Heat Transfer

SUHAS TOSHNIWAL in buildings

A N A N T N AT I O N A L U N I V E R S I T Y

AHMEDABAD

P R I N C I P L E S A N D A P P L I C AT I O N S O F B U I L D I N G S C I E N C E
Introduction
One of the main objectives of building design is to keep people
“comfortable”

How would you describe “comfortable”?

providing physical ease and relaxation.
physically relaxed and free from constraint.
not in pain
free from stress

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
2
Introduction
Energy efficient / Climate Responsive / Solar Passive / Green
buildings meet the same objective by
“minimizing the environmental impact”

By understanding fundamentals of building physics is key to Energy

efficient / Climate Responsive / Solar Passive / Green building design

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
3
Why do we need to know this?
1. Buildings react to the environment

2. They have to be carefully designed to sustain the forces

of nature - sun, wind, rain, etc..

3. Sensitive designers would create buildings that keep

occupants comfortable with the least environmental
impact

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
4
What we need to know ?
1. Understanding physics at the building scale

2. Understanding technical terms and their meaning

3. Understanding the relevance of technical terms in

practical scenarios

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
5
What is Heat ?
Heat is a form of energy that appears as molecular motion
or kinetic energy in substances and as electro magnetic
radiation in space

Temperature indicated the presence of heat in a substance

Heat can be measured by temperature and/or moisture

content
HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL
14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
6
Heat exists in three forms
1. Sensible heat

2. Latent heat

3. Radiant heat

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
7
1. Sensible Heat
1. The amount of heat stored in an object that results in an
increase in its temperature is called sensible heat.

2. The heat content of an object (amount of sensible heat)

is a function of the temperature and the mass.

3. The larger the amount of mass and the higher the

temperature the more sensible heat is stored in the
material.
HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL
14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
8
Sensible Heat - Mass comparison :
Object A Object B

50 °C 50 °C

Both objects are in contact with the surface having same

temperature.
Which object will have higher sensible heat ?
Why ?

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
9
Sensible Heat - Mass comparison :
Object A Object B

50 °C 50 °C

Object B is larger than A.

Hence B will have higher temperature since it can hold more
heat.

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
10
Sensible Heat - Temperature comparison:
Object A Object B

50 °C 100 °C

In this case, the objects are in contact with a surface having

different temperatures.

Which objects will have higher sensible heat? Why ?

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
11
Sensible Heat - Temperature comparison:
Object A Object B

50 °C 100 °C

While both objects are of the same size, Object B is in

contact with higher temperature. Hence B will be hotter
than A

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
12
Sensible Heat - Mass comparison :
Object A Object B
[1kg/cu.m.] [3kg/cu.m.]

50 °C 50 °C

It is also possible that two objects are of the same size but
different densities.
Object with higher density can hold more heat. Hence it is
‘thermally massive’
In this example, Object B can hold more heat than Object A
HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL
14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
13
Sensible Heat - Mass comparison :
Object A Object B
[1kg/cu.m.] [3kg/cu.m.]

50 °C 50 °C

This is the reason why a stone wall can hold more sensible
heat than a brick wall of the same thickness.
Thus, stone has more ‘thermal mass’ than brick.
We will learn more in detail in future.

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
14
Units to measure Sensible Heat
Sensible Heat is measured in - British Thermal Unit (Btu) or Joule (J)
or CALORIE
What do these units mean?
Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of
1(pound) lb of water by 1 °F = 1 Btu
230 gms of water by 1 °C = 1 Kilo Joule (1 kJ) [ 1 kJ = 0.9478 Btu ]
1 kg of water by 1 °C = 1 Calorie [ 1 Calorie = 4.184 kJ ]

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
15
2. Latent Heat
1. Latent heat is the energy required for a state/phase
change of the material without change in temperature.
2. It is the energy that is absorbed or released during change
of phase of material.
3. Latent heat cannot be measured with a thermometer but
it can be used for storing and transferring heat.

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
16
Latent Heat
1. Lets look at the classic example of phase change of water

SOLID LIQUID GAS

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
17
Latent Heat - Phase change of water
o o
-1 0
C C

4.2 J
(1 Btu)

It takes 4.2 J of energy to raise the temperature of 1 gram ice

by 1 °C

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
18
Latent Heat - Phase change of water o o
o
-1 0 0
C C C

4.2 J 334 J 4.2 J

(1 Btu) (114 Btu) (1 Btu)
At 0 °C, ice starts melting.
It takes 334 J of energy to change 1 gram of ice to water.
This is called Latent of Fusion
Note that there is no change in temperature; Only change in state of matter
HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL
14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
19
Latent Heat - Phase change of water
o o o o
-1 o 0 0 1
C C C C

4.2 J 334 J 4.2 J 4.2 J

(1 Btu) (114 Btu) (1 Btu) (1 Btu)

Once in liquid state, we can continue raising the temperature of

water until its boiling point. Thus, the sensible heat keeps
increasing until the boiling point.

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
20
Latent Heat - Phase change of water
99 °C 100 °C

4.2 J
(1 Btu)

At 100 °C, water starts boiling. If the heat continues to be supplied,

then water changes to steam at the same 100 °C temperature.
This is called Latent heat of Vaporization.

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
21
Latent Heat - Phase change of water

4.2 J 2260 J /g
(1 Btu) (1000 Btu)
It takes 2260 J of energy to convert 1 gram of water to steam.
Remember, latent heat of fusion was only 334 J ?? Thus, it takes 5
times more energy to create steam !
This is because of the stronger hydrogen bonds in water.
HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL
14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
22
Latent Heat - Phase change of water

4.2 J 2260 J /g
(1 Btu) (1000 Btu)
Thus, steam holds more heat than hot boiling water.
That’s why, steam burns are more damaging.
Beyond 100 °C, steam will remain in the vapor state. If heat continues
to be supplied then the sensible heat of the steam will increase.
HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL
14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
23
Latent Heat - Phase change of water

4.2 J 2260 J /g
(1 Btu) (1000 Btu)
Thus it takes lot of energy to change the state of matter. This is just an
example of water

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
24
Latent Heat – real life example
Have you observed that all air conditioners have a separate pipe for
water outlet?
Once the AC is working, you can see water being collected outside.
This is nothing, but the moisture in vapour state present in the air
inside the space is converted into liquid water state by the AC. Thus
condensation is taking place. This is also termed as ‘condensate water’.
Thus, air conditioners are really large ‘dehumidifiers’.
So you can now understand that in highly humid areas, the AC has to
work more and hence there is more condensation.
HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL
14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
25
Radiant Heat
It is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum called infrared.

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
26
Radiant Heat
All bodies that face an air space or
a vacuum emit and absorb radiant
energy continuously.
Radiation is not affected by gravity
and therefore a body will radiate in
all directions from the source.
Hot bodies will lose heat by
radiation because they emit more
energy than they can absorb
HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL
14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
27
Radiant Heat
Radiant heat is proportional to temperature

Radiant heat flow will always be from the hotter object to the warmer one.
HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL
14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
28
Radiant Heat
In this example, the heater as well the person both are
radiating heat.

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
29
Radiant Heat
Since the heater is at a
higher temperature,
the person will feel the
warmth.

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
30
Summary /Recap
/Recap
1. SENSIBLE HEAT
◦ Results in temperature change
◦ Can be measured by a thermometer
2. RADIANT HEAT
◦ Affects Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT)
◦ Ultimately results in temperature change
3. LATENT HEAT
◦ Results in phase change
W.r.t. – moisture change, i.e air humidity

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
31
Fundamentals of heat transfer
We know that heat exists in three forms.

Heat can be transferred from one object/surface/space

to
another by three modes of heat
transfer

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
32
There are three modes of heat transfer
1. Conduction

2. Convection

3. Radiation

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
33
Lets jog our memory of high school
physics, a bit !
Identify the heat transfer process.

01 02 03

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
34
Lets jog our memory of high school
physics, a bit !
Identify the heat transfer process.

Convection Convection & Radiation Radiation

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
35
Conduction convection & Radiation
1. Conduction is a flow of heat within/between materials.
2. Convection is a transfer of heat by means of a moving
stream of air or water (fluid).
3. Radiation is a transfer of heat by means of
electromagnetic waves through space, from a warmer
object to a cooler one.

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
36
Conduction
Conduction is the process of heat
HOTTER COOLER
transfer in a solid or a fluid at rest by
direct molecular interaction between
adjacent molecules.
As discussed earlier regarding sensible
heat, here are two objects with different
molecular motion.
What will happen if these objects come
in contact ?
HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL
14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
37
Conduction
When these objects come in contact, the HOTTER COOLER
random motion from the hotter object will be
transferred to the cooler objects by collision
of molecules.

This is how conduction takes place.

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
38
Conduction
It is important to remember, that for
conduction to take place, the molecules HOTTER COOLER
should be closely located to each other.
In liquids and gases, the molecules are placed
far apart.

Is ‘air’ a good conductor of heat ?

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
39
Conduction
Is ‘air’ a good conductor of heat ?
NO, it is not.

WHY ??
Because air being a gas, the molecules are placed far apart.
Hence it is not a good conductor of heat.

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
40
Characteristics of conduction
Requires a temperature difference between both sides of
the surface.

Heat flows from high to low temperature.

Requires contact.

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
41
Convection
Convection is the process of heat transfer by flowing and
mixing motions in fluids. It is primarily dependent on
temperature difference.
Natural convection occurs when molecules of cool air
absorb heat from a warm surface, rise and carry it away.
As a gas or liquid acquires heat by convection, the fluid
expands and becomes less dense, rising on top of the
denser and cooler fluid. The resulting currents transfer heat
by natural convection.
HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL
14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
42
Convection
 Requires a fluid to be present (air).
 Is directional. Heat never convects down (unless its forced).
 Requires a temperature change.
 Requires a fluid medium.
 Can be blocked completely by obstacles.
 Convection is reduced by clothing in people or layered air
spaces in building materials. Trapped air pockets become
additional insulation.
HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL
14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
43
Convection is affected by gravity
 Two opposing walls. One is warm the other is
cold.
 The air flows from the warm wall upwards
and descends down the colder wall losing its Air gap
heat.

Wall section

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
44
Forced convection
Convection also occurs when the air is moved
by a fan or by the wind. In this case the air is
circulated between warmer and cooler areas
and is called forced convection.
This exchange of air from one area to another Air gap
can be an important mechanism of heat
transfer.
Wall section

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
45
Radiation
Radiation is the process of heat transfer by means of
electromagnetic waves.
It is a part of the electromagnetic spectrum called infrared.

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
46
Radiation

Any two objects that can see each other

through a medium that is transparent to
light, such as air or radiation vacuum,
exchange radiant energy.
Feeling warm near a fire place due to
radiation

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
47
Radiation

This exchange can be stopped when the

rays are blocked by an opaque object.

Direct radiation is blocked by the

opaque areas of the hat.
HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL
14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
48
Radiation
Objects at room temperature emit
energy in the infrared and when they
are hot enough to glow they radiate in
the visible part of the spectrum.

As temperature increases, wavelength

decreases. Human eye is sensitive to the
visible spectrum

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
49
Radiation
A body will radiate heat in all
directions.
Radiation is affected by
◦ Temperature of the object
◦ Hotter bodies will lose heat because they
emit more than they can absorb

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
50
Radiation
A body will radiate heat in all
directions.
Radiation is affected by
Temperature of the object
◦ Viewing angle
◦ For eg, if you can see the fire place/heater
completely, you might feel the radiation a
lot more as compared to if you view it only
partially

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
51
Radiation

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
52
Radiation
Radiation is affected by
Temperature of the object
Viewing angle
Radiative properties of materials
For eg, black objects will absorb more radiation than white
objects.

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
53
Radiation
Radiation is affected by
◦ Temperature of the object
◦ Viewing angle
◦ Radiative properties of materials
◦ The opacity or transparency of the object
◦ For eg, Radiation through clear glass is much
higher than a tinted glass.

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
54
What has all this got to do with buildings ???
Well.. Buildings also lose and gain heat through

these three fundamental heat transfer methods

Let’s look at it closely .. In the next lecture

HEAT TRANSFER | PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING SCIENCE | - BY SUHAS TOSHNIWAL

14 August 2020
| ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
55