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Landscaping
2nd Edition

by Teri Dunn Chace,

Editors at the National
Gardening Association, Philip Giroux,
Bob Beckstrom, Lance Walheim
Contributions by Michael MacCaskey,
Bill Marken, Sally Roth
Landscaping For Dummies®, 2nd Edition
Published by: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, www.wiley.com

Copyright © 2022 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Published simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Control Number: 2021953439

ISBN: 978-1-119-85348-0; ISBN: 978-1-119-85349-7 (ebk); ISBN: 978-1-119-85350-3 (ebk)

Contents at a Glance
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Part 1: Getting Started with Landscaping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

CHAPTER 1: Designing Your Landscape: The Birth of Your Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
CHAPTER 2: Thinking like a Designer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
CHAPTER 3: Forming a Working Plan: Getting Serious about Your Design . . . . . . . . . 35

Part 2: Building Hardscape into Your Yard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

CHAPTER 4: Taming Your Site. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
CHAPTER 5: Dealing with Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
CHAPTER 6: All Things Fences, Walls, and Gates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

CHAPTER 7: Creating Paths and Walkways. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

CHAPTER 8: Constructing Decks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

CHAPTER 9: Building Patios. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

CHAPTER 10: Enhancing Your Landscape. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

Part 3: The Planting o’ the Green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

CHAPTER 11: Barking Up the Right Tree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
CHAPTER 12: Bulking Up with Shrubs and Vines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
CHAPTER 13: Adding Color and Texture This Season with Annuals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
CHAPTER 14: Striving For Long-Lasting Beauty with Perennials and Bulbs . . . . . . . . 239
CHAPTER 15: Including Succulents and Containers for More Color and Texture. . . 259
CHAPTER 16: Covering Lots of Ground. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Part 4: Outside Factors You Can and Can’t Control. . . . . . . . 295

CHAPTER 17: Maintaining Your Landscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
CHAPTER 18: Dealing with Critters, Weeds, and Other Common Problems . . . . . . . 319

CHAPTER 19: Coping with Mother Nature and Weather. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

Part 5: Time to Add Flair to Your Landscape. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

CHAPTER 20: Contemplating Plans for Special Situations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
CHAPTER 21: Considering Theme Landscapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Part 6: The Part of Tens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
CHAPTER 22: Ten Ways to Make Your Surroundings Unique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
CHAPTER 23: Tens Ways to a Greener Landscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385

Appendix A: Landscaping Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391

Appendix B: English-Metric Conversion Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . 397

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
About This Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Foolish Assumptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Icons Used in This Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Beyond This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Where to Go from Here . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

PART 1: GETTING STARTED WITH LANDSCAPING. . . . . . . . . . . . 5

CHAPTER 1: Designing Your Landscape: The Birth
of Your Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Starting with Dreams — Create Your Wish List. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Gathering good ideas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Drawing within the Lines: Living with Practical Issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Making sure you know where your property lines are . . . . . . . . . . 12
Verifying whether you need permits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Considering children and pets’ safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Addressing water issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Designating storage areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Site Analysis — Understanding What You Have. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Drawing your site analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Knowing how much of your yard you can use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Walking through the space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Focusing on privacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Knowing when you’ll use your landscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Designing a Low-Maintenance Landscape. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

CHAPTER 2: Thinking like a Designer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Achieving Unity, Blessed Unity, in Your Landscaping Design. . . . . . . . 26
Focusing on Repetition in Your Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Playing with Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Getting Some Rhythm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Adding Décor to Your Design: How Many Pink Flamingos Are
Enough? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Paying Attention to Hardscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Keeping an Eye on the Details. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
The Goldilocks Theory: Choosing Plants That Fit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Layering Plants to Add Interest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Table of Contents v
 CHAPTER 3: Forming a Working Plan: Getting Serious about
Your Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Knowing What’s Already There — Making a Base Map. . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Ensuring you have the supplies to draw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Drawing your own base map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Overlaying Your Ideas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Putting Your Ideas on the Ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Big deals: Designating space for large elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Filling in the rest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Creating a Final Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Making a Shopping List. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Step 1: List plants and determine their cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Step 2: List and calculate the supplies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Step 3: Get hardscape estimates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Step 4: Make an itemized checklist. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Step 5: Consider tools you may need to buy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Step 6: Take a breath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Getting Ready. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Cutting your project into bite-sized pieces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Taking action before you break ground. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Preparing your property. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Doing It Yourself or Calling in the Big Guns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

PART 2: BUILDING HARDSCAPE INTO YOUR YARD. . . . . . . . . 55

CHAPTER 4: Taming Your Site. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Focusing on Construction Basics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
Looking at site challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Ramping up — a checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Understanding wood and its alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Identifying tools and supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Keeping safety front and center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Grading Your Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Laying Out Straight Lines and Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Stringing lines — The hub and tack method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Stringing out the rest of a shape. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Working with Slopes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Understanding challenges unique to installing retaining walls . . . 68
Positioning a retaining wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Installing a retaining wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

CHAPTER 5: Dealing with Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Routing Water and Improving Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Focusing on surface drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Installing subsurface drainage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
Returning water to the land — rain gardens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

vi Landscaping For Dummies

 Recognizing the Different Options of Watering Systems. . . . . . . . . . . .80
Watering cans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
Rain barrels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Hoses of all kinds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Irrigation systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

CHAPTER 6: All Things Fences, Walls, and Gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Fabricating Fences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Knowing what to consider before beginning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Choosing fence materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Building a basic fence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Working with Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Building a stacked stone wall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Building a mortared stone wall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Building a brick wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Building a concrete block wall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Going for Gates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

CHAPTER 7: Creating Paths and Walkways. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Getting Started. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Considering design and use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Deciding on materials and dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Building Paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Creating a gravel or crushed stone path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Making a walkway with bricks or pavers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Installing a concrete walk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Building a flagstone path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Stepping in Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Calculating step dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Planning your steps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Building steps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Installing a ramp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

CHAPTER 8: Constructing Decks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Understanding a Deck’s Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Starting with Building a Deck. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Developing a good deck plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Choosing decking material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Getting the Site Ready . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Preparing to attach the ledger board. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Installing the ledger board. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Prepping footings and piers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Completing footings and piers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Installing posts and beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

Table of Contents vii

 Installing the joists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Laying decking boards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Adding deck stairs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Adding deck railings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Finishing Your Deck. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Sides and undersides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Protective finishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

CHAPTER 9: Building Patios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Selecting Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Recognizing factors to evaluate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Considering your choices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Calculating how much material you’ll need. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Building the Base. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Installing the Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Installing brick, pavers, or flagstones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Installing a concrete slab patio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

CHAPTER 10: Enhancing Your Landscape. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

Adding a Raised Bed to Your Landscape. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Recognizing the details. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Building the raised bed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Making a Built-in Bench . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
An elegant, low bench. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Masonry benches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Building (or Buying) a Planter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Going with a wooden planter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Going with a masonry planter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Considering Hot Ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Installing a chimenea or fire pit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Installing an outdoor brick or stone oven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Planning a cooking center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Installing Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Illuminating your landscape. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Incorporating decorative lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Adding Wooden Support Structures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Growing up: Trellises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Putting arbors in their place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Installing a pergola or overhead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Utilizing a Shed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Storage sheds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
She sheds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Potting sheds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Pondering Water Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

viii Landscaping For Dummies

PART 3: THE PLANTING O’ THE GREEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

CHAPTER 11: Barking Up the Right Tree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

Choosing the Perfect Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Considering important details before making the purchase . . . . 183
Finding a healthy tree at the nursery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Making the case for native trees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Discovering Some Favorite Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Naming our shade tree faves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Listing our favorite flowering trees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Tagging top trees for small spaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Planting some fruit trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Looking at evergreen trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Steering clear of these trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Demystifying Tree Planting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Shopping for trees — pro tips. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Planting a tree in five easy steps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

CHAPTER 12: Bulking Up with Shrubs and Vines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Finding Out about Shrubs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Looking at design considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Making the case for native shrubs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Discovering Some Favorite Shrubs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Considering Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Colorful shrubs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Drought-tolerant shrubs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Evergreen shrubs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Fruiting shrubs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Shopping: Finding High-Quality Shrubs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Planting Shrubs and Hedges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Getting new shrubs into the ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Betting on hedges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Using Vines in Your Landscape. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Selecting a vine with a spot in mind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Choosing a vine with a purpose in mind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Selecting some fine vines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Considering some annual vines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Shopping for Vines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Planting Vines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Providing sturdy support. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Pruning and training your vines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

Table of Contents ix
 CHAPTER 13: Adding Color and Texture This Season
with Annuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Knowing What An Annual Is. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Cool dudes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
When it’s hot, they’re hot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Understanding Your Options When Buying and Planting Annuals . . 232
Transplanting your annual seedlings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Creating splashy flowerbeds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Foodscaping: Vegetables are the new annuals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

CHAPTER 14: Striving For Long-Lasting Beauty with Perennials

and Bulbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Creating a Perennial Border . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Listing Perennials by Season. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Spring bloomers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Summer stars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Autumn stalwarts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
The best long-bloomers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Growing native perennials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Discovering ornamental grasses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Shopping For Perennials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Buying locally. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Purchasing through a mail-order supplier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Planting and Pampering Your Perennials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Packing Beauty into Bulbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Discovering Some Great Bulbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Buying and Taking Care of Your Bulbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Planting bulbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Giving your bulbs some TLC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257
Fertilizing bulbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

CHAPTER 15: Including Succulents and Containers for More

Color and Texture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Including Super Succulents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Eyeing the many plusses that make succulents so easy to love. . 260
Discovering favorite low-growing succulents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Creating fun and fabulous vignettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Displaying in containers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Shopping and planting tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Caring for succulents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Examining the Containerized Landscape. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Tapping into the joys of container gardening. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Picking pots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

x Landscaping For Dummies

 Potting plants in containers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Working with thrillers, fillers, and spillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Caring for potted plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

CHAPTER 16: Covering Lots of Ground. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Getting a Fresh Start: Clearing the Way. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Calling Groundcovers to the Rescue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Top groundcover choices for sun. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Top groundcover choices for shade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Top groundcover choices for slopes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Top groundcover choices for wet areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Top choices between paving stones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Shrubby plants to cover the ground. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Planting groundcovers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Considering How Much Lawn You Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Recognizing what having a lawn means. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Choosing a lower-maintenance, lower-impact lawn . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Putting In a New Lawn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Choosing grass types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Seeding your lawn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Installing sod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Watering efficiently. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Buffering the borders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

PART 4: OUTSIDE FACTORS YOU CAN

AND CAN’T CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

CHAPTER 17: Maintaining Your Landscape. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

Bettering Your Soil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Cultivating living soil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Putting your soil to the test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Adjusting soil pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Incorporating amendments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Gardening with no-till methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Composting 101: Making Black Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Step 1: Locate a suitable spot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Step 2: Get a bin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Step 3: Set up your compost pile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Step 4: Start making deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Step 5: Layer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Step 6: Stir it up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Step 7: Harvest from below. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Feeding Your Plants — Which Type of Fertilizer to Use?. . . . . . . . . . . 309
Finding out what they need. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Figuring out the finer points of fertilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Deciding which choice is best: Going natural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

Table of Contents xi
 Giving Your Plants a Trim — Pruning 101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Editing Your Landscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Improving rather than replacing a plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Knowing when take out a plant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Taking out a plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Calling in a professional. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

CHAPTER 18: Dealing with Critters, Weeds, and

Other Common Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Discovering Natural Pest Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Avoid using pesticides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Know thy enemy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Be aware of the enemies of your enemy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Combat with care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Coping with Small Rodents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Dealing with Doe, a Deer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Choosing plants to deter deer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Trying home remedies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Considering anti-deer products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Fencing them out. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Grappling with Weeds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Avoiding the biggest mistake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Patrolling, inspecting, and suspecting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Considering alternatives to spraying — Try natural
weed control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
Considering other ways to fight weeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Handling Disease Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Preventing common diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Taking care of sick plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

CHAPTER 19: Coping with Mother Nature and Weather . . . . . . . . . 333

Peeking at Zone Maps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .333
Surviving Hot Summers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Surviving Cold Winters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Maximizing winter hardiness for plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Identifying and mitigating winter plant injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Being proactive with other winter-protection tactics. . . . . . . . . . . 340
Gardening in a Warmer World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Firescaping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Anticipating and recovering from flooding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Preparing for new plant choices and challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344

xii Landscaping For Dummies

PART 5: TIME TO ADD FLAIR TO YOUR LANDSCAPE. . . . . . 345

CHAPTER 20: Contemplating Plans for Special Situations . . . . . . . 347

Planting for Privacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Deciduous plants for screening. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Evergreen plants for screening. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Adding a Low-Water Garden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Trees that require less water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Shrubby plants that require less water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Drought-tolerant flowers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Getting Ready for a Dip — around a Pool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Designing a Hillside Rock Garden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Small trees for a rock garden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Dwarf shrubs for a rock garden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Small perennials for a rock garden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Considering Shade When Gardening. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Shade-loving plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356

CHAPTER 21: Considering Theme Landscapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363

Attracting and Nurturing Wild Creatures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Providing a Garden Space for Kids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Putting in a Kitchen Garden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Incorporating an Herb Garden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Establishing a Meadow Garden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Composing a Cottage Garden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
Finding Your Meditation Area with a Retreat Garden . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Making an Enchanting Evening Garden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374

PART 6: THE PART OF TENS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377

CHAPTER 22: Ten Ways to Make Your Surroundings Unique. . . . 379

Work on Your Front Yard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Reflect the Architecture of Your Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Go Native . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Coordinate with Neighbors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Design a Secret Garden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
Bring the Inside Out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
Have Fun with Accessories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Pick a Color Theme and Go For It!. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Mix Ornamentals and Edibles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Add the Element of Sound. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384

Table of Contents xiii

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 Journalism - Practice Problems
Summer 2022 - School

Prepared by: Associate Prof. Smith

Date: July 28, 2025

Methodology 1: Practical applications and examples

Learning Objective 1: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 2: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Key terms and definitions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 5: Ethical considerations and implications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 5: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 6: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 8: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Abstract 2: Theoretical framework and methodology
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 11: Current trends and future directions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 13: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 13: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 17: Study tips and learning strategies
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 18: Study tips and learning strategies
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Part 3: Historical development and evolution
Practice Problem 20: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 21: Key terms and definitions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 22: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 24: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 25: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 27: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Discussion 4: Critical analysis and evaluation
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 31: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 33: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 34: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 35: Literature review and discussion
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 36: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 38: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 38: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
References 5: Experimental procedures and results
Example 40: Current trends and future directions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 48: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Test 6: Learning outcomes and objectives
Example 50: Study tips and learning strategies
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 52: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 54: Literature review and discussion
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 55: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 55: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 57: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 59: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Module 7: Key terms and definitions
Practice Problem 60: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 65: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 68: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 68: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 70: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Part 8: Best practices and recommendations
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 75: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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