ABSTRACT

Agriculture plays a significant role in the economic sector. The automation in agriculture is the

main concern and the emerging subject across the world. The population is increasing

tremendously and with this increase the demand of food and employment is also increasing. The

traditional methods which were used by the farmers, were not sufficient enough to fulfill these

requirements. Thus, new automated methods were introduced. These new methods satisfied the

food requirements and also provided employment opportunities to billions of people. Artificial

Intelligence in agriculture has brought an agriculture revolution. This technology has protected

the crop yield from various factors like the climate changes, population growth, employment

issues and the food security problems. This main concern of this paper is to audit the various

applications of Artificial intelligence in agriculture such as for irrigation, weeding, spraying with

the help of sensors and other means embedded in robots and drones. These technologies saves

the excess use of water, pesticides, herbicides, maintains the fertility of the soil, also helps in the

efficient use of man power and elevate the productivity and improve the quality. This paper

surveys the work of many researchers to get a brief overview about the current implementation

of automation in agriculture, the weeding systems through the robots and drones. The

various soil water sensing methods are discussed along with two automated weeding techniques.

The implementation of drones is discussed, the various methods used by drones for spraying and

crop-monitoring is also discussed in this paper.

1
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The world's population is assumed to be nearly 10 billion by 2050, boosting agricultural order-in

a situation of humble financial development by somewhere in the range of 50% contrasted with

2013 (FAO, 2017). At present, about 37.7% of total land surface is used for crop production.

From employment generation to contribution to National Income, agriculture is important. It is

contributing a significant portion in the economic prosperity of the developed nations and is

playing an active part in the economy of the developing countries as well. The augmentation of

agriculture has resulted in a significant increase in the per-capita income of the rural community.

Thus, placing a greater emphasis on agricultural sector will be rational and apposite. For

countries, like India, the agricultural sector accounts for 18% of GDP and provides employment

to 50% of the country's workforce. Development in the agricultural sector will boost the rural

development, further leading toward rural transformation and eventually resulting in the

structural transformation (Mogili and Deepak, 2018; Shah et al., 2019).

With the advent of technology, there has been observed a dramatic transformation in many of the

industries across the globe (Kakkad et al., 2019). Surprisingly, agriculture, though being the least

digitized, has seen momentum for the development and commercialization of agricultural

technologies. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has begun to play a major role in daily lives, extending

our perceptions and ability to modify the environment around us (Kundalia et al., 2020; Gandhi

et al., 2020; Ahir et al., 2020). Plessen (2019) gave a method for harvest planning based on the

coupling of crop assignment with vehicle routing is presented. With this emerging technologies

2
the workforce which were restricted to only a minimal industrial sectors are now contributing to

numerous sectors. AI is based on the vast domains like Biology, Linguistics, Computer Science,

Mathematics, Psychology and engineering. Jha et al. (2019) a brief overview of the current

implementation of agricultural automation. The paper also addresses a proposed system for

flower and leaf identification and watering using IOT to be implemented in the botanical farm

(Patel et al., 2020; Albaji et al., 2010). The basic concept of AI to develop a technology which

functions like a human brain (Parekh et al., 2020; Jani et al., 2019) This technology is

perpetrated by studying how human brain thinks, how humans learn, make decisions, and work

while solving a problem, and on this ground intelligent software and systems are developed.

These softwares are fed with training data and further these intelligent devices provide us with

desired output for every valid input, just like the human brain. Vast domains including Machine

Learning and Deep learning are core part of AI (Patel et al., 2020a, Patel et al., 2020b; Pandya et

al., 2019; Sukhadia et al., 2020). While AI is the science of making intelligent machines and

programs, ML is the ability to learn something without being explicitly programmed and DL is

the learning of deep neural networks (Kodali and Sahu, 2016; Kulkarni and Deshmukh, 2013).

The main subjective of AI is to make problem solving facile which may include the use of ANN

(Shah et al., 2020a, Shah et al., 2020b).

ANN is a processing algorithm or a hardware whose functioning is inspired by the design and

functioning of a human brain (Shah et al., 2020a, Shah et al., 2020b). Neural networks have a

remarkable ability of self-organization, and adaptive learning. It has replaced many traditional

methods in numerous fields like Computer Science, Mathematics, Physics, Engineering

image/signal processing, Economic/ Finance, Philosophy, Linguistics, Neurology. ANN

undergoes the process of learning. Learning is the process of adapting the change in itself as and

3
when there is a change in environment. There are two learning techniques, supervised learning

and unsupervised learning. The work of Jha et al., 2019, encloses the connected relations

between the various embedded systems and the AI technology coherent with the agricultural

field, it gave a brief about the various applications of neural networks, ML in this sector for

precision farming (Yang et al., 2007).

AI is an emerging technology in the field of agriculture. AI-based equipment and machines, has

taken today's agriculture system to a different level. This technology has enhanced crop

production and improved real-time monitoring, harvesting, processing and marketing (Yanh et

al., 2007). The latest technologies of automated systems using agricultural robots and drones

have made a tremendous contribution in the agro-based sector. Various hi-tech computer based

systems are designed to determine various important parameters like weed detection, yield

detection and crop quality and many other techniques (Liakos et al., 2018). This paper

encompasses the technologies used for the automated irrigation, weeding and spraying to

enhance the productivity and reduce the work load on the farmers. Various automated soil

sensing techniques are discussed (Wall and King, 2004). Hemalatha and Sujatha (2015) brought

together temperature and moisture sensors to close the loop holes of the vehicle predictions. The

robots used in sensing were localized by GPS modules and the location of these robots was

tracked using the google maps. The data from the robots was fetched through Zigbee wireless

protocol. The readings were displayed on the 16 × 2 LCD display which was integrated to the

LPC2148 microcontroller. The latest automated weeding techniques are discussed and the

implementation of drones for the purpose of spraying in the fields is discussed followed by the

types of sprayers utilized on UAVs. Further speaking about drones, yield mapping and

monitoring is discussed beginning with the an outline of the yield mapping processs followed by

4
the programming of the software and briefing about the calculation as well as calibration

process. Finally the processing of these yield maps is illuminated.

1.1 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN AGRICULTURE (RQ2)

Agriculture, meaning land cultivation, is the science of raising livestock and producing crops.

The principal resource base for agriculture is the physical environment, and the cultivated crop

plant is their production unit. The challenge of agriculture is to efficiently manage the physical

environment to provide for the biological demands of the crop plant. The principal factors that

impact crop yield are soil productivity, the accessibility of water, climate, and pests or diseases.

Main Agriculture Domains

Artificial intelligence is transforming the agricultural sector by optimizing processes and

resources. This review identified seven main agricultural applications. The objective of crop

management is to rationalize resource, water management aims to optimize the irrigation process

and water use on the farm. Soil management is an important component of the success of site-

specific cropping systems management. Chemical application in proper proportions is of

environmental and economic concern to farmers.

1.2 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES

Artificial Intelligence began in the 1950s inspired by cognitive processes and neurobiology. The

major challenge for this originated in analyzing AI technologies when applied to agriculture and

increasing food production while confronting climatic changes.

5
There are four categories of intelligent systems: systems that think like humans, systems that act

like humans, systems that think rationally, and systems that act rationally. These categories refer

to thinking and behavior, measuring their success in terms of fidelity to human performance or

rationality. An AI system can store and manipulate data and the acquisition, representation, and

manipulation of knowledge. Manipulation includes the ability to deduce (infer) new knowledge

from existing knowledge.

Figure 1. Identified AI technologies in descriptive analysis.

6
 CHAPTER TWO

2. 1 IMPACT OF AI ON AGRICULTURE

The technologies which are AI-based help to improve efficiency in all the fields and also manage

the challenges faced by various industries including the various fields in the agricultural sector

like the crop yield, irrigation, soil content sensing, crop- monitoring, weeding, crop

establishment (Kim et al., 2008). Agricultural robots are built in order to deliver high valued

application of AI in the mentioned sector. With the global population soaring, the agricultural

sector is facing a crisis, but AI has the potential to deliver much-needed solution. AI- based

technological solutions has enabled the farmers to produce more output with less input and even

improved the quality of output, also ensuring faster go-to- market for the yielded crops. By 2020,

farmers will be using 75 million connected devices. By 2050, the average farm is expected to

generate an average of 4.1 million data pointsevery day. The various ways in which AI has

contributed in the agricultural sector are as follows:

2.1.1 Image Recognition and Perception

Lee et al. (2017) said that in recent years, an increasing interest has been seen in autonomous

UAVs and their applications including recognition and surveillance, human body detection and

geolocalization, search and rescue, forest fire detection (Bhaskaranand and Gibson,

2011; Doherty and Rudol, 2007; Tomic et al., 2012; Merino et al., 2006). Because of their

7
versatility as well as amazing imaging technology which covers from delivery to photography,

the ability to be piloted with a remote controller and the devices being dexterous in air which

enables us to do a lot with these devices, drones or UAVs are becoming increasingly popular to

reach great heights and distances and carrying out several applications.

2.1.2 Skills and Workforce

Panpatte (2018) said that artificial intelligence makes it possible for farmers to assemble large

amount of data from government as well as public websites, analyze all of it and provide farmers

with solutions to many ambiguous issues as well as it provides us with a smarter way of

irrigation which results in higher yield to the farmers. Due to artificial intelligence, farming will

be found to be a mix of technological as well as biological skills in the near future which will not

only serve as a better outcome in the matter of quality for all the farmers but also minimize their

losses and workloads. UN states that, by 2050, 2/3rd of world's population will be living in urban

areas which arises a need to lessen the burden on the farmers. AI in agriculture can be applied

which would automate several processes, reduce risks and provide farmers with a comparatively

easy and efficient farming.

2.1.3 Maximize the Output

Ferguson et al. (1991) said in his wok that Variety selection and seed quality set the maximum

performance level for all plants. The emerging technologies have helped the best selection of the

crops and even have improved the selection of hybrid seed choices which are best suited for

farmer's needs. It has implemented by understanding how the seeds react to various weather

conditions, different soil types. By collecting this information, the chances of plant diseases are

8
reduced. Now we are able to meet the market trends, yearly outcomes, consumer needs, thus

farmers are efficiently able to maximize the return on crops.

2.1.4 Chabots for Farmers

Chatbots are nothing but the conversational virtual assistants who automate interactions with end

users. Artificial intelligence powered chatbots, along with machine learning techniques has

enabled us to understand natural language and interact with users in away more personalized

way. They are mainly equipped for retail, travel, media, and agriculture has used this facility by

assisting the farmers to receive answers to their unanswered questions, for giving advice to them

and providing various recommendations also.

2.2 ROBOTS IN AGRICULTURE

Robotics and Autonomous Systems (RAS) are introduced in large sectors of the economy with

relatively low productivity such as Agri-Food. According to UK-RAS White papers (2018) the

UK Agri-Food chain, from primary farming through to retail, generates over £108bn p.a., and

with 3.7 m employees in a truly international industry yielding £20bn of exports in 2016.

Robotics has played a substantial role in the agricultural production and management. The

researchers have now started emphasizing on technologies to design autonomous agricultural

tools as the conventional farming machineries lacked in efficiency (Dursun and Ozden, 2011).

The main purpose of coming up with this technology is to replace human labor and produce

effective benefits on small as well as large scale productions (Manivannan and Priyadharshini,

2016). In this sector, the room for robotic technologies has amplified productivity immensely

(Pedersen et al., 2008). The robots are performing various agricultural operations autonomously

such as weeding, irrigation, guarding the farms for delivering effective reports, ensuring that the

9
adverse environmental conditions do not affect the production, increase precision, and manage

individual plants in various unfamiliar ways.

The idea of coming up with such a technology came with the introduction of a machine called

Eli Whitney's cotton gin. It was invented in 1794 by U.S. - born inventor Eli Whitney (1765–

1825), a device which revolutionized cotton production by significantly accelerating the process

of extracting seed from cotton fiber.It created 50 pounds of cotton in one day. Thus this gave

birth to the autonomous agricultural robots. A basic automated model was introduced to

determine the actual position of seeds (Griepentrog et al., 2005). Ultra high precision placement

of seed was also established. Mechanisms that ensure that the seeds planted has zero ground

velocity (Griepentrog et al., 2005). This is important as it ensures that the seed does not bounce

from its actual position after the soil impact. The status or the development of plant was recorded

by automated machines. Various biosensors were established to monitor the plant growth and

also to detect plant diseases (Tothill, 2001).The process of manual weeding was replaced by the

laser weeding technology, where a mobile focused infra-red light disrupts the cells of the weeds,

this beam was controlled by computers (Griepentrog et al., 2006). For the effective use of water,

automated irrigation systems were also established.

2.3 IRRIGATION

The agriculture sector consumes 85% of the available freshwater resources across the world. And

this percentage is increasing rapidly with the population growth and with the increase in food

demand. This leaves us with the need to come up with more efficient technologies in order to

ensure proper use of water resources in irrigation. The manual irrigation which was based on soil

water measurement was replaced by automatic irrigation scheduling techniques. The

plant evapotranspiration which was dependent on various atmospheric parameters such as

10
humidity, the wind speed, solar radiations and even the crop factors such as the stage of growth,

plant density, the soil properties, and pest was taken into consideration while implementing

autonomous irrigation machines.

Kumar (2014) discusses about the different irrigation methods with the primary motive of

developing a system with reduced resource usage and increased efficiency. Devices like fertility

meter and PH meter are set up on the field to determine the fertility of the soil by detecting the

percentage of the primary ingredients of the soil like potassium, phosphorous, nitrogen.

Automatic plant irrigators are planted on the field through wireless technology for drip irrigation.

This method ensures the fertility of the soil and ensures the effective use of water resource.

The technology of smart irrigation is developed to increase the production without the

involvement of large number of man power by detecting the level of water, temperature of the

soil, nutrient content and weather forecasting. The actuation is performed according to the

microcontroller by turning ON/OF the irrigator pump. The M2M that is, Machine to Machine

technology is been developed to ease the communication and data sharing among each other and

to the server or the cloud through the main network between all the nodes of the agricultural field

(Shekhar et al., 2017). They (2017) developed an automated robotic model for the detection of

the moisture content and temperature of the Arduino and Raspberry pi3. The data is sensed at

regular intervals and is sent to the microcontroller of Arduino (which has an edge level hardware

connected to it), it further converts the input analog to digital. The signal is sent to the Raspberry

pi3 (embedded with KNN algorithm) and it sends the signal to Arduino to start the water source

for irrigation. The water will be supplied by the resource according to the requirement and it will

also update and store the sensor values. Jha et al. (2019) also developed an automated irrigation

11
system with the technology of Arduino for reducing the man power and time consumption in the

process of irrigation.

Savitha and UmaMaheshwari (2018) also developed the idea of efficient and automated

irrigation system by developing remote sensors using the technology of Arduino which can

increase the production up to 40%.

Another system for automated irrigation was given by Varatharajalu and Ramprabu (2018). In

this approach different sensors were built for different purposes like the soil moisture sensor to

detect the moisture content in the soil, the temperature sensor to detect the temperature, the

pressure regulator sensor to maintain pressure and the molecular sensor for better crop growth.

The installation of digital cameras. The output of all these devices is converted to digital signal

and it is sent to the multiplexer through wireless network such as Zigbee and hotspot.

The first technique was the subsurface drip irrigation process, which minimized the amount of

water loss due to evaporation and runoff as it is directly buried beneath the crop. Later

researchers came with different sensors which were used to detect the need of water supply to the

fields as soil moisture sensor and rain drop sensor, which were instructed through wireless

broadband network and powered by solar panels. The rain drop sensor and soil moisture sensor

informs the farmer about the moisture content in the soil through SMS in their cell phone using

GSM module. Accordingly the farmer can give commands using SMS to ON and OFF the water

supply. Thus we can consider that this system will detect part or area in the fields which required

more water and could hold off the farmer from watering when it's raining.

Soil moisture sensors use one of the several technologies used to measure the soil moisture

content. It is buried near the root zones of the crops (Dukes et al., 2009). The sensors help in

12
accurately determining the moisture level and transmit this reading to the controller for

irrigation. Soil moisture sensors also help in significantly conserving water (Quails et al., 2001).

One technique of moisture sensors is the water on demand irrigation in which we set the

threshold according to the soil's field capacity and these sensors permits your controller to water

only when required. When the scheduled time arrives, the sensor reads the moisture content or

level for that particular zone, and watering will be allowed in that zone only if the moisture

content is below the threshold. The other was the suspended cycle irrigation which requires

irrigation duration unlike the water on demand irrigation. It requires the start time and the

duration for each zone (Yong et al., 2018).

2.3.1 Dielectric Method

The moisture in the soil is calculated by the sensors which basically evaluate the moisture

content in the soil based on the dielectric constant (soil mass permittivity) of the soil. The

amount of irrigation needed can also be determined on the basis of the dielectric constant

(Gebregiorgis and Savage, 2006). Kuyper and Balendonck (2001) proposes an automated system

that uses dielectric soil moisture sensors for real time irrigation control. The measurement

method based on the dielectric properties is considered to be the most potential one (Zhen et al.,

2010). Hanson et al. (2000) gave the information regarding how soil types affect the accuracy to

dielectric moisture sensors. The dielectric steady is only the capacity of soil to transfer power or

electricity. The soil is comprised of various parts like minerals, air and water, subsequently the

estimation of its dielectric consistent is determined by the general commitment of every one of

these segments. Since the estimation of the dielectric value of water (Kaw = 81) is a lot bigger

13
than the estimation of this consistent for the other soil parts, the estimated value of permittivity is

primarily represented by the nearness of moisture in the soil.

2.3.1 Neutron Moderation

This is another technique for deciding the moisture content in the soil. In this strategy fast

neutrons are launched out from a decomposing radio dynamic source like 241Am/9Be (Long and

French, 1967) and when these neutrons slam into particles having a similar mass as

theirs(protons, H+), they drastically slow down, making a “cloud” of “thermalized” neutrons. As

we already know that water is the primary wellspring of hydrogen in soil, the thickness of

thermalized neutrons around the test is about corresponding to the division of water present in

the soil. The arrangement of the test is as a long and limited chamber, comprising of a source and

a finder. The estimations are taken in this test by bringing the test into an entrance tube, which is

as of now presented in the soil. One can decide soil amount of moisture in the soil at various

profundities by balancing the test in the cylinder at various profundities. The moisture substance

is gotten with the assistance of this gadget dependent on a direct alignment between the check

pace of thermalized neutrons read from the test, and the soil moisture substance got from

adjacent field tests.

The installation of sensors plays an important role in the efficient implementation of irrigation

robotics. One can use a single sensor to control the irrigation of multiple zones in the fields. And

one can also set multiple sensors to irrigate individual zones. In the first case where one sensor is

utilized for irrigating multiple zones, the sensor is places in the zone which is the driest of all or

we can say the zone which requires maximum irrigation in order to ensure adequate irrigation in

the whole field. The placement of the sensors should be in the root zone of the crops (ensuring

that there are no air gaps around the sensor) from where the crops extract water. This will ensure

14
the adequate supply of water to the crops. Later, we need to connect the SMS controller with the

sensor. The controller will control the working after the sensor responds. After making this

connection the soil water threshold needs to be selected. Then water is applied to the area where

the sensor is buried and it is left as it is for a day. The water content now is the threshold for the

sensor for scheduled irrigation as described earlier.

After fetching the data through the sensors the microcontrollers come into work. It is the major

component of the entire automated irrigation process. The whole circuit is supplied with power

up to 5 V with the help of transformer, a bridge rectifier circuit (which is a part of electronic

power supplies which rectifies AC input to DC output) and voltage regulator. Then the

microcontroller is programmed. The microcontroller receives the signals from the sensors. The

OP-AMP acts as an interface between the sensors and the microcontroller for transferring the

sensed soil conditions. The irrigator pumps thus operates on the information of the soil properties

at run time (Fig. 1).The irrigation process can therefore be automated with the help of moisture

sensors and microcontrollers (Rajpal et al., 2011).

15
 Fig. 1. (a) Soil Water Balance Components for Evapotranspiration Model Source: University

of Minnesota (b) Flowchart for Evapotranspiration Reference (Jha et al., 2019) (c) FAO

Penman-Monteith method.

2.4 WEEDING

Zimdahl (2010) in his report on “A History of Weed Science in the United States” stated about

Thomas K. Pavlychenko, a pioneer weed experimentalist, who did a study on the competition

among plants. After his detailed research on the same, he came concluded that the competition

among the plants for water begins when their roots in the soil overlap to absorb water and

nutrients and weeds were the strongest competitors for water. The water requirement for the

aerial parts of the plant is the number of pounds of water used to produce a pound of dry matter.

The wild mustard plant (Brassica kaber var. pinnatifida) requires four times as much water as a

well-developed oat plant, and the common ragweed plant (Ambrosia artemisiifol ia) requires

three times as much water as a corn plant to reach maturity. One can calculate the water

requirement per acre is determined by multiplying the production of the plant in pounds of dry

matter per acre times the plant's water requirement. Light is also an essential component for the

growth of the plants. Weeds which grow tall, generally blocks the way of light to the plants.

Sometimes weeds like green foxtail and redroot pigweed are intolerant of shade but may times

weeds like field bindweed, common milkweed spotted spuroe, and Arkansas rose are shade

tolerant. According to a study by researchers of the Indian Council for Agricultural Research, the

country India, loses agricultural produce worth over $11 billion — more than the Centre's

budgetary allocation for agriculture for 2017–18 annually due to weeds. So to remove these

16
weeds from the fields is of great importance otherwise it will not only occupy the land space but

will also adversely affect the growth of other plants (Bak and Jakobsen, 2003).

Lie Tang et al. (2000) brought up a vision based weed detection technology in natural lighting. It

was created utilizing hereditary calculation distinguishing a locale in Hue-Saturation-Intensity

(HSI) shading space (GAHSI) for open air field weed detecting. It utilizes outrageous conditions

like radiant and shady and these lightning conditions were mosaicked to discover the likelihood

of utilizing GAHSI to find the locale or zones in the field in shading space when these two

boundaries are displayed at the same time. They came about given by the GAHSI gave proof to

the presence and severability of such a locale. The GAHSI execution was estimated by

contrasting the GAHSI-portioned picture and a comparing hand sectioned reference picture. In

this, the GAHSI achieved equivalent performance.

Before developing a weed control automated system we need to differentiate between the crop

seedlings and the weeds (Bhagyalaxmi et al., 2016; Chang and Lin, 2018). A method was

applied for recognition of carrot seedlings from those of ryegrass. Aitkenhead et al.

(2003) implemented this method by the simple morphological characteristic measurement of leaf

shape. This method has varying effectiveness mostly between 52 and 75% for discriminating

between the plants and weeds, by determining the variation in size of the leaf. Another method

for weeding was implemented using digital imaging. This idea involved a self-organizing neural

network. But this method did not give appropriate results which were expected for commercial

purposes, it was found that a NN based technology already existed which allows one to find the

differences between species with an accuracy exceeding 75%.

In the contemporary world many automated systems are developed (See Table 2.) but earlier

various physical methods were used which relied on the physical interaction with the

17
weeds. Nørremark and Griepentrog (2004) proposed that weeding depends on the position and

the number of weeds. Classical spring or duck foot tines were used to perform intra row weeding

by breaking the soil and the interface of roots by tillage and thus promote the witling of the

weeds. But this is not advisable method as tillage can destruct the interface between the crop and

the soil. Thus, further no contact methods like the laser treatments (Heisel et al., 2001) and micro

spraying, which do not affect the contact between the roots and the soil was developed. Nakai

and Yamada (2014) explained the method of the use of agricultural robots for the suppression of

weeds and developing methods of controlling the postures of robots in case of uneven fields in

the rice cultivation. It used the method of Laser Range Fielder (LRF) for suppressing the weeds

and controlling robot's posture. Åstrand and Baerveldt (2002) presented a robotic weed control

system. The robot was embedded with different vision systems. One was the gray- level vision

which was used in developing a row structure in order to guide the robot along the rows and the

other vision was color-based which was most important and used to differentiate a single among

the weeds. The row recognition system was developed with a novel algorithm with an accuracy

of ±2 cm. The first trial of this system was implemented in a greenhouse for weed control within

a row of crops. The same technology was mentioned in the research done by Fennimore et al.

(2016). The vision based technologies which were used to guide the robots along the row

structure to remove weeds and to differentiate the single crop among the weed plants.

2.4.1. Chemical Based

In this technology, the system consisted of 8 nozzles at the back which were used for spraying

herbicides. The whole system divided the images captured in 8 × 18 small rectangles or we can

say blocks, each of these blocks covered an area of 8128 sq. mm. Later, each row which

18
consisted of these blocks corresponding to number of nozzles was examined and processed one

after the other. After examining the blocks, each box containing weeds are sprayed.

On can also divide the images into 16 × 40 blocks, in this case each blocks covers an area of

approximately 8768 sq. mm. Thus, in this case we need 16 nozzles instead of 8. The further

processing, that is, the task of spraying was done on the basis of the conditions mentioned. The

conditions are:

 If the block examined consisting of weed pixels exceeding 10% of the total area of the

block, then it is categorized into a weed block.

 All the blocks examined are sprayed with herbicides.

 Then after these two conditions, the weeds whose area equal to or more than 30% is

sprayed are supposed to be destroyed.

 The herbicide which is sprayed in this method is a selective herbicide, which destroys

only the weeds and not the other plants.

The first two conditions mentioned above defines the where the herbicides are to be sprayed, that

is, defines the areas which requires spraying. The first condition mentioned reduces the areas

which contains very small amount of weeds and which does not require spraying. This is an

important part of weeding. To destroy weeds, all the parts of the weeds does not require

spraying, but only spraying enough areas is important as when spraying is done on one part of

weeds it is absorbed by different parts of the weeds ultimately destroying the weeds. But one

needs to take care that enough areas in a weed are sprayed because if the sprayed areas are too

small then, in that case the weeds may not destroy. Thus we define a minimum spraying area in

the condition 3. The defined condition 4 is there to calculate the reduction in the amount of

herbicides used as compared with the spraying in the overall area. The evaluation of this weeding

19
method requires the calculation of the destroyed weed rate, the correct spray rate, the false spray

rate and the herbicide reduction rate

2.4.2. Pulse High Voltage Discharge Method

There is an increase in the desire to implement non-chemical weeding methods as the pressure to

reduce chemical costs on the environment and farming increases. The interest in organic farming

has also led to the rise in interest of non-chemical weed management (Bond and Grundy, 2001).

Non-chemical weed control methods were studied (Parish, 1990) and include mechanical,

electrical, and biological methods. The pulse high voltage discharge method is one such

non- chemical weed control method that was implemented mainly to destroy small weeds. These

small weeds (of an approximate size of about 5 cm tall and stem diameter of about 2 mm) can be

destroyed with just one spark with energy of 153 MJ and a 15 KV. Whereas the large weeds

(which vary in size from about 80 cm to 120 cm tall and a stem diameter of about 10–15 mm)

can be destroyed with a charge of 20 Hz. Because of these spark charges, the stem and the roots

of the weeds gets adversely affected, thus leading to a disruption in the transportation of waiter

to the various parts of the weeds. Thus, the weeds wilt within a few days after the spark. In this

weeding method, spark discharging devices are set up on the system in place of the nozzles in the

previous chemical based method. Here the system is designed to apply spark only on the areas

where weeds are detected. Once the sites having weeds are detected, the selection of weed points

is done by the system for spark discharge, these weed points represent the weed areas. Like the

above discussed chemical method, in this method also some conditions are defined. The

conditions are as follows:

 The average of all the coordinates of the pixels in the images is calculated and it is

defined as the center of that region.

20
  The spark discharge applied for weeding is applied at this center.

 If a weed receives the spark discharge, then that particular weed is considered as

destroyed.

The first two conditions are established in order to select the spar discharging points in the fields

and the third condition is for setting the potential of weed destruction. In this method some more

factors are evaluated along with the three factors calculated in the previous method, the correct

spark rate and the false spark rate.

2.5 DRONES IN AGRICULTURE

Unmanned aeronautical vehicles (UAVs) or unmanned ethereal frameworks (UAS), otherwise

called automatons, in a mechanical setting are unmanned aircrafts that can be remotely

controlled (Mogli and Deepak, 2018). They work in confluence with the GPS and others sensors

mounted on them. Drones are being implemented in agriculture for crop health monitoring,

irrigation equipment monitoring, weed identification, herd and wildlife monitoring, and disaster

management (Veroustraete, 2015; Ahirwar et al., 2019; Natu and Kulkarni, 2016). Remote

Sensing with the use of UAVs for image capturing, processing, and analysis is making a huge

impact on agriculture. (Abdullahi et al., 2015). The rural business appears to have grasped

ramble innovation with great enthusiasm, utilizing these propelled instruments to change current

agricultural methods (Pederi and Cheporniuk, 2015). The complete addressable estimation of

automation fueled arrangements in every single relevant industry is critical – more than USD 127

billion, as indicated by an ongoing PwC analysis. They can be contrasted with a normal simple to

use camera for unmistakable pictures, yet while a standard camera can give some data about

plant development, inclusion and different things, a multispectral sensor extends the utility of the

procedure and enables farmers to see things that can't be found in the noticeable range, for

21
example, moisture content in the soil, plant health monitoring. These could help defeat the

different restrictions that obstruct agrarian production. The development of the UAS is

incorporated with Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). The data recovered by the WSN enables

the UAS to advance their utilization for instance to restrict its spraying of synthetic compounds

to carefully assigned regions. Since there are abrupt and continuous changes in ecological

conditions the control circle must almost certainly respond as fast as could reasonably be

expected. The reconciliation with WSN can help toward that path (Costa et al., 2012). In

precision agriculture, UAVs are mainly applicable for agriculture operations such as soil and

field analysis (Primicerio et al., 2012), crop monitoring (Bendig et al., 2012), crop height

estimations (Anthony et al., 2014), pesticide Spraying (Faiçal et al., 2017; Faiçal et al.,

2014a, Faiçal et al., 2014b, Faiçal et al., 2014c; Huang et al., 2009). (See Table 4.) However,

their hardware implementations (Maurya, 2015) are purely adherent on critical aspects like

weight, range of flight, payload, configuration and their costs. A research involving technologies,

methods, systems and limitations of UAVs are examined (Huang et al., 2013). About more than

250 models are analyzed as well as summarized in order to choose an appropriate UAV in

agriculture (S.R. Kurkute et al., 2018)

2.5.1. Crop Spraying

The UAVS, otherwise called drones, are chiefly established on the innovations of sensors and

microcontrollers which are grown especially with an expectation to make up for the

nonattendance of the pilot and accordingly empower the trip of unmanned vehicles and their

independent conduct (Spoorthi et al., 2017). These drones have been utilized as

substance sprayers by farmers since numerous years now and they are considered as effective

and of great importance in the situations of cloudy climate and has also solved the problem of

22
inaccessibility to a field of tall crops, for example, maize (Sugiura et al., 2005; Simelli and

Tsagaris, 2015). Additionally, they are likewise accepted to have a solid favorable position

contrasted with satellite airborne sensors of high picture resolution (Jannoura et al., 2015; Simelli

and Tsagaris, 2015). Giles et al., 1987 retrofitted an air-carrier plantation sprayer with

a microcomputer based sprayer control framework. A foliage volume estimation framework, in

view of ultrasonic range transducers was interfaced to a PC which controlled the 3-nozzle

manifolds on each side of the sprayer by the utilization of control calculations dependent on the

amount of spray deposited. Kale et al. (2015) utilized drones for spraying synthetic substances on

the yield where the drones are joined to actualize a control circle for horticulture applications.

These drones were implemented with sensors conveyed on the crops in the field known as

remote sensor networks (WSN) which controlled the way toward applying the synthetic

compounds. The data recovered by these remote sensors limited drones to spray the synthetic

substances only into the assigned regions. Huang and Reddy (2015) built up a low volume

sprayer for an unmanned helicopter. The helicopter utilized in this investigation has a principle

rotor distance across of 3 m and a most extreme payload of 22.7 kg. For like 45 min one gallon

of gas was involved. This technique and the systematic outcomes from this methodology gives a

precursor that could be utilized in creating UAV flying application frameworks for higher yields

which has a higher target rate and bigger VMD droplet size.

Xue et al. (2016) built up an unmanned airborne vehicle based programmed flying praying

framework. The framework utilized a profoundly coordinated and ultra-low power MSP430

single-chip miniaturized scale PC with a free practical module. This permitted course was

programmed to coordinate the UAV for spraying at the required or the desired areas on the

fields. The spray consistency for these UAV tests was better than the Standard Requirement for

23
ultra-low volume spraying variety coefficient. Zhu et al. (2010) developed a PWM Precision

Spraying Controller for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. This paper shows another Pulse Width

Modulation (PWM) controller for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) accuracy sprayer for

farming utilizing a TL494 fixed-recurrence beat width modulator together with an information

obtaining board and created programming. A UAV can be remotely controlled or automated by

pre-modified flight plans. Therefore to this examination, PWM controller develops as a high

exactness system for the spraying applications. Zhang et al. (2015) assessed powerful swath

width and bead circulation of aeronautical showering frameworks on M-18B and Thrush 510G

planes. In this examination they assessed the powerful swath width and consistency of the

droplet dispersion of two agrarian planes, M-18B and Thrush 510G, which flew at 5 m and 4 m

tallness, individually. The consequence of this examination expresses that the flight stature

prompts the distinction in swath width for both the farming planes.

The sprayer is the one which crumbles the sprayed liquid which is possibly a suspension, an

emulsion or an answer into tiny drops and launch it with negligible power for circulating it

appropriately (Nørremark et al., 2008). It is additionally in charge of the guideline of the measure

of pesticide in order to maintain a strategic distance from extreme application. Intemperate use of

pesticides may demonstrate inefficient or harmful to the dirt too the yield. Likewise, the residue

definitions of pesticides are disseminated with the assistance of dusters. Based on vitality

required to atomize and to toss out the shower liquid, sprayers are arranged into four categories

namely: The hydraulic energy sprayer, the gaseous energy sprayer, the centrifugal energy sprayer

and the kinetic energy sprayer (Fig. 2).

24
Fig. 2. Types of agricultural drones. Source: modern agriculture drones (Unpaprom et al.,

2018).

2.5.1.1. Hydraulic Energy Sprayer

In Hydraulic Energy Sprayer, the material to be sprayed is pressurized up to 40–1000 psi in any

of the two potential ways. Either straightforwardly by utilizing a positive uprooting siphon or by

utilizing a vacuum apparatus which will make the gaseous tension over the shower material

noticeable all around tight holder. This pressurized material is shot out through the splash spout.

Here, the siphon supplies the vitality which conveys the material to the plant foliage. Water

driven Sprayers produce a splash with most beads in the 200–400 μm width extend. As the beads

framed are very little the structure a fog or haze which results in uniform inclusion and better

contact with the bug or illness. In spite of the fact that, if the beads are little, they will in general

vanish immediately when the mugginess is low and probably won't arrive at the objective. A

water driven sprayer contains the accompanying parts: tank, siphon with instigator, weight

measure, controlling valve, help valve, control valves, funneling and spouts, control source and

bolster outline.

25
2.5.1.2. Gaseous Energy Sprayer

In Gaseous Energy Sprayer a blower produces a high speed air stream. This air stream is

coordinated through the pipe toward the finish of which spray liquid will be available which will

be permitted to be streamed by the activity of gravity through a diffuser plate. A fluid or residue

is sustained into air stream to be conveyed to the objective.

2.5.1.3. Centrifugal Energy Sprayer

The Centrifugal Energy Sprayer consists of a fast turning devise, for example, level, a concave or

a convex plate, a wire mesh cage or a bucket, a puncture strainer or chamber or a brush. At the

focal point of this gadget, the shower liquid is nourished under low weight which is additionally

atomized by diffusive power as it leaves the outskirts of the atomizer. The droplets are conveyed

by the air stream created by the blower of the sprayer or by the common breeze, if the sprayer

isn't furnished with a fan.

2.5.1.4. Kinetic Energy Sprayer

In Kinetic Energy Sprayer the spray liquid streams by gravity to a vibrating or swaying spout

which delivers a coarse fan like spray design. This is explicitly utilized for the spraying of

herbicides.

2.5.2. Crop Monitoring

The advanced sensors and imaging capabilities have provided the farmers with many new ways

to increase yields and reduce crop damage (See Table 5.). Unmanned airplanes which are used

26
for practical purposes in recent years have taken a bizarre flight. New sensors mounted on UAV,

with high-tech cameras being the eyes of the client on the ground and optimal procedures for

survey, data acquisition and analysis are continuously developed and tested. As a matter of fact,

the use of aerial surveys is not new to the agricultural world

2.5.2.1. Programming of the Software

For yield mapping, there are basically 5 errands which are to be managed; information

procurement, information preparing, LCD displaying < contact screen info and information

sparing. The details of each one of them can be alluded from the Fig. 4:

croplands and forestry but a new level of precision and flexibility has been obtained with the use

of UAVs.

27
 Fig. 4. Yield Mapping (a) Sensing for yield (Source: Utah State University) and (b) example of

raw yield map versus interpolated yield map using GIS (Source: Cillis et al., 2018).

These 5 undertakings inside and out, structures in performing various tasks sometimes bring

about clashes. Predominantly these contentions are identified with the time arrangement. To

conquer these contentions and to mull over every one of the undertakings we utilize four

interfere with wellsprings of P80C592 in the framework, which are the clock intrude on source,

the outer intrude on source, the ADC end-of-transformation intrude on source and the UART

sequential I/O port intrude on source.

CHAPTER THREE

DISCUSSION

3.1 OPTIMIZING AI FOR AGRICULTURE AND AGRICULTURAL PROCESSES

While the benefits of AI in agriculture are vivid, it can’t function without other digital

technologies already in place such as big data, sensors, and software. Likewise, other

technologies need AI for them to work properly. In the case of big data, the data itself is not

particularly useful. What matters is how it’s processed and implemented.

Big data for informed decision-making Combining AI with big data analytics allows farmers to

get recommendations based on accurate, real-time information, thereby increasing productivity

hence reducing costs.

28
IoT sensors for capturing and analyzing data IoT sensors together with other supporting

technologies (AI drones, GIS, and other tools) can monitor, measure, and store training data on

various metrics in real time. By combining these devices with AI and farming, farmers can

obtain accurate information quickly.

Intelligent automation and robotics for minimizing manual work AI combined with autonomous

tractors and IoT helps to solve the common problem of labor shortages. Robotics are also

important agricultural robots are already being used for manual tasks like produce picking.

Robots are more advantageous for farm work purposes due to their ability to work longer hours,

enhanced precision on top of reduced susceptibility to errors.

3.2 CHALLENGES AND FUTURE SCOPE

Agriculture has been tackling significant difficulties like absence of irrigation system, change in

temperature, density of groundwater, food scarcity and wastage and substantially more. The fate

of cultivating depends to a great extent on reception of various cognitive solutions. While large

scale research is still in progress and some applications are already available in the market, the

industry is still highly underserved (Shobila and Mood, 2014). When it comes to handling

realistic challenges faced by farmers and using autonomous decision making and predictive

solutions to solve them, farming is still at a nascent stage. In order to explore the enormous scope

of AI in agriculture, applications need to be more robust (Slaughter et al., 2008). Only then will

it be able to handle frequent changes in external conditions, facilitate real-time decision making

and make use of appropriate framework/platform for collecting contextual data in an efficient

29
manner. Another important aspect is the exorbitant cost of different cognitive solutions available

in the market for farming. The solutions need to become more affordable to ensure that the

technology reaches the masses. An open source platform would make the solutions more

affordable, resulting in rapid adoption and higher penetration among the farmers. The technology

will be useful in helping farmers in high yielding and having a better seasonal crop at regular

interval. Many countries, including India, the farmers are dependent on monsoon for their

cultivation. They mainly depend on the predictions from various departments over the weather

conditions, especially for rain-fed cultivation. The AI technology will be useful to predict the

weather and other conditions related to agriculture like land quality, groundwater, crop cycle,

and pest attack, etc. The accurate projection or prediction with the help of the AI technology will

reduce most of the concerns of the farmers. AI-driven sensors are very useful to extract

important data related to agriculture. The data will be useful in enhancing production. In

agriculture, there is a huge scope for these sensors. Agriculture scientist can derive data like

quality of the soil, weather and groundwater level, etc.; these will be useful to improve the

cultivation process. AI empowered sensors can also be installed in the robotic harvesting

equipment in order to get the data. It is speculated that AI-based advisories would be useful to

increase production by 30%. The biggest challenge to farming is the crop damage due to any

kind of disasters including the pest attack. Most of the time due to lack of the proper information

farmers lose their crops. In this cyber age, the technology would be useful for the farmers to

protect their cultivation from any kind of attacks. AI-enabled image recognition will be useful in

this direction. Many companies have implemented drones to monitor the production and to

identify any kind of pest attacks. Such activities have been successful many times, which gives

the inspiration to have a system to monitor and protect crops. A robotic lens zooms in on the

30
yellow flower of a tomato seedling. Images of the plant flow into an artificial intelligence

algorithm that predicts precisely how long it will take for the blossom to become a ripe tomato

ready for picking, packing, and the produce section of a grocery store. The technology is being

developed and researched at NatureFresh Farms, a 20-year-old company growing vegetables on

185 acres between Ontario and Ohio. Knowing exactly how many tomatoes will be available to

sell in the future makes the job of the sales team easier and directly benefits the bottom line, said

Keith Bradley, IT Manager for Nature Fresh Farms. It's only one example of AI transforming

agriculture, an emerging trend that will help spur an agricultural revolution. From detecting pests

to predicting what crops will deliver the best returns, artificial intelligence can help humanity

confront one of its biggest challenges: feeding an additional 2 billion people by 2050, even

as climate change disrupts growing seasons, turns arable land into deserts, and floods once-fertile

deltas with seawater. The United Nations estimates we will need to increase food production

50% by the middle of the century. Agricultural production tripled between 1960 and 2015 as the

world's population grew from 3 billion people to 7 billion. While technology played a role in the

form of pesticides, fertilizers, and machines, much of the gains can be attributed to simply

plowing more land—cutting forests and diverting fresh water to fields, orchards, and

rice paddies. We will have to be more resourceful this time around. AI is likely to transform

agriculture and the market in the next few years. The technology has been useful for the farmers

to understand various types of hybrid cultivations which would yield them more income within

the limited time frame. The proper implementation of AI in agriculture will help the cultivation

process and to create an ambiance for the market. As per the data with leading institutions, there

is a huge wastage of the food across the world and using the right algorithms, this problem can

also be addressed which will not only save the time and money but it will lead to sustainable

31
development. There are better prospects for digital transformation in agriculture backed by

leveraging technologies like AI. But, it all depends on the huge data which is quite difficult to

gather because of the production process which happens once or twice in a year. However, the

farmers cope up with changing scenario to bring digital transformation in the agriculture by

implementing AI. It's only one example of AI transforming agriculture, an emerging trend that

will help spur an agricultural revolution. We will have to be more resourceful this time around.

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 CONCLUSION

The agricultural industry faces various challenges such as lack of effective irrigation systems,

weeds, issues with plant monitoring due to crop height and extreme weather conditions. But the

performance can be increased with the aid of technology and thus these problems can be solved.

It can be improved with different AI driven techniques like remote sensors for soil moisture

content detection and automated irrigation with the help of GPS. The problem faced by farmers

was that precision weeding techniques overcome the large amount of crops being lost during the

weeding process. Not only do these autonomous robots improve efficiency, they also reduce the

32
need for unnecessary pesticides and herbicides. Besides this, farmers can spray pesticides and

herbicides effectively in their farms with the aid of drones, and plant monitoring is also no longer

a burden. For starters, shortages of resources and jobs can be understood with the aid of man-

made brain power in agribusiness issues. In conventional strategies huge amount of labor was

required for getting crop characteristics like plant height, soil texture and content, in this manner

manual testing occurred which was tedious. With the assistance of various systems examined,

quick and non-damaging high throughput phenotyping would occur with the upside of adaptable

and advantageous activity, on-request access to information and spatial goals.

REFERENCES

Albaji, M., Shahnazari, A., Behzad, M., Naseri, A., BoroomandNasab, S., Golabi, M., 2010.

Comparison of different irrigation methods based on the parametric evaluation approach

in Dosalegh plain: Iran. Agric. Water Manag. 97 (7), 1093–1098.

Bhaskaranand, M., Gibson, J.D., 2011. Low-complexity video encoding for UAV reconnaissance

and surveillance. Proc. IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM), pp.

1633–1638.

Doherty, P., Rudol, P., 2007. A UAV Search and Rescue Scenario with Human Body Detection

33
 and Geolocalization. In: Orgun, M.A., Thornton, J. (Eds.), AI 2007: Advances in

Artificial Intelligence. AI 2007. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol 4830. Springer,

Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76928-6_1.

Dukes, Michael D., Shedd, M., Cardenas-Lailhacar, B., 2009. Smart irrigation controllers: how

do

soil moisture sensor (SMS) irrigation controllers work? IFAS Extension 1–5.

Dursun, M., Ozden, S., 2011. A wireless application of drip irrigation automation supported by

soil moisture sensors. Sci. Res. Essays 6 (7), 1573–1582

Ferguson, R.B., Shapiro, C.A., Hergert, G.W., Kranz, W.L., Klocke, N.L., Krull, D.H., 1991.

Nitrogen and Irrigation Management Practices to Minimize Nitrate Leaching from

Irrigated Corn. Jpa 4 (2), 186. https://doi.org/10.2134/jpa1991.0186.

Gandhi, M., Kamdar, J., Shah, M., 2020. Preprocessing of non-symmetrical images forEdge

detection. Augment Hum Res 5, 10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41133-019-0030-5

Gebregiorgis, M.J., Savage, M.F., 2006. Soil-plant-atmosphere continuum research unit, School

of Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal. South African Journal of Plant

and Soil 23 (3), 145–151.

Hanson, B., Peters, D., Orloff, S., 2000. Effectiveness of tensiometers and electrical resistance

sensors varies with soil conditions. Calif. Agric. 54 (3), 47–50.

Hanson, B., Orloff, S., Sanden, B., 2007. Monitoring Soil Moisture for Irrigation Water

34
 Management. Regents of the University of California, p. 21

Jani, K., Chaudhuri, M., Patel, H., Shah, M., 2019. Machine learning in films: an approach

towards

automation in film censoring. J. Data. Inf. Manag. 2019. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s42488-

019-00016-9.

Jha, K., Doshi, A., Patel, P., Shah, M., 2019. A comprehensive review on automation in

agriculture

using artificial intelligence. Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture. 2, 1–12.

Kakkad, V., Patel, M., Shah, M., 2019. Biometric authentication and image encryption for image

security in cloud framework. Multiscale and Multidiscip. Model. Exp. and Des., 1–16

https://doi.org/10.1007/s41939-019-00049-y.

Kulkarni, V.A., Deshmukh, A.G., 2013. Advanced agriculture robotic weed control system.

International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation

Engineering. 2 (10), 5073–5081.

Kumar, G., 2014. Research paper on water irrigation by using wireless sensor network.

International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology, IEERT conference

Paper, pp. 123–125.

Kundalia, K., Patel, Y., Shah, M., 2020. Multi-label movie genre detection from aMovie poster

using knowledge transfer learning. Augment Hum Res 5 (2020), 11. https://

doi.org/10.1007/s41133-019-0029-y.

35
Kuyper, M.C., Balendonck, J., 2001. Application of dielectric soil moisture sensors for realtime

automated irrigation control. Acta Hortic. 562, 71–79.

Lee, J., Wang, J., Crandall, D., Sabanovic, S., & Fox, G. (2017). Real-time, cloud-based object

detection for unmanned aerial vehicles. 2017 First IEEE International Conference on

Robotic Computing (IRC). doi:https://doi.org/10.1109/irc.2017.77.

Liakos, K., Busato, P., Moshou, D., Pearson, S., Bochtis, D., 2018. Machine Learning in

Agriculture: A Review. Sensors 18 (8), 2674. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18082674.

Manivannan, L., Priyadharshini, M.S., 2016. Agricultural robot. International Journal of

Advanced

Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering 153–156.

Merino, L., Caballero, F., Martínez-de Dios, J.R., Ferruz, J., Ollero, A., 2006. A cooperative

perception system for multiple UAVs: application to automatic detection of forest fires.

Journal of Field Robotics 23 (3–4), 165–184.

Mogili, U.M.R., Deepak, B.B.V.L., 2018. Review on application of drone systems in precision

agriculture. International Conference on Robotics and Smart Manufacturing. Procedia

Computer Science 133, pp. 502–509.

Pandya, R., Nadiadwala, S., Shah, R., Shah, M., 2019. Buildout of Methodology for Meticulous

Diagnosis of K-Complex in EEG for Aiding the Detection of Alzheimer's by Artificial

Intelligence. Augmented Human Research. https://link.springer.com/article/

10.1007/s41133-019-0021-6.

36
Panpatte, D.G., 2018. Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture: An Emerging Era of Research.

Intutional Science, CANADA, pp. 1–8.

Patel, D., Shah, D., Shah, M., 2020a. The Intertwine of Brain and Body: A Quantitative Analysis

on How Big Data Influences the System of Sports. Annals of Data Science. https://

doi.org/10.1007/s40745-019-00239-y.

Patel, D., Shah, Y., Thakkar, N., Shah, K., Shah, M., 2020b. Implementation ofArtificial

intelligence techniques for Cancer detection. Augmented HumanResearch 5 (1). https://

doi.org/10.1007/s41133-019-0024-3.

Pedersen, S.M., Fountas, S., Blackmore, S., 2008. Agricultural robots – applications and

economic

perspectives. Service Robot Applications. 369–382

Plessen, M.G., 2019. Freeform Path Fitting for the Minimisation of the Number of Transitions

between Headland Path and Interior Lanes within Agricultural Fields. Arxiv

1910.12034v1, 1–7.

Quails, R.J., Scott, J.M., DeOreo, W.B., 2001. Soil moisture sensors for urban landscape

irrigation:

effectiveness and reliability. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 37 (3), 547–559.

Savitha, M., UmaMaheshwari, O.P., 2018. Smart crop field irrigation in IOT architecture using

sensors. Int. J. Adv. Res. Comput. Sci. 9 (1), 302–306.

37
Shah, D., Dixit, R., Shah, A., Shah, P., Shah, M., 2020a. A comprehensive analysis regarding

several breakthroughs based on computer intelligence targeting various syndromes.

Augment Hum Res 5, 14 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41133-020-00033-z.

Shah, G., Shah, A., Shah, M., 2019. Panacea of challenges in real-world application of big data

analytics in healthcare sector. Data Inf. Manag., 1–10 https://doi.org/10.1007/ s42488-

019-00010-1.

Shah, K., Patel, H., Sanghvi, D., Shah, M., 2020b. A comparative analysis of logistic regression,

random Forest and KNN models for the text classification. Augment Hum Res 5, 12

(2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41133-020-00032-0.

Shekhar, Y., Dagur, E., Mishra, S., Tom, R.J., Veeramanikandan, M., Sankaranarayanan, S.,

2017.

Intelligent IoT based automated irrigation system. Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res. 12 (18), 7306–

7320

Sukhadia, A., Upadhyay, K., Gundeti, M., Shah, S., Shah, M., 2020. Optimization of smart

traffic

governance system using artificial intelligence. Augment Hum Res 5, 13 (2020).

https://doi.org/10.1007/s41133-020-00035-x.

Tomic, T., Schmid, K., Lutz, P., Domel, A., Kassecker, M., Mair, E., Grixa, I.L., Ruess, F.,

Suppa,

38
 M., Burschka, D., 2012. Toward a fully autonomous UAV: research platform for indoor

and outdoor urban search and rescue. IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine 19 (3),

46–56. https://doi.org/10.1109/mra.2012.2206473.

Tothill, I.E., 2001. Biosensors Developments and Potential Applications in the Agricultural

Diagnosis Sector. Comput. Electron. Agric. 30, 205–218.

UK-RAS White papers, 2018. Agricultural Robotics: The Future of Robotic Agriculture.

Agricultural Robotics 1–36

Varatharajalu, K., Ramprabu, J., 2018. Wireless Irrigation System via Phone Call & SMS.

International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology. 8 (2S), 397–401.

Wall, R.W., King, B.A., 2004. Incorporating plug and play technology into measurement and

control systems for irrigation. Management, 2004, Ottawa, Canada August 1–4.

Yang, H., Liusheng, W., Junmin, X. Hongli, Jan. 2007. Wireless Sensor Networks for Intensive

Irrigated Agriculture, Consumer Communications and Networking Conference, 2007.

CCNC 2007. 4th IEEE. pp. 197–201 Las Vegas, Nevada.

Yong, W., Shuaishuai, L., Li, L., Minzan, L., Arvanitis, K.G., Georgieva, C., Sigrimis, N., 2018.

Smart sensors from ground to cloud and web intelligence. IFAC-Papers OnLine 51 (17),

31–38.

39