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Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
 LIMBER PINE (Fruit and leaves, one-third natural size)

The “FRUIT”, a cone, is relatively short or stocky, mostly from 3 to 6

inches long, made up of rounded rather thick scales, some turned
forward and some backward. The cone is short-stalked. As with all
the pines, the seeds mature at the end of the second season of
growth.

The WOOD is relatively soft, close-grained, slightly yellowish or

reddish. It is not cut in quantity and the trees are usually rather
limby and short-bodied, which largely accounts for the small
commercial use.

18

PINYON (Nut Pine)

Pinus edulis Engelm.
Pinyon is found as scattered trees or in small groves over the
mountains and canyons in the western part of the state to elevations
of 8,000 feet. It is a small tree, grows on warm slopes or in
sheltered locations, and forms a bushy top with orange-colored
branchlets.

The needle-like LEAVES grow in bundles of two (rarely 3); whereas

in Pinus cembroides Zucc., the Mexican Pinyon, there are usually
three needles per cluster. The dark green needles are approximately
one inch long, stiff, stout, and curved. They remain on the tree from
5 to 8 years.

PINYON (Natural size)

Like all the pines, it has male and female “FLOWERS” separate on
the same tree. The “FRUIT”, a cone, is rounded, about 1 to 2 inches
across, and produces large seeds or “nuts”, from ½ to ¾ inch long.
The seeds are rich in food value and form an important article of diet
for the Indians. The seeds are gathered and sold widely as fancy
“nuts” in many larger towns and cities.

The WOOD is light, soft, close-grained, and pale brown, used for fuel
and sometimes as fencing. A close relative P. cembroides is found
scattered in the Texas cedar breaks.

19

PONDEROSA PINE (Western Yellow Pine)

Pinus ponderosa Laws.

Ponderosa pine is the most important commercial pine of the

Southwest and many parts of the Rocky Mountain region. It reaches
the southeastern limit of its range in the Guadalupe and Davis
Mountains of West Texas where it is scattered and of little
commercial value. It is favored as an ornamental in the Texas
Panhandle.

PONDEROSA PINE (Fruit and leaves, one-half natural size)

The needle-like LEAVES are in bundles of three and are mostly 5 to 8

inches long. The needles, massed toward the ends of naked
branches, remain on the tree about 3 years.
The “FRUIT”, a short-stalked cone, is oval-shaped, reddish-brown,
and armed with stout recurved prickles.

The WOOD of this species, from trees in the commercial part of its
range, is of excellent quality for lumber. The wood is hard, strong,
and rather fine grained. The heartwood is light reddish-white and
the sapwood nearly white. Lumber from this tree is widely used for
house construction and furniture.

20

LOBLOLLY PINE
Pinus taeda L.

This fast-growing yellow pine is the most abundant and valuable

species in Southeast Texas from Orange County west to Walker and
Waller Counties. The species is also abundant northward to the
Oklahoma line. Loblolly pine also constitutes the pine of the “Lost
Pine Region” in the vicinity of Bastrop.

LOBLOLLY PINE (Fruit and leaves, one-half natural size)

Loblolly invades abandoned fields rapidly. For this reason it is often

called old field pine. In the virgin forest of Texas, loblolly pine was
most common along banks of streams. It is still the dominant pine
on moist sites, but may also be found in relatively dry sites.
The dark-colored BARK is deeply furrowed and often attains a
thickness of as much as 2 inches on large-sized trees. The needle-
like LEAVES, 6 to 9 inches long, are borne three (occasionally two) in
a cluster. In the spring bright green clumps of needles grow at the
end of branches and give the tree a luxuriant appearance. The
“FRUIT”, a cone, ripens in the autumn of the second year and is 3 to
5 inches long. Many seeds with wings an inch long are shed during
the fall and early winter.

The resinous WOOD is coarse-grained. There is marked contrast, as

in other yellow pines, between the bands of springwood and
summerwood. The wood of second-growth trees has a wide range of
uses such as building material, box shooks, barrel staves, basket
veneers, pulpwood, lath, mine props, piling, and fuel.

21

SHORTLEAF PINE (Yellow Pine)

Pinus echinata Mill.

Shortleaf pine is an important pine over a wide area in Northeast

Texas, and is common in other parts of the “Piney Woods.”
Essentially a tree of the hilly section, growing in pure stands and in
mixture with hardwoods, the mature tree has a tall straight stem
and an oval crown, reaching a height of about 100 feet and a
diameter of about 2½ feet. Unlike other southern pines, young
shortleaf pine trees may reproduce by sprouts when cut or burned
back.
 SHORTLEAF PINE (Fruit, natural size; leaves, two-thirds natural size)

The BARK is brownish-red, broken into rectangular plates; it is

thinner and lighter-colored than that of loblolly pine.

The needle-like LEAVES are in clusters of two or three (3 to 5 inches

long), slender, flexible, and dark blue-green. The “FRUIT”, a cone, or
bur, the smallest of the Texas pines, are 1½ to 2½ inches long,
oblong, with small sharp prickles; are generally clustered, and often
hold to the twigs for 3 or 4 years. The small mottled seeds have a
wing which is broadest near the center.

The WOOD of old trees is rather heavy and hard, yellow-brown or

orange, fine-grained, and less resinous than that of the other
important Southern pines. It is used for finishing, general
construction, veneers, paper pulp, excelsior, cooperage, mine props,
and other purposes.

22

LONGLEAF PINE
Pinus palustris Mill.
Young longleaf pine with its single upright stem, candle-like silvery
buds, and long, shiny leaves form a handsome tree. In later youth
the stalwart, sparingly-branched sapling, with heavy twigs and gray
bark, attracts immediate attention. Mature trees have tall, straight
trunks, 1-3 feet in diameter and open irregular crowns.

Longleaf pine grows in sandy soils from Orange County, north to

Sabine County and west to Trinity County. A hybrid cross between
longleaf and loblolly pine is often found in this range and is known
as Sonderegger pine.

LONGLEAF PINE (Fruit and leaves, one-third natural size)

The needle-like LEAVES are grey-green, from 10 to 15 inches long,

in clusters of three, and gathered toward the ends of the thick, scaly,
twigs. The “FLOWERS”, appearing in early spring before the new
leaves, are a deep rose-purple, the male in prominent, short, dense
clusters and the female in inconspicuous groups of two to four.
Unlike other Southern pines, common to Texas, this species grows in
a “grass” stage for 2 to 5 years during which time it resembles a
clump of grass. Once longleaf pine starts its height growth, it grows
rapidly.

The “FRUIT”, a cone bur, is 6 to 10 inches long, and slightly curved,

the thick scales armed with small curved prickles. The cones usually
fall soon after the seed ripens, leaving their bases attached to the
twigs.

The WOOD is heavy, hard, strong, tough and durable. It is used for
construction. Naval stores such as turpentine and rosin are obtained
from the tree.

23

SLASH PINE
Pinus elliottii var. elliottii

Slash pine is not a native of Texas, its natural range in the United
States being along the coast from South Carolina to eastern
Louisiana. The initial planting of slash pine in East Texas was made
on the E. O. Siecke State Forest near Kirbyville in 1926. It has been
widely planted in East Texas, and has been so successful in its
growth and adaptability to the region that it is now accepted as a
forest tree of the State. It is much favored for reforestation by
planting because of its exceedingly rapid height growth, good
survival, and comparative freedom from tip-moth damage.
 SLASH PINE (One-half natural size)

In its native habitat a mature tree ranges to 100 feet high, with a
roundtopped head and a trunk 1 to 3 feet in diameter.

The BARK ranges in thickness from ¾ to 1 inch, separating freely on

the surface into large thin scales.

The needle-like LEAVES occur in clusters of 2 and 3, are from 8 to

12 inches long, and lustrous. The “FLOWERS” appear in late winter,
the male dark purple, the female pink, the “FRUIT”, a cone usually 4
to 6 inches long, is brown and glossy, the thin scales armed with fine
prickles.

Slash pine WOOD is exceedingly hard, very strong, durable, coarse

grained, rich, dark orange color, with thick, nearly white sapwood. In
this respect it is similar to longleaf, being sold as such, and used for
the same purpose. Naval stores, lumber, pulpwood and other
products can be produced from this tree.

24
 DOUGLAS-FIR
Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Belssn.) Franco

This valuable timber tree of the western United States reaches its
extreme southeastern limit in the mountains of West Texas. It is a
small tree locally but in the Pacific Northwest Douglas-fir reaches a
height of 250 feet and a diameter of 10 to 12 feet.

The needle-like LEAVES are linear, more or less flattened, about an

inch in length, bluish green, and arranged closely in spirals around
the stem. They remain on the twigs for many years. The buds are a
rich reddish-brown and pointed.

DOUGLAS-FIR (Fruit and leaves, one-half natural size)

The “FRUIT”, a cone, unlike that of true firs, hangs downward and is
easily identified by the protruding bracts, or “straws.” The mature
cones are 2 to 4 inches long, and brownish-red.
The WOOD is moderately light, reddish tinted and surrounded by
nearly white sapwood. It varies widely in respect to density, quality
and width of sapwood. Much high grade plywood is made from this
species. Young Douglas-firs are sold as Christmas trees.

25

BALDCYPRESS
Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.

Baldcypress grows in swamps which are flooded for prolonged

periods, and on wet stream banks and bottomlands. It occurs in East
Texas west to the Nueces River. The straight trunk has numerous
ascending branches, and narrow conical outline. In old age the tree
generally has a broad fluted, or buttressed base, a smooth slowly
tapering trunk and a broad, open, flat top of a few heavy branches
and numerous small branchlets. Virgin-growth timber attains heights
up to 130 feet and diameters up to 10 feet.

BALDCYPRESS (Cone and leaves, seven-eighths natural size)

The BARK is silvery to cinnamon-red, finely divided by numerous
longitudinal fissures. The light green LEAVES about ½ to ¾ inch
long, are arranged in feather-like fashion along two sides of small
branchlets which fall in the autumn with the leaves still attached.

The “FRUIT”, a rounded cone, is about one inch in diameter, with

thick irregular scales.

The WOOD is light, soft, easily worked, with a light sap wood and
dark-brown heartwood. It is particularly durable in contact with the
soil. Cypress is in demand for exterior trim of buildings, greenhouse
planking, boat and ship building, shingles, posts, poles, and
crossties.

26

ASHE JUNIPER (Mexican Juniper--Mountain Cedar)

Juniperus ashei Buchholz

In Central and West Texas are found no less than nine species of
cedars or junipers, including one eastern, one southern, and seven
western species. Of these, the most abundant and important is the
Mexican juniper. This tree often forms extensive low forests or dense
breaks on the limestone hills and slopes of the Edwards Plateau and
Grand Prairie.
 ASHE JUNIPER (Berry-like fruit and leaves, two-thirds natural size)

The trunk is covered with shreddy, brown or reddish-brown BARK.

The LEAVES are dark blue-green, small, opposite or arranged in 3’s,
scale like, blunt pointed, and fringed with minute teeth. On vigorous
young plants the leaves are sharp pointed and longer, up to ½ inch
long.

The “FRUIT”, a nearly round, dark blue, berry-like cone is covered

with glaucous bloom; has a thin, pleasant-scented, sweet flesh,
enclosing 1 or 2 seeds; and ripens in one season.
The WOOD is light, hard, light brown, close-grained but weak. It is
extensively used for fence posts and fuel. The tree is sometimes
planted as an ornamental.

27

EASTERN REDCEDAR
Juniperus virginiana L.

Redcedar is scattered through East Texas, usually on gravelly ridges

and rocky hillsides of the uplands.

There are two kinds of LEAVES, usually both on the same tree. The
most common is dark green, minute, and scale-like, clasping the
twig in four ranks, so that the twig appears square. The other kind,
usually appearing on young growth, or vigorous shoots, is awl-
shaped, quite sharp-pointed, spreading, and whitened.

The BARK is thin, reddish-brown, turning ashy-gray on exposed

surfaces, and peels off in long shred-like strips. The trunk is usually
more or less grooved.

The male and female FLOWERS blooming in February or March, are

at the end of minute twigs on separate trees.

The “FRUIT” which matures in one season is pale blue, ¼ inch in

diameter, and berry-like, the sweet flesh enclosing one or two seeds.
 EASTERN REDCEDAR (Fruit and leaves, three-fourths natural size)

The HEARTWOOD is distinctly red, and the sapwood white, this color
combination making very striking effects when finished as cedar
chests, closets, and interior woodwork. The wood is aromatic, soft,
strong, and of even texture, very durable in contact with the soil,
and in great demand for posts, poles, and rustic work.

Since redcedar spreads the cedar-rust of apples, it is inadvisable to

plant this tree in or near orchards, or anywhere in regions devoted
to commercial apple production.
 28

BLACK WALNUT
Juglans nigra L.

This valuable forest tree occurs on rich bottomlands and moist fertile
hillsides as far west as the San Antonio River. It may attain a height
of nearly 100 feet with a straight stem, clear of branches for half of
its height.

The BARK is thick, dark brown in color, and divided by rather deep
fissures into rounded ridges.

The LEAVES are alternate, compound, 1 to 2 feet long, consisting of

from 15 to 23 leaflets of a yellowish-green color. The leaflets are
about 3 inches long, extremely tapering at the end, and toothed
along the margin.

BLACK WALNUT (Leaf, one-fifth natural size; fruit, one-fourth natural

size; twig, about natural size)
The FRUIT is a nut, borne singly or in pairs, and enclosed in a solid
green husk which does not split open, even after the nut is ripe. The
nut itself is black with a very hard, thick, finely ridged shell,
enclosing a rich, oily, edible kernel.

The HEARTWOOD is heavy, hard and strong. Its rich chocolate-

brown color, freedom from warping, and checking, susceptibility to a
high polish, and durability make it highly prized for furniture and
cabinet work and gunstocks. Walnut is easily propagated from the
nuts, and should be more widely planted and grown for timber and
nuts.

LITTLE WALNUT or TEXAS WALNUT (Juglans microcarpa

Berlandier) is found on limestone banks of streams in western Texas.
The stumps supply a beautiful veneer.

29

PECAN
Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch

Pecan, the “State tree” of Texas, is found native in the state from
the Piney Woods west throughout Central Texas, centering in the
watershed of the Colorado River. It makes an excellent shade tree
and is very valuable for the nut crop it bears. Many varieties are
planted in orchards. The pecan is a tall-growing tree, attaining
heights of over 100 feet. When grown in the open it forms a large,
rounded, symmetrical top.

The outer BARK is rough, hard, tight, but broken into scales; on the
limbs it is smooth at first but later tends to scale or divide as the
bark grows old.

The LEAVES resemble those of the other hickories and the black
walnut. They are made up of 9 to 17 leaflets, each oblong, toothed
and long-pointed, and 4 to 8 inches long by about 2 inches wide.
 PECAN (Leaf, one-sixth natural size; fruit, one-third natural size)

The FLOWERS appear in early spring and hang in tassels from 2 to 3

inches long. The FRUIT is a nut 1 to 2 inches long, and ½ to 1 inch
in diameter, in a thin husk which opens along its grooved seams
when the fruit ripens in the fall. The nuts vary in size and thickness
of shell. Cultivated varieties are sold on the market in large
quantities.

The WOOD is heavy, hard, brittle, not strong, and of little value
except for fuel and wagon stock. Some wood is satisfactory for
making softball bats.

30

BITTERNUT HICKORY (Pignut)

Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch

Bitternut, the only hickory with bright yellow buds, is a tall slender
tree with a broad pyramidal crown, attaining a height of 100 feet
and a diameter of 2 to 3 feet. It is found in the eastern part of the
state on moist rich soils, and is not abundant.

The BARK on the trunk is granite-gray, faintly tinged with yellow,

less rough than in most hickories, yet broken into thin, plate-like
scales.
 BITTERNUT HICKORY (Twig, one-half natural size; leaf and fruit, one-
third natural size)

The bright yellow winter BUDS are compressed and scurfy. The
LEAVES are alternate, compound, from 6 to 10 inches long, and
composed of 5 to 11 leaflets. The individual leaflets are smaller and
more slender than those of the other hickories.

The male and female FLOWERS are on the same tree. The FRUIT is
about 1 inch long and thin-husked, while the nut has a thin,
smoothish, gray, brittle shell. The kernel is bitter.

The WOOD is hard, strong, and heavy; reddish-brown in color, and

often called red hickory. It has the same uses as the other hickories
but is said to be inferior.

31

WATER HICKORY
Carya aquatica (Michx. f.) Nutt.

This tree, as its name indicates, grows in bottomlands and rich, wet
woods. It is found throughout the eastern portion of the state. It is
not a large hickory, seldom attaining a height of 100 feet or a
diameter of 2 feet. It is slender, with upright branches forming a
narrow head. It is easily distinguished from other hickories by its
reddish-brown winter buds which are covered with yellow glands
that fall off easily.
 WATER HICKORY (Fruit and twig, two-thirds natural size; leaf, one-
fourth natural size)

The light brown BARK separates freely into long, loose, thick, plate-
like scales.

LEAVES are alternate, compound, 9 to 15 inches long, with 7 to 13

slender leaflets. The FLOWERS are like those of other hickories. The
FRUIT, often borne in clusters of 3 or 4, is a rather oblong nut,
conspicuously four-angled, with a thin, red-brown hull that splits
tardily. The nut itself is nearly as broad as long, four-angled and
ridged, with a thin shell and bitter kernel.

The WOOD is heavy, strong, close grained, brown, and rather brittle.
Probably used only for fuel.

32
 SHAGBARK HICKORY
Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch

Shagbark hickory is found from eastern Texas to Florida and north to

the St. Lawrence River and Minnesota. It is a large tree of
commercial importance reaching 100 feet in height and 2 to 3 feet in
diameter. It thrives best on rich, damp soil.

The BARK of the trunk is rougher than on other hickories, light gray
and separating into thick plates which are only slightly attached to
the tree. The large terminal winter buds are egg-shaped, the
persistent outer bud-scales having narrow tips.
 SHAGBARK HICKORY (Leaf, one-third natural size; twig, one-half
natural size; fruit, one-fourth natural size)

The LEAVES are alternate, compound, from 8 to 15 inches long and

composed of 5, rarely 7, obovate to ovate leaflets. The twigs are
smooth or clothed with short hairs.

The male and female FLOWERS open after the leaves have attained
nearly full size.

The FRUIT is borne singly or in pairs and is globular. The husk is

thick and deeply grooved at the seams. The nut is pale, the shell
thin, and the kernel sweet. It is sold in commercial quantities.

The WOOD is heavy, hard, tough, and strong. It is used in the

manufacture of agricultural implements, tool handles, wagons, and
sports equipment.

33

MOCKERNUT HICKORY
Carya tomentosa Nutt.

Mockernut, white, or bigbud hickory, is common on well-drained soils

in the eastern part of the state. It is a short-limbed tree up to 60
feet high and 1 to 2 feet in diameter.

The BARK is dark gray, hard, closely and deeply furrowed, often
apparently cross-furrowed or netted. The winter BUDS are large,
round or broadly egg-shaped, and covered with downy, hard scales.
The outer, dark scales fall off readily in the autumn. The recent
shoots are short, stout and more or less covered with a downy
growth.

The LEAVES are large, strong-scented, and hairy; composed of 7 to

9 obovate to oblong, pointed leaflets pale to orange-brown on the
lower surface. The leaves turn a beautiful yellow in the fall.
 MOCKERNUT HICKORY (Leaf, one-fifth natural size; twig, two-thirds
natural size; fruit, one-third natural size)

The FLOWERS are of two kinds on the same tree; the male in three-
branched catkins, the female in clusters of 2 to 5. The FRUIT is oval,
nearly round or slightly pear-shaped with a very thick, strong-
scented husk which splits nearly to the base when ripe. The nut
sometimes has 4 to 6 ridges; is reddish-brown, thick shelled, and
has a small, sweet kernel.

The WOOD is heavy, hard, tough, and strong. It is white except for
the comparatively small, dark-brown heart, hence the name white
hickory. It is used for the same purpose as shagbark hickory and
makes an excellent fuel.

34
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