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Valorization of Agri-Food Wastes
and By-Products
Recent Trends, Innovations, and Sustainability Challenges
Valorization of Agri-Food
Wastes and By-Products
Recent Trends, Innovations, and Sustainability
Challenges

Edited by

Rajeev Bhat
ERA-Chair for Food By-products Valorisation Technologies (VALORTECH),
Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia, European Union
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Contents

List of contributors xix 2.2 Isolation and extraction methods of

Foreword xxv bioactive compounds from tropical
Preface xxvii fruit by-products and wastes 31
Introduction xxix 2.2.1 Influence of conventional
extraction techniques on bioactive
compounds 33
1 Sustainability challenges in the 2.2.2 Nonconventional extraction
valorization of agri-food wastes techniques 34
and by-products 1 2.3 Fermentation to obtain bioactive
compounds from tropical fruits 38
Rajeev Bhat 2.4 Possible uses of by-products and
1.1Introduction 1 wastes in the food industry 38
1.2Wastes and by-products—global scenario 2 2.4.1 As ingredients of functional food 38
1.3Food industrial wastes and by-products 4 2.4.2 As sources of unconventional oils 39
1.4Food industry wastes and renewable 2.4.3 As additives 39
energy production 7 2.4.4 Antimicrobial agents 39
1.5 Composting of agri-food wastes 8 2.4.5 Bio-absorbent agents 40
1.6 Bioactive compounds and bioactivity 9 2.5 Conclusion, opportunities, and future
1.7 Wastes and by-products as food and challenges 41
livestock feed 12 References 41
1.8 Bioplastics and green composites 13
1.9 Sustainable green processing
technologies 14 3 Bioactive compounds of fruit
1.10 Regulatory issues 14
1.11 Conclusion, opportunities, and future by-products as potential prebiotics 47
challenges 15 Marcela Albuquerque Cavalcanti de Albuquerque,
Acknowledgment 16 Igor Ucella Dantas de Medeiros, Bernadette Dora
References 17 Gombossy de Melo Franco, Susana Marta Isay Saad,
Further Reading 27 Alejandra de Moreno de LeBlanc and
Jean Guy LeBlanc
2 Valorization of industrial by-products 3.1 Introduction 47
and waste from tropical fruits for the 3.2 World crop production: focus on the fruit
recovery of bioactive compounds, scenario 48
3.3 Fruit by-products as functional compounds
recent advances, and future and their relationship with gut
perspectives 29 microbiota 48
Salma A. Enrı́quez-Valencia, J. Fernando Ayala-Zavala, 3.4 Dietary fibers and phenolics in fruit
Gustavo A. González-Aguilar and by-products as bioactive compounds 50
Leticia X. López-Martı́nez 3.5 Effect of fruit by-products on growth of
beneficial microorganisms and their folate
2.1 Introduction 29 production 50

v
vi Contents

3.6 Fruit by-products and gut microbiota: 5.4 Sustainability through preservation of
phenolic metabolites and short-chain vegetable waste and byproducts 96
fatty acids 51 5.5 Potential applications of vegetable
3.7 Potential biological effects of bioactive wastes and vegetable byproducts 97
compounds from fruit by-products: 5.6 Conclusion, opportunities, and future
antioxidant and antiinflammatory challenges 98
approaches 53 References 99
3.8 Conclusion, opportunities, and
future challenges 54
Acknowledgments 54 6 Fruit byproducts as alternative
References 54 ingredients for bakery products 111
Mafalda Alexandra Silva, Tânia Gonçalves
4 Valorization of fruit and vegetable Albuquerque, Rita Carneiro Alves,
waste for bioactive pigments: M. Beatriz P.P. Oliveira and Helena S. Costa
extraction and utilization 61 6.1 Introduction 111
6.2 Fruit industry 112
Wee Sim Choo and Amy Yi Hsan Saik
6.2.1 Apple 112
4.1 Introduction 61 6.2.2 Banana 112
4.2 Anthocyanins 62 6.2.3 Grape 116
4.2.1 Grapes 63 6.2.4 Mango and guava 116
4.3 Betalains 67 6.2.5 Melon and watermelon 116
4.3.1 Red beet 68 6.2.6 Orange 116
4.3.2 Extraction of betalains from red beet 6.2.7 Passion fruit 117
waste 69 6.2.8 Pomegranate 117
4.4 Carotenoids 69 6.3 Functional foods 117
4.4.1 Tomatoes 70 6.4 Bakery products 118
4.5 Conclusion, opportunities, and future 6.4.1 Bread 118
challenges 72 6.4.2 Biscuits 125
References 73 6.4.3 Cookies 126
6.4.4 Cakes 126
5 Valuable bioactives from 6.4.5 Muffins 126
6.5 Conclusion, opportunities, and future
vegetable wastes 83 challenges 127
Annegowda H.V. and Pulak Majumder Acknowledgments 127
References 127
5.1 Introduction 83
5.1.1 Ranking of vegetables 83
5.1.2 Top producers of vegetables 83 7 Fruit and vegetable by-products:
5.1.3 Benefits of consuming vegetables 83 novel ingredients for a sustainable
5.1.4 Production of vegetable wastes and society 133
byproducts 84
Pulak Majumder and H.V. Annegowda
5.1.5 Measures undertaken to minimize
vegetable wastes 86 7.1 Introduction 133
5.2 Valorization of vegetable wastes and 7.2 Bioactive molecules from fruit and
byproducts 87 vegetable by-products 134
5.2.1 Vitamins 87 7.2.1 Polyphenols 134
5.2.2 Carotenoids 90 7.2.2 The terpenes 135
5.2.3 Flavonoids 90 7.2.3 Biomedical impacts of carotenoids 135
5.2.4 Phenolic acids 94 7.2.4 Dietary fiber 136
5.3 Extraction of phytobioactives 95 7.2.5 Biomedical impacts of dietary fiber 136
5.3.1 Ultrasound-assisted extraction 95 7.2.6 Polysaccharides 136
5.3.2 Supercritical fluid extraction 95 7.2.7 Biomedical impacts of phytosterols 137
5.3.3 Accelerated solvent extraction 96 7.2.8 The organosulfurs 137
5.3.4 Microwave-assisted extraction 96 7.2.9 Biomedical impact of organosulfur
5.3.5 Enzyme-assisted extraction 96 compounds 137
 Contents vii

7.2.10 Organic acids and plant amines 137 8.4.4 Production of specialty chemicals and
7.2.11 Biomedical impact of organic acids fertilizers by solid-state fermentation 166
and amines 137 8.4.5 Production of industrial adsorbents 166
7.3 Sustained valorization of fruits and 8.5 Conclusion, opportunities, and future
vegetable by-products 137 challenges 167
7.3.1 Apple by-products 137 8.6 Conflict of interest 168
7.3.2 Citrus fruit by-products 138 References 168
7.3.3 Grape by-products 139
7.3.4 Tropical fruits by-products 140
7.3.5 Vegetable by-products 144 9 Coffee waste: a source of valuable
7.4 Innovative drying techniques and technologies for sustainable
extraction methods for fruit and development 173
vegetable by-products 146
7.4.1 Infrared-assisted convective drying 146 Vicente A. Mirón-Mérida, Blanca E. Barragán-Huerta
7.4.2 Microwave and combined and Paulina Gutiérrez-Macı́as
microwave drying 147 9.1 Introduction 173
7.4.3 Green technology: by-product 9.2 Coffee beans: chemical composition
extraction techniques 147 and structure 174
7.5 Innovations and sustainable food 9.3 Coffee production and generated waste 176
ingredients 149 9.4 Strategies used to valorize coffee waste 177
7.6 Strategic road map for sustainable 9.5 Bioproducts for food and pharmaceutical
utilization of by-products 149 industry applications from coffee waste 177
7.7 Conclusion, opportunities, and future 9.5.1 Antioxidant compounds 177
challenges 150 9.5.2 Antimicrobials 180
Acknowledgments 151 9.5.3 Organic acids 183
References 151
9.5.4 Enzymes 183
9.5.5 Colorants 184
8 Current trends on the valorization of 9.6 Bioenergy production from coffee
waste fractions for the recovery of waste 184
9.6.1 Biodiesel 184
alkaloids and polyphenols:
9.6.2 Bioethanol 186
case study of guarana 157 9.6.3 Biogas 186
Ádina L. Santana and Gabriela A. Macedo 9.7 Materials from coffee waste 187
9.7.1 Polymers for packaging materials 187
Abbreviations 157 9.7.2 Building materials 188
8.1 Introduction 157 9.8 Agricultural applications 188
8.2 Guarana (Paullinia cupana) 158 9.8.1 Composting and fertilizers 188
8.2.1 Botanical description and traditional 9.8.2 Mushroom cultivation 189
use 158 9.9 Miscellaneous 190
8.2.2 Chemical composition 158 9.9.1 Biosorbents 190
8.2.3 Health aspects on the administration 9.10 Conclusion and future perspectives 191
of guarana 159 Acknowledgments 191
8.2.4 Processing of guarana and products: References 192
current scenario 160
8.3 Emerging processing strategies to recover
alkaloids and polyphenols 160 10 Valorization of coffee wastes for
8.3.1 Extraction 160
effective recovery of value-added
8.3.2 Encapsulation 162
8.4 Current trends and perspectives: bio-based products: an aim to
biorefinery approach applied for enhance the sustainability and
the integral use of guarana 165 productivity of the coffee industry 199
8.4.1 Production of extracts and
Arunima Nayak and Brij Bhushan
microparticles: process intensification 165
8.4.2 Application in food products 165 10.1 Introduction 199
8.4.3 Production of energy 166 10.2 Valorization of coffee wastes 200
viii Contents

10.2.1 Production of biofuels 200 12 Various conversion techniques for

10.2.2 Recovery of value-added the recovery of value-added
bioactives 207
products from tea waste 237
10.2.3 Production of biomaterials 208
10.2.4 Development of bioadsorbents 211 Nabajit Dev Choudhury, Nilutpal Bhuyan,
10.3 Conclusion, opportunities, and future Rumi Narzari, Ruprekha Saikia, Dibyakanta Seth,
challenges 212 Niharendu Saha and Rupam Kataki
References 212
12.1 Introduction 237
12.2 Process integration for setting up
a waste biorefinery 241
12.2.1 Biorefinery platforms 242
11 Valorization of tea waste for 12.2.2 Technological processes 243
multifaceted applications: 12.2.3 Feedstock groups 244
a step toward green and sustainable 12.2.4 Product groups 245
development 219 12.3 Tea waste and its worldwide availability 245
12.4 Physicochemical properties of tea
Omkar S. Nille, Akshay S. Patil, waste 247
Ravindra D. Waghmare, Vaibhav M. Naik, 12.5 Biofuel and bioenergy production 249
Datta B. Gunjal, Govind B. Kolekar and
12.5.1 Products from thermochemical
Anil H. Gore
conversion 249
11.1 Introduction 219 12.5.2 Biodiesel 250
11.2 Biomass sources 220 12.5.3 Bioethanol 251
11.3 Biomass valorization 220 12.6 Solid fuel 253
11.3.1 Carbonization 221 12.7 Tea waste-based biorefinery and
11.3.2 Pyrolysis 222 production of value-added product 253
11.3.3 Hydrothermal treatment 222 12.7.1 Electrochemical 253
11.3.4 Microwave treatment 224 12.7.2 Chemical derivatives from tea
11.3.5 Chemical activation 224 waste 253
11.4 Tea waste biomass: source, properties, 12.7.3 Animal feed and composting 256
and constituents 225 12.7.4 Manufacturing of instant tea 256
11.4.1 Field to tea industry 225 12.7.5 Tobacco substitutes and foaming
11.4.2 Tea waste residue/biomass from agents 256
kitchens, cafeterias, canteens, 12.8 Rules/regulations concerning the
and tea shops 225 safety of valorization of tea wastes 257
11.4.3 Properties and constituents 225 12.9 Conclusion, opportunities, and future
11.5 Value-added products from tea challenges 258
waste 226 References 259
11.5.1 Adsorbents 226
11.5.2 Activated carbon 226 13 Cocoa: Beyond chocolate,
11.5.3 Magnetic adsorbents 227 a promising material for potential
11.5.4 Carbon nanodots 227 value-added products 267
11.5.5 Graphene oxide dots 228
11.6 Multifaceted applications of valorized Paulina Gutiérrez-Macı́as,
waste tea products 229 Vicente A. Mirón-Mérida, C. Odı́n Rodrı́guez-Nava
11.6.1 Sensing and detection 229 and Blanca E. Barragán-Huerta
11.6.2 Pollutant removal, water 13.1 Introduction 267
treatment, and environmental 13.2 Chemical composition of the cocoa
remediation 230 pod 268
11.6.3 Agriculture and food industry 230 13.3 Cocoa process and its by-products and
11.6.4 Energy and catalysis 230 waste 269
11.6.5 Biomedical applications 232 13.4 Valorization of cocoa by-products and
11.7 Conclusion, opportunities, and waste 269
future challenges 233 13.4.1 Applications for the food industry, agri-
References 233 culture, and livestock 271
 Contents ix

13.4.2 Applications for the pharmaceutical 16.3 Extraction of phenolic compounds 333
and cosmetic industries 276 16.3.1 Phenolic compounds of grape
13.4.3 Environmental developments seeds 333
from cocoa waste 277 16.3.2 Methods of extraction 335
13.4.4 Composite materials 280 16.4 Extraction of oil 336
13.5 Conclusion, opportunities, and future 16.4.1 Chemical composition of
challenges 281 grape seed oil 336
Acknowledgments 282 16.4.2 Methods of extraction 338
References 282 16.4.3 Uses of grape seed oil 339
16.5 Use as a biosorbent 340
16.6 Application of seed extracts in foods 340
14 Nuts by-products: the Latin
16.7 Conclusion, opportunities, and
American contribution 289 future challenges 342
Elisa Dufoo-Hurtado, Ivan Luzardo-Ocampo, References 342
S.M. Ceballos-Duque, B. Dave Oomah,
Ma. Elena Maldonado-Celis and
Rocio Campos-Vega 17 Seed wastes and byproducts:
reformulation of meat products 347
14.1 Introduction 289
14.2 Impact of nut by-products 290 Carlos Pasqualin Cavalheiro, Maurı́cio Costa
14.2.1 Economic and environmental Alves da Silva, Claudia Ruiz-Capillas and
impact 290 Ana M. Herrero
14.3 Nutritional and functional nut 17.1 Introduction 347
by-products 290 17.2 Seeds and byproducts as fat replacers
14.3.1 Pistachios 290 in meat products 348
14.3.2 Hazelnuts 296 17.3 Bioactive compounds from seeds for
14.3.3 Almonds 300 use in meat products 356
14.3.4 Walnuts 302 17.4 Conclusion, opportunities, and future
14.3.5 Brazil nuts 304 challenges 363
14.3.6 Pecans 305 References 364
14.3.7 Cashew nuts 306
14.4 Conclusion, opportunities, and
future challenges 308
18 Recent advances and emerging
References 309 trends in the utilization of dairy
by-products/wastes 371
15 Valorization of seeds of the genera Boon Fung Leong, Wei Chean Chuah and
Cucumis, Citrullus, and Cucurbita 317 Fook Yee Chye

Patrı́cia Nunes and Rajeev Bhat 18.1 Introduction 371

18.2 Dairy industrial wastes 371
15.1 Introduction 317 18.2.1 Dairy wastewater 372
15.2 Cucurbitaceae family 318 18.2.2 Whey 373
15.3 Seed composition 319 18.3 Environmental impacts 374
15.4 Bioactive compounds 320 18.4 Advanced biotechnological approaches
15.5 Valorization of seeds 321 in utilizing dairy wastes 375
15.6 Conclusion, opportunities, and 18.4.1 Bioplastics 375
future challenges 323 18.4.2 Exopolysaccharides 377
Acknowledgment 324
18.4.3 Galacto-oligosaccharides 377
References 324
18.4.4 Biofuels 378
18.4.5 Organic acids 380
16 Valorization of grape seeds 331 18.4.6 Bioactive peptides 380
18.4.7 Single-cell protein 381
Maria Tsiviki and Athanasia M. Goula
18.4.8 Biosurfactants 381
16.1 Introduction 331 18.5 Conclusion, opportunities, and future
16.2 Characterization and content of grape challenges 382
seeds 332 References 383
x Contents

19 Whey: generation, recovery, and 20.4.1 Technofunctional properties of

use of a relevant by-product 391 buttermilk 419
20.4.2 Health benefits of buttermilk
Gustavo Luis de Paiva Anciens Ramos, components, including MFGM 420
Jonas Toledo Guimarães, Tatiana Colombo 20.4.3 Opportunities to produce
Pimentel, Adriano Gomes da Cruz, food-grade ingredients enriched in
Simone Lorena Quitério de Souza and
polar lipids and MFGM from
Simone Maria Ribas Vendramel
buttermilk 420
19.1 Introduction 391 20.4.4 Diversity of MFGM-enriched
19.2 Cheese manufacture 392 ingredients 421
19.3 Characteristics of whey 394 20.5 Wastewaters from processing,
19.4 Main destinations of whey 395 cleaning, and sanitary processes 422
19.4.1 Food applications 396 20.6 Conclusions and future outlook 422
19.4.2 Food supplements 398 Acknowledgments 422
19.4.3 Animal feed 399 References 422
19.4.4 Microencapsulation of
probiotics 399 21 Sustainable utilization of gelatin
19.4.5 Fertilizers 399
19.4.6 Packaging 399
from animal-based agri food
19.4.7 Flavor 401 waste for the food industry and
19.4.8 Whey bioconversion 401 pharmacology 425
19.4.9 Organic chemicals 402 Elif Tuğçe Aksun Tümerkan
19.4.10 Therapeutic agents 402
19.5 Whey recovery and purification 403 21.1 Introduction 425
19.5.1 Membrane separation 21.1.1 Categories and scale of
technology 403 agri food waste 425
19.5.2 Electrodialysis 405 21.2 Socioeconomic and environmental
19.5.3 Isoelectric precipitation 406 impact of agri food waste 427
21.3 Valorization of agri food waste 427
19.5.4 Adsorption 407
21.4 Gelatin: a value-added product from
19.5.5 Chromatographic separation 407
animal-derived waste 429
19.6 Conclusion, opportunities, and future
21.4.1 Gelatin derived from mammalian
challenges 408
References 409 species 429
21.4.2 An alternative to mammalian
gelatin: poultry gelatin 431
20 Valorization of dairy by-products for 21.4.3 A promising approach: fish
gelatin 432
functional and nutritional applications: 21.5 Usage of animal-originated gelatin in
recent trends toward the milk fat the food industry 433
globule membrane 415 21.5.1 Gelatin as a paramount food
Christelle Lopez additive 433
21.5.2 Gelatin as a coating and
20.1 Introduction 415 packaging material 434
20.2 Milk composition 416 21.6 Usage of animal-originated gelatin in
20.3 Main by-products of the dairy industry: pharmacology 434
whey, skimmed milk, and buttermilk 417 21.6.1 Gelatin—an inactive ingredient in
20.3.1 Production of whey and main pharmaceutical products 435
valorization 417 21.6.2 Gelatin in tissue engineering 435
20.3.2 Production of skimmed milk and 21.6.3 Other usages of gelatin in
main valorization 419 pharmacology 436
20.3.3 Production of buttermilk and 21.7 Challenges to animal-derived gelatin in
butter serum 419 the food and pharmacology industries 436
20.4 New trends toward the valorization of 21.8 Conclusion, opportunities, and future
buttermilk: specific interests in the milk challenges 437
fat globule membrane 419 References 437
 Contents xi

22 New food strategies to generate 23.2.17 Rules, regulations, and safety

sustainable beef 443 aspects 470
23.3 Conclusion, opportunities, and future
Almudena González González and challenges 470
Maria Patricia Guerrero Garcia-Ortega References 471
Further reading 474
22.1 Introduction 443
22.1.1 Reduce greenhouse gas emissions from
cattle by changing the feed 24 Biowaste eggshells as efficient
composition 444 electrodes for energy storage 475
22.2 Influence of the feed composition on
the quality of beef 448 Manickam Minakshi, Philip A. Schneider and
22.3 Case study 450 Maximilian Fichtner
22.3.1 In vitro test 450 24.1 Introduction 475
22.3.2 In vivo test 451 24.2 Valorization of biowaste chicken
22.4 Conclusion, opportunities, and future eggshells 477
challenges 453 24.2.1 Phenomenological description of
Acknowledgments 453 chicken eggshells 477
References 454
24.2.2 Eggshell and eggshell membrane 478
24.2.3 Repurposing the eggshell
product 478
23 Valorization of wastes and 24.3 Applications 478
by-products from the meat 24.3.1 Use of eggshells for
industry 457 UV-protective applications 478
24.3.2 Use of eggshells for biomedical
Anand Mohan and Jade M. Long
applications 479
23.1 Introduction 457 24.3.3 Use of eggshells for industrial
23.1.1 Animal waste and by-product wastewater applications 480
categorization 457 24.3.4 Use of eggshells for biodiesel
23.1.2 Global impact 458 production 481
23.1.3 Meat by-product utilization 459 24.3.5 Use of eggshells for construction
23.1.4 Economic value 460 and building 482
23.1.5 Commercial impact 460 24.3.6 Eggshell-derived nanomaterials 482
23.1.6 Nutritional composition of 24.4 Eggshells as efficient electrodes for
meat by-products 460 energy storage 483
23.1.7 Chemical composition 461 24.4.1 General overview of hybrid
23.2 Value-added food ingredients 462 supercapacitors 483
23.2.1 Spray-dried animal muscle 462 24.4.2 Nanostructured cathode
23.2.2 Biologically active compounds 462 materials
23.2.3 Protein content 463 for hybrid supercapacitors and
23.2.4 Fat content 463 the effects of the materials 484
23.2.5 Other uses 463 24.4.3 Anode materials for hybrid
23.2.6 Regulation and classification 464 supercapacitors 485
23.2.7 Tongue 464 24.4.4 Micro-algae-derived carbon
23.2.8 Heart 465 electrode for hybrid
23.2.9 Liver 465 supercapacitors 485
23.2.10 Kidney 466 24.4.5 Wheat-straw-derived carbon
23.2.11 Brain 466 electrode for hybrid
23.2.12 Meat quality attributes 466 supercapacitors 486
23.2.13 Protein functionality and 24.4.6 Electrochemical device: battery
water-holding capacity 468 versus capacitor 487
23.2.14 Muscle composition 468 24.4.7 Eggshell-derived carbon electrode
23.2.15 Muscle structure 468 for hybrid supercapacitors in
23.2.16 Muscle fiber types 469 nonaqueous Li electrolyte 488
xii Contents

24.4.8 Eggshell-derived carbon electrode f 26.2.3 By-products from the

or hybrid supercapacitors in fish-processing industry 517
aqueous Na electrolyte 489 26.2.4 By-products from aquaculture 518
24.4.9 Biodegradable chitosan composite 26.3 Recovery of seafood by-products 518
electrode for hybrid 26.4 Valorization of seafood by-products 520
supercapacitors 490 26.4.1 New food products 520
24.5 Conclusion, opportunities, and future 26.4.2 Fishmeal and fish oil 520
challenges 491 26.4.3 Fish protein recovery 526
References 492 26.4.4 Bioproducts 527
26.4.5 Marine enzymes 528
26.4.6 Natural pigments 529
25 Recovery and application of bioactive 26.4.7 Energy and agronomic uses of
proteins from poultry by-products 497 by-products 529
26.5 Improvements in the management of
Íris Braz da Silva Araújo, Fábio Anderson Pereira Da seafood by-products 530
Silva, Miriane Moreira Fernandes Santos and 26.6 Conclusion, opportunities, and future
Rerisson do Nascimento Alves challenges 530
25.1 Introduction 497 References 531
25.2 Generation and disposal of chicken
industry waste 497
25.3 Nutritional value of poultry
27 Utilization of seafood-processing
by-products 499 by-products for the development of
25.4 Bioactive proteins from poultry value-added food products 537
by-products: potential applications 500
Samuel Chetachukwu Adegoke and
25.4.1 Skin 500
Reza Tahergorabi
25.4.2 Feet 501
25.4.3 Keel 502 27.1 Introduction 537
25.4.4 Feathers 502 27.2 Seafood-processing by-products
25.4.5 Blood 503 definition and statistics 538
25.4.6 Bones 504 27.3 Fundamental components of
25.4.7 Head: comb, wattle, earlobe, seafood-processing by-products 540
beak 504 27.3.1 Lipids 540
25.4.8 Mechanically deboned chicken 27.3.2 Proteins 541
meat 505 27.3.3 Chemical and enzymatic recovery
25.4.9 Abdominal fat 505 methods of seafood-processing
25.4.10 Offal 505 by-products 542
25.5 Techniques for obtaining bioactive 27.3.4 Isoelectric solubilization and
proteins from by-products of the precipitation 544
chicken industry: recent trends 506 27.3.5 Protein hydrolysis 545
25.6 Conclusion, opportunities, and future 27.3.6 Surimi manufacturing 546
challenges 509 27.3.7 Development of value-added
References 509 food products from the proteins
recovered from fish-processing
by-products 547
26 Valorization of seafood processing 27.3.8 Development of value-added
by-products 515 products from oil recovered from
seafood-processing by-products 551
Vida Šimat
27.3.9 Development of value-added
26.1 Introduction 515 products from other materials
26.1.1 Terminology issues 515 recovered from seafood-processing by-
26.2 The position of by-products in global products 551
fisheries and seafood industry 516 27.4 Conclusion, opportunities, and
26.2.1 Fish supply chain 516 future trends 553
26.2.2 Discards from fisheries 517 References 555
 Contents xiii

28 Valorization of seafood industry 30 Sustainability of agri-food supply

waste for gelatin production: chains through innovative waste
facts and gaps 561 management models 591
Elif Tuğçe Aksun Tümerkan Muneer Ahmad Magry and Sapna A. Narula
28.1 Introduction 561 30.1 Introduction 591
28.2 Amounts of seafood waste 563 30.2 Food wastage as a hurdle for
28.2.1 Wastes after fish processing 564 global security 591
28.2.2 Waste generated from other 30.3 Global food loss scenario 593
seafood 564 30.3.1 Causes of food losses 595
28.3 Valorization strategies for seafood 30.4 Food waste management through
waste 565 valorization: global efforts 595
28.4 The importance of aquatic gelatin for 30.4.1 Food waste valorization
academia and industry 566 techniques 596
28.4.1 A versatile industrial product: 30.5 The case of an emerging economy:
gelatin 566 food loss and reduction strategies in
28.4.2 Aquatic gelatin and its benefits 567 India 597
28.4.3 Fish gelatin derived from waste 568 30.5.1 Recent policy push as an enabler
28.5 Mind the gaps: fish gelatin from waste 569 for food loss reduction 599
28.5.1 Sustainability and sanitary issues 30.5.2 Constraints, actors, and enablers
for the raw material 569 for reductions in food loss 600
28.5.2 Health-related issues 570 30.6 Possible interventions and the way
28.5.3 Sensorial attributes of aquatic forward for food waste valorization 600
30.7 Conclusion, opportunities, and future
gelatin 570
challenges 601
28.6 Possible solutions 571
References 603
28.6.1 Well-organized process for raw
material through legislation 571
28.6.2 Solutions to health-related issues 572 31 Food waste generation and
28.6.3 Overcoming the sensorial management: household sector 607
problems of aquatic gelatin 572
Chanathip Pharino
28.7 Conclusion, opportunities, and future
challenges 573 31.1 Introduction 607
References 573 31.2 Food waste overview 607
31.2.1 Definition 607
31.2.2 Waste composition overview 608
29 Effective valorization of aquaculture 31.2.3 Causes and sources of food
by-products: bioactive peptides and waste 608
31.3 Food waste policy 610
their application in aquafeed 579 31.3.1 European Union 611
Mehdi Nikoo 31.3.2 Australia 611
31.3.3 United States 611
29.1 Introduction 579
31.3.4 The Netherlands 611
29.2 Fish protein hydrolysates and
peptides 579 31.3.5 Canada 611
29.3 Sources of aquaculture by-products 580 31.3.6 Singapore 612
29.4 Handling and processing of seafood 31.3.7 Thailand 612
by-products for production of protein 31.4 Food waste management 612
hydrolysates and peptides 581 31.4.1 The food waste management
29.4.1 Utilization of fish protein hierarchy 612
hydrolysates and peptides 31.4.2 Food waste management
as fish feed 584 approaches 613
29.5 Conclusion, opportunities, and future 31.5 Food waste management incentives 614
challenges 587 31.5.1 Cobenefits from food waste
Acknowledgment 588 reduction 614
References 588
xiv Contents

31.5.2 Lessons learned on food waste 33.2 Sources of wastewater 646

management 615 33.3 Techniques for treatment of wastewater 646
31.6 Conclusion, opportunities, and future 33.4 Physiochemical treatments 647
challenges 616 33.4.1 Coagulation flocculation 647
Acknowledgments 617 33.4.2 Adsorption 649
References 617 33.4.3 Membrane treatment 650
33.4.4 Biological treatment 651
32 Sustainable valorization of food- 33.4.5 Electrochemical treatment 653
processing industry by-products: 33.4.6 Advanced oxidation process treatment 654
33.5 Potential end products from wastewater
challenges and opportunities to treatments 655
obtain bioactive compounds 619 33.5.1 Development of bioenergy resources 655
S. Simões, A. Costa, A.C. Faria-Silva, A. Ascenso, 33.5.2 Production of volatile fatty acids 656
J. Marto, M. Carvalheiro, L.M. Gonçalves, 33.5.3 Development of biopolymers 656
M. Marques, A. Paiva, M. Bento, P. Simões and 33.5.4 Development of bio-agricultural
H.M. Ribeiro products 657
33.5.5 Valorized bio-active compounds 657
32.1 Introduction 619
32.2 Food processing and waste production 620 33.5.6 Miscellaneous valorized products 658
33.6 Conclusion, opportunities, and future
32.2.1 Socioeconomic considerations
challenges 658
and environmental concerns 620 Acknowledgment 659
32.2.2 What can be used as raw References 659
material for bioactive
compounds recovery? 620
32.3 Bioactives in food waste: chemical 34 Valorization of cotton wastes for
classes and activities 621 agricultural and industrial applications:
32.4 Challenges in extraction: searching for present status and future
green and sustainable separation
of natural products from waste 623
prospects 665
32.4.1 Conventional methods 624 K. Velmourougane, D. Blaise, S. Savitha and
32.4.2 Nonconventional methods 625 V.N. Waghmare
32.5 Are green extraction techniques
cost-effective processes? 627 34.1 Introduction 665
32.6 Opportunities for new valuable 34.2 Cotton wastes and the need for their
compounds 629 valorization 666
34.3 Composition of cotton plants 668
32.6.1 Applications of recovered
34.4 Classification of cotton wastes 668
molecules in nutraceuticals and
34.4.1 On-farm cotton wastes and their
reinvented foods 629
utilization 668
32.6.2 Garbage to glamour: incorporating
34.4.2 Off-farm cotton wastes and their
recovered bioactives in skin care
utilization 674
products 630
34.5 A conceptual model to utilize on-farm
32.7 New business and marketing concepts
cotton wastes 678
for recovered bioactives 632
34.6 Conclusion, opportunities, and future
32.8 Nanocellulose for packaging—
challenges 678
biomaterials production 634
References 681
32.9 Conclusion, opportunities, and future
challenges 636
References 636 35 Advanced techniques for recovery
of active compounds from food
33 Revitalization of wastewater from by-products 693
the edible oil industry 645
Irina Fierascu, Radu Claudiu Fierascu and
Muhammad Asim Shabbir, Waqar Ahmed, Elwira Sieniawska
Moazzam Rafiq Khan, Talha Ahmad and
Rana Muhammad Aadil 35.1 Introduction 693
35.2 Conventional extraction techniques
Abbreviations 645 for food waste valorization 694
33.1 Introduction 645 35.2.1 Pressurized liquid extraction 694
 Contents xv

35.2.2 Microwave-assisted extraction 698 37.4.1 Optimization of processing

35.2.3 Ultrasound-assisted extraction 699 parameters 733
35.3 Nonconventional extraction techniques 37.4.2 Influence of pH 734
for food waste valorization 700 37.4.3 Influence of salt addition 735
35.3.1 Ohmic technologies 700 37.4.4 Protein functionalization 736
35.3.2 Natural deep eutectic solvents for 37.4.5 Dehydrothermal treatment 736
extraction of bioactive 37.4.6 Addition of clays 737
compounds 701 37.4.7 Addition of hydrocolloids 738
35.4 Conclusion, opportunities, and future 37.5 Benefits of natural-based
challenges 703 superabsorbent materials 738
Acknowledgments 704 37.6 Conclusion, opportunities, and future
References 705 challenges 739
Acknowledgments 739
References 739
36 Application of combined extraction
and microextraction techniques for
food waste 711 38 Natural deep eutectic solvents for
sustainable extraction of pigments and
B.K.K.K. Jinadasa, Antonio Moreda-Piñeiro and
Scott W. Fowler
antioxidants from agri-processing
waste 747
36.1 Introduction 711
36.2 Microextraction techniques 712 Sonia Kumar and Marianne Su-Ling Brooks
36.2.1 Solid sorbent-based Abbreviations 747
microextraction 712 38.1 Introduction 747
36.2.2 Solid-phase microextraction 712 38.2 Natural deep eutectic solvents 749
36.2.3 Stir bar sorptive extraction 713 38.3 Natural pigments from agri-processing
36.2.4 Liquid-phase microextraction waste 751
techniques 715 38.3.1 Anthocyanins 753
36.2.5 Dispersive liquid liquid 38.3.2 Carotenoids 759
microextraction 715 38.3.3 Carthamine 759
36.2.6 Microextraction with deep eutectic 38.3.4 Curcumin 760
solvents and ionic liquids 718 38.4 Other antioxidant compounds from
36.2.7 Dispersive liquid liquid agri-processing waste 760
microextraction-solidified floating 38.4.1 Olive processing 761
organic droplets 718 38.4.2 Onion processing 767
36.3 Conclusion, opportunities, and future 38.4.3 Citrus processing 768
challenges 718 38.4.4 Coffee processing 768
References 719 38.4.5 Winemaking 769
38.4.6 Pomegranate processing 769
38.4.7 Miscellaneous 770
37 Superabsorbent materials from 38.5 Toxicity of NADES 771
industrial food and agricultural 38.6 Conclusion, opportunities, and
wastes and by-products 723 future challenges 772
Acknowledgments 774
Estefanı́a Álvarez-Castillo, Carlos Bengoechea, References 774
Manuel Felix and Antonio Guerrero
37.1 Introduction 723 39 Thermochemical and biochemical
37.2 Natural superabsorbent materials 724
37.2.1 Carbohydrates 724
treatment strategies for resource
37.2.2 Proteins 728 recovery from agri-food industry
37.2.3 Copolymers 729 wastes 787
37.3 Biodegradability of superabsorbent
Tharaka Rama Krishna C. Doddapaneni and
materials 732
Timo Kikas
37.4 Strategies to improve superabsorbent
properties in protein-based SAB 733 39.1 Introduction 787
Random documents with unrelated
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 Agriculture - Study Cards
Summer 2024 - Department

Prepared by: Associate Prof. Jones

Date: July 28, 2025

Chapter 1: Ethical considerations and implications

Learning Objective 1: Best practices and recommendations
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 2: Best practices and recommendations
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 3: Practical applications and examples
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 4: Key terms and definitions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 4: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 5: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 5: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 6: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 7: Current trends and future directions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 8: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 10: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Conclusion 2: Key terms and definitions
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 12: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 14: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 14: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 19: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Test 3: Case studies and real-world applications
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 26: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 28: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice 4: Key terms and definitions
Practice Problem 30: Practical applications and examples
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 33: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 35: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 36: Ethical considerations and implications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 38: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 38: Key terms and definitions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 40: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
References 5: Learning outcomes and objectives
Example 40: Key terms and definitions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 41: Historical development and evolution
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 42: Study tips and learning strategies
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 43: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 44: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 44: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 45: Practical applications and examples
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Conclusion 6: Interdisciplinary approaches
Example 50: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 52: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 53: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 56: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 56: Study tips and learning strategies
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 58: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 58: Ethical considerations and implications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 59: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 59: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Review 7: Learning outcomes and objectives
Example 60: Current trends and future directions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 61: Practical applications and examples
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 65: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 66: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 70: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Exercise 8: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 72: Case studies and real-world applications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 74: Practical applications and examples
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 75: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 77: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 78: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Results 9: Literature review and discussion
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 81: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 83: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 85: Experimental procedures and results
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 86: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 87: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 87: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 90: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Conclusion 10: Critical analysis and evaluation
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 91: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 92: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 98: Research findings and conclusions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 99: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Appendix 11: Ethical considerations and implications
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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