Cultural Differences in Teaching and Learning
FUHU conference on Education and Training in the Multicultural Classroom Copenhagen, 8th May 2008 Geert Hofstede
3 meanings of culture
1. Literally: tilling the soil, cultivation 2. Training or refining of the mind: civilization 3. Collective ways of acting, thinking, and feeling: collective programming of the mind distinguishing the members of one group or category of people from another
Levels of mental software
Values
Values are the stable core of culture. They are strong, unconscious emotions with a minus and a plus pole, like: evil-good dangerous-safe dirty-clean ugly-beautiful abnormal-normal What is normal is a matter of values
Acquiring mental programmes
age
0
place unconscious, unchangeable values conscious, changeable practices family
pre-puberty
10
school
post-puberty
20
work
Which culture is transferred when
age
0
values
10
culture level gender, national social class, occupation practices business, organization
20+
Dimensions of national cultures
Cultures Consequences, Hofstede 1980 and 2001
Same 5 problems, different solutions: 1. Inequality: Power Distance, large or small 2. Need for security: Uncertainty Avoidance, strong or weak 3. Relationship with others: Individualism or Collectivism 4. Emotional gender roles: Masculinity or Femininity 5. Time horizon: Long- or Short-term orientation
National culture dimension : Power Distance
Extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations expect and accept that power is distributed unequally Transferred to children by parents and other elders
National culture dimension : Uncertainty Avoidance
Extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous and unknown situations Not to be confused with risk avoidance: risk is to uncertainty as fear is to anxiety. Uncertainty and anxiety are diffuse feelings anything may happen
SMALL PD, WEAK UA NORDIC COUNTRIES ANGLO CTRS, USA NETHERLANDS
LARGE PD, WEAK UA
CHINA INDIA
LATIN COUNTRIES GERMAN SPK CTRS BALTIC STATES HUNGARY, ISRAEL SMALL PD, STRONG UA CZECHIA, POLAND KOREA, JAPAN RUSSIA LARGE PD, STRONG UA
Power Distance, teaching and learning
Large Power Distance
Students dependent on teachers Students treat teachers with respect Teacher-centered education Teachers initiate all communication in class Teachers are gurus who transfer personal wisdom
Small Power Distance Teachers treat students as equals Students treat teachers as equals Student-centered education Students initiate some communication in class Teachers are experts who transfer impersonal truths
Uncertainty Avoidance, teaching and learning
Strong Uncertainty Av. Students want to know right answers Teachers supposed to have all answers Emotions in class can be expressed Pressure among students to conform Teachers inform parents Weak Uncertainty Av. Students want good discussions Teachers may say I dont know Emotions should be controlled anywhere Tolerance for differences in class Teachers involve parents
National culture dimension : Individualism vs. Collectivism
Individualism: A society in which the ties between individuals are loose: everyone expected to look after self and immediate family Collectivism: A society in which individuals from birth onwards are part of strong in-groups that last a lifetime
National culture dimension : Masculinity vs. Femininity
Masculinity: A society in which emotional gender roles are distinct: men are supposed to be assertive, tough and focused on material success, women on the quality of life; mens culture prevails Femininity: A society in which emotional gender roles overlap: both men and women are supposed to be modest, tender, and focused on the quality of life
COLLECTIVIST,FEMININE THAILAND, KOREA COSTA RICA, CHILE RUSSIA, BULGARIA PORTUGAL SPAIN, FRANCE NETHERLANDS BALTIC COUNTRIES NORDIC COUNTRIES INDIVIDUALIST, FEMININE
COLLECTIVIST,MASCULINE CHINA, JAPAN MEXICO, VENEZUELA ARAB WORLD GREECE CZECHIA, POLAND HUNGARY, ITALY GERMAN SPK CTRIES ANGLO COUNTRIES, USA INDIVIDUALIST,MASCULINE
Individualism/Collectivism, teaching and learning
Individualist Collectivist
Purpose of education is learning how to learn Students individual initiatives encouraged Students are expected to speak up in class when they need or want to Students associate according to interests Diplomas increase economic worth and/or self-respect
Purpose of education is learning how to do Students individual initiatives discouraged Students only speak up in class when sanctioned by group Students associate according to in-groups Diplomas provide entry to higher-status group: are sometimes bought
Masculinity/Femininity, teaching and learning
Masculinity
Brilliant teachers admired Best student is norm Competition in class Praise for good student Students over-rate own performance Competitive sports belong to curriculum Failing in school is a disaster
Femininity Friendly teachers most liked Average student is norm Over-ambition impopular Praise for weak student Students under-rate own performance Competitive sports extra-curricular Failing in school is a minor incident
National culture dimension : Long-term vs. Short-term Orientation
Long Term Orientation is the extent to which members of a society adapt themselves to reach a desirable future Short Term Orientation is the extent to which members of a society take their guidance from the past and try to fulfill their present needs and desires
LONG TERM ORIENTATION
CHINA & OVERSEAS CHINESE JAPAN KOREA BRAZIL INDIA NORDIC COUNTRIES NETHERLANDS BELGIUM, FRANCE GERMANY USA, BRITAIN SPAIN ISLAMIC COUNTRIES AFRICAN COUNTRIES
SHORT TERM ORIENTATION
Long/Short Term Orientation, teaching + learning
Long term Students attribute success to effort and failure to lack of effort Studying hard is norm High performance at mathematics Talent for applied, concrete sciences Children learn to save Short term Students attribute both success and failure to luck and occult forces Enjoyment is norm Low performance at mathematics Talent for theoretical, abstract sciences Children learn to spend
Academic book 1980 entirely re-written version 2001
For researchers, not for teaching Published in USA by Sage Publications 2001 version reviews all uses of the 1980 edition (> 800 new references) Extensive validation of dimensions: > 400 significant correlations with external data
Student book 2005 (first edition 1991)
McGraw-Hill USA Handelshjskolens Forlag
Book for trainers 2002
First author Gert Jan Hofstede Focuses on the multicultural classroom Exercises and simulations Published in USA by Intercultural Press Info on all books at www.geerthofstede.nl
