International Journal of Heat and Technology

Vol. 42, No. 4, August, 2024, pp. 1219-1230

Journal homepage: http://iieta.org/journals/ijht

Exploring the Impacts of System Geometry on Heat Transfer Efficiency in Coil-and-Tube

Heat Exchangers
Jaafar Saleem1 , Khaled M.N. Chahrour1 , Laith Jaafer Habeeb2*
1
Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Karabuk University, Karabuk 78050, Turkey
2
Training and Workshop Center, University of Technology- Iraq, Baghdad 10066, Iraq

Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]

Copyright: ©2024 The authors. This article is published by IIETA and is licensed under the CC BY 4.0 license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

https://doi.org/10.18280/ijht.420412 ABSTRACT

Received: 7 September 2023 The purpose of this research is to investigate in depth the effect of system geometry on the
Revised: 19 June 2024 performance of coil-and-tube heat exchangers. This work investigates the use of direct
Accepted: 17 July 2024 evaporative cooling (DEC) to improve the efficiency of air conditioning systems in
Available online: 31 August 2024 extremely hot weather. DEC systems must be sized and constructed properly for the
particular building and climate in which they are going to be installed. The ultimate goal
is to reduce energy usage while producing affordable, green cooling options for regions
Keywords: with exceptionally hot temperatures. For simulation, we used computational fluid
coil-and-tube heat exchanger, ANSYS dynamics with ANSYS software. We purposefully varied the quantity of nozzles and the
simulation, coefficient of performance, number of turns in the cooling tubes to see how they affected the effectiveness of the
temperature and velocity contour system. The temperature and velocity plot findings revealed a substantial difference,
demonstrating that these engineering elements had an impact on the heat exchange process.
According to the results, setups with 35 nozzles and 13 nozzle turns had a maximum
coefficient of performance of 4.537 at an entry velocity of 2 m/s, showing that this
configuration is ideal in the investigated conditions. The findings emphasize the need for
strategically modifying some engineering parameters to increase heat exchanger
performance and offer exciting prospects for the design and optimization of such systems.
More research is needed to better understand these complicated interactions, including the
investigation of different fluids, channel diameters, pressure conditions, and performance
in the transient state.

1. INTRODUCTION conditioning systems. One of these options is the direct

evaporative cooling (DEC) that has received some attention
Heat exchangers are involved in the transfer of energy in because of being energy and cost efficient. The focus of this
different functions in industries and commerce since they act literature review will be to describe the employment of DEC
as critical channels. The design and optimization of these in enhancing AC systems in exceedingly high temperatures
exchangers are important because they directly affect the and show the advantages and disadvantages of DEC,
energy aspect, the reliability in operation, and the performance mathematical modeling approaches, and optimization methods
of the system. Therefore, the investigation of the factors for different applications. Some proposal of how DEC systems
affecting the efficiency of heat exchangers goes on. The main should be designed and how they should function will be given
aim of this research is to determine the effect of system and then DEC systems will be compared with the conventional
engineering of coil-and-tube heat exchangers. The number of air conditioning systems.
turns in the cooling tubes and the number of nozzles used in
the system were altered systematically in a computational fluid
dynamics simulation done by the ANSYS software. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Temperature and velocity distribution effects were then looked
at. The findings make out the interdependency of these EC solutions involve the use of sustainable and renewable
geometric characteristics with the thermodynamics of the energy devices and can substitute HV AC in hot and dry
system with the objective of enhancing the performance of the climates. The following article gives information about the
exchanger. Thus, this work provides the basis for the further recent developments, issues, and prospects of EC systems.
improvement of the understanding of the design of coil-and- The research process starts with the work of Camargo et al.
tube heat exchangers and the further increase of efficiency of [1], who described an integrated system based on EC and
the heat exchange system. As a result of these problems, vapor pressure and conducted sensitivity analyses of the
scholars have been searching for less energy-intensive and system variables using a system model. In another study,
more eco-friendly solutions to the conventional air Eidan et al. [2] studied the ability of DEC systems to conserve

1219
energy and according to them, the systems substantially with the help of CFD tool. It also has adjustable injectors and
consumed lesser power in heating ventilation and air coil turns for the external air cooling. The best configuration
conditioning especially in areas characterized by aridity. Other of the injectors was 35 while that of the coil turns was 13,
research focuses on improving the performance of different resulting in a COP of 4.537, which proves that geometry
EC systems. Zhou et al. [3] conducted an experiment to indeed has a great influence on performance.
improve the performance of a DEC and found that the air Studies indicate that EC solutions are a more energy-
velocity in wet ducts can affect the cooling efficiency. efficient and environmentally friendly alternative to typical
New applications and specific scenarios have been studied HVAC systems, particularly in dry settings. However, the
in several papers. Mousavi et al. [4] mentioned the application system’s design and operation must be meticulously optimized
of an EV system in a sustainable farming chamber in the to realize its full potential. So far, significant progress has been
United Arab Emirates. As for the outcomes of their made in this field. It is revealed from the studies provided in
experiments, they proved that under certain conditions the this paper that the EC technologies have the potential to offer
temperature was decreased to 7-16℃ with the help of the alternative and sustainable and energy efficient solution to
system. Many simulated theoretical studies were greatly HVAC systems. In hot and dry circumstances, the application
enhanced by the knowledge concerning the enhancement of of Solid-Desiccant IEC in wet conditions significantly reduces
the performance of evaporative coolers. In the study of the buildings’ energy consumption, and DEC and IEC systems.
Moshari and Heidarinejad [5], various types of ECs were The research also puts much emphasis on how the design and
modeled numerically, and it was determined that the counter- operational characteristics of the systems need to be enhanced
flow is the highest in terms of humidity ratio, and the lowest to the highest levels of efficiency and performance. These
incoming air temperature. factors include water flow rate, air velocity, and the
Moreover, literature also provides understanding about the temperature and humidity of the input air, and the design of
impact of different variables on the effectiveness of EC the EC system.
systems. According to Adam et al. [6], it was established that The research evidence shows that the EC systems have a
high WOF improves the cooling capability and the wet point bright future in the construction of energy-efficient sustainable
effectiveness. In a study by Fan et al. [7], it was found that the buildings. However, further research has to be conducted in
mechanical vibration and magnetic fields could pose quite a order to determine all the benefits and improve their
great impact on the EC process in space stations. Some of the performance for various structures and climates. According to
special designs aimed at enhancing the performance of indirect the research elucidated in the above section, the DEC approach
EC (IEC) systems were also described in the review. Jradi and is a feasible way of reducing the energy consumption of
Riffat [8] developed psychrometric core, new strategy that has HVAC systems. The studies reported that front air velocity,
prospect for providing thermal comfort in buildings. dry bulb temperature and the water temperature that enters the
Cui et al. [9] described a special type of evaporative air cooling tower influenced the cooling rate of the tower and
conditioner that works with dew point that chills the air to a functional relations between the variables were determined.
dew point temperature, making it an additional effective Stud have also been conducted on how the type of wetted
option for cooling. Zhou et al. [10] proposed a new system media affects the efficiency of DEC and the application of pre
named collaborative cross-current DEC, which can enhance and post cooling sections in the DEC system to increase the
the performance with both thermoelectric and IEC. Khafaji et efficiency. Therefore, taking into account all the analyzed
al. [11] have numerically investigated planar forced materials, DEC can replace the conventional HVAC systems
combustion in an evaporation cell and found that maximum of that are characteristic of dry and desert climates.
this value depends on the change of the features of the cell.
Riangvilaikul and Kumar [12] demonstrated the usefulness of
an evaporative dewpoint cooling system in the sensory cooling 3. METHODOLOGY
of vented air particularly in hot and dry climates. Sheng and
Nnanna [13] investigated the influence of different parameters This paper uses a quantitative and simulation approach to
of the system on DEC and found that the cooling capacity is a assess the impact of heat exchangers on the energy
strong function of the dry front air temperature and an inverse effectiveness and performance of refrigeration systems. The
function of the front air velocity and the inlet water methodology involves these concepts in thermodynamics,
temperature. Majdi et al. [14] devoted to the analysis of the use fluid mechanics, and heat transfer, with the help of the EES
of plate heat exchangers for heat exchange with the main and ANSYS simulation and analysis software packages.
advantage of high thermal efficiency. They analyze the effect
of the increase in the plate number on the transfer area and heat 3.1 Software tools and general equations
energy transfer where the highest performance is obtained
under 308.1 K. Banooni et al. [15] enhanced the mini-channels In this thesis, the Engineering Equation Solver (EES)
of plate-fin heat exchangers using numerical analysis and software is used intensively as well as the ANSYS software
modeling for the corrugated fin. The analysis reveals that package. EES is widely used by engineers to solve complex
temperature distribution affects the velocity of water and air engineering problems related to heat transfer, fluid mechanics,
that in turn affects pressure difference and thermal thermodynamics and other course. This tool is equipped with
effectiveness. Hameed Hasan et al. [16] investigated in a CFD user-friendly interface to work with as well as with a lot of
analysis for the flow field, thickness, wavelength, and equations and thermal characteristics included into its base [4].
boundary layer, the equations of numerical analysis were We perform detailed CFD analysis with the help of the
applied. Variations in temperature with reference to the depth ANSYS software package which helps in generation of system
of heat exchanger were due to convection and conduction heat geometry, grid mesh generation for simulations and execution
transfer. Saleem et al. [17] focused on energy saving and eco- of simulations. Thus, we are using the k-ϵ turbulence model in
friendly cooling techniques through simulation and analysis ANSYS since it is effective for most turbulent flows.

1220
 Besides the software tools, the basic principles of mass that the total energy transfer and the temperature pattern
conservation, the first law of thermodynamics and entropy are should be well understood.
applied to analyzed systems. The change of entropy of the system is calculated from the
The equation of mass conservation for the system is entropy balance equation. This equation helps a better
provided as follows: understanding of entropy change when heat is transferred.
Entropy is used to calculate the amount of randomness of the
∑𝑚𝑚
˙ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = ∑𝑚𝑚
˙ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (1) system. Within the context of the heat exchanger, it offers
information on the irreversible and loss processes with the heat
where, transfer. Hence to maximize the heat exchanger efficiency, it
˙ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 : the entire mass entering in a certain amount of time.
∑𝑚𝑚 becomes necessary to minimize the entropy formation.
˙ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 : the entire mass exiting in a certain amount of time.
∑𝑚𝑚 These formulas provide the starting point in making mass
The first law of thermodynamics for the system serves as transfer, energy transfer, and entropy production analysis of
the foundation for the energy balance for each component: the coil-and-tube heat exchanger. The use of these
conservation equations will help scholars to understand the
𝑄𝑄˙ + 𝑊𝑊
˙ = ∑𝑚𝑚
˙ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 − ∑𝑚𝑚
˙ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ℎin (2) heat transfer processes and make sound decisions with an aim
of improving the efficiency of the system.
where,
𝑄𝑄˙ : the heat transfer in a given amount of time. 3.2 System design and solution parameters
𝑊𝑊˙ : work completed in a unit of time by the control volume.
Thus, our system’s design focuses on the thermal effect of
ℎin : certain enthalpy for each mass that enters the system.
the heat exchange process in which the coil-and-tube heat
ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 : certain enthalpy for each mass that leaves the system.
exchanger contains a variable number of turns. The system
Entropy is created via irreversibility. Thus, it is not
design also includes a variable-number nozzle water spraying
conserved in open or closed systems, in contrast to mass and
procedure and an air entry space. The structure of the system
energy. The entropy balance in open systems is:
is presented in the Figure 1. A tetrahedron grid was used to
𝐸𝐸̇ = 𝑚𝑚̇𝜓𝜓 (3) generate the mesh because of its superior performance with
complex geometries. A precise mesh is necessary for the
The continuity, momentum, and energy equations are the simulation process to produce reliable results.
governing equations that need to be solved.

Conservation of mass:

∇ ⋅ (𝑉𝑉) = 0 (4)

Equation of momentum:

∇ ⋅ (𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉˙ 𝑉𝑉˙ ) = −∇𝑝𝑝 + ∇ ⋅ (𝜏𝜏‾) (5)

Stress tenser 𝜏𝜏 is given by:

2
�⃗ + ∇𝑉𝑉
𝜏𝜏‾ = 𝜇𝜇 ��∇𝑉𝑉 �⃗ 𝑇𝑇 � − ∇ ⋅ 𝑉𝑉
�⃗ 𝐼𝐼� (6)
3

Equation of energy:

∇ ⋅ (𝑉𝑉˙ (𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌)) = ∇(𝑘𝑘∇𝑇𝑇 − 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉˙ 𝑇𝑇 ′ ) (7)

The predictive capabilities of the heat transfer processes are

mainly based on the mass, energy, and entropy balance
equations.
The law of conservation of mass which states that mass
cannot be created or destroyed is depicted by the conservation
of mass equation. In the context of a heat exchanger, it ensures
that the mass flow rate of the fluids coming into and out of the Figure 1. Geometry shape
heat exchanger are equal. Thereby, it aids in the understanding
of the fluid dynamics and the aspects of the system such as Using the pressures and temperatures extracted from the
heat transfer. EES program, which we also used as input for the CFD
The energy balance consideration takes the system’s energy program in ANSYS, we determined the boundary conditions
conservation into account. It is useful in the determination of for our study. Initial conditions were established relative to the
heat transfer from the fluid to the inner surface of the tubes boundary conditions at the inner pipe’s inlet.
under heat exchanger conditions. It incorporates convective The solution parameters, such as the type of precision solver
heat transfer coefficient of the fluid and the tube wall, thermal and the number of iterations, were determined to produce
conductivity of the wall, and any heat generation or removal precise results. Our solution’s dependability was ensured by
within the system. The design of the heat exchanger requires setting convergence criteria at an error residual level of 10-6.

1221
 The complicated geometry employed a tetrahedron-
unstructured grid. A phase is input in ANSYS to produce the
3D model mesh. Matrix and equation solutions require a
precise mesh. Multiple stable meshes were tested. On the basis
of 3,701,221 elements, the average outlet temperature was
53.903 m/s, confirming mesh independence as shown in Table
1.
This combination of software tools, governing equations,
system design, and solution parameters has enabled a thorough
investigation of heat exchangers in refrigeration systems,
yielding insights into their performance and optimization.

Table 1. Mesh independency

Cases Elements Nodes Gas Temperature ℃

1 3025365 623482 53.964
2 3412354 734210 53.909
3 3701221 877558 53.903

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Analysis of temperature contours

CFD analysis requires understanding how system

architecture affects heat transfer performance. This study (a) 5 turns
examined how changing the number of nozzles and cooling
tube turns affects the performance of a coil-and-tube heat
exchanger. A total of 15-35 nozzle counts and 5-13 cooling
tube turns were tested. ANSYS used an unstructured
tetrahedron grid in solving the geometries of the system. The
following findings and discussion were based on this
technology that recognised trends in the temperature and
velocity contours which came from the changes.
Some temperature contour variations within a system are
illustrated in the Figures 2 to 4 and these include different
nozzle types, cooling tube turns as well as inlet velocities of 0.
5, 1, and 2 m/s winds are implied. It is found from the ANSYS
simulation that, changes in number of turns and nozzles lead
to changes in the temperature contour. The maximum heat
distribution is observed in the case when the system comprises
of 13 turns and 35 nozzles. From this observation, one can
derive that with higher number of turns and nozzles, it is
feasible to improve the heat exchange and temperature
distribution, thus the efficiency of the system. There may be
possibilities of increasing the heat exchange when changes
have been made to the design.

(b) 9 turns

1222
 (a) 5 turns

(c) 13 turns

Figure 2. Temperature profile analysis for a system at inlet

velocity 0.5 m/s with 15, 24, and 35 nozzles with 5, 9, and 13
turns

(b) 9 turns

1223
 (c) 13 turns
Figure 3. Temperature profile analysis for a system at inlet
velocity 1 m/s with 15, 24, and 35 nozzles with 5, 9, and 13
turns

(b) 9 turns

(a) 5 turns

1224
 also show a gradient which indicates that the heat transfer is
reduced due to the short duration of contact between the air
and the cooling tubes. Further, it is necessary to point out that
the changes in nozzle designs impact the distribution of
temperature. The number of nozzles is 35, and by their means,
the distribution of temperature is even more correct than with
configurations of 15 or 24 nozzles. This finding indicates
heightened efficiency in the heat exchange process, which is
attributable to the augmented contact area between air and
water.

(c) 13 turns

Figure 4. Temperature profile analysis for a system at 2 m/s

inlet velocity with 15, 24, and 35 nozzles and 5, 9, and 13
cooling tube turns

The above work show that the increased surface area is for
the results that were observed to facilitate heat transfer and the
multiple tubes, turns, and nozzles. More turns lengthen the
channels through which fluids are exchanged and more
nozzles enhance the spreading of the fluids. However, there
are potential drawbacks which have to be taken into
consideration, for example, one of them is a potential for
higher pressure drop and the other one is the complexity of
design. Further studies should focus on fine-tuning these
parameters to achieve the best design at the expense of other
factors if need be.
The total heat transfer surface area is increased by adding
nozzles, which may improve heat transfer efficiency. There is
less chance of hotspots or regions with insufficient heat
exchange when more nozzles are present because the fluid
distribution throughout the tubes becomes more consistent.
Greater numbers of nozzles result in greater fluid velocities,
which improve heat transmission, depending on the flow rate
and design. Reducing the number of nozzles streamlines the
design, which might facilitate production and maintenance.
Lower heat transfer efficiency and uneven fluid distribution
result from fewer nozzles, especially if the fluid does not
sufficiently cover the whole heat exchange surface.
Whereby more tube turns increase the heat exchange path,
longer contact with the fluid tube surface is achieved. This
may enhance heat transfer since it takes a longer route. There
is improved heat transfer within the tubes due to the creation
of turbulence by the added twist. As per the flow path, pressure
drop and pumping power requirements can be reduced by
reducing the number of tube turns. However, less number of
turns of tubes decreases the length of the heat exchange and (a) Temperature
decreases the time for which the fluid and the inner surface of
the tube interact, thus may affect the efficiency of heat transfer.

4.2 Effects of water spraying settings and air entrance

geometry on thermal dynamics

Figures 5-7 show changes in temperature and velocity

contour in relation to the changes in air velocity and nozzle
number. The results proved that the temperature distribution
inside the system is consistent and there is no extreme
temperature variation in any part of the system. Reducing the
velocity results into a more uniform spread of heat because of
the longer time that the air takes within the system. This
extended period allows adequate heat exchange with the
cooling tubes. When the velocities are higher, the temperatures

1225
 (b) Velocity

Figure 5. Temperature with contour of velocity for 15

nozzles with air velocities 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 m/s

(b) Velocity
Figure 6. Temperature with contour of velocity for 24
nozzles with air velocities 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 m/s

(a) Temperature

1226
 and injectors does not always result in an improvement in the
COP. This finding is demonstrated by the minor decrease in
COP when the 15 and 24 injectors are utilized with an
increased number of rotations while maintaining the incoming
speed at 1 m per second. This probable phenomenon can be
attributed to the pressure drop induced by increasing
revolutions, which can impede efficiency increases.
Remarkably, the COP shows a rise regardless of the number
of coil turns.
The COP is computed using 15, 24, and 35 injectors in the
same number of coil turns. As shown in the table below, the
best-performing injector is 35, which indicates that the three
(a) Temperature turns have higher values than the other turns.
As it is evident from Figure 8, the maximum COP is found
to be almost equal to 4. 54 after 13 turns, whereas it increases
to more than 4. 35 after 9 turns. Thirteen, nine, and five turns
are quite distinct from each other; as the number of turns
increases the coil rotates at a high turn rate thus increasing
COP.

N0. of injectors 15
4.5

4.45

COP 4.4

4.35

4.3

4.25 the number of coil

turns 5
4.2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Velocity (m/s)

No. of injectors 24
4.55
4.5
4.45
4.4
COP

4.35
4.3
4.25 the number of coil
turns 5
4.2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Velocity (m/s)

(b) Velocity No. of injectors 35

4.6
Figure 7. Temperature with contour of velocity for 35 4.55
nozzles with air velocities 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 m/s 4.5
4.45
4.3 System efficiency assessment: Coefficient of
COP

4.4
performance analysis
4.35
The data in Table 2 show the effect of different quantities of 4.3
injectors and the number of coils on the COP of the system the number of
4.25
under the influence of varying velocities of the incoming. coil turns 5
4.2
Notably, the system is most efficient, as demonstrated by a 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
coefficient of performance (COP) of 4.537, when the Velocity (m/s)
incoming speed is set to 2 m per second and 35 injectors and
13 coil turns are used. However, increasing the number of coils Figure 8. COP and number of turns

1227
 Table 2. COP for different input velocities, injector, and coil turn configurations

Inlet No. of Injectors /

15/5 15/9 15/13 24/5 24/9 24/13 35/5 35/9 35/13
Velocity Coil Turns
0.5 4.336 4.296 4.436 4.321 4.303 4.442 4.35 4.315 4.452
1.0 COP 4.314 4.261 4.38 4.295 4.274 4.347 4.348 4.295 4.438
2.0 4.311 4.327 4.483 4.321 4.342 4.506 4.332 4.362 4.537

Figure 9. Temperature of air at y=0 m, x=0.5 m, x=1 m and x=1.5 m [18]

4.4 Validation [20]. The number of turns improved the heat transfer as noted
by Zhao et al. [21]. Likewise, the distribution of the fluid is
This shortcoming arises from numerous physical factors enhanced when more nozzles are used; in agreement with the
that make it difficult to study polydisperse evaporating spray. work of Chiesa et al. [22]. Nevertheless, it is seen that when
Research on cooling performance, however, has not these parameters are changed, the complexity and pressure
considered the effects of water spray systems on heat drops will be high, which is in accordance with the conclusion
exchangers, although some studies adopted CFD models. of Tewari et al. [23] and Chiesa et al. [24]. Thus, optimization
Recreating polydisperse evaporating sprays over complex 3D is a balance between these factors, which should be achieved
geometries is of great interest to the industry and has been in the most effective and efficient manner.
made convenient and easy by the present work. This research
is unique in that it is the first work that uses a CFD numerical
tool to investigate the impact of water spray on heat
exchangers and offers a CFD water spray model. The spray
model has two stages: spray creation and airflow dispersion.
The spray generation step takes place between the droplet
injection and the air velocity. The droplet trajectory analysis
gives this position and the spray size, the droplet size reduction
equation gives the amount of the evaporated liquid water. The
second component of the 3D CFD program Code_Saturne is
the boundary conditions for this first segment of the program.
The k-ϵ turbulence model is used in solving Navier–Stokes
equations for the spray in this CFD code. The three transit
variables are potential temperature based on liquid volume, L;
total water mixing ratio including vapor, qw; and droplet
concentration, Nc. Droplet evaporation is incorporated into the
NC calculation by adopting the source-term approach. The use
of the lognormal law for describing droplet spectra and their
dynamics is explained.
A good correlation was observed when comparing Raoult et
al.’s work [18] (Figure 9) and this work (Figure 10).
In summary, the research findings indicate a strong
correlation between the performance of a heat exchanger and
its geometric characteristics, specifically the number of turns
in the cooling tubes and the quantity of nozzles. The greatest
efficiency was realised when the configuration of 35 nozzles
and 13 turns was used, this corresponds to the results presented
in the works of Dhamneya et al. [19] and Al-Juwayhel et al.

1228
 3. As for the optimal configuration the system with 35
nozzles and 13 coil turns was considered to be the most
effective. This configuration obtained the highest COP of 4.
537 when the inlet velocity is 2. 0.
4. The results extend the recognition of the ability of
geometrical optimization to significantly increase the
efficiency of heat exchangers.
5. The focus of this study is to demonstrate the effectiveness
of computation in understanding and improving complex
thermal systems.
6. The study was fruitful, but it also highlighted possible
trade-offs; for example, pressure drop was found to be higher.
This discovery is quite revealing, especially when it comes to
the question of the balance between the components in the
design of the system.
Thus, it should be noted that, despite the fact that our study
provides useful information, it has certain limitations.
Therefore, more experiments and refinement of the
computational model is recommended to increase the
prediction precision. Future research studies may analyze
other features influencing the heat transfer efficiency and
improve the suggestions for the suitable system design. Thus,
extending the knowledge of the relationship between the
geometry of the heat exchanging system and heat transfer
efficiency in coil-and-tube heat exchangers, this work
contributes to the development of the scientific discipline of
heat transfer. These findings will form the basis of future
advancements in the design and the enhancement of heat
Figure 10. Temperature of air at y=0 m, x=0.5 m, x=1 m and exchange systems.
x=1.5 m (present) The recommendations that may be made to improve the
knowledge level on the effect of system geometry on heat
exchanger performance are as follows as per the broad
5. CONCLUSIONS simulation analysis carried out with ANSYS. The current
recommendations propose prospects for the outcomes and may
In this work, the influence of the geometrical parameters on be helpful for additional investigations and other objectives.
the coil-and-tube heat exchangers for heat transfer was 1. If the coil turn and nozzle count characteristics are studied
considered. Since the primary aim of this study was to in detail, this may be optimized and thus the system becomes
establish the link between design factors and thermal more efficient.
performance, it used the conservation of mass, energy balance, 2. The findings of the investigation might be extended to
and entropy balance equations. As it will be observed from the include the general impact of other fluids to the efficiency of
findings, system geometry has a significant impact on heat the system under consideration.
transfer performance. The total distribution of temperature and 3. It is necessary to study how the variation of the size of
the efficiency of heat transfer by coils are highly sensitive to the duct influences the heat exchange process of the system.
changes in the coil designs, the spacing of tubes, and the
number of nozzles. It is also observed that more number of
nozzles is better for the distribution of the fluid and increases REFERENCES
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