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Microsoft
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Power BI
by Jack Hyman
Microsoft® Power BI For Dummies®
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2021952556

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Contents at a Glance
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Part 1: Put Your BI Thinking Caps On . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

CHAPTER 1: A Crash Course in Data Analytics Terms: Power BI Style. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
CHAPTER 2: The Who, How, and What of Power BI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
CHAPTER 3: Oh, the Choices: Power BI Versions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
CHAPTER 4: Power BI: The Highlights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Part 2: It’s Time to Have a Data Party. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

CHAPTER 5: Preparing Data Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
CHAPTER 6: Getting Data from Dynamic Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
CHAPTER 7: Cleansing, Transforming, and Loading Your Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Part 3: The Art and Science of Power BI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

CHAPTER 8: Crafting the Data Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
CHAPTER 9: Designing and Deploying Data Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

CHAPTER 10: Perfecting the Data Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

CHAPTER 11: Visualizing Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

CHAPTER 12: Pumping Out Reports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

CHAPTER 13: Diving into Dashboarding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Part 4: Oh, No! There’s a Power BI Programming

Language!. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
CHAPTER 14: Digging Into DAX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
CHAPTER 15: Fun with DAX Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
CHAPTER 16: Digging Deeper into DAX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
CHAPTER 17: Sharing and the Power BI Workspace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

Part 5: Enhancing Your Power BI Experience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

CHAPTER 18: Making Your Data Shine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
CHAPTER 19: Extending the Power BI Experience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343

Part 6: The Part of Tens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367

CHAPTER 20: Ten Ways to Optimize DAX Using Power BI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
CHAPTER 21: Ten Ways to Make Compelling Reports Accessible and
User-Friendly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379

Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
About This Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Foolish Assumptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Icons Used in This Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Beyond the Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

PART 1: PUT YOUR BI THINKING CAPS ON. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

CHAPTER 1: A Crash Course in Data Analytics Terms:
Power BI Style. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
What Is Data, Really?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Working with structured data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Looking at unstructured data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Adding semistructured data to the mix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Looking Under the Power BI Hood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Posing questions with Power Query. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Modeling with Power Pivot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Visualizing with Power View. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Mapping data with Power Map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Interpreting data with Power Q&A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Power BI Desktop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Power BI Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Knowing Your Power BI Terminology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Capacities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Workspaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Reports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Dashboards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Navigation pane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Business Intelligence (BI): The Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

CHAPTER 2: The Who, How, and What of Power BI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Highlighting the Who of Power BI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Business analyst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Data analyst. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Data engineer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Data scientist. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Database administrator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Table of Contents v
 Understanding How Data Comes to Life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Prepare. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Visualize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Analyze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Manage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Examining the Various Types of Data Analytics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Taking a Look at the Big Picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

CHAPTER 3: Oh, the Choices: Power BI Versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Why Power BI versus Excel?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Power BI Products in a Nutshell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Introducing the Power BI license options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Looking at Desktop versus Services options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Stacking Power BI Desktop against Power BI Free. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Examining the Details of the Licensing Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Seeing how content and collaboration drive licensing . . . . . . . . . . 39
Starting with Power BI Desktop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Adding a Power BI Free license. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Upgrading to a Power BI Pro license . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Going all in with a Power BI Premium license. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
On the Road with Power BI Mobile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Working with Power BI Report Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Linking Power BI and Azure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

CHAPTER 4: Power BI: The Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Power BI Desktop: A Top-Down View. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Ingesting Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Files or databases? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Building data models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Analyzing data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Creating and publishing items. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Services: Far and Wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Viewing and editing reports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Working with dashboards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Collaborating inside Power BI Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Refreshing data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

PART 2: IT’S TIME TO HAVE A DATA PARTY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

CHAPTER 5: Preparing Data Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Getting Data from the Source. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Managing Data Source Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Working with Shared versus Local Datasets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

vi Microsoft Power BI For Dummies

 Storage Modes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Dual mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Considering the Query. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Addressing and correcting performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Diagnosing queries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Exporting Power BI Desktop Files and Leveraging XMLA . . . . . . . . . . . 81

CHAPTER 6: Getting Data from Dynamic Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Getting Data from Microsoft-Based File Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Working with Relational Data Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Importing data from a relational data source. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
The good ol’ SQL query. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Importing Data from a Nonrelational Data Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Importing JSON File Data into Power BI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Importing Data from Online Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Creating Data Source Combos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Connecting and importing data from Azure Analysis Services. . . . 98
Accessing data with Connect Live. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Dealing with Modes for Dynamic Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Fixing Data Import Errors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
“Time-out expired”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
“The data format is not valid” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
“Uh-oh — missing data files” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
“Transformation isn’t always perfect”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

CHAPTER 7: Cleansing, Transforming, and Loading

Your Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Engaging Your Detective Skills to Hunt Down Anomalies
and Inconsistencies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Checking those data structures and column properties. . . . . . . . 105
Finding a little help from data statistics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Stepping through the Data Lifecycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
Resolving inconsistencies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Evaluating and Transforming Column Data Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Finding and creating appropriate keys for joins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Shaping your column data to meet Power Query
requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Combining queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Tweaking Power Query’s M Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Configuring Queries for Data Loading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Resolving Errors During Data Import. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

Table of Contents vii

 PART 3: THE ART AND SCIENCE OF POWER BI. . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

CHAPTER 8: Crafting the Data Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

An Introduction to Data Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Working with data schemas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Storing values with measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Working with dimensions and fact tables (yet again). . . . . . . . . . .136
Flattening hierarchies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Dealing with Table and Column Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Managing Cardinality and Direction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Cardinality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Cross-filter direction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Data Granularity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

CHAPTER 9: Designing and Deploying Data Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Creating a Data Model Masterpiece. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Working with Data view and Modeling view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Importing queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Defining data types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Handling formatting and data type properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Managing tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Adding and modifying data to imported, DirectQuery,
and composite models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Managing Relationships. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Creating automatic relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Creating manual relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Deleting relationships. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Classifying and codifying data in tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Arranging Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Sorting by and grouping by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Hiding data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Working with Extended Data Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Knowing the calculation types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Working with column contents and joins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Publishing Data Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

CHAPTER 10: Perfecting the Data Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

Matching Queries with Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Deleting unnecessary columns and rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Swapping numeric columns with measures and variables. . . . . . 169
Reducing cardinality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Reducing queries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Converting to a composite model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Creating and managing aggregations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

viii Microsoft Power BI For Dummies

CHAPTER 11: Visualizing Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Looking at Report Fundamentals and Visualizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Creating visualizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Choosing a visualization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Filtering data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Working with Bar charts and Column charts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Using basic Line charts and Area charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Combining Line charts and Bar charts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Working with Ribbon charts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Going with the flow with Waterfall charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Funneling with Funnel charts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Scattering with Scatter charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Salivating with Pie charts and Donut charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Branching out with treemaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Mapping with maps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Indicating with indicators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Dealing with Table-Based and Complex Visualizations. . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Slicing with slicers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Tabling with table visualizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Combing through data with matrices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Decomposing with decomposition trees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Zooming in on key influencers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Dabbling in Data Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Questions and Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

CHAPTER 12: Pumping Out Reports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

Formatting and Configuring Report Visualizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Working with basic visualization configurations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Applying conditional formatting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Filtering and Sorting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Configuring the Report Page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Refreshing Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Working with reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Finding migrated data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Exporting reports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Perfecting reports for distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

CHAPTER 13: Diving into Dashboarding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Configuring Dashboards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Creating a New Dashboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Enriching Your Dashboard with Content. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Pinning Reports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Customizing with Themes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Working with Dashboard Layouts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Table of Contents ix
 Integrating Q&A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Setting Alerts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

PART 4: OH, NO! THERE’S A POWER BI

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

CHAPTER 14: Digging Into DAX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

Discovering DAX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249
Peeking under the DAX hood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Working with calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Dealing with Data Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Operating with Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Ordering operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Parentheses and order. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Making a Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Ensuring Compatibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

CHAPTER 15: Fun with DAX Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

Working with DAX Parameters and Naming Conventions . . . . . . . . . 265
Prefixing parameter names. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Playing with parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Using Formulas and Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Aggregate functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Date-and-time functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269
Filter functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Financial functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Information functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Logical functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Mathematical and trigonometric functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Other functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Parent-child functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Relationship functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Statistical functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Table manipulation functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Text functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .285
Time intelligence functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

CHAPTER 16: Digging Deeper into DAX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

Working with Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Writing DAX Formulas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Understanding DAX formulas in depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Extending formulas with measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Comparing measures and columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

x Microsoft Power BI For Dummies

 Syntax and context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
The syntax of an expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Best Practices for DAX Coding and Debugging in Power BI . . . . . . . . 297
Using error functions properly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Avoiding converting blanks to values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Knowing the difference between operators and functions . . . . . 300
Getting specific. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .301
Knowing what to COUNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Relationships matter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Keeping up with the context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Preferring measures over columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Seeing that structure matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

CHAPTER 17: Sharing and the Power BI Workspace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

Working Together in a Workspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Defining the types of workspaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Figuring out the nuts and bolts of workspaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Creating and Configuring Apps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Slicing and Dicing Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Analyzing in Excel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Benefiting from Quick Insights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Using Usage Metric reports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Working with paginated reports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Troubleshooting the Use of Data Lineage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Datasets, Dataflows, and Lineage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Defending Your Data Turf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

PART 5: ENHANCING YOUR POWER BI EXPERIENCE . . . . . 325

CHAPTER 18: Making Your Data Shine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

Establishing a Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Rolling out the scheduled refresh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Refreshing on-premises data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Protecting the Data Fortress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Configuring for group membership. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Making role assignments in Power BI Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Sharing the Data Love. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Refreshing Data in Baby Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Creating RangeStart and RangeEnd parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Filtering by RangeStart and RangeEnd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Establishing the Incremental Refresh policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Treating Data Like Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Configuring for Big Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

Table of Contents xi
 CHAPTER 19: Extending the Power BI Experience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Linking Power Platform and Power BI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Powering Up with Power Apps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Creating Power App visuals with Power BI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Acknowledging the limitations of Power Apps/Power BI
integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Introducing the Power BI Mobile app. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Integrating OneDrive and Power BI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Collaboration, SharePoint, and Power BI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Differentiating between the classic and modern
SharePoint experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Integrating Power BI into SharePoint 365 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Viewing Power BI reports in SharePoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Automating Workflows with Power BI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Configuring prebuilt workflows for Power BI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Using the Power Automate Visual with Power BI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
Unleashing Dynamics 365 for Data Analytics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364

PART 6: THE PART OF TENS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367

CHAPTER 20: Ten Ways to Optimize DAX Using Power BI. . . . . . . . 369
Focusing on Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Formatting Your Code. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Keeping the Structure Simple (KISS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Staying Clear of Certain Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
Making Your Measures Meaningful . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Filtering with a Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Transforming Data Purposefully. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Playing Hide-and-Seek with Your Columns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Using All Those Fabulous Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Rinse, Repeat, Recycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376

CHAPTER 21: Ten Ways to Make Compelling Reports

Accessible and User-Friendly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Navigating the Keyboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Having a Screen Reader As Your Companion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Standing Out with Contrast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Recognizing Size Matters (with Focus Mode) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Switching between Data Tables and Visualizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
A Little Extra Text Goes a Long Way. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Setting Rank and Tab Order. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
It’s All About Titles and Labels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
Leaving Your Markers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Keeping with a Theme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387

INDEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389

xii Microsoft Power BI For Dummies

Introduction
D
ata is everywhere — no matter where you go, and no matter what you do,
someone is gathering data around you. The tools and techniques utilized to
evaluate data have undoubtedly matured over the past decade or two. Less
than a decade ago, for example, the lowly spreadsheet was considered an adequate
tool to collect, measure, and calculate results — even for somewhat complex
datasets. Not anymore! The modern organization accumulates data at such a rapid
pace that more sophisticated approaches beyond spreadsheets have become the
new normal. Some might even call the spreadsheet a dinosaur.

Welcome to the generation of business intelligence. And what does business intel-
ligence require, you ask? Consider querying data sources, reporting, caching data,
and visualizing data as being just the tip of the iceberg. Ask yourself this question:
If you had to address your organization’s needs, what would they be? Would tak-
ing structured, unstructured, and semistructured data and making sense of it be
part of your organizational requirements? Perhaps developing robust business
analytics outputs for executive consumption? Or, is the mandate from the leader-
ship the delivery of complex reports, visualizations, dashboards, and key perfor-
mance indicators? If you’re shaking your head right now and whispering all the
above, you are not alone.

This is what enterprises today, large and small, expect. And with Microsoft Power
BI, part of the Power Platform, you can deliver a highly sophisticated level of busi-
ness intelligence to your organization, accomplishing each of these business
objectives with little effort.

Power BI was initially conceived as part of the SQL Server Reporting Team back in
2010. Then, Power BI made its way into the Office 365 suite in September 2013 as
an advanced analytics product. Power BI was built around Microsoft Excel core
add-ins: Power Query, Power Pivot, and Power View. Along the way, Microsoft
added a few artificial intelligence features, such as the Q&A Engine, enterprise-
level data connectors, and security options via the Power BI Gateway. The product
became so popular with the enterprise business community that, in July of 2015,
Power BI was separated from the Office family, becoming its own product line.
Finally, in late 2019, Power BI merged with other Microsoft products to form the
Power Platform family, which consists of Power Apps (mobile), Power Automate
(workflow), and Power BI (business intelligence).

Introduction 1
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
 Meteorology - Mind Map
Spring 2025 - Program

Prepared by: Assistant Prof. Smith

Date: July 28, 2025

References 1: Theoretical framework and methodology

Learning Objective 1: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 2: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 2: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 3: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 4: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Best practices and recommendations
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 6: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 7: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 8: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 9: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Part 2: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Example 10: Practical applications and examples
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 11: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 12: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 12: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 15: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 17: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 19: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 19: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
References 3: Current trends and future directions
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 28: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 29: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Chapter 4: Theoretical framework and methodology
Practice Problem 30: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 31: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 31: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 32: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 37: Case studies and real-world applications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 38: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 40: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Methodology 5: Experimental procedures and results
Example 40: Case studies and real-world applications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 41: Best practices and recommendations
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 43: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 44: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 44: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
References 6: Research findings and conclusions
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 52: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 53: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 55: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 58: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
References 7: Interdisciplinary approaches
Practice Problem 60: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 61: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 62: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 63: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 64: Experimental procedures and results
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 67: Ethical considerations and implications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Unit 8: Critical analysis and evaluation
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 78: Historical development and evolution
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 79: Case studies and real-world applications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Unit 9: Case studies and real-world applications
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 81: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 82: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 85: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 86: Research findings and conclusions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 87: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 88: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 89: Best practices and recommendations
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Discussion 10: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 92: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 95: Study tips and learning strategies
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 99: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Review 11: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 102: Research findings and conclusions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 103: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 108: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Introduction 12: Fundamental concepts and principles
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 113: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 114: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 117: Case studies and real-world applications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice 13: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 121: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 121: Study tips and learning strategies
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 127: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 129: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Exercise 14: Interdisciplinary approaches
Practice Problem 130: Case studies and real-world applications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 134: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 137: Research findings and conclusions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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