sisters. Her success in this
sphere of responsibility must be judged by the facts already so well
known in regard to the results attained by this great organization—
results that were only possible through the united, prayerful,
determined work of many loving hearts and heads, as well as a
skilful leadership possessed of the faculty to govern, and guided and
blessed by the wisdom and strength without which all labor is in
vain. Not merely in the many organizations with which she has been
connected, chief among which, of course, is the Union, has Mrs.
Chisholm shown her genius and skill. For near four years she has
been publisher and editor of the Woman’s Journal, the Canadian
organ of the White Ribbon Army. She has also written tracts and
pamphlets that have blessed and helped the temperance cause
everywhere. She has visited, spoken, organized, and worked with an
untiring energy that could only come from deep sympathy and
fervent zeal; while every act has been characterized by Christian
gentleness and kindness, that won where more openly aggressive
methods would be sure to fail. We earnestly hope that our good
sister may long be spared to aid with her tongue, her pen, and her
brain, the cause that is so near to our heart, and that under the
management and direction of such as she, and “the blessing that
maketh rich and addeth no sorrow,” the Women’s Christian
Temperance Union may continue a mighty power for good, until the
end for which it was organized has been fully attained.

Noyes, John Powell, Q.C., Advocate, Waterloo, Quebec

province, was born at Potton, county of Brome, Quebec, on the 15th
September, 1842. His father, Heman B. Noyes, was of English
descent, coming to Canada from Tunbridge, Vermont, where six
generations of the family are buried. His mother, Sarah Powell, is
also of English descent, but was born at Potton, Quebec. The subject
of this sketch was educated at Bangor, Franklin county, N.Y., and at
Fort Covington Academy. In 1861 he settled at Waterloo, studied law
first with Huntington & Lay, and afterwards with Hon. Mr.
Laframboise; graduated at the law school connected with St. Mary’s
College, Montreal; was admitted to the bar in October, 1866, and
was created a Queen’s counsel in 1879. He has held the offices of
secretary-treasurer of the township of Shefford and village of
Waterloo, chairman of the Waterloo school board, special
commissioner of Bolton lands, bâtonnier of the Bedford bar, and is at
present bâtonnier-general of the bar of the province of Quebec. He
has been secretary-treasurer of the Stanstead, Shefford, and
Chambly Railway for more than ten years. In 1864 he became editor
of the Waterloo Advertiser, and continued to be so until 1875,
making the paper a strong exponent of the principles of the Liberal
party, as well as a very readable general newspaper. He is a leading
member of the Masonic Order in his district; was worshipful master
of his lodge for three terms; first principal of the R.A. Chapter; and
grand Z. of Grand Chapter of R.A.M., of Quebec, for 1885 and 1886.
He has taken part in all political contests, and in municipal affairs,
since 1860; has been secretary, and later chairman, of Shefford
County Reform Club for many years; and this has kept him in politics
a great deal, as it has been remarked that this county seems to have
a political contest always on hand. As if to make good our words, a
contest is now (February, 1888) going on, and Mr. Noyes has been
selected by the Reform or national convention of the county as its
candidate; but in a county where the parties are so evenly divided, it
is always difficult to tell in advance who will be elected. In religion,
he is Protestant, and belongs to the Church of England; has often
been a delegate to the Synod, and a valued member of various
committees there. He was married, in November, 1867, to Lucy A.,
daughter of Joseph Merry, of Magog, Quebec, whose father was one
of the early pioneers there, by whom he had issue six children, only
four of whom are now living. Mrs. Noyes graduated before her
marriage, at McGill Normal School, with academy diploma, and is at
present provincial superintendent of the department of physiology
and hygiene of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union of the
province of Quebec.

Pope, Hon. James Colledge, was born at Bedeque,

Prince Edward Island, on the 11th June, 1826. He was the second
son of the Hon. Joseph Pope, and his mother was Lucy Colledge,
daughter of Capt. Colledge, of the 1st regiment of foot, who married
a daughter of the Hon. Thomas Wright, several times administrator
of the government of the island, and who was one of the
commissioners appointed to administer the oath to the members of
the first parliament which met in Charlottetown in 1773. The subject
of this sketch received his early education on the island, and was
afterwards sent to England to complete it. In early manhood he
entered upon a mercantile career, as merchant, shipbuilder and
shipowner, at Summerside, P.E.I., where he lived for many years,
and which he was largely instrumental in building up. He was one of
the passengers by the brig Fancy to California, when the gold fever
broke out there in 1849. In 1863 he took up his residence in
Charlottetown, where he remained until 1878, when his acceptance
of the portfolio of minister of marine necessitated his removal to
Ottawa. The last three years of his life he spent at Summerside, his
old home, where he died on the morning of the 18th May, 1885; and
was buried at St. Eleanor’s, in St. Mary’s churchyard (Episcopal),
where a very handsome granite obelisk, erected as a tribute from his
many friends, marks the last resting-place of one of Prince Edward
Island’s most gifted and patriotic sons. Mr. Pope entered political life
in 1857, and from that time onwards he was engaged in a constant
turmoil of political excitement, having his ups and downs like most
politicians. On the 10th September, 1870, he became leader of a
coalition government, which, however, only lasted two years; but he
was, on the dissolution of the house, triumphantly returned for
Charlottetown, although he failed to secure a majority in the new
house. On the 19th October, 1878, he was sworn a member of her
Majesty’s Privy Council for Canada, and received the portfolio of
minister of marine and fisheries, a position he held but a short time,
when in 1881 he was forced, to the inexpressible grief of his many
friends, by a general breaking up of his mental and physical powers,
to retire from the active duties of his office, never, as the sequel
proved, to resume them again. He always occupied a foremost place
among those with whom his lot was cast. In his early life he took a
very active interest in the volunteer movement, and passed through
the various grades, retiring with the rank of lieutenant-colonel.
Besides being one of the most prominent merchants, he was also
one of the largest landholders on the island, and farmed more
extensively than any other man on it. He was also engaged in fishing
industries, besides being interested in many other business ventures.
He, however, attempted too much for his powers of endurance, and
thus brought a useful life to an early close. In everything that he
undertook, however, whether political, commercial or agricultural, he
had the interests of the island at heart, and his memory will ever be
revered by his countrymen, who possess monuments of his energy
and worth more enduring than brass. The Prince Edward Island
Railway is a memento of his public career that will ever serve to
keep his memory green. In 1852 he married Eliza, second daughter
of Thomas Pethick, of Charlottetown, by whom he had issue eight
children.

Germain, Adolphe, Barrister, Sorel, province of Quebec,

was born in St. Ours, in the same province, in June, 1837. His father
was François Germain, an old patriot of 1837-38. Mr. Germain
received a classical course of education at St. Hyacinthe College,
Quebec province, and afterwards studied law; and for over fifteen
years he has successfully practised his profession in Sorel, first
alone, but latterly under the firm name of Germain & Germain, his
partner being his eldest son, S. Adolphe Germain. In 1878 he was
created a Queen’s counsel. He has been frequently called upon to
represent the attorney-general of Quebec province in Crown cases,
and was one of the joint counsel in the celebrated Provencher trial,
in which the accused was found guilty, along with his paramour, of
poisoning the latter’s husband, and afterwards executed for the
murder—the woman being sent to the penitentiary for life. Mr.
Germain has been mayor of Sorel, and is dean of the bar of Quebec,
for the district of Richelieu. He is a public-spirited gentleman, and
has identified himself with the leading improvements—among others
the fine public buildings recently erected—in the thriving town in
which he resides. He has also taken an active interest in all the
political movements of the country, and stands high in the estimation
of his fellow-citizens. In religion he is an adherent of the Roman
Catholic church; and in politics is a staunch Liberal. In February,
1862, he was married to Marie Louise Demers, and the issue of the
marriage has been five children.

Sears, James Walker, Lieutenant South Staffordshire

regiment, was born in St. John, New Brunswick, on the 22nd
January, 1861. He is a son of John Sears, of St. John, N.B., and Ann,
daughter of the Rev. William Blackwood, of Nova Scotia, and
grandson of Thatcher Sears, a United Empire loyalist, of the former
place. He received his primary education in various private schools in
his native city. He left St. John in 1877, and after spending a year at
the Collegiate Institute at Galt, Ontario, became a cadet at the Royal
Military College at Kingston. Here, on the 25th June, 1881, after a
course of studies lasting for three and a half years, and having
passed a successful examination, he was awarded a commission in
the Canadian militia, and a commission in Her Majesty’s 38th South
Staffordshire regiment of foot. In this regiment he served throughout
the Egyptian campaign of 1882, was present at the reconnaissance
in force at Kafr-el Dwar on the 5th August, the surrender of
Damietta by Abdulal, and the subsequent occupation of Cairo. For
those services he received a medal and the Khedive’s star. He visited
the Holy Land in April, 1883, and in May of the same year returned
to Malta from Egypt with his regiment. He was appointed Lieutenant
in the Infantry School corps by the Canadian government in
December, 1883, in which corps, at Toronto, he has since held the
appointment of adjutant. He served in the North-West rebellion of
1885 as brigade major of the Battleford column, and was present at
the battle of Cut Knife Hill, and subsequently commanded the scout
corps of the Turtle Lake column in the pursuit of Big Bear. He was
mentioned in despatches, and received the medal and clasp. He
became brevet captain in the Canadian militia on the 21st December,
1887.

Proulx, Hon. Jean Baptiste George, Nicolet,

province of Quebec, was born at Nicolet, on the 23rd April, 1809,
and died on the 27th January, 1884. He was the son of J. B. Proulx
and Magdalen Hébert. His great grandfather was one of the oldest
settlers of Nicolet, having settled there in 1725. The subject of this
sketch was educated at Nicolet College. He was elected, in 1860, for
De La Vallière, and sat in the Legislative Council until the union. In
1867, he was appointed to the Legislative Council for life. He was a
Liberal in politics. He was one of the patriots of 1837; and was
charged with having cast bullets, but was not arrested. He was
married, on the 20th January, 1835, to Julia, daughter of Dr. Calvin
Alexander, a graduate of Harvard, and had issue as follows:—Rev. M.
G. Proulx, of Nicolet College, and Revs. Edward and Stephen Proulx,
of the Society of Jesus.

Charlebois, Alphonse, Contractor, Quebec, is well

known throughout the Dominion as an extensive and successful
undertaker of great public works. A French-Canadian, he is endowed
with more than the ordinary energy and versatility of his race, and
his career furnishes an apt illustration of the triumph of tact and
pluck over adverse circumstances. He was not of the fortunate class
who are said to come into the world with “a silver spoon in their
mouth.” His parents were simple Lower Canadian habitants, and our
subject was born of their marriage at the town of St. Henri,
Hochelaga county, on the outskirts of Montreal, on the 15th
December, 1841. His father, Arséne Charlebois, was a native of
Pointe Claire, in Jacques Cartier county, P.Q., and his mother was
Edwidge Chagnon, of Verchères, P.Q. On his father’s side he is
closely related to the late Mr. Charlebois, M.P.P. for Laprairie; to the
Rev. Mr. Charlebois, curé of Ste. Therese, and to the late Dr.
Charlebois, of Bleury street, Montreal; and, on his mother’s, to the
late Sir George Etienne Cartier, who owed his election for Verchères,
then one of the most Liberal constituencies in Lower Canada (after
his defeat in Montreal East by the present Chief Justice Sir A. A.
Dorion), mainly to the exertions and influence of her brother, the
late Paschal Chagnon, of Verchères. Young Charlebois was educated
partly at the Christian Brothers’ School and partly at Maxwell’s
Commercial School, both in Montreal, receiving a fair commercial
training, in French and English. After leaving school he served about
a year to the builder’s trade in Montreal, and then entered the
hardware trade in that city as a clerk to the late Mr. Brewster, with
whom he remained nine years down to 1865, when he bought out
the business on the retirement of his employer. Two years later, he
abandoned hardware, and boldly took up the lumber trade in
Montreal, making advances to the lumberers on the Gatineau, and
otherwise speculating in the great staple of the country with more or
less success until 1872, when he took a new and still more
enterprising departure. Since the days of the Hon. François Baby in
Lower Canada, no French-Canadian had figured prominently as a
public contractor. In that field, the English speaking element were
virtually without competition. Mr. Charlebois pluckily resolved to
enter it, and the results have more than justified this step on his
part. He is to-day known from Halifax to Vancouver as a leading
contractor, and the country is indebted to him for the successful
execution of some of its most important public works. His first
undertaking in this line was on the Lachine canal, and since then he
has been connected with the contracts for the Dufferin
improvements at Quebec, the graving dock at Levis, the Georgian
Bay branch of the C.P.R., the construction of four sections of the
same road in British Columbia, and the erection of the new
parliament buildings at Quebec, and of the new departmental
buildings on Wellington street, Ottawa. The two last mentioned
structures remain as lasting monuments, as well to his taste and
skill, as to his energy as a builder. He is a director of the Clemow
syndicate for the construction of the Great North-Western Central
Railway, Manitoba, and before his removal from Montreal to Quebec,
which is now his residence, he was during three years an alderman,
and afterwards, during four years, mayor of his native town of St.
Henri. He belongs to the Roman Catholic faith, and during his
residence in the Montreal district was elected people’s trustee for life
of the Roman Catholic parish church of St. Henri. He has travelled
exclusively in Canada and the United States, chiefly on business. In
1865 he married Marie Flore Charlotte Valois, daughter of the late
Dr. Valois, of Pointe Claire, and at one time M.P. for the county of
Jacques Cartier, P.Q., and by her has had issue four children, all of
whom are still in their teens.

Dupré, Rev. L. L., Sorel, province of Quebec, was born in

Sorel, in 1841, and educated at the Seminary of St. Hyacinthe, P.Q.
In 1868, he was ordained a priest, and placed as vicar in the Roman
Catholic cathedral. In 1873, he was called as vicar to his native
town, and in 1875 was appointed to the important post of curé of
Sorel. Sorel being the most considerable place in the Roman Catholic
diocese of St. Hyacinthe, requires the unremitting exertions and
oversight of the pastor, and no one could perform the duties more
zealously and unremittingly than does the present worthy
incumbent. The rev. father has, in addition to his special duties,
assisted in many ways in promoting the material welfare of his
native town. As an instance, it may be mentioned that in 1880, by
his exertions amongst his parishioners subscriptions were raised to
an amount sufficient to build a large addition to the general hospital
of Richelieu county, rendering that institution much more
comfortable for the patients, and more suitable to the growing
requirements of the town. He was also mainly instrumental in
furthering the erection of the new college building, which is
acknowledged to be the finest structure of the kind in the province.
Since his incumbency, he has had the former parish of St. Peter’s
divided into three distinct parishes—St. Peter’s, Ste. Anne, and St.
Joseph. The parish of Ste. Anne, of which parish Mr. Dupré is the
curé, is quite a populous one, and through his active exertions, a
commodious stone church was soon built in the parish, on one of
the finest sites of the St. Lawrence. That the curé possesses very
superior administrative abilities is sufficiently proved by the
foregoing, and is further attested by the manner in which he
performs his onerous ecclesiastical duties. He has a remarkable
memory, is a fluent speaker, and as a pulpit orator is unequalled by
few. He is an ardent admirer of art, which he patronises liberally,
and is possessed of a considerable collection of valuable and rare
books, engravings, etc., proving a literary and cultivated taste. He is
much esteemed by his parishioners and by the community of Sorel
generally.

Tessier, Jules, Barrister, Quebec, M.P.P. for Portneuf, is one

of the most conspicuous and popular figures in the legal, political
and social life of the ancient capital. His distinguished father, Hon. U.
J. Tessier, is a judge of the Court of Queen’s Bench for the province
of Quebec, and was formerly member for Portneuf in the Canadian
parliament, commissioner of public works in the Macdonald-Sicotte
administration, speaker of the Legislative Council before
confederation, and at one time mayor of Quebec. Between the
careers of the father and son there are many points of resemblance.
The father was one of the most prominent members of the Quebec
bar in his day; the son is a rising member of the same bar. The
father represented Portneuf in the Canadian parliament; the son
represents the same constituency in the Quebec legislature. Lastly,
the father was a member of the city council and mayor of Quebec;
the son to-day is one of the councillors for St. Louis ward of that
city, and a prominent member of the civic body, though still quite a
young man. He was born at Quebec, in 1852. His mother, now
deceased, before her marriage, was a Miss Kelly, and a member of
the Drapeau family, seigneurs of Rimouski. His maternal grandfather
was of Irish extraction, but the remainder of his parentage is French-
Canadian on both sides. Educated in the classics at the Quebec
Seminary and the Jesuits’ College, Montreal, he afterwards studied
law, and was called to the bar in 1874, and soon acquired a
considerable practice, together with the confidence of the public and
the esteem of his professional brethren. He is one of the editors of
the ‘Quebec Law Reports.’ In politics, Mr. Tessier, like his father while
in public life, is what is termed a moderate Liberal, but almost from
his youth he has been actively identified with all the struggles of the
Liberal party in the Quebec district. He was secretary of the National
Convention held in 1880, and was elected president of the Quebec
Liberal Club after its reorganization for the last provincial and federal
electoral campaign, which office he still holds. As such, he was
selected as the party’s candidate to oppose ex-Mayor Brousseau, of
Quebec, in Portneuf county, for the Legislative Assembly of the
province, at the general election of October, 1886, and defeated his
adversary, who had been the sitting member, by a very heavy
majority. In the house, he is recognized as one of the staunchest
supporters of the Mercier government, and has proved himself a
most useful member. To his exertions Quebec was mainly indebted
for its selection for the holding of the Provincial Exhibition of 1887,
which was so great a success. Mr. Tessier is a member of the Church
of Rome; and for many years past one of the principal officers of the
St. Jean Baptiste Society, of Quebec. He is a director of the Lake St.
John Railway Company, and a member of the Provincial Board of
Arts. He is married to a daughter of Edmund Barnard, the well-
known Q.C., of Montreal, and his two sisters are the wives
respectively of the Hon. Alexander Chauveau, who was solicitor-
general in the Joly administration, and is now police judge at
Quebec, and of Lieut.-Col. Duchesnay, deputy adjutant-general for
the Quebec military district.
 Aikins, Hon. James Cox, P.C., Lieut.-Governor of
Manitoba and Keewatin Territory, was born in the township of
Toronto, Peel county, Ontario, on the 30th of March, 1823. His
father, the late James Aikins, emigrated from the county of
Monaghan, Ireland, to Philadelphia, in 1816, and after a residence of
four years there he removed to Upper Canada, and took up a
quantity of land in the first concession north of the Dundas road, in
the township of Toronto. The subject of our sketch was the eldest
son, and was brought up on his father’s farm, and was early inured
to the hardships of rural life in Canada in those primitive times. He
united with the Methodist body at an early age. He attended the
public schools in the neighborhood of his home, and afterwards
spent some time at the Upper Canada Academy, at Cobourg, which
subsequently developed into Victoria College and University. At the
first collegiate examination, which was held in 1843, he figured as
one of the merit students. After completing his education he settled
down on a farm in the county of Peel, a few miles from his paternal
homestead. In 1845, soon after leaving college, he married Mary
Elizabeth Jane Somerset, the daughter of a neighboring yeoman. In
1851 he was tendered the nomination as the representative of his
native constituency in the Legislative Assembly, and declined, but at
the general election held in 1854, he offered himself as a candidate
on the Reform side, in opposition to the sitting member, George
Wright, and was elected. Upon taking his seat he recorded his first
vote against the Hincks-Morin administration, and thus participated
in bringing about the downfall of that ministry. He voted for the
secularization of the clergy reserves, and his voice was occasionally
heard in support of measures relating to public improvements. In the
election of 1861, owing to his action on the county town question,
which excited keen sectional opposition, he was defeated by the late
Hon. John Hillyard Cameron. The following year he was elected a
member of the Legislative Council for the Home Division, comprising
the counties of Peel and Halton. He continued to sit in the council so
long as that body had an existence; and when it was swept away by
confederation he was called to the Senate of the Dominion. On the
9th of December, 1867, he accepted office in the government of Sir
John A. Macdonald, as secretary of state, and has ever since been a
follower of that statesman. During his tenure of office the Dominion
lands bureau was established—which has since extended until it has
become an independent department of state under control of the
minister of the interior. The Public Lands Act of 1872, is another
measure which dates from Mr. Aikins’ term of office. The disclosure
with reference to the sale of the Pacific Railway charter resulted, in
November, 1873, in the overthrowing of the government. Upon Sir
John A. Macdonald’s return to power in October, 1878, he again
accepted office as secretary of state, and retained that position until
the month of November, 1880, when there was a readjustment of
portfolios, and he became minister of inland revenue—which he held
until his resignation, 23rd May, 1882. On the 22nd September, 1882,
he was appointed lieutenant-governor of the province of Manitoba,
and Keewatin Territory. He is major of the 3rd battalion Peel Militia,
and chairman of the Manitoba and North-West Loan Company.

Taschereau, Hon. Jean Thomas, LL.D., Quebec,

late Judge of the Supreme Court of the Dominion of Canada, is a
gentleman, the simple mention of whose name recalls a family
famous in the political annals of Lower Canada, and which has given
more eminent men to the church and bench than probably any other
in the country. It has almost passed into a proverb among the
French Canadians of the province of Quebec that “there is always a
Taschereau on the bench.” As a matter of fact, three generations of
the family have been represented on it, and five Taschereaus in all
have exercised the highest judicial functions in the province or in the
dominion. In the case of our distinguished subject not only was he
himself a judge, but his father before him was a judge, his son after
him is a judge of the Superior Court of the province, and another of
his relatives, the Hon. Elzear Taschereau, is at present one of the
judges of the Supreme Court of the Dominion. Still another member
of the family, Hon. Andrée Taschereau, now deceased, was resident
judge of the Superior Court in the Kamouraska district, and one of
the most eminent jurists of his day. Others again have held the office
of sheriff of the Beauce district; one is now a prominent member of
the bar of that district, and was the representative of Beauce county
in the Canadian House of Commons during the last parliament; and
one, Lieutenant-Colonel Taschereau, holds one of the most
important military commands in the Quebec district. But the judicial,
political, and military distinction of the Taschereau family is
altogether eclipsed by the lustre conferred upon it by the fact that
the first Canadian wearer of the Roman purple was selected from
among its members. His Eminence, Cardinal Taschereau, Archbishop
of Quebec, is a brother of our subject, and the “bright particular
star” whose elevation to the exalted dignity of a Prince of the Roman
Catholic church, has made the name of Taschereau famous all over
the civilized world. The family is also one of the oldest and most
distinguished in Lower Canada, its founder there being Thomas
Jacques Taschereau, of Touraine, France, who was a son of
Christopher Taschereau, King’s counsellor, director of the mint and
treasurer of the city of Tours, and who came to New France towards
the beginning of the last century, was appointed by the French
viceroy as treasurer of the marine, and in 1736 obtained from the
French Crown the grant of a valuable seigniory along the banks of
the river Chaudière in Beauce, P.Q. Our subject’s father was the Hon.
Jean Thomas Taschereau, senior, long a prominent member of the
parliament of Lower Canada, and one of the advocates and
champions of constitutional liberty in that province, who suffered
imprisonment for their opinions in 1810. He was afterwards raised to
the dignity of puisne judge of the Court of Queen’s Bench for his
native province, and distinguished himself as an able and upright
magistrate. Our subject was one of his sons by his wife, Maria Panet,
daughter of the late Hon. Jean Panet, first speaker of the Lower
Canadian House of Assembly (an office which he held for twenty
consecutive years), and was born in the city of Quebec, on the 12th
December, 1814. He was educated at the Quebec Seminary, where,
like his brother, the present cardinal, he greatly distinguished himself
in different branches, taking the leading prizes, especially for Latin,
mathematics, etc. On the completion of his classical course, he
studied law with two of the most eminent local practitioners of the
day, Hon. Henry Black, afterwards judge of the Vice-Admiralty Court
at Quebec, and Andrew Stuart, Q.C., afterwards Her Majesty’s
solicitor-general for Lower Canada, and was called to the bar of that
province in 1836, subsequently following several law courses in
Paris, France. On his return to Canada, he opened a law office in the
city of Quebec, and for the next twenty years practised his
profession with success and distinction. In 1855, he was honored by
Laval University with the title of LL.D., and in September of the same
year he was called by the government to act as assistant judge of
the Superior Court in the place of one of the regular judges of that
court, during the sitting of the special court formed under the act to
abolish feudal rights and seignorial dues in Lower Canada. Twice
afterwards, in 1858 and in 1860, in which last mentioned year he
was also created a Q.C., was he honored by a similar mark of the
government’s appreciation, and in 1865 he was definitely appointed
to the bench as a puisne judge of the Superior Court, as successor
to the Hon. A. N. Morin, deceased. On the 11th February, 1873, he
mounted another rung of the judicial ladder, being appointed puisne
judge of the Court of Queen’s Bench for the province of Quebec, and
some two years later on, the 8th October, 1875, he was elevated to
the still more exalted position of puisne judge of the Supreme Court
of the Dominion, which he retained until the 19th October, 1878,
when he resigned on account of ill-health, and retired on his well-
earned pension, after having served the public in all nineteen years
on the bench as a judge. Our subject enjoyed to the utmost the
confidence of the bar and the people, as well for his scrupulous and
painstaking character, as for the almost invariable soundness of his
decisions. It is needless to say that his religion is the Roman
Catholic. In the spring of 1887, the Roman Pontiff, Leo XIII.,
conferred on him the decoration or cross of the Order of St. Gregory
the Great. He has been twice married—firstly, in 1840, to Louise
Adele, daughter of the late Hon. Amable Dionne, M.L.C., who died in
1861; and lastly in 1862, to Marie Josephine, daughter of the late
Hon. R. E. Caron, second lieutenant-governor of the province of
Quebec, and a sister of Sir A. R. Caron, Dominion minister of militia.
He is the father of twelve children, ten of whom survive. His eldest
son, Hon. Henri Thomas Taschereau, formerly Liberal M.P. for
Montmagny, has been a judge of the Superior Court for the province
of Quebec since 1878; and another son, by his second union, is now
a rising member of the Quebec bar.

Morin, Eusebe, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec province, was born

on the 14th of July, 1853. He is the son of François Morin, merchant,
and Marguerite Maheux. At the age of ten years he entered the St.
Hyacinthe Seminary, which he left after taking a classical course of
education. At the age of sixteen years he entered as clerk with L. V.
Sicotte, dry goods merchant, but after spending one year in this
establishment he left, and entered into partnership with Mr.
Lamoureux, and traded under the firm name of Lamoureux & Morin
for about fifteen months, when he bought his partner out, and
assumed the business himself. When he entered into this business, a
friend lent him $800 to start with, and this money he honorably paid
with interest about a year after he had received it. He continued
alone in business until he was twenty-three years of age, in the
meantime becoming the first merchant in St. Hyacinthe, in his line,
thus proving what can be done by close attention to business. After
this, and by the time he had reached his twenty-seventh year, he
had established small wholesale and retail houses, trading under the
various names of Morin & Lamothe, Morin & Dion, Morin & Robitaille,
Morin & Brodeur, both in the city of St. Hyacinthe and the
neighboring country. Being of delicate health, he was almost given
up by the doctors, and was obliged to liquidate the firms in order to
proceed to Europe for the benefit of his health. After an extensive
tour through England, Scotland, Ireland, France and Italy, he
returned to Canada with a large and varied assortment of European
goods, and was thus enabled to re-establish his trade on a sound
and more extensive basis than ever, creating the following firms:—
Morin & Co., in the liquor trade; Morin & Laline, general store; Morin
& Bergeron, dry goods, all in St. Hyacinthe, with a capital of
$200,000, he being principal partner in all the above establishments.
When thirty-two years of age, becoming tired of the retail trade, he
sold to his partners his interest in all the stores he had established,
with the object of embarking in real estate transactions, and in this
he has proved equally successful. He has built one of the finest
private residences in the city of St. Hyacinthe, and finds himself, at
the age of thirty-three, the most important property owner in the
county of St. Hyacinthe. He enjoys a good reputation, and his
numerous partners and friends have reason to be thankful to him for
his aid at various times. The city of St. Hyacinthe is also indebted to
him for the erection of numerous blocks of magnificent stores, and
several private residences. Although Mr. Morin is yet comparatively
young, he is exceedingly popular in his district, and has been several
times requested to enter public life, but has invariably declined, on
the ground that he could be of greater use to his friends and the
country at large, in promoting private and public enterprises. He is
looked upon as the Vanderbilt of St. Hyacinthe.

MacDowall, Day Hort, Prince Albert, M.P. for

Saskatchewan, North-West Territory, was born in 1850, at Carruth
House, Renfrewshire, Scotland. He is the second son of Henry
MacDowall, of Garthland, Renfrewshire, Scotland, vide “Nesbitt’s
Heraldry.” Mr. MacDowall was educated at Windlesham, Surrey,
England, and Trinity College, Glenalmond, Scotland. He was a
captain in the Renfrewshire Rifle Volunteers from 1872 to 1879. He
accompanied Gen. Middleton’s force through the Northwest rebellion
of 1885, and took charge of the party dispatched by the general
through the rebel district from Humboldt to Prince Albert. He was a
member of the North-West Council for the district of Lorne, from
June, 1883, to October, 1885; and was returned to Parliament, as
the member for Saskatchewan, at the general election in 1887. He is
a Conservative in politics. He was married August 12th, 1884, to
Alice Maude Blanchard, daughter of Charles Blanchard, Truro, N.S.
He is a member of the Manitoba Club, Winnipeg; Wanderers’ Club,
Pall Mall, London, Eng., and Rideau Club, Ottawa, Ont.

Prévost, Oscar A., Brevet-Major, (late of the regiment

Canadian artillery, then A and B batteries, permanent artillery),
Quebec, was born in Montreal on the 9th of May, 1845. His father,
Amable C. Prévost, was a descendant of an old French family of
Anjou, (Prévost de la Boutèlière). He was a merchant of Montreal,
very successful in business, leaving an estate of over half a million
dollars. He died in February, 1872. His mother, Rosalind E. Bernard,
was born in Montreal, educated at Notre Dame congregation, and
was married to Amable C. Prévost, March, 1838. The subject of this
sketch was educated at St. Mary’s College, Montreal, taking a
classical course, including mathematics and natural philosophy; he
afterwards studied law; was admitted to the bar of Lower Canada in
October, 1866, and practised his profession until 1870. He joined, as
lieutenant, the 4th battalion in the year 1865; served on the frontier
during the Fenian raid of 1866; was transferred in 1870 to the
Quebec rifle regiment of the North-West expeditionary force under
Colonel (now General, Sir) Garnet Wolseley; remained stationed in
the North-West till February, 1872, being transferred in July, 1872, to
the School of Gunnery, Quebec, and gazetted to B battery as
lieutenant with rank of captain; was adjutant of the School of
Gunnery B battery, August, 1873, till February, 1880. He went to
Woolwich, England, for a special course in the Royal Arsenal, and on
his return was appointed superintendent of the government
cartridge factory at Quebec, and still holds that appointment. In
1882 he was sent by the minister of militia and defence, Sir A. P.
Caron, to England to purchase machinery required for a small
ammunition factory to be erected in the government buildings in
Quebec. The plans, specifications, alterations to buildings, placing
machinery, including boilers and steam engines, and putting the
whole plant in working order, was done under his immediate
supervision, bringing forth his ability as a practical engineer, and his
scientific attainments. This factory has now been at work since 1883.
It produced 2,000,000 rounds of ball ammunition, in three months,
during the North-West rebellion of 1885, and now supplies the whole
Dominion with service ammunition. It can give employment to four
hundred hands. He submitted to a board of artillery officers in
September, 1886, a new projectile for light and heavy rifled guns,
which increased the range and accuracy of guns in a remarkable
degree. A foundry, in connection with the cartridge factory, was
erected for the manufacture of these projectiles, in July, 1887, and
the work now goes on daily. Thus two entirely novel industries have
been started in Canada, and the military efficiency of the Dominion
increased. In 1876 he travelled through France, Italy, Austria,
Hungary and Germany, being authorized to visit the imperial arsenal
at Vienna, and obtain information with regard to the new field
ordnance and carriages at that time introduced into the Austrian
service. Major Prévost was married on 25th May, 1874, to Louisa J.,
daughter of Hon. Juschereau Duchesnay, of Quebec, ex-senator for
the division of Lassale, province of Quebec; seigneur of the
seigniories of Fossambault and Gaudarville. Hon. Mr. Duchesnay’s
father commanded a company of Voltigeurs under Colonel de
Salaberry, his cousin, at the victorious battle of Chateauguay, in
1812. The Juschereau Duchesnay family were connected to Robert
Giffard, first seigneur of Beauport, near Quebec, to whom this
seigniory had been granted in 1635 by the “Compagnie de la
Nouvelle France,” under authority of the French King. The
Duchesnays inherited this seigniory in 1668, and they owned it for
over two hundred years.

Champlain, Samuel de.—Standing on the summit of

one of the rocky eminences at the mouth of the Saguenay, and
looking back through the haze of two hundred and eighty-five years,
we may descry two small sailing craft slowly making their way up
the majestic stream which Jacques Cartier, sixty-eight years before,
christened in honor of St. Lawrence. The vessels are French build,
and have evidently just arrived from France. They are of very
diminutive size for an ocean voyage, but are manned by hardy
Breton mariners for whom the tempestuous Atlantic has no terrors.
They are commanded by an enterprising merchant-sailor of St. Malo,
who is desirous of pushing his fortunes by means of the fur trade,
and who, with that end in view, has already more than once
navigated the St. Lawrence as far westward as the mouth of the
Saguenay. His name is Pontgravé. Like other French adventurers of
his time, he is a brave and energetic man, ready to do, to dare, and,
if need be, to suffer; but his primary object in life is to amass
wealth, and to effect this object he is not over-scrupulous as to the
means employed. On this occasion he has come over with
instructions from Henry IV., King of France, to explore the St.
Lawrence, to ascertain how far from its mouth navigation is
practicable, and to make a survey of the country on its banks. He is
accompanied on the expedition by a man of widely different mould;
a man who is worth a thousand of such sordid, huckstering spirits; a
man who unites with the courage and energy of a soldier a high
sense of personal honor and a singleness of heart worthy of the
Chevalier Bayard himself. To these qualities are added an absorbing
passion for colonization, and a piety and zeal which would not
misbecome a Jesuit missionary. He is poor, but what the poet calls
“the jingling of the guinea” has no charms for him. Let others
consume their souls in heaping up riches, in chaffering with the
Indians for the skins of wild beasts, and in selling the same to the
affluent traders in France. It is his ambition to rear the fleur-de-lis in
the remote wilderness of the New World, and to evangelize the
savage hordes by whom that world is peopled. The latter object is
the most dear to his heart of all, and he has already recorded his
belief that the salvation of one soul is of more importance than the
founding of an empire. After such an exordium it is scarcely
necessary to inform the student of history that the name of
Pontgravé’s ally is Samuel De Champlain. He had already figured
somewhat conspicuously in his country’s annals, but his future
achievements were destined to outshine the events of his previous
career, and to gain for him the merited title of “Father of New
France.” He was born some time in the year 1567, at Brouage, a
small seaport town in the province of Saintonge, on the west coast
of France. Part of his youth was spent in the naval service, and
during the wars of the League he fought on the side of the King,
who awarded him a small pension and attached him to his own
person. But Champlain was of too adventurous a turn of mind to feel
at home in the confined atmosphere of a royal court, and soon
languished for change of scene. Erelong he obtained command of a
vessel bound for the West Indies, where he remained more than two
years. During that time he distinguished himself as a brave and
efficient officer. He became known as one whose nature partook
largely of the romantic element, but who, nevertheless, had ever an
eye to the practical. Several important engineering projects seem to
have engaged his attention during his sojourn in the West Indies.
Prominent among these was the project of constructing a ship-canal
across the Isthmus of Panama, but the scheme was not encouraged,
and ultimately fell to the ground. Upon his return to France he again
dangled about the court for a few months, by which time he had
once more become heartily weary of a life of inaction. With the
accession of Henry IV. to the French throne the long religious wars
which had so long distracted the country came to an end, and the
attention of the government began to be directed to the colonization
of New France—a scheme which had never been wholly abandoned
but which had remained in abeyance since the failure of the
expedition undertaken by the brothers Roberval, more than half a
century before. Several new attempts were made at this time, none
of which were very successful. The fur trade, however, held out
great inducements to private enterprise, and stimulated the cupidity
of the merchants of Dieppe, Rouen and St. Malo. In the heart of one
of them something nobler than cupidity was aroused. In 1603, M. De
Chastes, governor of Dieppe, obtained a patent from the King
conferring upon him and several of his associates a monopoly of the
fur trade of New France. To M. De Chastes the acquisition of wealth
—of which he already had enough, and to spare—was a matter of
secondary importance, but he hoped to make his patent the means
of extending the French empire into the unknown regions of the far
West. The patent was granted soon after Champlain’s return from
the West Indies, and just as the pleasures of the court were
beginning to pall upon him. He had served under De Chastes during
the latter years of the war of the League, and the governor was no
stranger to the young man’s skill, energy, and incorruptible integrity.
De Chastes urged him to join the expedition, which was precisely of
a kind to find favor in the eyes of an ardent adventurer like
Champlain. The King’s consent having been obtained, he joined the
expedition under Pontgravé, and sailed for the mouth of the St.
Lawrence on the 15th of March, 1603. The expedition, as we have
seen, was merely preliminary to more specific and extended
operations. The ocean voyage, which was a tempestuous one,
occupied more than two months, and they did not reach the St.
Lawrence until the latter end of May. They sailed up as far as
Tadousac, at the mouth of the Saguenay, where a little trading-post
had been established four years before by Pontgravé and Chauvin.
Here they cast anchor, and a fleet of canoes filled with wondering
natives gathered round their little barques to sell peltries, and
(unconsciously) to sit for Champlain for their portraits. After a short
stay at Tadousac the leaders of the expedition, accompanied by
several of the crew, embarked in a batteau and proceeded up the
river past deserted Stadacona to the site of the Indian village of
Hochelaga, discovered by Jacques Cartier in 1535. The village so
graphically described by that navigator had ceased to exist, and the
tribe which had inhabited it at the time of his visit had given place to
a few Algonquin Indians. Our adventurers essayed to ascend the
river still farther, but found it impossible to make headway against
the rapids of St. Louis, which had formerly presented an insuperable
barrier to Cartier’s westward progress. Then they retraced their
course down the river to Tadousac, re-embarked on board their
vessels, and made all sail for France. When they arrived there they
found that their patron, De Chastes, had died during their absence,
and that his company had been dissolved. Very soon afterwards,
however, the scheme of colonization was taken up by the Sieur, de
Monts, who entered into engagements with Champlain for another
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