MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN

WORLD
MIDTERMS

OUTLINE
I Lesson 2.3: Types of Reasoning
A Inductive Reasoning
B Deductive Reasoning

INDUCTIVE REASONING Choose a number:

 INDUCTIVE REASONING is a type of
reasoning that uses specific examples to 3 4 5
reach a general conclusion of something.
The conclusion formed by using inductive 3 ×10=30 4 ×10=40 5 ×10=50
reasoning is called a conjecture. A 3+8=38 40+ 8=48 50+8=58
conjecture is an idea that may or not be
correct. 38 ÷ 2=19 48 ÷ 2=24 58 ÷ 2=29
o Examples: 19−4=15 24−4=20 29−4=25
1. Use inductive reasoning to predict the
next number in each of the following (5 ×3) (5 × 4) (5 ×5)
lists.
It is conjectured that the given
a. 5, 10, 15, 20, 15 procedure produces a number that is
five times the original.
Each successive number is 5 units 3. Use the data in the table and by inductive
larger than the preceding number. Thus, reasoning, answer the following
it can be predicted that the next number questions below.
in the list is 5 units larger than 25, which
is 30. a. If the earthquake magnitude is 8.5,
how high (in meters) can the tsunami
b. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25 be?
 From the table above, it can be
2
1 seen that for every 0.1
2 increase in earthquake
2 magnitude, the maximum
2
3 tsunami height increases by 4
2 meters. Thus, it is conjectured
4 that the maximum tsunami
2
5 height for the earthquake
magnitude of 8.5 is 45 meters.
Thus, it can be predicted that the next b. Can a tsunami occur when the
number is 6 2 = 36. earthquake magnitude is less than
7
 No, because when the
2. Use inductive reasoning to make a
earthquake magnitude is 7.4,
conjecture out of the following process.
the mx tsunami height is only 1
Consider the following procedure.
meter. Hence, tsunami does
not occur when the earthquake
Pick a number.
magnitude is less than 7.
Multiply the number by 10.
Add 8 to the product.
Divide the sum by 2 Earthquake Maximum Tsunami
And subtract 4. magnitude Height (meters)
7.5 5
7.6 9
7.7 13
7.8 17
7.9 21

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8.0
8.1
25
29 IN THE MODERN FISH CAT DOG SNAKE

WORLD
8.2 33 Donna X X / X
8.3 37 Sarah / X X X
Nikkie X / X X
Xhanelle X X X /

POLYA’S PROBLEM SOLVING

STRATEGY (GEORGE POLYA)
Steps:
1. Understand the problem.
2. Devise a plan.
3. Carry out the plan.
DEDUCTIVE REASONING 4. Review the solution.
 DEDUCTIVE REASONING is a process of
reaching a general conclusion by applying Examples:
general assumptions, procedure, or 1. Leonardo da Vinci was a famous artist during
principles. the Renaissance period. He wrote in his
notebook that "from the top to the bottom of the
Examples: chin is the sixth part of the face, and it is fifty-
1. Use deductive reasoning to make a fourth part of the man". Suppose the distance
conjecture out of the following process. from the top to the bottom of the chin of the
Consider the following procedure. person is 1.2 inches. Using Leonardo da Vinci's
Pick a number. measurements, find the height of the person.
Multiply the number by 10.
Add 8 to the product. Solution:
Divide the sum by 2 Let x be the height of the person
And subtract 4. 1
x=1.2
Let n represent the original number. 54
x = 54(1.2)
Multiply n by 10: 10n x = 64.8 inches or 5.4 feet
Add 8 to the product: 10n+8
Divide the sum by 2: (10n+8)/2 = 5n + 4 2. An agency charged P15,000 for a 3-day and 2-
Subtract 4 from the quotient: 5n + 4 – 4 = 5n night tour in Macau and P20,000 for the same
tour with a side trip to Hongkong. Ten persons
The given procedure produces a number joined the trip, which enable them to collect
that is five times the original number P170,000. How many tourists made a side trip to
Hongkong.
2. Solve a logic puzzle.
Each of the four friends Donna, Sarah, Solution:
Nikkie, and Xhanelle, has a different pet Let x be the number of tourists who bound for
(fish, cat, dog, and snake). From the Macau only
following clues, determine the pet of each y be the number of tourists who bound for Macau
individual. with a side trip to Hongkong

Sarah is older than her friend who owns a x + y = 10 (Equation 1)

cat and younger than her friend who owns 15,000x + 20,000y = 170,000 (Equation 2)
the dog.
Nikkie and her friend who owns the snake From Equation 1, solve for y in terms of x
are both of the same age and are the y = 10 x (Equation 3)
youngest members of their group. Donna is
older than her friend who owns the fish? Replace y in Equation 2 by 10-x.
15,000x + 20,000y = 170,000
a. Sarah is older than her friend who owns a 15,000x + 20,000(10-x) = 170,000
cat and younger than her friend who owns 15,000x + 200,000 - 20,000x = 170,000
the dog. -5,000x = -30,000
b. Nikkie and her friend who owns the snake x=6
are both of the same age and are the
youngest members of their group. Use Equation 3 to solve for y.
c. Donna is older than her friend who owns y = 10- x
the fish? y = 10-6
y=4

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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN
Therefore, four tourists made a side trip to
Hongkong.

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3. In 2017, Venus' birthday fell on a Saturday,
June 3. On what day of the week does Venus'
birthday fall in 2020?

To solve this problem, we can apply the concept

of modulo n.

Two integers a and b are said to be congruent

modulo n with n being a natural number if (a-b)/n
is an integer. In this case, we write a = b mod n.
The number n is called the modulo. The
statement a = b mod n is called a congruence.

Count the number of days from June 3, 2017 to

June 3, 2020.
After June 3, 2017 – June 3, 2018 = 365 days
After June 3, 2018 - June 3, 2019 = 365 days
After June 3, 2019 - June 3, 2020 = 366 days
(leap year)

Total 1,096 days

1,096 -7 = 156 r. 4
1,096 = 4 mod 7

1,092nd day after June 3, 2017 is a Saturday,

therefore, four days later is a Wednesday,

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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN
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