GET 210: Octave Lab Manual
This lab manual covers key computational concepts in Engineering
Mathematics II using GNU Octave. Each topic includes two lab problems with
solutions and one take-home exercise.
Basic Syntax and Commands
Math Operations
a = 5;
b = 3;
c = a + b;
disp(c); % Displays 8
Vectors and Matrices
v = [1, 2, 3]; % Row vector
M = [1 2; 3 4]; % 2x2 Matrix
M_transpose = M'; % Transpose
Element-wise Operations
v = [1, 2, 3];
v_squared = v .^ 2; % [1, 4, 9]
Plotting Functions
Basic Plot
x = 0:0.1:2*pi;
y = sin(x);
plot(x, y);
xlabel('x'); ylabel('sin(x)');
title('Plot of sin(x)');
3D Plot
[x, y] = meshgrid(-2:0.1:2, -2:0.1:2);
z = x.^2 + y.^2;
surf(x, y, z);
1. Differentiation and Integration
Lab Problem 1: Differentiate f (x)=x3 +2 x 2 + x and evaluate at x=2.
Code:
pkg load symbolic;
syms x;
f = x^3 + 2*x^2 + x;
df = diff(f, x);
val = subs(df, x, 2);
disp(val);
Explanation:
Computes the derivative of f (x) and evaluates it at x=2.
Lab Problem 2: Integrate f (x)=sin(x )exp (x) symbolically.
Code:
f = sin(x)*exp(x);
intf = int(f, x);
disp(intf);
Explanation:
Performs symbolic integration of a product function.
Take-Home Exercise:
Exercise: Differentiate and integrate f (x)=ln(x 2 +1) .
2. Ordinary Differential Equations
dy
Lab Problem 1: Solve =x− y with y (0)=1 using ode 45.
dx
Code:
graphics_toolkit gnuplot
function dydx = f(x, y)
dydx = x - y;
end
[x, y] = ode45(@f, [0 5], 1);
plot(x, y);
Explanation:
Numerically solves a first-order ODE.
dy
Lab Problem 2: Solve =−2 y+ cos(x ), y (0)=0.
dx
Code:
function dydx = f(x, y)
dydx = -2*y + cos(x);
end
[x, y] = ode45(@f, [0 5], 0);
plot(x, y);
Explanation:
Solves a nonhomogeneous linear ODE.
Take-Home Exercise:
dy
Exercise: Solve =sin( x )− y , y (0)=2.
dx
3. Calculus: Vector and Vector-Valued Functions, Line and Multiple
Integrals
Lab Problem 1: Compute the velocity and acceleration of r (t )=[cos (t), sin(t ), t ].
Code:
pkg load symbolic;
syms t;
r = [cos(t), sin(t), t];
v = diff(r, t);
a = diff(v, t);
disp('Velocity:'), disp(v);
disp('Acceleration:'), disp(a);
Explanation:
Finds velocity and acceleration from a vector-valued function.
Lab Problem 2: Evaluate the double integral ∫ ∫ ( x 2 + y 2) dx dy over [0 ,1] x [0 , 1].
Code:
syms x y;
f = x^2 + y^2;
I = int(int(f, x, 0, 1), y, 0, 1);
disp('Double Integral:'), disp(I);
Explanation:
Symbolic evaluation of a double integral over a square region.
Take-Home Exercise:
Exercise: Evaluate the line integral ∮(x dy− y dx ) over the unit circle.
4. Second-Order Differential Equations
Lab Problem 1: Solve y ' '−3 y '+ 2 y =0 with y (0)=1, y '(0)=0.
Code:
pkg load symbolic;
syms y(x);
Dy = diff(y, x);
ode = diff(y, x, 2) - 3*Dy + 2*y == 0;
conds = [y(0)==1, Dy(0)==0];
sol = dsolve(ode, conds);
disp('Solution:'), disp(sol);
Explanation:
Solves a second-order linear homogeneous differential equation.
Lab Problem 2: Solve y ' '+ y =sin(x ) using symbolic computation.
Code:
ode = diff(y, x, 2) + y == sin(x);
sol = dsolve(ode);
disp('General Solution:'), disp(sol);
Explanation:
Solves a second-order nonhomogeneous differential equation.
Take-Home Exercise:
Exercise: Solve y ' ' + 4 y=0 with y (0)=0 and y '(0)=1.
5. Elementary Complex Analysis and Special Functions
Lab Problem 1: Evaluate f ( z)=z2 +1for z=2+3 i .
Code:
z = 2 + 3i;
f = z^2 + 1;
disp('f(z) ='), disp(f);
Explanation:
Evaluates a complex function for a given complex input.
1
Lab Problem 2: Plot the magnitude of f (z)= over the complex grid.
z
Code:
[x, y] = meshgrid(-2:0.1:2, -2:0.1:2);
z = x + 1i*y;
f = 1 ./ z;
surf(x, y, abs(f)); title('|1/z|');
Explanation:
Visualizes the magnitude of a complex function.
Take-Home Exercise:
Exercise: Evaluate and plot f (z)=e z for z=x +iy .
6. Cauchy-Riemann Equations, Harmonic Functions, and Conformal
Mapping
Lab Problem 1: Verify Cauchy-Riemann equations for u=x2 − y 2 , v=2 xy .
Code:
syms x y;
u = x^2 - y^2; v = 2*x*y;
CR1 = diff(u, x) == diff(v, y);
CR2 = diff(u, y) == -diff(v, x);
disp('CR1:'), disp(CR1);
disp('CR2:'), disp(CR2);
Explanation:
Checks the analyticity of a complex function using the Cauchy-Riemann equations.
Lab Problem 2: Map the unit circle under f (z)=z2 .
Code:
theta = linspace(0, 2*pi, 100);
z = exp(1i*theta);
w = z.^2;
plot(real(w), imag(w)); axis equal;
title('Conformal Map: z^2');
Explanation:
Plots the image of the unit circle under a conformal map.
Take-Home Exercise:
Exercise: Check whether u( x , y)=x2 + y 2 is harmonic, and plot the image of the unit circle
1
under f (z)= .
z
