Communication Lab Manual-BECL404
Experiment No: 1 Date: …../…../…..
Amplitude Modulation & Demodulation
Aim: To design a high-level collector modulator circuit for AM signal generation.
Objective: To understand the principles of amplitude modulation and demodulation
Apparatus Required:
Quantity
Sl. No Components
1 Transistor SL100 01
2 Resistor 22KΩ (pot), 47KΩ 01
3 Capacitor : 1µF, 0.1µF 03
4 Inductor 01
5 Bread board Connecting wire 01
6 CRO(40MHz), Signal generator(1MHz), DC supply(30V) 01
Circuit Diagram:
Demodulation
Waveforms:
Where, A = Vmax and B = Vmin
From waveform modulation index, μ is given by
Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru Page 1
Communication Lab Manual-BECL404
Design: Reconstruction circuit: concider frequency of message signal as fm =100 Hz, this is the cutoff frequency of
LPF. Choose C = 0.1uF and find R using
Tuned Circuit frequency is carrier wave frequency fc=1KHz Assume capacitor =1uF then L= 25.33mH
√
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Communication Lab Manual-BECL404
Tabular Column:
Fc = _________Hz, Fm = ____________Hz
Modulation Index Amplitude of Amplitude of
Vmax in Vmin in
Sl. No
Volts Volts
1
2
3
Note: Make sure Amplitude of carrier signal Vc is constant
Procedure
1. Rig up the circuit as shown in the figure.
2. Set the amplitude of c(t) = 2Vp and m(t) = 2Vp using different signal generator.
3. Set the frequency of message signal m(t) =100Hz & carrier wave signal c(t) = 1KHz to get the AM wave.
4. Tune the 22KΩ pot till get clear waveforms of AM in CRO.
5. Note down the Vmax & Vmin.
6. Calculate the modulation index µ along with values of Vm & Vc
7. Repeat step number 4 and 5 for various value of Vmax & Vmin by varying amplitude of modulating signal
m(t).
Outcome: Understood the principles of amplitude modulation and demodulation
Result: The AM signal is generated and observed on the oscilloscope and Compared the demodulated
signal with the original message signal for resemblance.
Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru Page 3
Communication Lab Manual-BECL404
Experiment No: 2 Date: …../…../…..
Balanced Modulator
Aim: To test the functionality of a balanced modulator using IC - 1496
Objective: To study the characteristics of a double sideband suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) signal.
Apparatus Required:
Sl
Components Quantity
No
1 IC-1496, 3.9kΩ-(2), 47 kΩ-(2), 22 kΩ-(2), 1 kΩ-(1), 6.8 kΩ-(1)
2 Bread board, Connecting wire 01
3 CRO (40MHz), Signal generator(1MHz), DC supply(30V) 01
IC 1496 Pin Diagram Circuit Diagram:
Waveforms
Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru Page 4
Communication Lab Manual-BECL404
Procedure
1. Connections are made as shown in figure
2. Apply modulating signal (Sine Wave Vm =2Vp-p) with frequency fm = 1K Hz, and carrier signal (Square Wave
Vc = 5Vp-p) with frequency fc = 10 KHz (fc = 10fm).
3. Observe the phase reversal of 180o at each Zero Crossing modulating signal in the output DSBSC signal.
Outcome: Understood the characteristics of double sideband suppressed carrier (DSB-SC)
Result: Observed the DSB-SC signal on the oscilloscope.
Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru Page 5
Communication Lab Manual-BECL404
Experiment No: 3 Date: …../…../…..
Frequency Modulation and Demodulation
Aim: To design a frequency modulator using a Voltage-Controlled Oscillator (VCO) (IC566) and to
demodulate FM using a Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) (IC565).
Objective: To understand the principles of Frequency modulation and demodulation
Apparatus Required:
Sl.
Components Quantity
No
1 PLL 565 01
2 Resistor, 12K, 12K, 1KΩ 01
3 Capacitor: 10uF, 0.01uF, 0.01uF 01
4 Bread board, Connecting wire 01
5 CRO (40MHz), Signal generator(1MHz), DC supply(30V) 01
Circuit Diagram:
Modulator Demodulator
Pin Diagram of IC- 565
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Communication Lab Manual-BECL404
Design:
Let +V=+12 V and -V=-12V
Let the Centre frequency of the FM be
Take C1=0.01µF. then we get, R1 = 12 KΩ
The value of R1 satisfies the required condition 2 KΩ < R1 < 20 KΩ, as per data sheet.
Take CC = 10 µF and R3 = 12 KΩ to couple the input to the IC.
For demodulation circuit, since center frequency is same as that of modulator, frequency determining components are
the same. Take same set of coupling capacitor and resistor. Take R2 = 1 KΩ, C2 = 10 µF and C3 = 0.01 µF
Waveforms
Tabular Column:
Ac in (v) Am in (v) Fmax in Hz Fmin in Hz modulation index ⁄
Procedure
1. Setup the FM generator circuit and apply 5Vpp, 1KHz sine wave input and observe the output.
2. Note maximum and minimum frequency fmax and fmin of FM output. Calculate frequency deviation
Calculate the modulation index 𝑚 ⁄ where fm is modulating signal frequency.
3. Set up FM demodulator and apply the FM signal to it. Observe the demodulated output.
Outcome: Understood the principles of Frequency modulation and demodulation.
Result: Observed the FM signal on the oscilloscope and compared the demodulated signal with the original
message signal for resemblance.
Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru Page 7
Communication Lab Manual-BECL404
Experiment No: 4 Date: …../…../…..
Pre-Emphasis and De-Emphasis Circuits
Aim: To design pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits and to plot their frequency response.
Objective: To gain the Knowledge of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis in improving signal-to-noise ratio in
FM systems.
Apparatus Required:
1. Resistors (1K, 7.5K & 6.8K)
2. Capacitors (0.1μF)
3. Function generators
4. CRO
5. Connecting Wires
Circuit Diagram:
Pre-Emphasis De-Emphasis
Procedure:-
1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram as shown in Fig.
2. Apply the sinusoidal signal of amplitude 20mV as input signal to pre emphasis circuit.
3. Then by increasing the input signal frequency from 500Hz to 20 KHz, observe the output voltage (VO) and
calculate gain 20 log (vo/vi).
4. Plot the graph between gain Vs frequency.
5. Repeat above steps 2 to 4 for de-emphasis circuit (shown in Fig.2). by applying the sinusoidal signal of 5V as
input signal.
Tabular column for Pre-emphasis :
S.No. Frequency (Hz) I/P Voltage Vi O/P Voltage Vo Gain in dB 20log(Vo /V i)
1
2
3
4
5
Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru Page 8
Communication Lab Manual-BECL404
Tabular column for De-emphasis :
S.No. Frequency (Hz) I/P Voltage Vi O/P Voltage Vo Gain in dB 20log(Vo /V i)
Model Graph:
Outcome: Understood the importance of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis in improving signal-to-noise ratio
in FM systems.
Result: Plotted the Frequency response and observed the expected behavior.
Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru Page 9
Communication Lab Manual-BECL404
Experiment No: 5 Date: …../…../…..
BJT/FET Mixer
Aim: To design and test a mixer circuit using Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT).
Objective: To Understanding the principles of mixing in communication systems.
Apparatus Required:
Sl. No Components Quantity
1 Transistor SL100 01
2 Resistors 47K, 10K, 470Ω, 2.2K, 22K, 10KΩ 01
3 Capacitors: 1uF, 47uF, 4.7uF, 47uF, 0.01uF 01
4 Bread board Connecting wire -
5 CRO (40MHz), Signal generator(1MHz), DC supply(30V) -
Circuit Diagram
Design
Note : Choose coupling cpacitors in such way that Reactance of coupling capacitors Xc1 and Xc5 should be less than
15Ω
Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru Page 10
Communication Lab Manual-BECL404
Tabular Column
Frequncy F1 in Hz Frequency F2 in Hz Output frequency in Hz
16Hz 14Hz
16Hz 13Hz
16Hz 12Hz
16Hz 11Hz
16Hz 10Hz
16 Hz 09Hz
Procedure
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Apply the input signals as mentioned in the circuit diagram.
3. Observe the output waveforms in CRO
4. Measure the output frequency, it has to be equal to
5. Repeat the steps 3 and 4 by decreasing frequency of V2 in the step of 1KHz.
Outcome: Understood the principles of mixing in communication systems.
Result: Observed signal with the mixed frequencies
Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru Page 11
Communication Lab Manual-BECL404
Experiment No: 6 Date: …../…../…..
Pulse Sampling, Flat Top Sampling and Reconstruction
Apparatus Required:
Sl No Components Quantity
1 n-EMOSFET (TRS740), OP-AMP( μA741) 1
2 Resistor 22KΩ, 10KΩ(POT), 47KΩ 1
3 Bread board, connecting wires 1
4 CRO, Function Generator and DC Supply 1
5 Capacitor 0.1uF (Electrolyte) 1
Circuit Diagram: Flat top Sampling
Re – Construction
Wave Form
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Communication Lab Manual-BECL404
Procedure
1. Before wiring the circuit checks all the components using multi meter.
2. As per design set the values and do the connections as shown in circuit diagram.
3. Set the carrier amplitude or sampling signal to around 4 Vp and frequency, fs = 1KHz.
4. Set the message signal amplitude to around 2 Vp and frequency, fm = 100 HZ.
5. Connect the CRO at the pin number 6 of OP-AMP and observe the waveform for both circuits.
6. Connect this output to the reconstruction filter and observe the waveforms.
Result:
Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru Page 13
Communication Lab Manual-BECL404
Experiment No: 7 Date: …../…../…..
Pulse Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation
Aim: To design and test a pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) and demodulation circuit.
Objective: To Understand the PAM technique and its applications in communication systems
Apparatus Required:
Sl No Components Specification
1 Transistor SL100
2 Resistor 22K, 10K,47K
3 Capacitor 0.1µF
4 Bread board Connecting wire --
5 CRO (40MHz), Signal generator(1MHz), DC supply(30V) --
Circuit diagram
Pulse Amplitude Modulation Circuit
Demodulation circuit
Design
Reconstruction circuit: concider frequency of message signal as fm =100 Hz abd this is the cutoff frequency of LPF.
Choose C = 0.1uF and find R using
Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru Page 14
Communication Lab Manual-BECL404
Waveforms
Procedure
1. Before wiring the circuit checks all the components using multi meter.
2. As per design set the values and do the connections as shown in circuit diagram.
3. Set the pulsed carrier amplitude to around 5V (p-p) and frequency, fc = 1 KHz.
4. Set the message signal amplitude to around 3 V (p-p) and frequency, fm = 100HZ.
5. Check the modulated and demodulated output waveform.
Outcome: Understood the PAM technique and its applications in communication systems
Result: Generated the PAM signal and observed on CRO and compared the demodulated signal with the
original message signal for resemblance.
Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru Page 15
Communication Lab Manual-BECL404
Experiment No: 8
Experiment No: 8 Date: …../…../…..
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
Aim: To design and test a pulse width modulation (PWM) circuit using IC555
Objective: To understand the principle of pulse width modulation (PWM)
Apparatus Required:
Sl. No Components Quantity
1 555 Timer 01
2 Resistors 01
3 Capacitor 0.1uF 01
4 Bread board , Connecting wire -
5 CRO, DC supply(30V) 01
555 timer IC Pin Diagram
Pulse Width Modulation:
Here 555 timer functions as Astable multivibrator for PWM
We have
Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru Page 16
Communication Lab Manual-BECL404
Where T is the time period of signal Choose R1 & R2 = 10K Ohms and C = 0.1uF
Waveform of PWM
Procedure
a. Make the connection as per Circuit diagram.
b. Set the M(t) = 2Vp and C(t) = 2Vp amplitudes using different signal generator.
c. Vary the frequency of M(t) =100 Hz and C(t) = 1KHz and adjust until we get proper output.
d. Observe the PWM output waveforms.
e. The output is taken at terminal 3 of timer 555 IC.
f. The wave is observed on CRO and Toff is noted during +Ve & -Ve peak of message signal M(t).
Outcome: Understood the principle of pulse width modulation (PWM)
Result: Observed the PWM signal on CRO.
Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru Page 17
Communication Lab Manual-BECL404
Experiment No: 9 Date: …../…../…..
Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
Aim: To design and test a pulse position modulation (PPM) circuit using IC555
Objective: To understand the principle of pulse position modulation (PPM)
PPM Circuit Diagram:
Here 555 timer functions as monostable multivibrator for PPM & Astable multivibrator for PWM
We have
Where T is the time period of signal Choose R1 & R2 = 10K Ohms and C = 0.01uF
Waveform of PWM and PPM
Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru Page 18
Communication Lab Manual-BECL404
Procedure
a. Make the connection as per Circuit diagram.
b. Set the m(t) = 2Vp and C(t) = 2Vp amplitudes using different signal generator.
c. Vary the frequency of m(t) =100 Hz and C(t) = 1KHz and adjust until we get proper output.
d. Observe the PWM output waveforms.
e. After getting PWM then the output of PWM is fed to triggering input of IC 555 timer to result is
PPM.
f. The output is taken at terminal 3 of timer 555 IC.
g. The wave is observed on CRO and Toff is noted during +Ve & -Ve peak of message signal M(t).
Outcome: understood the principle of pulse position modulation (PPM)
Result: Observed the PPM signal on CRO.
Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru Page 19
Communication Lab Manual-BECL404
Experiment No: 9 Date: …../…../…..
PLL Characteristics
Aim: To test a Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) Characteristics
Objective: To understand the principle of PLL
Apparatus Required:
Sl. No Components Quantity
1 CRO, Function Generator, Breadboard 1
2 Resistance: 10K 1
3 Capacitor: 0.01uF 1
4 RPS and connecting wires 1
Circuit Diagram
Model Graph
Pin
diagram of IC 565
Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru Page 20
Communication Lab Manual-BECL404
Procedure
a. Setup the circuit and observe the output at pin 4 or pin 5 and note down the VCO frequency. It is the
free running frequency f0 without any input signal.
b. Apply a signal input to pin 2 either a sine or square wave of 5Vpp, 1 KHz and vary its frequency
from low to high and note down fc1 and fL2.
c. Decrease the input frequency from a high value to low value and note down fc2 and fL1
d. Mark the obtained value on straight line. Calculate lock range fL = fL2 -fL1 and capture range fc = fc2 – fc1.
Outcome: Understood the principle of PLL
Result: Plotted and observed the Lack range and Capture range of the PLL
Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru Page 21
