UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

PAKISTAN STUDIES (2059/01)

History and Culture of Pakistan

Cambridge Assessment International Education

(CAIE)

QUESTION BANK
PAST PAPERS
(2002 toOct/Nov2023)

COMPILED BY

Shakeel Ahmad Khan

M.A (His),M.Sc. (I.R),M.Phil. (His), M.Ed., D.H.M.S
 SECTION 1: CULTURAL AND POLITICAL BACKGROUND TO THE
PAKISTAN MOVEMENT
SHAH WALIULLAH (1703-1762)
(a) Describe the achievements of Shah Wali Ullah in reviving Islam. [4][M/J2011]

(b) Explain why Shah Waliullah was an important figure for the Muslim community during the
eighteenth century. [7][O/N2020]

(b)Why did Shah Wali Ullah wish to revive Islam in the sub-continent? [7][M/J2003]

(b) Why did Shah Wali Ullah have such an important influence on the revival of Islam inthe sub-
continent?[7][O/N2005]

(b) Why did Shah Wali Ullah have such a major influence on the revival of Islam in the sub-continent? [7]
[M/J2010][O/N2015]

(c) How important was Shah Wali Ullah in the spread of Islam in the Sub-Continentbefore 1850? Explain
your answer.[14][O/N2004][O/N2001]

(c) Was the work of Shah Wali Ullah the most important factor in the revival of Islam in the sub-
continent during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? Give reasons for your
answer.[14][O/N2006]

(c) Did Shah Wali Ullah contribute more to the spread of Islam than anyone else in thesub-continent
before 1850? Explain your answer. [14][O/N2009][M/J2016]

(c) ‘The work of Shah Waliullah was the main factor contributing to the spread of Islam between 1700
and 1850.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [14][M//J2021]

SYED AHMAD BARELVI (1786-1831)

(a) Describe what happened at the battle of Balakot. [4][M/J2022]

(b)Why did Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barailvi wish to revive Islam in the sub-continent? [7][O/N2002]

(b)Why did Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barailvi have such a major influence on the revival of Islam in the sub-
continent? [7][O/N2003]

(b)Why did Syed Ahmad Barelvi call for Jihad to overthrow Sikh rule in the early nineteenthcentury? [7]
[O/N2018]
(c) Was the work of Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barailvi the most important factor in the revivalof Islam in the
sub-continent during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? Give reasons for your
answer.[14][M/J2008]

Shakeel Ahmad Khan (0333-673-1810) Page 2

(c)Did Syed Ahmad Barelvi contribute more to the spread of Islam than anyone else in the
subcontinent before 1840? Explain your answer. [14][M/J2019]

HAJI SHARIATULLAH (1781-1840)

(a)Who were zamindars? [4][M/J2017]

(a) What was the Faraizi Movement? [4][O/N2010]

(a) Describe the achievements of Haji Shariat Ullah in reviving Islam. [4][M/J2014]

(b) Why were there attempts to revive Islam in the sub-continent during the eighteenthand early
nineteenth centuries?[7][M/J2013-41][O/N2007]

(b) Explain why Haji Shariatullah was an important figure in the revival of Islam during the eighteenth
century. [7][M/J2022]

(c) Did Hajji Shariat Ullah contribute more to the spread of Islam than anyone else in the sub-continent
before 1850? Explain your answer. [14][0/N2011][O/N2017]

(c) Who of the following was the most important in the spread of Islam during theseventeenth and
eighteenth centuries:

(i) Shah Wali Ullah;

(ii) Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barailvi;

(iii) Hajji Shariat Ullah?

Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above.[14][M/J2013]

THE DECLINE OF MUGHAL EMPIRE/ THE REIGN OFAURANGZEB

(a) Describe the Jizya tax. [4][O/N2020]

(a)Who was Ahmad Shah Durrani? [4][M/J2019]

(a) Describe what the Marathas did. [4][M/J2013]

(a) What was suttee? [4][O/N2014]

(a) According to Source A, which policies do some historians claim contributed to the increasing
instability of the Mughal Empire by the time of Aurangzeb’s death? [3][O/N2021]

(b) What can we learn from Source B about Mughal rule in India? [5][O/N2021]

(c) Explain why the Hindu community objected to the Jizya tax. [7][O/N2021]

Shakeel Ahmad Khan (0333-673-1810) Page 3

(b) Explain the impact of Aurangzeb’s domestic policies on the stability of the Mughal Empire.
[7][O/N2023]

(b) Explain why the Mughal Empire declined following the death of Aurangzeb.[7][O/N2019]

(b) Briefly explain three reasons for the decline of the Mughal Empire. [7][M/J2002]

(b) How did the successors of Aurangzeb contribute to the downfall of the Mughal Empire?
[7][O/N2013]

(b) Explain why the successors of Aurangzeb failed to prevent the decline of the Mughal
Empire.[7][O/N2008]

(b) Explain why the Mughal Empire declined following the reign of Aurangzeb.[7][M/J2006][M/J2012]
[M/J2015]

(b) Explain why the Mughal Empire declined following the death of Aurangzeb. [7][O/N2010]

(d) ‘The Marathan rebellions were the main reason for the decline of the Mughal Empire after the death
of Aurangzeb.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10][O/N2021]

(c) Were the policies of Aurangzeb the main reason for the decline of the Mughal Empire? Explain your
answer. [14][M/J2020]

(c)Was British expansion in India the most important reason for the decline of the Mughal
Empire? Explain your answer. [14][O/N2018]

(c)Was the in-fighting between Aurangzeb’s successors the most important reason for the break-up of
the Mughal Empire? Explain your answer. [14][M/J2017]

(c)‘Aurangzeb’s successors failed to live up to his courageous and determined personality.’ Was this the
most important reason for the decline of the Mughal Empire? Give reasons for your answer.
[14][O/N2003]

(c) Was the in-fighting between Aurangzeb’s successors the most important reason for the collapse of
the Mughal Empire? Explain your answer. [14][O/N2001]

(c) ‘The coming of the British was the main reason for the decline of the Mughal Empire’. Do you agree
or disagree? Give reasons for your answer.[14][M/J2007]

(c) ‘The spread of Marathan power was the main reason for the decline of the Mughal Empire.’ Do you
agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14][M/J2011]

(c) ‘The policies of Aurangzeb were the main reason for the decline of the MughalEmpire.’ Do you agree
or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14][O/N2009]

Shakeel Ahmad Khan (0333-673-1810) Page 4

(c) Were the invasions by the Persian and Afghans the main reason for the decline of the Mughal
Empire? Explain your answer.[14][O/N2015]

(c) Were the weak and greedy characteristics of Aurangzeb’s successors the most important reasons for
the collapse of the Mughal Empire? Explain your answer. [14][O/N2005]

THE EAST INDIA COMPANY [EIC]

(a) According to Source A, Mir Jafar was unpopular as Nawab of Bengal. Identify three ways he was
unpopular. [3][M/J2023]
(b) What can we learn from Source B about the death of Tipu Sultan? [5] M/J2023]
(a) According to Source A, why was Queen Victoria made Empress of India? [3][O/N2020]

(b) What can we learn from Source B about Tipu Sultan, ruler of Mysore? [5][O/N2020]

(a) According to Source A what were the personal characteristics of Robert Clive? [3][M/J2020]

(b) What can we learn from Source B about the treatment of Indian hostages during the Mysore Wars?
[5][M/J2020]
(a) According to Source A, why did many people die at Fort William in 1756? [3][M/J2019]

(b) What can we learn from Source B about famine in the subcontinent during British control?
[5][M/J2019]
(a)According to Source A, what reasons are suggested for the British victory at the battle of
Plassey in 1757? [3][M/J2015]

(b)What does Source B tell us about the British East India Company in 1825? [5][M/J2015]

(a) According to Source A, what difficulties did the Indian cotton industry face during thenineteenth
century? [3][M/J2017]

(b)How does Source B help us to understand Indian concerns about the building of railways in India
during the nineteenth century? [5][M/J2017]

(a) Describe what happened at the battle of Buxar. [4][O/N2021]

(a) Who was Mir Qasim? [4][M/J2020]

(a)Who was Lord Wellesley? [4][M/J2019]

(a)Who was Titu Mir? [4][M/J2018]

(a)Who were the Thuggee? [4][O/N2017]

(a)Who was Warren Hastings? [4][O/N2017]

(a) Describe the battle of Plassey. [4][M/J2012]

Shakeel Ahmad Khan (0333-673-1810) Page 5

(a) What was the East India Company? [4][M/J2010]

(a) Who was Tipu Sultan? [4][M/J2015]

(a) Who was Robert Clive? [4][O/N2015]

(a) Who was Ranjit Singh? [4][M/J2013-41]

(a) Who was Titu Mir? [4][O/N2011]

(a) Describe the achievements of Ranjit Singh. [4][M/J2021]

(c) Explain the impact of railways on the lives of Indian people in the nineteenth century. [7][O/N2020]

(b) Explain why Britain was able to expand into the subcontinent between 1750 and 1850. [7][M/J2020]

(b)Explain why the British wanted to trade in India from 1600. [7][M/J2019]

(b) Explain how Britain extended its control across the subcontinent between 1756 and 1856.
[7][O/N2022]

(c) Explain why the East India Company was interested in the subcontinent in the years before 1750. [7]
[M/J2020]

(c)Explain why Robert Clive was successful in the Battle of Plassey in 1757. [7][M/J2019]

(b) Why was Robert Clive appointed the first Governor of Bengal? [7][M/J2017]

(c)Why did the British build railways in India during the nineteenth century? [7][M/J2017]

(b) Explain the appeal of India to the East India Company during the early seventeenthcentury.
[7][M/J2016]

(b)Why were the Marathas defeated after the decline of the Mughal Empire? [7][O/N2017]

(b)Why did the British Government take control of the affairs of the East India Company in the early
nineteenth century? [7][M/J2004]

(b) Why did the East India Company become involved in the Indian sub-continent during the
seventeenth century? [7][O/N2010][O/N2017]

(b) Explain why the East India Company became involved in the Indian subcontinent during the
seventeenth century. [7][M/J2005]

(b) Explain why the East India Company became involved in the sub-continent during the seventeenth
century.[7][M/J2014][M/J2009]

(b) Why was Britain so successful in expanding its control of the sub-continent between 1750 and 1850?
[7][O/N2006][O/N2016]

Shakeel Ahmad Khan (0333-673-1810) Page 6

(b) Why did the Indian sub-continent attract European traders in the late sixteenth and early
seventeenth centuries?[7][M/J2007]

(b) Explain why Britain was so successful in extending its control of the sub-continentbetween 1750 and
1850. [7][M/J2011]

(b) Why was Britain successful in maintaining its control of the sub-continent in the years1750 to 1850?
[7][M/J2013]

(b) Why was Britain successful in increasing its control of some parts of the subcontinent in the years
1750 to 1850? [7][M/J2009]

(b) Why did the Indian sub-continent attract the British in the early seventeenth century? [7][O/N2012]

(b) Why were the British able to replace the Mughals as the dominant force in the Sub-Continent by
1850? [7][O/N2004]

(b) What does Source B tell us about the British East India Company in 1825?[5][M/J2015]

(c)How far was Indian resistance to British expansion in the subcontinent successful before
1850? [14][O/N2017]

(c) Explain how Titu Mir protected the interests of Muslim farmers in the subcontinent in the early
nineteenth century. [7][M/J2023]

(d) To what extent were Indian rulers able to limit British expansion across the subcontinent between
1760 and 1840? Explain your answer. [10][M/J2023]

(c) Why were the British able to take control of India by 1850?[7][M/J2015]

(d) Was the work of the Christian missionaries the most important reason why the Indiansopposed
British attempts to westernise them between 1750 and 1850? Explain youranswer. [10][M/J2015]

(c) Did educational reforms have a greater effect on the Indian people than any other changes
introduced by the British between 1773 and 1856? Explain your answer. [14][O/N2019]

(c) ‘Indian resistance to British attempts to take control of lands in the sub-continent was totally
unsuccessful.’ Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer.[14][M/J2008]

(c) Was the Industrial Revolution in Britain the most important reason why the Britishwere able to take
control of India between 1750 and 1850? Explain your answer. [7][O/N2013]

(c) How successful were the British attempts to take control of lands in the sub-continent between 1750
and 1856? [14][O/N2010]

(c) How successful was Indian resistance to British attempts to take control of lands inthe sub-continent
between 1750 and 1850? Explain your answer. [14][O/N2012]

Shakeel Ahmad Khan (0333-673-1810) Page 7

(c) Did educational reforms have a more important effect on the Indians than the social,religious and
economic ones introduced by the British during the years 1773 to 1856?Explain your answer.
[14][O/N2011]

(d)Was the India Act of 1784 the main reason why the British were able to expand beyond
Bengal between 1784 and 1850? Explain your answer. [10][M/J2019]

THE WAR OF THE INDEPENDENCE 1857 [CAUSES AND FAILURE]

(a) Describe the military actions of Nana Sahib in 1857. [4][O/N2022]

(a)Who was Lakshmibai? [4][O/N2018]

(a)What happened at the battle of Kanpur? [4][M/J2011]

(a) Who was Nana Sahib? [4][O/N2016]

(a) What happened at Cawnpore in 1857? [4][M/J2016]

(a) Describe the events of the War of Independence, 1857-1858. [4][M/J2013]

(b)Why did the War of Independence of 1857 not succeed? [7][M/J2019]

(b) Why did the War of Independence fail to meet its aims in 1857? [7][O/N2013]

(b) Why did the Indians not achieve independence in 1857? [7][O/N2011]

(b) Why did the War of Independence of 1857 fail? [7][M/J2002][O/N2007]

(b) Explain the reasons for the failure of the War of Independence 1857–58. [7][O/N2009]

(d) To what extent were economic reforms the main cause of the War of Independence in 1857? Explain
your answer. [10][M/J2020]

(c) To what extent were military factors the main cause of the War of Independence in 1857? Explain
your answer. [14][M/J2022]

(d)Was an absence of leadership the main reason why the War of Independence in 1857 failed? Explain
your answer. [10][M/J2017]

(c)Was religion the most important reason for the War of Independence in 1857? Give reasons for your
answer. [14][M/J2018]

(c)‘The War of Independence of 1857 achieved nothing’. Give reasons why you might agree and disagree
with this statement. [14][O/N2002]

Shakeel Ahmad Khan (0333-673-1810) Page 8

(c) ‘The establishment of English as the official language of the sub-continent in 1834 was the main
reason for the War of Independence of 1857’. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer.
[14][M/J2007]

(c) Was the greased cartridge incident the most important cause of the War of Independence of 1857?
Explain your answer.[14][M/J2012]

(c) Was the introduction of the ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ in 1852 the most important reason forthe War of
Independence in 1857? Explain your answer.[14][M/J2014]

(c) ‘The introduction of social reforms, such as education, by the British caused the Warof Independence
in 1857’. Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer.[14][O/N2005]

(c) ‘Religious factors were more important than any other in causing the War ofIndependence of 1857–
1858.’ Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer.[14][O/N2008]

(c) ‘The War of Independence of 1857 was caused by the greased cartridge incident’. Givereasons why
you might agree and disagree with this statement. [14][M/J2003]

(c)‘A lack of unity and coordination was the main reason for the failure of the War of Independence by
1858.’ Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14][M/J2004]

(c) Was a lack of unity amongst the Indians the main reason for the failure of the War of Independence
1857–1858? Explain your answer. [14][M/J2010]

(c) “The strength of the British army was the sole reason for the failure of the War ofIndependence by
1858.” Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14][O/N2014]

(d) To what extent were the different aims of Indian groups in 1857 the main reason why the War of
Independence was short-lived? Explain your answer. [10][O/N2020]

(c) To what extent were the outcomes of the War of Independence beneficial for India? Explain your
answer. [14][M/J2021]

(c) The main reason the War of Independence ended was because it was not supported by all Indian
rulers.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [14][O/N2023]

SIR SYED AHMAD KHAN (1817-1898)

(a) Describe the ‘Hindi–Urdu Controversy’. [4][O/N2023]

(a) Describe ‘The Loyal Mohammedans of India’. [4][O//N2019]

(a) Describe the ‘Hindu-Urdu Controversy.’ [4][O/N2012]

(a) What was the Mohammaden Anglo-Oriental School? [4][O/N2013]

Shakeel Ahmad Khan (0333-673-1810) Page 9

(a) Describe the purpose of the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College. [4][M/J2022]

(a) What was ‘The Loyal Mohammedans of India?’ [4][O/N2011]

(b) Explain why Sir Syed Ahmad Khan wanted to improve relations between the Muslim community and
the British after the War of Independence. [7][O/N2021]

(b)Explain why Sir Syed Ahmad Khan tried to improve relations between the Muslim community and the
British. [7][M/J2018]

(b) Why did Sir Syed Ahmad Khan wish to develop a better understanding with the British following the
War of Independence in 1857?[7][M/J2008]

(b) Why did Sir Syed Ahmad Khan try to improve relations between the Muslims and the British?
[7][O/N2014]

(b) Why did Sir Syed Ahmad Khan found the Aligarh Movement? [7][M/J2011]

(c) Which of the following was the most important contribution of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan in restoring the
position of Muslims in the sub-continent:

(i) attempt to achieve a better understanding between the British and the Muslims;

(ii) education;

(iii) politics

Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above. [14][O/N2003]

(c) Was the Two Nation Theory the most important contribution of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan?Explain your
answer. [14][M/J2013]

(c)Was the attempt to achieve a better understanding with the British themost important contribution
that Sir Syed Ahmed Khan made to theMuslim cause during the nineteenth century?
[14][M/J2005][M/J2015]

(c) Was the development of a western education system the most important contribution of Sir Syed
Ahmad Khan in developing the cause of Muslims during the nineteenth century? Explain your answer.
[14][M/J2009]

(c) Were the religious views of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan his most important contribution indeveloping the
cause of Muslims during the nineteenth century? Explain youranswer. [14][O/N2010]

(c) ‘Sir Syed Ahmed Khan’s political beliefs had a greater impact on the Muslims than anyof his other
beliefs’. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer.[14][O/N2007]

(c) Was the development of a western education system the greatest achievement of Sir Syed Ahmad
Khan? Explain your answer. [14][O/N2016]

Shakeel Ahmad Khan (0333-673-1810) Page 10

(c)Were Sir Syed Ahmad Khan’s religious views his most important contribution to the Muslim
cause after 1857? Explain your answer. [14][M/J2019]

(c) ‘The “Two-Nation” Theory was Sir Syed Ahmad Khan’s main contribution to the development of the
Pakistan Movement during the nineteenth century.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer. [14][O/N2020]

(c) ‘Introducing a new approach to education was the main contribution of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan to
improving the lives of Muslim people during the nineteenth century.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. [14][O/N2022]

LANGUAGES [Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pushto and Balochi]

(a) How has the Pakistan government promoted the development of Punjabi? [4][O/N2012]

(a) How has Pakistan promoted the development of Sindhi since 1947? [4][O/N2013]

(a) How has the Pakistan government promoted the development of Balochi since1947? [4][O/N2010]

(b) Why did Pakistan choose Urdu as its national language? [7][O/N2005][O/N2001]

(b)Why was Urdu chosen as the national language of Pakistan? [7][M/J2004]

(b) Why was Urdu chosen as the national language in Pakistan in 1947? [7][M/J2015][M/J2008]

(b) Why have regional languages been promoted by the Pakistan government since 1947? [7][M/J2013]
[O/N2009]

(b) Explain the choice of Urdu in 1947 as the national language of Pakistan. [7][0/N2011]

(b)Explain why Urdu was chosen as the national language of Pakistan in 1947. [7][O/N2018]

(b) Explain why Muhammad Ali Jinnah chose Urdu as the national language of Pakistan. [7][M/J2021]

(c) ‘The development of Pushto has been promoted more than any other Pakistani regional language
between 1947 and 1988.’ Give reasons why you might agree and disagree with this statement.
[14][O/N2003]

(c) ‘Punjabi has been promoted more than any other Pakistani regional language between 1947 and
1999.’ Give reasons why you might agree and disagree with this statement. [14][M/J2011]

(c) ‘The promotion of regional languages in Pakistan between 1947 and 1988 has been more successful
than the promotion of Urdu.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer.[14][M/J2006]

Shakeel Ahmad Khan (0333-673-1810) Page 11

(c) Has the promotion ofUrdu been more successful than that of any regional language inPakistan
between 1947 and 1988? Explain your answer.[14][M/J2009]

(c) How important was the development of regional languages to Pakistan between 1947 and 1988?
Explain your answer.[14][O/N2004]

(c) ‘Sindhi was promoted more than any other regional language between 1947 and 1988’.Do you agree
or disagree? Give reasons for your answer.[14][O/N2007]

(c) How successful has the promotion of the following regional languages been in Pakistan between
1947 and 1988?

(i) Punjabi

(ii) Pushto

(iii) Sindhi

Explain your answer with reference to all three of the languages. [14][M/J2002]

(c) How successful has the promotion of the following regional languages been inPakistan between 1947
and 1999?

(i) Punjabi

(ii) Pushto

(iii) Sindhi

Explain your answer with reference to all three of the languages.[14][M/J2013-41]

Shakeel Ahmad Khan (0333-673-1810) Page 12

 SECTION 2: THE EMERGENCE OF PAKISTAN 1906-47
THE INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
(b) Why was the Indian National Congress founded? [7]

THE PARTITION (1905)AND REVERSAL (1911) OF BENGAL

(b) What can we learn from Source B about the British presence in India at this time? [5][M/J2021]

(a) Describe the impact of Lord Curzon on India. [4][O/N2022]

(a)Describe the Swadeshi Movement. [4][O/N2014]

(a) What was the Swadeshi Movement? [4][O/N2010][M/J2018]

(b) Why was Bengal partitioned in 1905? [7][M/J2004][O/N2012]

(b) Explain why the British partitioned Bengal in 1905. [7][M/J2016]

(b) Why was the Partition of Bengal reversed in 1911?[7][O/N2005][O/N2003]

(b) Why did the British decide to reverse the partition of Bengal in 1911?[7][M/J2007]

(b) Why did the British reverse the partition of Bengal in 1911?[7][M/J2014]

(b)How did the Hindus oppose the Partition of Bengal between 1905 and 1911? [7][O/N2002]

(b)Explain how the British reacted to Hindu-led protests against the Partition of Bengal between 1906
and 1908. [7][O/N2018]
(b) Explain how the Hindu community opposed the partition of Bengal between 1905 and 1911.
[7][O/N2023]

(c) ‘Bengal was partitioned in 1905 because of geographical factors.’ Do you agree?Explain your answer.
[14][M/J2006]

(c) ‘The reasons for partitioning Bengal in 1905 were more important than those thatcaused its reversal
in 1911.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer.[14][M/J2009]

(c) ‘Partition or reversal?’ Were the reasons why Bengal was partitioned in 1905 more important than
those regarding its reversal in 1911? Explain your answer. [14][M/J2011]

(c) How successful was the partition of Bengal in 1905? Explain your answer. [14][O/N2015]

(c) How successful was the 1905 Partition of Bengal? Explain your answer. [14][M/J2020]

Shakeel Ahmad Khan (0333-673-1810) Page 13

(c) ‘Bengal was partitioned in 1905 because it was too large.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
Explain your answer. [14][M/J2023]

THE SIMLA DEPUTATION 1905

(a) What was the Simla Deputation? [4][M/J2013-41]

(b) Why was the Simla Deputation of 1906 an important event for the Muslims of the subcontinent?[7]
[O/N2010]

(b) Why was the Simla Delegation of 1906 an important turning point for the Muslims of thesub-
continent?[7][O/N2006]

THE MUSLIM LEAGUE 1906

(a) Describe the aims of the All-India Muslim League. [4][M/J2023]

(b)Explain why the Muslim community felt it necessary to form their own political party in 1906.
[7][M/J2018]

(b) Why was the Muslim League founded in 1906?[7][M/J2003][M/J2005]

(b) Why was the Muslim League established in 1906?[7][M/J2012][M/J2015]

(b)Explain why the Muslim League was formed in 1906.[7][O/N2014][M/J2009][M/J2021]

(b) Explain the reasons for the establishment of the Muslim league in 1906. [7][O/N2001]

(c) To what extent was the need for a political party to represent the Muslim community the main
reason for the establishment of the All-India Muslim League in 1906? Explain your answer.
[14][M/J2022]

(c) Was the need for their own political party the most important reason why the Muslim League was
established in 1906? Explain your answer. [14][O/N2013]

(c) Was the partition of Bengal the main reason for the formation of the Muslim League in 1906? Give
reasons for your answer. [14][O/N2016]

(c) ‘The Muslim League was established in 1906 because the Hindus had their own political party.’ Do
you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14][M/J2010]

(c) Was the Simla Deputation of 1906 the most important reason for the formation of the Muslim
League later that same year? Explain your answer. [14][O/N2019]

THE MORLEY-MINTO REFORMS 1909

(a) What were the terms of the Indian Councils Act of 1909? [4][M/J2016]

Shakeel Ahmad Khan (0333-673-1810) Page 14

(b) Explain why the Congress Party opposed the Morley–Minto reforms of 1909. [7][O/N2021]

(b) Why did Congress oppose the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909? [7][O/N2008]

(b) Why were the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1906 opposed by the Congress Party?[7][M/J2013-41]

(b) Why did the Congress Party oppose the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1906?[7][O/N2004]

(c)‘The Morley-Minto reforms were the most important of the attempts by either the Muslims, Hindus
or the British government in seeking a solution to the problems in the sub-continent between 1906 and
1920.’Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14][M/J2003]

(c) Were the Morley-Minto reforms the most important attempt by either the Muslims, the Hindus or
the British in seeking a solution to the problems in the sub-continent between 1906 and 1920? Explain
your answer. [14][O/N2005]

(c) ‘The Morley-Minto reforms were more important than any other political developmentsbetween
1909 and 1919’. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer.[14][O/N2007]

FIRST WORLD WAR 1914-18

(a) According to Source A, what were the reasons for India supporting Britain in the First World War? [3]
[M/J2021]

(d) To what extent had India benefited by the early 1920s from supporting Britain in the First World
War? Explain your answer. [10][M/J2021]

THE DEFENCE OF INDIA ACT 1915

(a)According to Source A, what reasons are suggested for the introduction of the Defence of
India Act in 1915? [3][O/N2018]

THE LUCKNOW PACT 1916

(a) What was the Lucknow Pact? [4][M/J2012][M/J2015]

(a) Describe what happened at Lucknow in 1916. [4][O/N2016]

(b) Explain why the Lucknow Pact of 1916 came about.[7][M/J2006][M/J2013]

(c) Explain the importance of the Lucknow Pact of 1916. [7][M/J2021]

(a) Describe the terms of the Lucknow Pact of 1916. [4][O/N2023]

(c) ‘The Lucknow Pact of 1916 was the most important attempt by either the Muslims,Hindus or the
British government in seeking a solution to the problems in the subcontinentbetween 1909 and 1919.’
Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14][O/N2012]

Shakeel Ahmad Khan (0333-673-1810) Page 15

(c) "The Lucknow Pact of 1916 was the only beacon of hope for Hindu-Muslimunity between 1914 and
1930." Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer.[14][O/N2004]

(d)Which of the following had the most important effect on the Pakistan Movement between
1909 and 1919?
(i) the Morley–Minto reforms, 1909
(ii) the reversal of the Partition of Bengal, 1911
(iii) the Lucknow Pact, 1916
Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above. [10][O/N2018]

THE MONTAGUE-CHELMSFORD REFORMS 1919

(a) What was diarchy? [4]

(b) Why were the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms opposed by Indians in 1919?[7][O/N2015]

(c) Were the Montague–Chelmsford Reforms the main reason for the outbreak of violenceacross India in
1919? Explain your answer.[14][O/N2014]

(c) ‘The Montague-Chelmsford reforms were more important than any other politicaldevelopments
between 1909 and 1919.’ Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons foryour answer. [14][O/N2011]

(c) How successful were political developments in seeking a solution to the problems inthe sub-
continent between 1909 and 1919? Explain your answer.[14][M/J2014]

(c) To what extent were the Morley-Minto reforms the most important political development in India
between 1909 and 1919? Explain your answer. [14][O/N2022]

THE ROWLATT ACT/AMRITSAR MASSACRE

(a) Describe the terms of the Rowlatt Act. [4][M/J2022]

(a) Describe the events that took place at Jallianwalla Bagh in 1919. [4][O/N2021]

(a) Who was General Dyer? [4][M/J2020]

(a) Describe the Rowlatt Act. [4][M/J2011]

(a) What was the Amritsar Massacre? [4][M/J2013-41]

(a) What was Satyagraha? [4][O/N2019]

(b)How does Source B help us to understand what happened at Jallianwala Bagh in 1919? [5][O/N2018]

(c) Was the introduction of the Rowlatt Act in 1919 the sole cause of violence in Indiaduring 1919 and
1920? Explain your answer. [14][M/J2016]

Shakeel Ahmad Khan (0333-673-1810) Page 16

KHILAFAT MOVEMENT
(a) According to Source A, the Treaty of Sèvres had consequences for the Ottoman Empire. Identify
three of these consequences. [3][O/N2023]

(b) What can we learn from Source B about Indian nationalism in 1921? [5][O/N2023]

(a) Describe the Chauri-Chaura incident. [4][O/N2012]

(a) What was the All India Khilafat Conference? [4][M/J2015]

(a) Describe the hijrat. [4][O/N2011]

(a) Describe the Hijrat Movement. [4][O/N2020]

(b) Explain why people joined the Khilafat Movement. [7][O/N2022]

(b) Explain the reasons for the establishment of the Khilafat Movement. [7][O/N2001]

(b) Why did the Khilafat Movement emerge? [7][O/N2016]

(b) Why was the Khilafat Movement founded? [7][M/J2002][M/J2010]

(b) Explain why the Khilafat Movement ended in 1924. [7][M/J2020]

(b) Why did the Khilafat Movement fail by 1924? [7][O/N2003][O/N2013]

(b) Explain why the Khilafat Movement had failed by 1924.[7][M/J2006]

(b) Explain the reasons for the failure of the Khilafat Movement. [7][M/J2009]

(c) Explain the impact of the Khilafat Movement on the Muslim community in the years after 1924. [7]
[O/N2023]

(d) To what extent was the breakdown of Muslim–Hindu collaboration the main reason for the Khilafat
Movement ending? Explain your answer. [10][O/N2023]

(c) ‘The imprisonment of its leaders was the main reason for the Khilafat Movement ending.’ How far do
you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [14][O/N2021]

(c) ‘The Khilafat Movement failed by 1924 because of poor leadership.’ Do you agree? Give reasons for
your answer.[14][O/N2008]

(c)Was the Chaura Chauri incident of 1922 the most important reason for the failure of the Khilafat
Movement? Give reasons for your answer. [14][M/J2004]

(c) ‘The Khilafat Movement failed by 1924 because Gandhi withdrew his support.’ Do you agree? Give
reasons for your answer.[14][M/J2012]

Shakeel Ahmad Khan (0333-673-1810) Page 17

(c) Was the abolition of the institution of the caliphate in 1924 the main reason for the failure ofthe
Khilafat Movement? Give reasons for your answer.[14][O/N2006]

(c) Was the migration to Afghanistan the most important reason why the KhilafatMovement failed?
Explain your answer. [14][O/N2010][M/J2014]

(c ) Was the Khilafat Movement founded because the Muslims feared thebreakup of Turkey after the
First World War? Explain your answer.[14][M/J2005]

(a)Was the withdrawal of Gandhi’s support from the Khilafat Movement the most importantreason for
its failure? Explain your answer. [14][O/N2002]

(c)Was the withdrawal of Gandhi’s support the most important reason for the decline of the Khilafat
Movement? Explain your answer. [14][M/J2017]

(c) Were concerns about British policies towards Muslims the most important reason forthe foundation
of the Khilafat Movement? Explain your answer. [14][O/N2014]

(c)Was the Moplah uprising in 1921 the main reason for the end of the Khilafat Movement?
Explain your answer. [14][M/J2019]

THE SIMON COMMISSION 1927

(a) What was Simon Report?[4][O/N2015]

(a) According to Source A, why was there opposition to the Simon Commission of 1927?[3][O/N2016]

(b) How does Source B help us to understand Indian concerns about the Simon Commission of 1927? [5]
[O/N2017]

(b) Explain why the Simon Commission of 1927 was unpopular. [7][O/N2022]

DELHI PROPOSALS 1927

(a) According to Source A, what were Jinnah’s aims in his Delhi Proposals of 1927? [3][O/N2017]

(a) Describe the Delhi Proposals of 1927. [4][M/J2023]

THE NEHRU REPORT 1928

(a) What was the Nehru Report? [4][O/N2014]

(a) Describe the Nehru Report. [4][M/J2011]

(a) Describe the terms of the Nehru Report. [4][O/N2022]

(b) Explain why the All India Muslim Conference rejected the Nehru Report in 1928. [7][O/N2016]

Shakeel Ahmad Khan (0333-673-1810) Page 18

JINNAH’S 14 POINTS1929
(b) Explain why Muhammad Ali Jinnah produced his 14 Points in 1929. [7][M/J2022]

(b)Why did Jinnah produce his 14 Points in 1929? [7][M/J2005][O/N2007][M/J2015][M/J2010]

(c) Was the introduction of Jinnah’s 14 Points in 1929 the most important factor in the development of
the Pakistan Movement between 1928 and 1935? Give reasons for your answer.[14][M/J2006]

(c) ‘The 14 Points were Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s greatest achievement in the years 1929 to1947.’ Do you
agree? Explain your answer.[14][M/J2009]

THE ALLAHABAD ADDRESS 1930

(b) Why was the Allahabdad Address so important? [7]

(a) Describe what happened at Allahabad in 1930. [4][M//J2021]

(b) Explain why Allama Iqbal was described as the ‘Architect of Pakistan’. [7][M/J2023]

THE ROUND TABLE CONFERENCES 1930-32

(c) What does Source B tell us about the negotiations during the Round Table Conferences between
1930 and 1932? [5][O/N2016]

(b) Explain why most people considered the three Round Table Conferences to be a failure. [7][M/J2023]

(b) Explain why there were three Round Table Conferences between 1930 and 1932. [7][O/N2020]

(b)Why was the Second Round Table Conference of 1931 unsuccessful? [7][O/N2009][M/J2017]

(b) Explain why there were three Round Table Conferences between 1930 and 1932. [7][O/N2019]

(b) Why were the three Round Table Conferences held between 1930 and 1932?
[7][O/N2011][M/J2014][M/J2008][O/N2001]

(c) To what extent did the Round Table Conferences (1930–1932) provide a solution to the government
of India? Explain your answer. [14][O/N2022]

(c)Was the First Round Table Conference of 1930 more successful than the two that followed in 1931
and 1932? Explain your answer. [14][M/J2018]

(c) How successful were the three Round Table Conferences of 1930-1932? Explain your answer.[14]
[M/J2005][M/J2015]

(c) ‘The Round Table Conference of 1930 achieved more than those of 1931 and 1932’. Do you agree or
disagree? Give reasons for your answer.[14][M/J2007]

Shakeel Ahmad Khan (0333-673-1810) Page 19

(c) ‘The First Round Table Conference of 1930 was the most successful one of all three.’ Do you agree or
disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14][M/J2010]

(c) Was anything achieved by the Round Table Conferences of 1930 to 1932? Explain your answer.[14]
[M/J2013]

(c) Were the Round Table Conferences the most important attempt to reach agreement on how India
should be governed in the period 1919-1939? Give reasons for your answer.[14]

THE COMMUNAL AWARD 1932

(a)What was the Communal Award? [4][O/N2018]

THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT 1935

(b) Explain why there was opposition to the Government of India Act of 1935. [7][M/J2020]

(b) Why was the Government of India Act of 1935 so important to the future of the subcontinent?[7]
[O/N2006][M/J2011]

(b) Why was there so much opposition to the Government of India Act of 1935? [7][O/N2008][O/N2012]

(c) Explain the importance of the Government of India Act of 1935 to the future of the subcontinent. [7]
[O/N2016]

(c) Which of the following was the most important in the development of the PakistanMovement?:

(i) the Simon Commission 1927

(ii) Jinnah’s 14 Points 1929

(iii) the Government of India Act 1935

Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above.[14][M/J2013-41]

(d)Which of the following was the most important in the development of the Pakistan Movement?
(i)the Nehru Report, 1928
(ii)Jinnah’s 14 Points, 1929
(iii)the Government of India Act, 1935
Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above. [10][O/N2017]

1937 ELECTIONS
(a) What were the outcomes of the provincial elections of 1937? [4][M/J2014]

(d) How successful were the provincial elections held in India in 1937? Explain your answer.
[10][O/N2016]

Shakeel Ahmad Khan (0333-673-1810) Page 20

(d) How successful were the 1937 elections? Explain your answer. [10][O/N2019]

(c) The outcomes of the 1937 elections brought more benefits for the Muslim League than for the
Congress Party.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [14][M/J2023]

THE RULE OF CONGRESS 1937-39

(a) According to Source A how did Jinnah want the Muslim community to act on 22 December 1939? [3]
[O/N2019]

(b) What can we learn from Source B about Gandhi’s ideas on education between 1937 and 1939? [5]
[O/N2019]

(a) What was the ‘Day of Deliverance’? [4][M/J2020]

(a) What was the Wardha Scheme? [4][M/J2010]

(b)Explain why the Muslim community objected to the rule of the Congress party between 1937 and
1939. [7][M/J2019]

(c) Explain how Jinnah transformed the Muslim League between 1937 and 1939. [7][ON2019]

(b) Why did Muslims object to ‘Congress Rule’ between 1937 and 1939? [7][M/J2007][O/N2010]

(b) Why did Muslims object to the rule of the Congress party between 1937 and 1939?[7][M/J2013-41]

(b)Why was Congress Rule (1937–1939) hated? [7][O/N2002]

(b)Why was Congress Rule of 1937–39 so hated by the Muslims? [7][M/J2004]

(c) Which of the following was the most important in the development of the Pakistan Movement;

(i) Jinnah’s 14 Points 1929;

(ii) Government of India Act 1935;

(iii) Congress Rule 1937-1939?

Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above. [14][O/N2001]

(c) Was the main reason why Congress rule (1937–1939) was hated so much because of the introduction
of Bande Matram? Explain your answer. [14][O/N2013]

(c) ‘The declaration of the Day of Deliverance in 1939 was Muhammad Ali Jinnah’sgreatest achievement
in the years 1929 to 1947.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer. [14][O/N2012]

(c) Do you agree that the celebration of the ‘Day of Deliverance’ in 1939 was justified?Give reasons for
your answer. [14][O/N2009]

Shakeel Ahmad Khan (0333-673-1810) Page 21

(c) ‘The main reason why Congress rule (1937-1939) was so hated was because of theintroduction of the
Wardha Scheme.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer.[14][O/N2006][M/J2012][M/J2015]

(c) ‘The main reason why Congress rule (1937-1939) was hated so much was because ofthe introduction
of Bande Matram.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer.[14][M/J2008]

(c)Was the introduction of the Wardha Scheme the main reason why Congress rule (1937–1939) was
disliked by the Muslim community? Give reasons for your answer. [14][O/N2018]

THE PAKISTAN RESOLUTION 1940

(a) According to Source A, what were the problems facing India in 1940? [3][O/N2015]

(a) According to Source A, what examples of ‘enormous progress’ (line 1) had the Muslim League made?
[3][M/J2022]

(c) Were Jinnah’s 14 Points the most important development in the Pakistan Movement between 1929
and 1940? Explain your answer. [14][O/N2019]

(c) To what extent was Direct Action Day more significant in the creation of Pakistan than other key
events of the 1940s? Explain your answer. [14][O/N2020]

THE CRIPPS MISSION 1942

(a) Describe the Cripps Mission. [4][M/J2013]

(c) Explain why the Cripps Mission had limited success in 1942. [7][M/J2022]

(b) Why did the Cripps Mission fail? [7][M/J2002]

(b) Why was the Cripps Mission of 1942 unsuccessful?[7][M/J2009][O/N2019]

(b) Why did the Cripps Mission of 1942 fail?[7][O/N2004][M/J2012][M/J2015]

(c) Why did Muslim League oppose Cripps Mission in 1942? [7][O/N2015]

(b) Explain why Congress and the Muslim League opposed the Cripps Mission of 1942. [7][M/J2021]

(c) Was the Cripps Mission in 1942 the most important factor during the 1940s that led to the partition
of the sub-continent in 1947? Give reasons for your answer.[14][O/N2008]

THE QUIT INDIA RESOLUTION 1942

(a) Describe the Quit India Resolution. [4][O/N2021]

(a) What was the Quit India Resolution? [4] [O/N2013]

Shakeel Ahmad Khan (0333-673-1810) Page 22

(b) Why was the ‘Quit India’ Movement formed in 1942? [7][M/J2005]

GANDHI JINNAH TALKS 1944

(a) Why did the Gandhi-Jinnah Talks fail in 1944? [7][M/J2011]

(b)Explain why the Gandhi-Jinnah Talks of 1944 did not reach an agreement. [7][O/N2017]

(d) ‘Disagreement over the future role of central government in the subcontinent was the main reason
for the breakdown of the Gandhi–Jinnah talks in 1944.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
Explain your answer. [10][M/J2022]

(c) Were the Gandhi-Jinnah talks the most important factor during the 1940s that led to the partition of
the sub-continent in 1947? Give reasons for your answers.[14][O/N2005]

(c) ‘During the Second World War (1939–1945), negotiations aimed at Indian Independence achieved
little.’ Give reasons why you might agree and disagree with this statement.[14][M/J2013-41]

(c)Were the Gandhi–Jinnah talks the most important factor during the 1940s that led to the partition of
the subcontinent in 1947? Give reasons for your answer. [14][M/J2018]

SIMLA CONFERENCE 1945

(b) What does source B suggest about the attempts to solve the problems of the sub-continent in 1945?
[5][O/N2015]

(c)Was the Simla Conference of 1945 the most important factor during the 1940s leading to thepartition
of the sub-continent in 1947? Give reasons for your answer. [14][M/J2003]

THE 1945-46 ELECTIONS

(d) Was the success of the Labour Party in winning the British General Election in 1945 the most
important reason why the subcontinent of India was partitioned in 1947? Explain your answer.
[10][O/N2015]

THE CABINET MISSION PLAN 1946

(a) What was the Cabinet Mission Plan? [4][M/J2014][O/N2019]

(a) What was the Direct Action Day? [4][M/J2010]

(a)What happened on Direct Action Day? [4][O/N2017]

(b) What can we learn from Source B about the tensions that existed over the future of the
subcontinent? [5][M/J2022]

Shakeel Ahmad Khan (0333-673-1810) Page 23

(c) How successful were negotiations aimed at Independence during the Second World War? Explain
your answer. [14][O/N2010]

(c)Which of the following contributed the most to the establishment of a separate homeland for
Muslims:

(i) Gandhi-Jinnah Talks 1944;

(ii) Simla Conference 1945;

(iii) Cabinet Mission Plan 1946?

Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above. [14][O/N2002]

(a) During the Second World War (1939-1945) negotiations aimed at Independence achieved little. Give
reasons why you might agree and disagree with this statement. [14][O/N2001]

3 JUNE PLAN 1947

(a) What was the 3 June Plan? [4][O/N2016]

(c) The Second World War and its aftermath meant the British had little interest in agreeing the future of
the subcontinent before 1947.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [14]
[O/N2023]

MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH

(c) How important was Muhammad Ali Jinnah to the Pakistan Movement? Explain your answer. [14]
[O/N2001]

(c) ‘The government of Pakistan was totally successful in solving the problems of Partition during 1947
and 1948.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer. [14][M/J2005][M/J2012]

(c) How successful was the government of Pakistan in solving the problems of Partition during 1947 and
1948? Explain your answer. [14][M/J2002][O/N2013]

(c) How successful was Pakistan in solving the problems of Partition during 1947 and 1948? Explain your
answer. [14][M/J2016]

(c) How successful was Quaid-e-Azam in establishing the new Pakistan in 1947? Explain your answer.
[14]

(c) ‘By 1948 Pakistan had solved the challenges created by Partition.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. [14][O/N2021]

ALLAMA MUHAMMAD IQBAL

Shakeel Ahmad Khan (0333-673-1810) Page 24

(a) Who was Dr Allama Iqbal? [4][O/N2010]

(b)Why was Dr Allama Muhammad Iqbal an important influence on the struggle for a separatehomeland
for Pakistan? [7][M/J2003][O/N2014]

(c)Why was Dr Allama Muhammad Iqbal asked to chair the Muslim League at Allahabad in
1930? [7][O/N2017]

(c) Was the work of Allama Iqbal more important to the Pakistan Movement than that ofRehmat Ali?
Explain your answer. [14][M/J2011]

RAHMAT ALI
(a)Who was Rahmat Ali? [4][M/J2019]

(a)How did the name ‘Pakistan’ originate? [4][M/J2017]

(a) Who was Chaudri Rehmat Ali? [4][M/J2012][M/J2015]

(b) Why was Chaudhri RehmatAli an important influence on the struggle for a separate homeland for
Pakistan?[7][O/N2005]

(c) Which of the following contributed the most of the Pakistan Movement;

(i) Allama Iqbal’s Address of 1930;

(ii) Chaudhary Rahmat Ali’s Scheme of Pakistan;

(iii) Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s Lahore Resolution of 1940?

Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above. [14][M/J2002]

(c) Did Allama Iqbal contribute more to the Pakistan Movement than Rahmat Ali? Explainyour answer.
[14][O/N2016]

(c) Assess the significance of the contributions of Allama Iqbal and Rahmat Ali to the Pakistan
Movement. Explain your answer. [14][M/J2020]

Shakeel Ahmad Khan (0333-673-1810) Page 25

 SECTION 3: NATIONHOOD 1947-99
THE PROBLEMS OF PARTITION
(a)What was the Radcliffe Award? [4][M/J2018]

(a)Describe the refugee crisis of 1947. [4][O/N2018]

(a) Describe the refugee problem. [4][O/N2012]

(a) What was the Canal Water Dispute? [4]M/J2010]

(a) Describe the Canal Water Dispute. [4][ON2022]

(b) Why was the division of the armed forces and military assets a problem for Pakistan in 1947?
[7][O/N2003]

(b) Why was Pakistan faced with a refugee problem in 1947?[7][O/N2006][M/J2013]

(b)Explain why the subcontinent was faced with a refugee problem in 1947. [7][O/N2017]

(c)Was the refugee issue the most important problem facing the newly formed government of Pakistan
in 1947? Give reasons for your answer. [14][M/J2004]

(c) ‘The Canal Water Dispute was the most important problem facing the newly established government
of Pakistan in 1947’. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer.[14][M/J2007]

(c) ‘The formation of a government was the most important problem facing the newlyestablished
country of Pakistan in 1947.’ Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14][O/N2009]

(c) To what extent was the referral of the Kashmir issue to the United Nations important for the new
state of Pakistan? Explain your answer. [14][M/J2023]

KHWAJA NAZIMUDDIN (1948-51)

(b) Why was it so difficult to agree on a new Constitution in 1950? [7][O/N2011]

GHULAM MUHAMMAD (1951-55)

(a) Describe the constitutional crisis of 1954–55. [4][M/J2012]

(b) Why was there a constitutional crisis between 1954 and 1955? [7][O/N2016]

ISKANDER MIRZA (1955-58)

(a) Describe the provisions of the 1956 Constitution. [4][M/J2022]

Shakeel Ahmad Khan (0333-673-1810) Page 26

(a) Describe the 1956 Constitution? [4] [O/N2013]

(a) What was the ‘One Unit’ Scheme? [4][M/J2016]

(b)Explain why there was a constitutional crisis in 1958. [7][M/J2018]

(b) Why were there so many governments between 1951 and 1958?[7][O/N2014]

(b)Explain why there were many governments between 1951 and 1958. [7][M/J2019]

(b) Explain why there were changes of government between 1951 and 1958. [7][M/J2021]

(c) Who of the following contributed the most to Pakistan’s domestic policies between 1948 and 1958:

(i) Liaquat Ali Khan;

(ii) Malik Ghulam Muhammad;

(iii) Iskander Mirza?

Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above.[14][M/J2013]

(c)Which of the following contributed the most to Pakistan’s domestic policies between 1948

and 1958?

(i)Khwaja Nazimuddin

(ii)Malik Ghulam Muhammad

(iii)Iskander Mirza

Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above.[14][M/J2017]

GENERAL MUHAMMAD AYUB KHAN(1958-69)

(a) Who was Fatima Jinnah? [4][M/J2020]

(a) What were the Basic Democracies? [4][O/N2011][M/J2017]

(a) How did Ayub Khan achieve power? [4][M/J2013-41]

(a) According to Source A, what did Fatima Jinnah wish for the people of Pakistan? [3][O/N2022]

(b) What can we learn from Source B about the relations between Pakistan and the USA in the early
1960s? [5][ON2022]

(c) Explain why General Muhammad Ayub Khan came to power in 1958. [7][O/N2022]

(b) Explain why martial law was implemented in 1958. [7][O/N2021]

Shakeel Ahmad Khan (0333-673-1810) Page 27

(b) Explain why Ayub Khan came to power in 1958. [7][O/N2020]

(b) Explain why Ayub Khan called the years 1958 to 1969, the ‘Decade of Progress’?[7][M/J2008]

(b) Why were the years 1958 to 1969 called the ‘Decade of Progress’? [7][M/J2010]

(b) Explain why Ayub Khan introduced Martial Law in 1958. [7][M/J2016]

(b) Why was Islamabad chosen as the new capital of Pakistan?[7][M/J2015]

(b) Why did General Ayub Khan declare Martial Law in 1958?[7][O/N2006]

(b) Why did Ayub Khan come to power in 1958? [7][O/N2013]

(b) Why was Martial Law declared by Ayub Khan in 1958? [7][O/N2012]

(b) Why was Martial Law declared in 1958? [7][O/N2002][O/N2009][O/N2004]

(c) “Constitutional reforms were the most important of Ayub Khan’s domestic policies during the
‘decade of development’ between 1958 and 1969. Do you agree? Give reasons for your
answer.[14][M/J2005]

(c) ‘Constitutional reforms were the most important of Ayub Khan’s domestic policies during the
‘Decade of Progress’ between 1958 and 1969.’ Do you agree? Give reasons for your
answer.[14][M/J2012]

(c) Were the social reforms of Ayub Khan the most important of his domestic policiesduring the ‘Decade
of Progress’ between 1958 and 1969? Explain your answer.[14][M/J2014]

(c) ‘Ayub Khan’s agricultural reforms were more successful than any other of his domestic policies
between 1958 and 1969’. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14][O/N2007]

(c) Which of the following was the most important contribution of Ayub Khan government during the’
decade of development’ between 1958 and 1969.

(i) agricultural and other economic reforms

(ii) constitutional reforms

(iii) foreign policy?

Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above. [14][O/N2003]

(c)Were the economic reforms of Ayub Khan the most important of his domestic policies in the
‘Decade of Progress’ between 1958 and 1969? Explain your answer. [14][M/J2019]

Shakeel Ahmad Khan (0333-673-1810) Page 28

(c) ‘Ayub Khan’s agricultural policies were the most effective of the domestic reforms that took place
between 1958 and 1969.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
[14][M/J2021]
(d) To what extent were the years 1958 to 1968 ‘A Decade of Development’? Explain your answer. [10]
[O/N2022]

THE SEPARATION OF EAST PAKISTAN(DEC,1971)

(a) According to Source A, what problems were caused by Cyclone Bhola in 1970? [3][M/J2016]

(b) What does Source B tell us about the outcome of the conflict between East Pakistan and West
Pakistan? [5][M/J2016]

(a) Who was Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rahman? [4][M/J2013-41]

(a) What was operation searchlight? [4][O/N2015]

(b)Why did East Pakistan wish to break away from Pakistan? [7][M/J2003]

(c) Why did the victory of the Awami League in the 1970 elections in Pakistan cause a constitutional
crisis? [7][M/J2016]

(b) Why did East Pakistan wish to become independent of West Pakistan?[7][O/N2008]

(b) Explain why East Pakistan wished to become independent of West Pakistan.[7][M/J2013]

(c) Were economic factors more important than any other factor in the creation of Bangladesh in 1971?
Explain your answer.[14][M/J2009]

(c)‘Economic factors were more important than political considerations in the creation of Bangladesh in
1971.’ Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14][M/J2004]

(c) ‘The Six Points made by Mujib-ur-Rahman and the Awami League was the most important factor in
the creation of Bangladesh in 1971.’ Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer.[14][M/J2006}

(c) ‘Political factors were more important than any other factor in the creation of Bangladesh in 1971.’
Do you agree or disagree? Explain your answer. [14][M/J2011]

(c) Were political concerns more important than economic ones in the creation ofBangladesh in 1971?
Explain your answer.[14][M/J2014]

(c) ‘The geographical position of East Pakistan was the most important reason for thecreation of
Bangladesh in 1971’.Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14][O/N2007]

(c) To what extent were economic factors the main cause of increased tension between East and West
Pakistan by 1971? Explain your answer. [14][O/N2023]

Shakeel Ahmad Khan (0333-673-1810) Page 29

ZULFIQAR ALI BHUTTO(1971-77)
(a) Describe the main features of the 1973 Constitution. [4][M/J2023]

(a) Describe the Security of Tenure scheme. [4][O/N2020]

(a) Describe the terms of the 1973 Constitution. [4] [O/N2014]

(a) Describe Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s health reforms of 1972. [4][M/J2016]

(a) Describe Bhutto’s downfall from power. [4][O/N2012]

(a) What was the Simla Agreement? [4][O/N2010]

(a) Describe the Simla Agreement. [4][M/J2013]

(a) Describe the terms of the Simla Agreement. [4][M/J2021]

(b) Explain why Zulfikar Ali Bhutto reformed education between 1971 and 1977. [7][O/N2021]

(b)Explain why Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s rule ended in 1977. [7][M/J2017]

(b) Why was Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto executed in 1979?[7][M/J2014]

(b) Why did Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto come to power in 1971? [7][O/N2009]

(b) Why did Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto fall from power in 1979? [7][M/J2003]

(b) Why was Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto arrested and subsequently executed in 1979?[7][O/N2007]

(b) Explain why Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s government ended in 1977. [7][O/N2023]

(c) Assess the effectiveness of the domestic policies introduced by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto between 1971 and
1977. Explain your answer. [14][M/J2022]

(c) ‘Social reforms were the most important of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s domestic policies between 1971 and
1977.” Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer.[14][M/J2006]

(c)In which of the following did Zulfikar Ali Bhutto have most success:

(i) reform and control of the armed forces;

(ii) constitutional reform;

(iii) education and health reforms?

Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above. [14][O/N2002]

Shakeel Ahmad Khan (0333-673-1810) Page 30

(c) ‘Constitutional reforms were the most important of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s domesticpolicies between
1971 and 1977.’ Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for youranswer. [14][M/J2004][O/N2011]

(c) ‘Education reforms were the most important of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s domestic policiesbetween 1971
and 1977.’ Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer.[14][O/N2008]

(c) How successful were Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s domestic policies between 1971 and 1977?Explain your
answer.[14][M/J2015]

(c) How successful was Pakistan in establishing a new constitution between 1947 and 1973? Explain your
answer, [14][O/N2015]

(c)In which of the following did Zulfikar Ali Bhutto have most success?
(i)reform and control of the armed forces
(ii)constitutional reform
(iii)education and health reforms
Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above. [14][O/N2018]

(c) To what extent did Pakistan achieve a new constitution between 1949 and 1973? Explain your
answer. [14][O/N2019]

(c) Pakistan had successfully implemented a new constitution by 1973.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. [14][O/N2023]

GENERAL MUHAMMAD ZIA-UL HAQ(1977-88)

(a) Describe the ‘cricket diplomacy’ of 1987. [4][O/N2021]

(a)Describe the Zakat Ordinance. [4][M/J2019]

(a)What was the Eighth Amendment? [4][O/N2018]

(a) What was the ‘Afghan Miracle’? [4][M/J2015]

(a)According to Source A, what were the effects of the High Court judgement regarding Zulfiqar Ali
Bhutto on the people of Pakistan? [3][M/J2018]

(a) Describe the main events of Muhammad Khan Junejo’s political career. [4][M/J2021]

(b) Explain why Zia-ul-Haq introduced a programme of Islamisation. [7][M/J2023]

(b)How does Source B help us to understand the way Zia-ul-Haq governed Pakistan? [5][M/J2018]

(c)Why did Zia-ul-Haq introduce his Islamisation reforms? [7][M/J2018]

(b) Explain why it became more challenging for Zia-ul-Haq to govern Pakistan effectively during the late
1980s. [7][O/N2020]

Shakeel Ahmad Khan (0333-673-1810) Page 31

(d)How successful was Zia-ul-Haq’s foreign policy between 1978 and 1988? Explain your answer. [10]
[M/J2018]

(a) What were the Hudood Ordinances?[4][O/N2013]

(b) Why did Zia-ul-Haq find it difficult to rule Pakistan during the late 1980s? [7][M/J2016]

(b) What difficulties did Zia-ul-Haq find in ruling Pakistan during the late 1980s?[7][M/J2013-41]

(b) Why did Zia-ul-Haq introduce his Islamic reforms between 1977 and 1988?[7][M/J2006]

(b) Why did Zia-ul-Haq introduce a series of Islamic laws between 1979 and 1988? [7][M/J2008]

(b) Why did Zia-ul-Haq introduce his package of Islamic laws between 1979 and 1988? [7][M/J2011]

(b) Why did educational reform become such an important issue between 1947 and 1988? [7][O/N2007]

(c) To what extent was the Islamisation programme the most significant domestic policy introduced by
the government of Zia-ul-Haq between 1977 and 1988? Explain your answer. [14][O/N2021]

(c)‘Economic reforms were the most important of Zia-ul-Haq’s domestic policies between1977 and
1988.’ Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14][O/N2012]

(c) How successful have governments been in the Islamisation of Pakistan between 1947 and 1988?
Explain your answer. [14][M/J2002][O/N2009]

(c) Was the promotion of Islamic values the most important achievement of General Zia-ul-Haq’s
domestic policies between 1977 and 1988? Explain your answer.[14][O/N2014]

(c) ‘Zia-ul-Haq’s foreign policy was more successful than his domestic reforms’. Do you agree or
disagree? Give reasons for your answer.[14][M/J2007]

(c)In which of the following did Zia-ul-Haq have most success between 1977 and 1988:

(i)Islamization;

(ii)Economic affairs;

(iii)Political affairs?

Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above. [14][M/J2003]

(c) Islamic reforms were the most important of Zia-ul-Haq’s domestic policies between 1977 and
1988.Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14][O/N2005][M/J2010]

BENAZIR BHUTTO AS PRIME MINISTER (1988-90 & 1993-96)

(a) Describe the achievements of Benazir Bhutto’s foreign policy between 1988 and 1990. [4][O/N2023]

Shakeel Ahmad Khan (0333-673-1810) Page 32

(a) Describe the problems caused by family feuds that faced the Benazir Bhuttogovernments.
[4][O/N2014]

(a) What was the Pucca Qila massacre? [4][M/J2010]

(a)What happened at Pucca Qila? [4][O/N2017]

(a) What problems did Benazir Bhutto face as Prime Minister of Pakistan? [4][M/J2012][M/J2015]

(b) Explain why Benazir Bhutto’s government ended in 1996. [7][M/J2020]

(b) Why did Benazir Bhutto fall from office in 1990? [7][O/N2010]

(b) Explain why Benazir Bhutto’s government was dismissed in 1990. [7][O/N2022]

(b) Why did Benazir Bhutto fall from office for a second time in 1996? [7][O/N2012]

(b) Why was Benazir Bhutto dismissed from office for a second time in 1996? [7][O/N2015]

(c) How successful was Benazir Bhutto as Prime Minister of Pakistan in the years 1988–90 and 1993–96?
[14][M/J2013-41]

(c)Were the challenges facing Benazir Bhutto in Sindh the main reason why she left office in 1990?
Explain your answer. [14][M/J2018]

(c) To what extent did Benazir Bhutto’s privatisation policy contribute to the government being replaced
in 1996? Explain your answer. [14][O/N2020]

NAWAZ SHARIF AS PRIME MINISTER (1990-93 & 1997-99)

(a) What was the Co-operative societies scandal? [4][M/J2014]

(a) What problems did Nawaz Sharif face as Prime Minister during the 1990s? [4][M/J2011]

(a) Describe General Pervez Musharraf’s coup. [4][M/J2013]

(a) Describe General Pervez Musharraf’s rise to power in 1999. [4][O/N2016]

(b) Why did Nawaz Sharif fall from office in 1993? [7] [O/N2013]

(b) Explain the circumstances that brought General Pervez Musharraf into power in 1999. [7][M/J2022]

(b) Why did General Musharraf come to power in 1999? [7][O/N2011]

(b) Explain why General Musharraf was able to gain power in 1999.[7][M/J2015]

(c) Was the Co-operative Societies scandal the most important reason why Nawaz Sharif fell from office
in 1993? Explain your answer. [14][M/J2016]

Shakeel Ahmad Khan (0333-673-1810) Page 33

(c) Was the collapse of the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) the main reason for the
government ending in 1993? Explain your answer. [14][M/J2020]

(c) To what extent was the ‘Co-operative Societies scandal’ the main reason for the dismissal of Nawaz
Sharif’s government in 1993? Explain your answer. [14][M/J2023]

PAKISTAN’S FOREIGN RELATIONS

PAKISTAN AND INDIA
(a) What was the Kargil Conflict? [4][M/J2014]

(a) What has been the importance of the Siachen Glacier to both India and Pakistan? [4][M/J2015]

(b) Why was Pakistan unsuccessful in the 1965 and 1971 wars against India? [7][M/J2002]

(b) Why was Pakistan’s relationship with India so poor between 1971 and 1988? [7][O/N2003]

(b) Why did Pakistan distrust India so much between 1971 and 1988? [7][M/J2007][O/N2014]

(b) Why wasIndiasuccessful in the 1965 and 1971wars against

Pakistan?[7][M/J2006][M/J2012][M/J2015]

(c) How successfully did India and Pakistan handle the Kashmir issue between 1947 and 1999? Explain
your answer. [14][O/N2011]

(c) How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with India between 1947 and 1999? Explain your
answer. [14][O/N2013]

(c) How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with India between 1947 and 1988?[14][2008]

(c) How successfully did India and Pakistan handle the Kashmir issue between 1947 and
1988?[14][O/N2004]

(c) How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with India between 1947 and 1988?[14][O/N2008]

(c) How successfully did India and Pakistan handle the Kashmir issue between 1947 and 1988? Explain
your answer.[14][O/N2006]

(c) How successful have India and Pakistan been in finding a solution to the Kashmir issue between 1947
and 1999? Explain your answer. [14][O/N2015]

Shakeel Ahmad Khan (0333-673-1810) Page 34

PAKISTAN AND THE USA
(a) Describe the impact on Pakistan in 1990 of its inability to meet the terms of the Pressler
Amendment. [4][O/N2023]

(a) Describe the U-2 incident. [4][M/J2023]

(a)What was CENTO? [4][M/J2018]

(a)What was SEATO? [4][M/J2017]

(a) Describe Pakistan’s involvement in the U2 crisis. [4][O/N2011]

(b)Why did Pakistan leave SEATO in 1972? [7][M/J2004]

(b) Explain why Pakistan becoming a nuclear power was significant. [7][M/J2022]

(b)Why did being a nuclear power create difficulties for Pakistan in the 1980s and 1990s? [7][M/J2017]

(c) How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with the U.S.A. between 1947 and 1999? Explain your
answer.[14][M/J2015]

(c) How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with the U.S.A. between 1947 and 1988? Explain your
answer.[14][O/N2002][M/J2008]

(c) ‘Pakistan has had good relations with the United States since 1947.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. [14][M/J2021]

PAKISTAN AND THE SOVIET UNION (USSR)

(c) How successful was Pakistan’s relationship with the USSR between 1947 and 1988? [14][O/N2001]
[O/N2006]

(c) How successful was Pakistan’s relationship with the USSR between 1947 and 1999? Explain your
answer. [14][O/N2012]

(c)To what extent was the relationship between Pakistan and USSR successful from 1947 to1999?
Explain your answer. [14][O/N2017]

(c) ‘Pakistan has had good relations with the USSR (Russia) since 1947.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. [14][O/N2022]

PAKISTAN AND CHINA

(a) What was Karakoram Highway?[4][O/N2015]

(a) What is the Karakoram Highway? [4][O/N2019]

Shakeel Ahmad Khan (0333-673-1810) Page 35

(c) How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with China between 1947 and1999? [14][O/N2010]

(c)How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with China between 1947 and 1999? Give
reasons for your answer. [14][O/N2018]

PAKISTAN, BRITAIN AND THE COMMONWEALTH

(b) Why did many Pakistanis migrate between 1947 and 1999? [7][M/J2012]

(c) ‘Pakistan has had good relations with the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth since 1947.’ How
far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [14][O/N2020]

(c) How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with Great Britain and the Commonwealth between
1947 and 1999? Explain your answer.[14][M/J2013]

(c) How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with Great Britain and the Commonwealth between
1947 and 1988? Explain your answer.[14][O/N2003]

(c) How successful was Pakistan’s relationship with the UK and the Commonwealth in the years 1947 to
1999? Explain your answer. [14][O/N2016]

PAKISTAN AND BANGLADESH

(d) How successful have relations between Pakistan and Bangladesh been from 1971 to 1999? Explain

your answer. [10][M/J2016]

(c) ‘Pakistan has built good relations with Bangladesh since 1971.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. [14][M/J2022]

PAKISTAN AND AFGHANISTAN

(c) How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with Afghanistan between1947 and
1988?[14][O/N2004]

(c) How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with Afghanistan between 1947 and 1999?
[14][O/N2014] [M/J2010]

(c)To what extent was the relationship between Pakistan and its neighbour Afghanistan successful from
1947 to 1999? [14][M/J2017]

PAKISTAN AND THE MUSLIM COUNTRIES

(a) Describe the OIC. [4][O/N2020]

(b)Explain why Pakistan has given continued support to the Palestinian cause. [7][M/J2018]

Shakeel Ahmad Khan (0333-673-1810) Page 36

(b) Explain why Pakistan decided to support the Palestinian cause. [7][M/J2023]

(b) Why has Pakistan supported the Palestinian cause?[7][O/N2001][O/N2005]

(b) Why did Pakistan support the Palestinian cause between 1947 and 1988?[7][O/N2008]

(b) Why did Pakistan support the Palestinian cause between 1947 and 1999? [7][O/N2015]

PAKISTAN AND THE UNITED NATIONS

(b) Explain the benefits to Pakistan of being a member of the United Nations. [7][O/N2023]

(b) Why did Pakistan join the United Nations in 1947? [7][O/N2002][M/J2007][M/J2010][M/J2015]

(b) Why did Pakistan apply for membership of the United Nations in 1947? [7][O/N2019]

(b) Why was membership of the United Nations important to Pakistan between 1947 and
1988?[7][M/J2005]

(b) Why did Pakistan seek membership of the United Nations in 1947?[7][M/J2014]

(c) To what extent has Pakistan been an effective member of world organisations since 1947? Explain
your answer. [14][O/N2021]

(c)How successful has Pakistan been as a member of world organizations between 1947 and 1988?
Explain your answer. [14][M/J2003]

(c) How successful has Pakistan been as a member of world organizations between 1947and 1999?
Explain your answer.[14][M/J2013-41]

(c)How effective has Pakistan been as a member of world organisations between 1947 and1999? Explain
your answer. [14][O/N2017]

TIMELINE QUESTIONS¶¶
(b)Why did educational reform become such an important issue between 1947 and 1999? [7][O/N2018]

(b) Why did Pakistan face so many problems with the provision of education between 1947 and 1999?
[7][M/J2013-41]

(b) Why did Pakistan face so many problems with the provision of education between 1947 and 1999?
[7][M/J2013]

(b)Why did Pakistan face so many problems in the provision of education between 1947 and 1988? [7]
[O/N2004]

(b) Why did educational reform become such an important issue between 1947 and 1988? [7][O/N2007]

Shakeel Ahmad Khan (0333-673-1810) Page 37

(c) ‘The low rate of literacy has been the most important problem in education to face successive
governments between 1947 and 1988.’ Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14][M/J2008]

Shakeel Ahmad Khan (0333-673-1810) Page 38