HISTORY & GOVERNMENT.
END TERM 2 2025
PAPER 1- MARKING SCHEME
SECTION A : 25 MARKS
1. Name the major dispersal area of the Western Bantus. (1 mk)
Mt. Elgon
2. State the main function of the age-set system among the Bantus. (1 mk)
Provision of warrior who defended the community against external attacks.
3. Give two evidence which show that the Portuguese ruled the Kenyan Coast. (2 mks)
Vasco da Gama pillar
Fort Jesus
4. Name the Arab families that ruled Malindi on behalf of the Oman Arabs. (1 mk)
Che Nabahan
5. Name two missionaries who worked in Kenya by the 19th C. (2 mks)
Johan Rebman
Hudnoing Kwapf
Jacob Erhadatt
6. Give two ways by which citizenship by birth can be revoked. (2 mks)
If it is discovered that the person was older than eight years when found in Kenya
If the nationality or parentage of a person becomes know and reveals that this person
was a citizen of another country.
If it was obtained through fraud/corruption.
7. Define conflict resolution. (1 mk)
If the process of settling a disagreement of dispute between people.
8. Name the constitutional amendments that made Kenya to be a single parting state. (1 mk)
Introduction of section 2A.
9. Give two main objectives of the Kenya National Human Rights and Equality Commission.
(2 mks)
To protect the sovereignty of the people.
To ensure secure observance by all state organs of democratic values and principles.
To promote constitutionalism.
10. State any two categories of children Rights in Kenya. (2 mks)
Developmental rights
Survival rights
Protection rights
11. Name one treating that effectively ended the scramble for East Africa. (1 mk)
Helgoland treaty of 1890
12. Give the main duty of the colonial secretary in Kenya during the colonial period. (1 mk)
Over all coordination of colonial policies and was answerable to queen in England.
13. Give two reasons why the Akamba exhibited mixed reactions to establishment of colonial rule.
(1mk)
Their political organization was decentralized
They initially misunderstood the intentions of the Europeans
14. Name the settler who introduced wheat farming in Kenya . (1 mk)
The Lord Delemere
15. Name two categories of land during the colonial period in Kenya. (2 mks)
Public land
Private land
16. Give the political parties the represented Kenya during the 2nd Lancaster House Conference of
1962. (2 mks)
Kenya African National Union
Kenya Africa Democratic Union
African People’s Party
17. State one pillar of the Nyayo philosophy. (1 mk)
Peace
Love Unity
Section B: 45 Marks
18. a) Give three reasons for the migration of the Borana during the pre-colonial period.
(3 mks)
Search for water and pasture for their animals
Drought and famine in the former settlement
Outbreak of diseases that affected animals and the population
They were evading heavy taxation from Menelik II family and clan disputes /feuds
Were driven by the spirit of adventure
b) Explain the contributions of the Cushitic migration and settlement in Kenya. (12 mks)
Introduced cultural practice like taboo against eating fish age set organization and
circumcision
Displaced some of the communities they encountered
Led to the formation of alliances of Rendile and Samburu against the Turkana.
Intensified intercommunity wars and conflicts led to the distribution of population in
Kenya.
Led to intermarriages between communities
Increased population in the new settlement
Intensified trading activities between them and the communities they came into contact
with.
19. a) Give three reasons why early visitors came to the East African Coast. (3 mks)
They came to trade
Some came as refugees e.g. the Arabs/Running away from persecution and wars
They came to spread their religion e.g. Portuguese who came to spread Christianity.
Some came to explore the East African Coast
Some came to establish settlement along the East Africa Coast.
b) Explain six factors which led to the decline of Coastal towns after 1500A.D. (6 mks)
Distribution of trade by the Portuguese leading to the loss of revenue to sustain the
towns
Constant warfare and conflicts between the Portuguese and the local
Invasion of Coastal settlement by Zamba warriors
Lack of fresh water e.g. in Gedi
Increased conflicts among the city states which discouraged traders
The dry spell hindered farming activities
Rivalry among Europeans nahons for the control of trade.
20. a) State three methods that were used by African Nationalists during the struggle for
independence. (3 mks)
Formation of political parties
Use of trade Unions
Use of military struggle e.g. Mau Mau warfare
Use of Constitutional fira
Use of Publications an various forms of literature to voice and popularize their cause
Independent churches and schools.
b) Explain problems by nationalists in Kenya in the struggle for independence.(12 mks)
Harassment by colonial government
Disunity among themselves
Arrests by colonial government
Harsh climate in the forests
Lack of basic needs e.g. food and water
Betrayal by fellow Africans
Lack of means of communication and transport
Banning of the political associations and parties.
21. a) State the results of the Mau Mau uprising. (5 mks)
Led to death of many fighters
Many Africans were arrested and detained e.g. Dedan Kimathi
The war speeded up the march to independence
Led to destruction of many properties.
It led to reduction of power and influences of the settlers
Led to disbandment of political organizations and parties e.g. K.A.U.
Led to bitterness among Agikuyu, Aembu and Ameru.
The Agikuyu, Aembu and Ameru were removed from Nairobi.
b) Explain the role of women in the Mau Mau movement. (10 mks)
They physically participated in the armed resistance against the British e.g. Field
Marshall Muthon.
Supplied the fighters with essentials e.g. food
Organized and coordinated rural networks to provide supplies to the fighters.
Deted as spies for Mau Mau fighters
They composed songs to mobilized the fighters
Women participated in oath taking ceremonies
They kept secret information relating to the uprising from the colonial agent despite
their mistreatment.
Women took care of their families while men were busy fighting.
Section C: 30 Marks
22. a) Give the role of partly leaders in parliament. (3 mks)
Promoting and upholding national unity through party activities.
Enforcing adherence to the Principles of good governance, democracy and human
rights
Advancing the goals of the party
The leader of the majority party ensures and maintains support for legislation
The leader of minority party has to protect the right of the minorities
The leader of the majority has to ensure accountability and transparency in the party and
government.
b) Describe the law making process in Kenya. (12 mks)
Drafting
1st reading
2nd reading
Committee stage
Report stage
3rd reading
Presidential assent
Gazettement.
23. a) Identify any five specialized sections of the police. (5mks)
Regular police
Traffic Police
National Intelligence Police
Police Air Wings
Anti Stock Theft Unit
Anti Natotics Unit
Flying Squad
Prosecution Unit
Kenya Police Reserve
Administration Police
b) Explain five functions of the Kenya Defence Forces. (10mks)
Defend and protect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country
Are involved in rescue operations during emergencies
Assist in peace keeping missions of the UN to restore peace and order in trouble areas
Involved in non military activities like bridge and road construction
Entertain the public during national holidays
Kenyan Air force protects Kenya airspace against potential enemies
Kenya navy Patrols Kenya’s territorial water to check illegal landings.
24. a) Mention three reasons why elections are held in Kenya after every 5 years. (3 mks)
It is a constitutional requirement
It helps to keep leaders on their toes
The give the people of Kenya a chance to pick leaders of their choice.
Give the citizens chance to exercise their democratic rights.
b) Discuss five factors that may undermine free and fair elections in Kenya.
(12mks)
Rigging of elections
Bribery of voters by candidates and agents
Violence which hinder voting by making voters not to access the voting centers
Illiteracy among the citizen
Inadequate civil education to sensitive voters on their rights
Poor infrastructure makes some areas to be inaccessible
Interference by the executive arm of government.
