A TECHNICAL REPORT ON

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

AT
AMINU KANO TEACHING HOSPITAL (AKTH)

MUNIRAT BELLO LAWAN

UG20BIO2214

SUBMITTED TO:

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES OF YUSUF MAITAMA SULE

UNIVERSITY KANO.

FEB 2024.

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This is to certify that this report was written by Munirat Bello Lawan. with the registration
Number UG20BIO2214 following the rules and regulation governing SIWES report, Yusuf
Maitama Sule University, Kano. It is therefore approved for the contribution of knowledge.

MALAMA SAFIYA KABIRU MADO. _______________________

(SIWES SUPERVISOR). Sign and Date

MALAMA FAIZA INUWA HUSSAIN. ______________________

(SIWES CO ORDINATOR) Sign and Date

DR. AFIYA HAMISU. ______________________

(HEAD OF DEPARTMENT). Sign and Date

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 DEDICATION

I dedicated this report to ALMIGHTY ALLAH the giver and sustainer of life. And also to my
parents may Allah provide them with long lives and peace of mind to enjoy their fruit of labor.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my upmost gratitude to Almighty Allah who has been my tower of strength in all my
endeavor in life. Special thanks goes to my parents for their patience and support both financially
and other forms.

My appreciation also goes to my Parents, brothers, sisters and friends especially Bello Lawal,
Zainab Abdullah, and my siblings, who contributed in one-way or another, or whose ideas
appeared, I am very grateful. I thank the whole AKTH IT unit staff for their kindness and support
during my industrial training. I acknowledge the wonderful effort of my industrial attachment
supervisors, Mal. Hamza Abdullahi, Mal. Hassan T Baba, And Mal. Musa Dorayi, may Allah
reward them abundantly.

I appreciate the effort of my supervisor for hers support, kindness and contributions toward the
completion of this program.

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TABLE OF CONTENT Page

Title Page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of content

CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction to SIWES
1.2 Objectives of SIWES

1.3 Industrial Training Fund (ITF)

CHAPTER TWO
2.1 History and background of AKTH
2.2 Organogram

CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Phlebotomy laboratory
3.3 Training laboratory
3.4 Accident & Emergency side Laboratory
3.4.3.1 Packed Cell Volume (PCV) test
3.4.3.2 Malaria parasite test Using RDT

3.4.3.3 Full blood count (FBC) Test

3.4.6 Training Laboratory

3.4.6.1 Blood Grouping
3.4.6.2 Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
3.4.6.3 Helicobacter Pylori (H-pylori)
3.4.6.4 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
3.4.6.5 HBsAg(Hepatitis)

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3.4.6.6. Fecal occoult Blood test

3.5 Centrifuge machine

3.6 Specialty Side Lab

3.7 SUPERVISORY WORK
CHAPTER 4
4.1 Summary
4.2 Conclusion

4.3 Recommendations and Challenges

4.4 Reference

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

1.2 BACKGROUND

The students industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) is a new directorate under the vice-
chancellor's office. It was established on the 20thApril 2012. The students industrial work
experience scheme (SIWES) is a skills training program make designed to expose and prepare
students of universities and other tertiary institutions for the industrial work situations they are
likely to meet after graduation. It is also a planned and structured program based on stated and
specific career objectives which are geared towards developing occupations competences of
participants (made,2009). Consequently, the sides program is a compulsory graduation
requirement for all Nigerian university students offer in certain courses.

The student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) is the accepted training program, which
is part of the approved minimum academic standard in the various degree program for all Nigerian
universities. The scheme is aimed at bridging the existing gap between theory and practice of
sciences, Agriculture, medical sciences (including nursing) engineering and technology,
management, and information and communication technology and other professional educational
programmed in the Nigerian tertiary institution. It is aimed at exposing students to machines and
equipment, professional work methods and ways of safeguarding the work areas and the workers
the industries, offices, laboratories, hospitals and other organizations.

Prior to establishing the scheme, industrialist and other employers of labor felt concerned that
graduates of Nigerian universities were deficient in practical background studies preparatory for
the employment in the industries and other organizations. The employers thus concluded that the
theoretical education being received in our higher institutions was not responsible for the needs of
the employers of labor. Consequently, the rationale for initiating and designing by the ITF in 1973.

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The scheme is a program involving the students, the universities and the employers of labor. It is
funded by the Federal government and jointly coordinated by the ITF and the National university
commission (NUC).

Industrial training funds was established in 1971, the industrial training fund has operated
consistently and painstakingly within the context of its enabling laws decree 47 of 1971 was
amended in the 2011 ITF act. The objective for which the fund was established has been pursued
vigorously and efficaciously. In the four decades of its existence, the ITF has not only raised
training consciousness in the economy, but has also helped in generating a corps of skilled
indigenous manpower which has been manning and managing various sectors of board national
economy. Over the years, pursuant to its statutory responsibility, the ITF has expanded its
structures, developed training programmed, reviewed its strategies, operation and services in order
to meet the expanding and changing demands for skilled manpower in the economy. Beginning as
a parastatal "B" in 1971, headed by a director, the ITF became a parastatal "A" in 1981 with a
director general as the chief executive under the aegis of the ministry of industry, the fund has a
thirteen-member governing council and operates with 10 departments and four units at the
headquarters, 38 area offices, 4 skills training centers and center for industrial training excellence.

The governing council of the board

A governing council of thirteen members drawn from the public and private sectors will be
appointed by the federal government to manage the fund. This is to reflect co-operative spirit of
the enterprise, the need for private employers, organized labors and devising training policy and
system. The industrial training fund provides direct training, vocational and apprentice training,
research and consultancy services, reimbursement of up to 50% levy paid of employers of labor
registered with it, and administers the student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES). It also
provides human resource development information and training technology service to industry and
commerce to enhance their manpower and in house training delivery effort. The industrial training
fund is a grade "A" parastatal operating under the aegis of the federal ministry of industry, trade
and investment. It has been long operating for 46 years on a specialist agency that promotes and
encourages the acquisition of industrial and commercial skills required for national economic
development. The main thrust of ITF programmed and services is to stimulate human performance,
improve productivity, and induce value added production in the industry and commerce through it

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sides and vocational and apprentice training programs, the fund also builds capacity for the
graduates and youth self-employment, in the context of small scale industrialization in the
economy.

Vision statement:

To be the foremost skills training development organization in Nigeria and one of the best in the
world.

Mission statement:

To set and regulate standards and offer direct training intervention in the industrial and commercial
skills training and development using a corps of highly competent and professional staff, modern
techniques and technology.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

SIWES provides the avenue for students in institutions of higher learning to acquire skills and
experiences in their course of study.

~SIWES prepare the students for the industrial work situations they are likely to meet after
graduation.

~ SIWES expose students to work method techniques in handling equipment and machinery that
may not be available in their institution.

~SIWES make the transition from school to the world of work easier and enhance students contact
from later job placement.

~SIWES provides students with an opportunity to apply their knowledge in real work situations
thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice.

~SIWES also enlists and strengthens employer’s involvement in the entire educational process and
prepare students for employment after graduation.

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1.4 BODIES INVOLVED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SIWES
The bodies involved in the management of SIWES are the Federal Government, Industrial
Training Fund, other supervising agencies like the National University Commission (NUC),
National Board for Technical Education (NBTE) and National Council for Colleges of Education
(NCCE), the institution, employers of labor, and the industrial training students.

• THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OF NIGERIA

The Federal government of Nigeria provides adequate funds to The Industrial Training Fund
through the federal ministry of trade and investment for the scheme and they make it mandatory
for all ministries, companies and parastatals, to offer places for the attachment of students in
accordance with the provisions of decree No 47 of 1971 as amended in 2011.

• THE INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FUNDS

The industrial training formulates policies and guidelines on SIWES for distribution to all
participating bodies, institutions and companies involved in the scheme. They regularly organize
orientation programs for students prior to their attachment. They receive and process matter and
placement lists from the institutions through the supervising agencies. They provide insurance
cover for students on attachment, they also ensure the visitation of ITF officers to the supervising
agencies, institutions, employers and students on attachment. They also provide information on
companies for attachment and assist in the industrial placement of students. They continuously
review and carryout research into the scheme operations, they also vet and process student's log
books and forms.

• THE SUPERVISING AGENCIES

The three recognized supervising agencies are: -

(a) The National universities commission (NUC).

(b) National board for technical student.

(c) National commission for colleges and education.

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• THE INSTITUTIONS

SIWES bodies such as Nigerian universities, polytechnics, college of educations, colleges of

technology and colleges of Agriculture all have specific industrial training roles to play.

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 CHAPTER TWO

BACKGROUND OF COMPANYORGANIZATION

2.1 HISTORY

Aminu Kano teaching hospital was established in August 1988 when the Kano state government
finally handed over the then Aminu Kano cottage hospital to the federal government to be used
as a teaching hospital. The hospital which temporarily started operation at Murtala Muhd
specialist hospital moved to its permanent site in 1996. Today the hospital has grown to be a full
bedded teaching hospital with some modern equipment and facilities. Its core function is service
delivery, teaching and research. The hospital has a staff strength of two thousand four hundred
(2400) out of which over one hundred (100) are consultants in various specialties. One major
area that the hospital has impacted on the lives of the people is in the area is kidney transplant.
The first transplant was done in 2002 and so far over 20 people have had successful kidney
transplant in Aminu Kano teaching hospital. Prof Abdurrahman Abba Sheshe who is the 4th chief
medical director of AKTH assumed duty on 10th October 2019.

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2.2 STRUCTURE OF THE ORGANIZATION

Aminu Kano teaching hospital (AKTH) is a large Teaching hospital with teaching hospital
located in Zaria road Kano state. The hospital has a very large surrounding with different
buildings. This building are wards, laboratories, departments etc.

The department are divided into two thus:

• Clinical departments

> Anesthesiology and intensive care

> Chemical pathology and immunology

> Community medicine

> Dental and maxillofacial surgery

> Family medicine

> Hematology and blood transfusion

> Histopathology

> Health records

> Medical microbiology and parasitology

> Nursing services

> obstetrics and gynecology

> Ophthalmology

> Otorhinolaryngology (ENT)

> Pediatrics

> Pharmacy

> Physiotherapy

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> Psychiatry

> Radiology

> Surgery

> laboratories

Non-clinical departments/ Units

> Catering department

> Schools etc.

PAST AND PRESENT DIRECTOR OF ADMINISTRATION:

1. Alh Sanusi Abubakar Adamu

2. Alh Sulaiman Muhd kaura

3. Alh Adamu H Aliyu

4. Haj. Zainab Gwadabe

5. Haj. Sadiqa Muhd

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The organogram of Aminu Kano teaching hospital is seen.

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 .. CHAPTER THREE
THE PROCESS, COMPONENTS & DESCRIPTION

3.1 PROJECTS CARRIED OUT

In Aminu Kano teaching hospital, there are different laboratories. These laboratories are: -

• Phlebotomy laboratory
• Training laboratory
• Accident and emergency side lab
• Training laboratory (S. S Wali center for virology)
• Medical Retainership side lab.
• Specialty side lab.

3.2.1 PHLEBOTOMY LABORATORY

Phlebotomy means blood collection laboratory. In this laboratory CD4 and viral load test for
HIV/AIDS positive patients are carried out, the CD4 count test is done mainly to count the amount
of cells in the patient's body while the viral load test is mainly done to check the amount and
volume of the HIV virus in the patient's body. As the HIV viral load increases, the number of
healthy CD4 cells decreases as they are destroyed creating HIV copies. Treatment aims to produce
a low viral load and a high CD4 count. When a person achieved this, their HIV is well controlled.
A low or undetectable viral load means the virus is not progressing. The HIV viral load test is used
initially along with a CD4 count to determine the status of the HIV infection in a person diagnosed
with the disease.

HIV Viral load testing measures the amount of HIV genetic material (RNA) in the blood and
reports how many copies of the virus are present. A healthy immune system normally has a CD4
count ranging from 500-1600 cells per cubic mm of blood (cells/mm3), when a CD4 count is lower
than 200 cell/mm3 in a person, he or she will receive a diagnosis of AIDs, AIDs occurs in stage 3
of HIV. The only way to increase the CD4 Count in the patient's body is to use HIV treatment
(ART) including multivitamins, supplements or herbal remedies. For patients in whom an

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undetectable viral load is achieved, testing should be repeated every 3-4 months. If viral
suppression is sustained for at least 2 years, testing can be extended to over six years.

Steps in phlebotomy:

•Step 1: The hands are sanitized using sanitizer after which hand gloves are worn.

•Step 2: A tourniquet is tied round the patient's arm and a piece of cotton wool along with few
drops of sanitizer on the arm.

•Step 3: Using a vacutainer needle, the patient the arm is pricked carefully, the tube is inserted
under the vacutainer needle until the specimen comes out.

•Step 4: After getting the required blood, vacutainer needle and tube from the patient's arm is
removed carefully.

•Step 5: The cotton is placed on the pricked arm and massage to stop blood flow.

The specimen is identified by naming the tube and then recorded in the register whether for viral
load or CD4 test.

Equipment’s/machines used

•Hand Gloves• Cotton wool• Hand Rub Vacutainer plain tube •Vacutainer needle EDTA tube
•Marker •Centrifuge machine (for spinning of samples) •Forceps Waste

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 PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT (PPE)

* Hand gloves * Lab coat * cover shoes * Facemask * Goggle

3.2.3 ACCIDENT & EMERGENCY SIDE LAB

3.2.3.1 PCV (PACK CELL VOLUME) TEST

The PCV (Pack cell volume) is a measurement of the proportion of blood that is made up of cells.
The value is expressed as percentage or fraction of cells in blood. The PCV rises when the number
of red blood cells increases or when the total blood volume is reduced, as in dehydration. The test
is being done by pricking the thumb of a patient and then using the capillary tube to extract the
required blood, then it is being sealed and kept in the centrifuge machine for spinning which last

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for roughly fifteen minutes. After spinning then, the hematocrit reader is used to calculate the
percentage. The require PCV for adult is 42- 52% while for children is 25-30%.

Materials: * anticoagulated whole blood (normally in EDTA)

*PCV reader * centrifuge. * Hematocrit (capillary) tubes

* Tissue paper * plasticine.

Procedure

• Clean the finger with 70 % alcohol and let dry.

• Prick the finger.

• Place the tip of the capillary tube onto a drop of blood on finger.

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 • Fill the capillary tube with blood upto 2/3 to 3/4th of the tube.

•Seal the other end of the tube which was not in contact with blood by plastic sealent or
clay.(Bruce L., E. 1992)

3.2.3.2 MALARIA PARASITE TEST

The malarial parasite test is done by pricking the thumb and making a blood smear on a slide, then
allowing it to air dry, then stain the slide and allow to air dry again before adding a drop of
immersion oil and then view under the scientific microscope.

Labeled Microscope

Materials used: Scientific microscope, slide, pricking needle, immersion oil, field stains, hand
gloves and cotton wool.

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3.2.4.2 MALARIA PARASITE TEST USING RDT

Malaria parasite test is a test carried out to check for malaria parasite in the blood. Malaria is a
mosquito-borne infectious disease affecting humans and other mammals caused by parasitic
protozoan (a group of single-celled microorganisms) belonging to the plasmodium type. this test
can be carried out by using either RDT or MICROSCOPY method

SYMPTOMS

Malaria causes symptoms that include fever, fatigue, vomiting, and headaches. In severe.

cases, it can cause yellow skin, seizures, coma or death. Symptoms usually begin ten to

fifteen days after being bitten.

MATERIALS: RDT kit, alcohol swap, buffer, pipette, slide, spreader slip, test sample, field stain
and microscope.

PROCEDURES USING RDT KIT (rapid diagnostic test)

1. Check the expiry date, open the packet and remove the test kit.

2. Clean the finger with alcohol swap and allow to dry.

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 3. Open the lancet and prick patient’s finger to get a drop of blood.

4. Using a pipette, transfer the blood gently into the sample hole "S".

5. Add two drops of buffer into the assay hole "A".

6. Then wait for 20 minutes. (Chesbrough,2003)

RESULTS

A line in "C" (control) and a line in "T" (test) Means the patient does have malaria parasite,
positive.

A line in "C" and no line in "T" mean the patient does not have malaria parasite, negative.

No line in "C" and a line or no line in "T" mean the test is invalid then repeat using a new
RDT kit.

PROCEDURES (MICROSCOPY)

1. Place a drop of blood on a microscope slide and spread.

2. The film is air dried and NOT fixed in methanol.

3. The slide is dipped into Field’s stain A (methylene blue) for 3 seconds.

4. The slide is then dipped into tap water for 3 seconds and gently agitated.

5. The slide is dipped into Field’s stain B (Eosin) for 3 seconds and washed gently in tap
water for a few seconds until the excess stain is removed.

6. The slide is drained vertically and left to dry.

7. Then viewed under an electron microscope using *100 oil immersion objective.
(Chesbrough,2003)

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OBSERVATION

Malaria parasites: deep red chromatin and pale blue cytoplasm.

Leucocyte: purple nuclei and pale blue background.

Red cells are lysed: only background stroma remains. Note; lysis of red cells may
occasionally fail.

White cells, platelets and malaria pigment can also be seen on a thick film.

Schizonts and gametocytes, if present, are also easily recognizable.

TREATMENT

Malaria is treated with anti-malaria medications. the most effective treatment for plasmodium
falciparum infection is the use of Artemisinin in combination with other anti-malaria drugs which
decreases resistance to any other single drug component. These additional anti-malaria drugs
include: Amodiaquine, Aumefantine, Metloquine or Sulfadoxine/Pyrimethamine.

3.2.3.3 FULL BLOOD COUNT

Aim: This is a Common blood test that used to determine the number and status of different blood
cells such as: RBC, (Red Blood cell) WBC (White Blood cell), platelet, etc. present in a Patient
blood and also the percentage of blood that is PCV (Pack cell volume) as well as hemoglobin
concentration that is the protein that carried oxygen around our body.
Full Blood count can be used to look for: Infection, anemia, bleeding or clotting problem, vitamin
and mineral deficiency.

Material: Full blood count machine, anticoagulant container e.g.: EDTA, Syringe, cotton.

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Procedures: With the use of syringe and cotton wool, blood sample of about 4ml is obtained from
the patient in a sample container and the blood is mixed evenly. The blood sample will be inserted
in the FBC machine and it automatically analyzes the result on the machine screen.

Result: Different component of blood such as red blood cell count, white blood count,
platelets count, and packed cell volume are being analyzed.
3.2.5 TRAINING LABORATORY

At training laboratory S. S wali center for virology is a unit whereby different test are being done,
the test that are being carried out are: Blood grouping and genotype, Retroviral test, and Hepatitis
B(HBsAg) and Hepatitis C(HCV). In the training laboratory, samples are stored and refrigerated
to preserve them for a long period of time and how to store them in the rack for easy identification.
The samples mapped

are arranged serially in a box and then in the rack for easy when analyzing and sorting. The samples
are brought from other states and local governments which are then dispatched to Abuja (FCT) for
further analysis. Worksheets are being collected from the PCR data room and after the samples
needed, the samples are taken in the worksheet to the PCR laboratory where automated machines
for detecting the amount of virus in the viral load samples are examined. The PCR machines are

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of two types namely; the Cobas AmpliPrep which works in two hours and the Cobas TaqManwhich
works in three hours. They work very much on their own with a computer by their side which
sends messages and brings out results.

Materials used:(1) Hand gloves (2) Cotton wool (3) Specimen box (4) Hand rubs (5) Marker (6)
Mappingbook (7) Rack (8) Worksheet etc.

3.2.5.1 BLOOD GROUPING AND RHESUS TYPING

Introduction: Blood grouping/typing is a test that tells what specific type of blood someone has.
The type of blood depends on whether or not there are certain proteins, called antigens, on the red
blood cells. Blood is often grouped according to the ABO blood typing system. This method breaks
blood types into four types, namely, Type A, Type B, Type AB, Type O. Rhesus factor is an
inherited protein found on the surface of the red blood cells. It is usually determined along

with the blood type of an individual. Rhesus positive is the most common type. One’s blood type
and Rhesus factor depends on the types that are been passed down to them from their parents.
Aim: To determine the group and Rhesus factor of a patient’s blood.

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 Equipment’s/Reagent: Anti-sera A, Anti-sera B, Anti-sera applicator stick.

Procedure:
 10ul of blood is placed 3 spots on the tile with the aid of Pasteur pipette.
 Anti-sera A, B and D are placed carefully on each spots respectively.
 An applicator stick is used to thoroughly mix the drop of blood with the anti-sera one after
the other without contamination.
 The tile is gently rocked from side to side for 3 minutes to allow agglutination
occurrence, then result is observed. (Chesbrough,2003)

RESULT:

Ant i - se r a A Anti-sera B Anti-sera D R e s u l t

_ _ + O p o s i t i v e

_ _ _ O n e g a t i v e

+ _ + A p o s i t i v e

+ _ _ A n e g a t i v e

_ + + B p o s i t i v e

_ + _ B n e g a t i v e

+ + + AB pos iti v e

+ + - AB negative

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NOTE: + = agglutination

- = no agglutination

Conclusion:

The result is observed according to the agglutination that occurred in each spots on the tile. Anti D
determines the present of the rhesus factor in blood group.

Factors that affect blood grouping are; wrong labeling of spot, confusion of anti-sera with spots,
Contamination of test tiles with detergents and Expired anti-sera.

3.2.5.2 ESR(ERYTHROCYTE SEGMENTATION RATE)

This test is a non specific test for non particular disease, it can be used by many diagnostic and
many disease. And is a test that measure how quickly erythrocyte blood cell, seperate from a blood
sample. Normal red blood cell will sink slowly. High ESR may indicate :infection, inflammation
or other serious medical condition.

The infection that causes ESR are: Bone infection, Tuberculosis, and Infection of the heart.

AIM: To detect treatment used for non anemia.

Apparatus: westerngreen tube, blood sample, cotton, syringe, alcohol.

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PROCEDURE:

 First you have to collect blood sample from the patient.

 The blood is placed on a tube. (Western green tube)
 And measure how quickly the red blood settle or sink to the bottom of the tube
 Allow it to settle for about 1hr. (Bruce L., E. 1992)

NOTE: normal range for ESR is; for male, 13 0-9mmlhr. for female 0-20mmlhr

Because in male the red blood cell heavier.

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3.2.5.3 RETROVIRAL TEST
Introduction: This is the diagnosis for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, an infectious agent that
causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), a disease that leaves a person vulnerable to
life threatening infection.

TYPES OF HIV

* HIV 1: It commonest form if HIV worldwide, while HIV 2 is mainly found in west Africa, Nigeria,
Mali etc. HIV 2 is less easily transmitted than HIV 1 and initial stage of infection and illness is
greater than HIV 1.

HIV transmission occurs when a person is exposed to body fluids infected with virus, such as blood,
semen, vaginal secretions and breast milk, heterosexual intercourse (individual have more than one
sec partner, through anal intercourse, blood transmission when the donor blood are not screening.

Aim: To investigate the presence of HIV 1 and 2 in patient’s blood

Materials: Determine kits, Unigold kit, Stat pack Buffer, Plain bottle, pipette.

. .

Procedures: The blood sample, collected in a plain bottle is centrifuged at 3000rev per min for 5 minute
to allow separation. The serum is picked with a pipette and two drops is placed on the sample pad
of the determine kit and allowed to penetrate then left for 15min. If result proves positive, the
Unigold kits would be used following the same procedure. After using Unigold to confirm the result
and proves negative the Stat Pac kit is used as a confirmer. (Chesbrough,2003)

Result: The appearance of a line at the Control region and another at the Test region indicates a
Positive result, while the appearance of a line on the Control region only, and indicates a Negative.

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 VIRAL LOAD TEST FOR HIV PATIENT

Viral load is the total amount of no of viral copies found in the blood of an infected person. It
measures the amount or RNA of HIV in the blood.

3.2.5.5 H-PYLORI (HELICOBACTER PYLORI)

Introduction: H-Pylori is cause by bacteria, it attacks the stomach, and it damage

the tissue in the stomach a type of duodenum and gastric ulcer. It detects antigen.

Intestinal ulcer)

* Running of stomach

* Backache

* Secreting of gas

* Belting

Peptic ulcer: it detects antibody

* vomiting of blood

*chest pain

*blood stool

Materials; stool sample. Buffer, H-Pylori kit

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 Procedure

*The stool sample was collected from the Patient.

*1gram of stool sample was dropped inside the buffer, shake well.

*2-3 of buffer solution was dropped into the kit, it was observed for about 5-10min,
two line +, one line -

*clarithromycin drug was taken of 2weeks. ( Kathleen E. B., Barbara E. D., PJ.
Lincoln)

3.2.5.4 HEPATITIS B (HBSAG) AND C (HCV)

Introduction

Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by hepatitis B virus which affects the liver. It causes both acute
and chronic infections. The hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg) is most frequently used to screen for the
presence of the infection. It is the first detectable viral antigen to appear during infection.

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Hepatitis C is an infectious disease caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV) that primarily affects the liver.
Hepatitis C testing begins with blood testing to detect the presence of antibodies to the HCV, using an
enzyme immunoassay.

Aim: To determine the presence of hepatitis b (HBsAg) and hepatitis c (Hcv)

Materials: Test strip, Plain bottle, syringe and needle, pipette.

MODE OF TRANSMISSION
- Through blood, body fluid, close personal contact, sexual transmission disease, during
pregnancy, during birth (mother to child) or breast feeding, through sharp object (needle
broken) possible sharing of cups and spoon.
STMPTOMS
- Inflammation of stomach, and pain of stomach and body part, yellowing of eye, high
contact of yellowing.

Procedures

The blood sample is spin using a centrifuge and the serum is separated.

Three drops of the serum are applied on the sample pad of the strip (each test has its own
strip) and allowed for 15 minute. (Chesbrough,2003)

3.2.5.5 FECAL OCCULT BLOOD TEST

Occult blood is a hidden blood, blood that can’t be seen with the naked eyes. that
blood is naked, normal stool sample should be brownish in color. Fecal occult blood test is
a lab test to check stool samples for hidden blood.

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 PYSICAL SAMPLE: Color, consistency, constituents.

Greenish in color: - Consumption of lipid vegetable

Brownish in color: - Normal stool sample

. Black tarry color: - Bleeding from upper and lower GIT (Gastro Intestinal track)

. Reddish color:- As a result of peptic ulcer.

Consistency: - Liquid, Semi form, hard stool.

Constituents :- What does the stool sample consist ; is there muccor, adult worm

the blood is odor or odorless.

FACTOR THAT CAUSES OR WARRANT OCCULT BLOOD

1. Peptic Ulcer.

2. Casinoma of Stomach

3. Bleeding from upper and lower GIT

4. Amoebic decentry/ parasitic infection.

PREPARING PATIENT FOR AN OCCULT BLOOD

Instruct the patient for absent for taking food contain ion for 3 days.

SYMPTOMS OF OCCULT BLOOD

• Secreting of gas. • Belting

• Back pain. • Salivation

• Abdominal pain • Diarrhea

OCCULT BLOOD TEST METHOD OF ESTIMATION

• fecal occult blood test (FOBT)

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• Ortholudine method

MATERIALS :- Stool sample, FOB Buffer, FOB kit.

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Procedure: - Using Fecal occult Blood kit

• The stool sample was collected from the Patient.

• 1gram of stool sample was dropped inside the buffer, shake well.

• 2-3 of buffer solution was dropped into the kit, it was observed for about

5-10min, two line +, one line - (Nobert W. Tiez 1926)

TREATMENT

2 Antibiotics; taken twice a day for 2weeks; Amoxicillin, clarithromycin

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3.5 CENTRIFUGE MACHINE

Centrifuge machine is a device used to separate lighter particles from heavier particles,
one of the most common uses is to separate red blood cells and other blood component
from whole blood.
USES OF CENTRIFUGE MACHINE
* separation of blood.
* separation of insoluble particle
* separation of mixture with close densities.

TYPES OF CENTRIFUGE MACHINE

* Hematocrit centrifuge: for spinning of sample, amount of blood e.g. for PCV

* Laboratory centrifuge: for spinning of large amount of sample collected in a

test tube.

HOW TO TAKE CARE OF CENTRIFUGE MACHINE?

* you have to balance the tube in the machine

* Don't used hand to stop the machine when spinning

* Closed the machine when it's not use.

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Hematocrit centrifuge

Laboratory Centrifuge

3.6 SPECIALITY SIDE LAB: is a place where Sample collection from patient using; syringe,
tunicate, cotton, sample container

- Transfer of sample into their container e.g. EDTA container, angel container.

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 -Distribution of sample after collection to chemical pathology, hematology

and microbiology laboratories.

-How to register patient information form to the register which include; name, age, ward and
types of investigation test e.g. FBC, U/E/CR, LFT.

-Labelling of container in which sample are both transferred.

- Labelling of container depending on the types of investigation

-separating of forms of different laboratories.

3.7 SUPERVISORY WORK

 Taking blood sample from different patient

 Sample registration of viral loud of HIV
 Spinning of sample using centrifuge machine
 Mapping sample of viral loud of HIV
 Laboratory test such as HIV, HB, PCV, ESR, FBS, RBS, MP, ABO Blood grouping,

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 CHAPTER FOUR

SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

4.1 SUMMARY
The content of these report contains my students industrial work experience scheme Which I
conducted in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano state. In a period of Six months I've been
posted to several labs for different work experiences. Among which are Phlebotomy laboratory,
Training laboratory, Accident and emergency side laboratory, NHIS side laboratory, Training
laboratory (S.S wali center for virology). Each and every of the above mentioned laboratories have
its test and principles that are being carried out on patients. I learned how to carry out different
tests on patients. For example, Full blood count(FBC), Packed cell volume(PCV), Malaria
parasite(MP), Genotype test, Pregnancy test(PT), Widal test, HbsAg test(Hepatitis), and HIV test
etc.

In the Training laboratory, I learnt how viral load samples are being brought from different
facilities and registered in the registration book, how these samples are being stored and
refrigerated to preserve them for a long period and how to use map to store them in a sample rack
for easy identification. And then the samples are being taken to the PCR laboratory where the
automated machines for viral load samples are being detected. Pack cell volume (PCV) In Accident
and emergency side laboratory, I learnt and was oriented about the use of all the equipment’s and
machines that are being used for various test. The centrifuge machine which is used for spinning
samples for PCV test, the microscope which is used for viewing blood film for Malarial parasites
(MP) test, the full blood count (FBC) test, and other equipments like the micro hematocrit reader,
micro hematocrit slides, Capillary tubes, immersion oil, etc. I learnt about how to carry out all of
this test.

4.2 CONCLUSION

In conclusion this program has enabled me to gain experience and industrial skill on how to run
various kinds of laboratory test such as RVS, HCV, PCV, MP, FBC, HIV, ESR, PT, H. Pylori, and
etc. I was opportune to apply my knowledge in real work situation using the following equipment:

33
microscope, micro hematocrit reader, centrifuge, capillary tube, blood lancet, electrophoresis
machine and laboratory stripe, thereby bridge the gap between theory and practical.

4.3 RECOMMENDATION
I will like to plead with the SIWES management to enlighten the firms especially industries
that students are likely to undergo their SIWES programs on relevance to their program, So
that authority shall enable them open their arms to receive students and introduce them to
receive students and introduce them to equipments and machines for easy learning and
understanding. The students should also be oriented on going to places that will provide
practical knowledge in their fields of study

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REFERENCES

Google: (https://www.cdc.gov.malaria> biology, https://www.who.into.ith>diseases.

https://www.medicinenet.com, https://em.m.Wikipedia.org>wiki.com.
https://mayoclinic.pure.Elsevier.com). Www.Aminukanoteachinghospital.com.
Chesbrough, H.W. (2003). Open Innovation: The new imperative for creating and
District laboratory practice in tropical countries (part 2) by Monica Cheesbrough.

Tiez. N. W fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and the Textbook of Clinical Chemistry (1926)

Evatt, Bruce L., Gibbs, William N., Lewis. S.M and McArthur, James R. Fundamental Diagnostic
Hematology Anemia 2nd Edition Published Jointly by US Department of Health and Human
Service and the World Health Organization 1992.

Kathleen E Boorman Barbara E Dodd and P. J Lincoln, Blood group serology theory, techniques
practical application 5th Ed. Published by Churchill,1966.

Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano Nigeria,WWW.hsph.edu.akth

Jimoh, A.A. (2010). A Technical Report on Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme in a
medical Diagnostic laboratory .www.academia.edu/3651724/Industrial_Training_Report.

Jpg Oyerinde;essential of tropical medical parasitology

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