‭UNIT 1-FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER [17 MARKS APPROX]‬ ‭2 Marks Questions‬

‭ hat is Computer?‬‭A computer is an electronic machine that can store, process, and display‬
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‭data. It helps in performing different tasks like calculations, writing, and browsing.‬
‭Define System Software?‬‭System software is a type of software that helps the computer‬
‭work properly. It controls and manages the hardware and basic functions, like the operating‬
‭system.‬
‭Define Application Software?‬‭Application software is a program designed to help users‬
‭perform specific tasks, like writing documents, playing games, or editing photos.‬
‭What is Free and Open Software?‬‭Free and open software is software that anyone can use,‬
‭modify, and share without paying. Its source code is available to the public.‬
‭What is Operating Software?‬‭Operating software, or operating system (OS), is the main‬
‭software that runs the computer. It manages hardware and software and allows other‬
‭programs to work. Examples include Windows and macOS.‬
‭What is Mobile Operating Software?‬‭Mobile operating software is the system software that‬
‭controls smartphones and tablets. Examples include Android and iOS.‬
‭Differentiate between System and Application Software:‬

‭●‬ S ‭ ystem Software:‬‭Helps run the computer's hardware and manages basic functions.‬
‭Example: Windows.‬
‭●‬ ‭Application Software:‬‭Helps users perform specific tasks. Example: MS Word.‬

‭Differentiate between RAM and ROM:‬

‭●‬ R ‭ AM (Random Access Memory):‬‭Temporary memory that stores data while the‬
‭computer is on. It is erased when the computer is turned off.‬
‭●‬ ‭ROM (Read-Only Memory):‬‭Permanent memory that stores important instructions‬
‭for the computer. It cannot be changed and stays even when the computer is off.‬

‭ Marks Questions‬
5
‭What is the Application of Computer?‬
‭Computers are used in many areas to help people with different tasks. Some common‬
‭applications of computers are:‬

‭●‬ E ‭ ducation:‬‭Students and teachers use computers for online learning, research, and‬
‭creating assignments.‬
‭●‬ ‭Business:‬‭Computers help in managing accounts, creating presentations, and‬
‭communicating through emails.‬
‭●‬ ‭Healthcare:‬‭Computers are used for keeping patient records, diagnosing diseases,‬
‭and performing surgeries.‬
‭●‬ ‭Entertainment:‬‭We use computers to watch movies, play games, and listen to music.‬
‭●‬ ‭Banking:‬‭Banks use computers for keeping customer records, transferring money,‬
‭and providing online services.‬

‭What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Computer?‬

‭●‬ ‭Advantages:‬
‭1.‬ ‭Fast:‬‭Computers can perform tasks quickly, saving time and effort.‬
‭2.‬ ‭Accuracy:‬‭Computers give accurate results with fewer errors.‬
‭3.‬ ‭Storage:‬‭They can store a large amount of data safely.‬
‭4.‬ ‭Communication:‬‭Computers help in easy communication through emails and‬
‭video calls.‬
‭5.‬ ‭Automation:‬‭Computers can automate repetitive tasks, making work easier.‬
 ‭●‬ ‭Disadvantages:‬
‭1.‬ ‭Health Issues:‬‭Long use of computers can cause eye strain and back pain.‬
‭2.‬ ‭Dependence:‬‭People can become too dependent on computers for even small‬
‭tasks.‬
‭3.‬ ‭Data Theft:‬‭Sensitive information can be stolen if the computer is not secure.‬
‭4.‬ ‭Job Loss:‬‭Some jobs can be replaced by computers, leading to‬
‭unemployment.‬
‭5.‬ ‭Viruses:‬‭Computers can be infected by viruses, which can harm the system‬
‭and data.‬

‭Distinguish between Hardware and Software:‬

‭●‬ ‭Hardware:‬
‭1.‬ ‭Hardware is the physical part of the computer that you can touch, like the‬
‭keyboard, mouse, and monitor.‬
‭2.‬ ‭It is responsible for performing actions, like processing data or displaying‬
‭results.‬
‭3.‬ ‭Examples: CPU, RAM, hard drive, printer.‬
‭4.‬ ‭Hardware cannot work without software.‬
‭5.‬ ‭It is affected by wear and tear over time.‬
‭●‬ ‭Software:‬
‭1.‬ ‭Software is a set of instructions that tells the computer what to do. You‬
‭cannot touch software.‬
‭2.‬ ‭It is responsible for managing hardware and running programs.‬
‭3.‬ ‭Examples: Microsoft Word, Google Chrome, Windows.‬
‭4.‬ ‭Software depends on hardware to run.‬
‭5.‬ ‭It does not wear out, but it may need updates.‬

‭10 Marks Questions‬

‭1. What are the Components of a Computer System?‬

‭ computer system has two main parts: hardware and software. Both work together to‬
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‭perform tasks.‬

‭ ardware (5 marks):‬
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‭Hardware includes the physical parts of a computer that you can see and touch. The main‬
‭hardware components are:‬

‭1.‬ C ‭ entral Processing Unit (CPU):‬‭It is the brain of the computer, which processes data‬
‭and runs programs.‬
‭2.‬ ‭Memory (RAM):‬‭Random Access Memory is temporary storage that helps the‬
‭computer perform tasks quickly.‬
‭3.‬ ‭Storage (Hard Drive/SSD):‬‭This stores all the data, files, and programs on your‬
‭computer.‬
‭4.‬ ‭Input Devices:‬‭These allow you to enter data into the computer, like the keyboard,‬
‭mouse, and scanner.‬
‭5.‬ ‭Output Devices:‬‭These display the results from the computer, like the monitor, printer,‬
‭and speakers.‬

‭ oftware (5 marks):‬
S
‭Software refers to the programs and instructions that tell the hardware what to do. The two‬
‭main types of software are:‬
 ‭1.‬ S ‭ ystem Software:‬‭This software manages the hardware and basic functions of the‬
‭computer. The most common system software is the‬‭Operating System (OS)‬‭, like‬
‭Windows or macOS.‬
‭2.‬ ‭Application Software:‬‭These are programs designed for specific tasks, such as MS‬
‭Word for writing or Photoshop for editing images.‬
‭3.‬ ‭Utility Software:‬‭This helps maintain the computer, like antivirus programs and disk‬
‭cleaners.‬
‭4.‬ ‭Programming Software:‬‭This type of software is used by developers to write and test‬
‭code, like Python or Java.‬
‭5.‬ ‭Firmware:‬‭This is special software stored in hardware devices (like a printer) that‬
‭controls how they work.‬

‭ NIT 2-INTERNET SERVICE AND SECURITY MEASURE [15 MARKS APPROX]‬

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‭What is Packet Switching?‬
‭Packet switching is a method of sending data over the internet by breaking it into small‬
‭pieces called "packets." These packets are sent separately and reassembled at the‬
‭destination.‬
‭Define TCP/IP?‬
‭TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is a set of rules that allows‬
‭computers to communicate with each other over the internet. It controls how data is sent‬
‭and received.‬
‭What is Domain Name?‬
‭A domain name is the website address that people type in their browser to visit a site, like‬
‭www.example.com‬‭. It makes it easier to remember website addresses.‬
‭Define IP Address?‬
‭An IP (Internet Protocol) address is a unique number given to each device connected to the‬
‭internet. It helps identify and locate devices for sending and receiving data.‬
‭Define Web Browser?‬
‭A web browser is a software that allows you to access and view websites on the internet.‬
‭Examples include Google Chrome, Firefox, and Safari.‬
‭Explain Internet of Things (IoT)?‬
‭The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of smart devices, like phones, TVs, or sensors, that‬
‭are connected to the internet and can communicate with each other.‬
‭Define Smart Device?‬
‭A smart device is an electronic device that can connect to the internet and interact with‬
‭other devices. Examples include smartphones, smart TVs, and smartwatches.‬
‭What are Information Rights?‬
‭Information rights are the legal rights that allow people to control how their personal data is‬
‭collected, used, and shared by others, especially online.‬
‭Define Blockchain Security?‬
‭Blockchain security refers to the safety measures used to protect data in a blockchain‬
‭system. It uses cryptography and decentralization to make transactions secure and hard to‬
‭alter.‬
‭Define Phishing?‬
‭Phishing is a type of cyber-attack where someone tries to trick you into giving personal‬
‭information, like passwords, by pretending to be a trustworthy source.‬
‭Define Cyber Security?‬
‭Cyber security is the practice of protecting computers, networks, and data from‬
‭unauthorized access, attacks, or damage.‬
‭What is WWW?‬
‭The World Wide Web (WWW) is a collection of web pages and resources linked together on‬
‭the internet, which you can access using a web browser.‬
‭ hat is Malware?‬
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‭Malware (malicious software) is a type of harmful software designed to damage, steal, or‬
‭disrupt computer systems. Examples include viruses, worms, and ransomware.‬
‭What is Spoofing?‬
‭Spoofing is a type of cyber attack where someone pretends to be another person or system‬
‭by faking their identity, such as using a fake email address or website to trick users.‬
‭What is CAPTCHA Code?‬
‭CAPTCHA (Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart)‬
‭is a test used on websites to check if the user is a human and not a bot. It usually involves‬
‭typing letters from a distorted image or selecting images.‬

‭ Marks Questions‬
5
‭What is RFID?‬
‭RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is a technology that uses radio waves to identify and‬
‭track objects or people. It has two main parts:‬

‭‬ R
● ‭ FID Tag:‬‭A small device that stores information.‬
‭●‬ ‭RFID Reader:‬‭A device that reads the information from the tag without needing direct‬
‭contact.‬
‭RFID is used in many areas, such as:‬
‭●‬ ‭Inventory management:‬‭To track items in warehouses.‬
‭●‬ ‭Transportation:‬‭For toll collection and tracking vehicles.‬
‭●‬ ‭Security:‬‭For access control to buildings or rooms.‬

‭Distinguish between IPv4 and IPv6:‬

‭●‬ ‭IPv4:‬
‭1.‬ I‭Pv4 is the fourth version of Internet Protocol, used for identifying devices on‬
‭a network using a 32-bit address.‬
‭2.‬ ‭It supports about 4.3 billion unique addresses.‬
‭3.‬ ‭Example: 192.168.1.1‬
‭4.‬ ‭IPv4 addresses are running out due to the growing number of internet‬
‭devices.‬
‭5.‬ ‭It uses‬‭dotted decimal notation‬‭(four numbers separated by dots).‬
‭●‬ ‭IPv6:‬
‭1.‬ ‭IPv6 is the latest version, using a 128-bit address, which allows for a much‬
‭larger number of unique addresses.‬
‭2.‬ ‭It supports about‬‭340 undecillion‬‭(a huge number) addresses.‬
‭3.‬ ‭Example: 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334‬
‭4.‬ ‭IPv6 was created to solve the address shortage of IPv4.‬
‭5.‬ ‭It uses‬‭colon-hexadecimal notation‬‭(eight groups of four characters‬
‭separated by colons).‬

‭Define Privacy and Freedom of Information?‬

‭●‬ P ‭ rivacy:‬
‭Privacy refers to a person's right to keep their personal information, communications,‬
‭and activities confidential. It means controlling who can access and use your data.‬
‭●‬ ‭Freedom of Information (FOI):‬
‭FOI is the right of individuals to access information held by public authorities, such as‬
‭government records. It promotes transparency and accountability in public‬
‭institutions. People can request access to information, and the authorities must‬
‭provide it unless there are valid reasons to withhold it (like security concerns).‬
‭ hat is Cyber Security? Explain its principles.‬
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‭Cyber security is the practice of protecting computers, networks, and data from attacks,‬
‭damage, or unauthorized access. It helps to keep personal and sensitive information safe‬
‭online. The key principles of cyber security are:‬

‭●‬ C ‭ onfidentiality:‬‭Ensuring that data is only accessible to authorized people and‬

‭remains private.‬
‭●‬ ‭Integrity:‬‭Ensuring that data is not altered or tampered with by unauthorized persons.‬
‭●‬ ‭Availability:‬‭Ensuring that authorized users have access to data and systems when‬
‭needed.‬
‭●‬ ‭Authentication:‬‭Verifying the identity of users to ensure only trusted individuals can‬
‭access the system.‬
‭●‬ ‭Non-repudiation:‬‭Ensuring that users cannot deny actions they performed, such as‬
‭sending a message or making a transaction.‬

‭ hat is WSN and its applications?‬

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‭WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) is a network of small devices called‬‭sensors‬‭that collect‬
‭data from the environment and send it wirelessly to a central system for processing. Each‬
‭sensor monitors things like temperature, light, sound, or movement.‬
‭Applications of WSN:‬

‭●‬ E ‭ nvironmental Monitoring:‬‭Sensors can track climate conditions, air quality, or detect‬
‭natural disasters like earthquakes or floods.‬
‭●‬ ‭Healthcare:‬‭Sensors can monitor patient health, like heart rate and blood pressure,‬
‭and send data to doctors.‬
‭●‬ ‭Smart Agriculture:‬‭Sensors can track soil moisture, temperature, and other factors to‬
‭help farmers manage crops better.‬
‭●‬ ‭Security Systems:‬‭Sensors can detect intrusions, motion, or fire in buildings for‬
‭safety purposes.‬
‭●‬ ‭Industrial Monitoring:‬‭WSN can monitor machines and equipment in factories to‬
‭ensure they are working properly.‬

‭UNIT 3-CURRENT COMPUTING PARADIGM [10 MARKS APPROX] 2 marks‬

‭ efine Virtualization.‬
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‭Virtualization is a technology that allows you to create multiple virtual versions of a‬
‭single physical computer. For example, one physical server can run multiple virtual‬
‭machines, each acting like a separate computer.‬

‭ efine Edge Computing.‬

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‭Edge computing is a method where data processing is done close to the source of‬
‭data generation, rather than in a centralized data center. This helps in reducing‬
‭latency and speeding up responses.‬

‭ efine Green Computing.‬

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‭Green computing refers to using computer technology in an environmentally friendly‬
‭way. This includes energy-efficient devices, reducing waste, and recycling old‬
‭equipment to minimize environmental impact.‬

‭ hat is Big Data?‬

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‭Big Data refers to extremely large and complex datasets that are difficult to manage‬
 ‭ nd analyze with traditional tools. It often includes data from various sources like‬
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‭social media, sensors, and transactions.‬

‭ hat is Quantum Computing?‬

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‭Quantum computing is a type of computing that uses quantum-mechanical‬
‭phenomena, like superposition and entanglement, to perform calculations much‬
‭faster than traditional computers for certain problems.‬

‭ hat is Cloud Computing?‬

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‭Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services, like storage, processing, and‬
‭software, over the internet. Instead of using local servers or personal computers, you‬
‭use remote servers and services hosted online.‬

‭5 marks‬

‭ iscuss the Challenges of Big Data.‬

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‭Big Data presents several challenges:‬

‭●‬ D ‭ ata Volume:‬‭Handling and storing massive amounts of data can be difficult and‬
‭require significant resources.‬
‭●‬ ‭Data Variety:‬‭Big Data comes in different formats (text, images, videos) and from‬
‭various sources, making it hard to manage and analyze.‬
‭●‬ ‭Data Velocity:‬‭The speed at which data is generated and needs to be processed can‬
‭overwhelm traditional systems.‬
‭●‬ ‭Data Veracity:‬‭Ensuring the accuracy and quality of data is challenging, as Big Data‬
‭often includes errors or inconsistencies.‬
‭●‬ ‭Data Privacy:‬‭Protecting sensitive information from breaches or misuse is crucial‬
‭and complex.‬
‭●‬ ‭Scalability:‬‭Systems must be scalable to handle growing data without compromising‬
‭performance.‬

‭ hat are the use cases of Cloud Computing?‬

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‭Cloud computing has many practical uses:‬

‭‬ D
● ‭ ata Storage:‬‭Storing large amounts of data online rather than on local devices.‬
‭●‬ ‭Software as a Service (SaaS):‬‭Accessing software applications over the internet,‬
‭such as email and productivity tools.‬
‭●‬ ‭Backup and Recovery:‬‭Creating backups of data and recovering it quickly in case of‬
‭loss or damage.‬
‭●‬ ‭Scalable Resources:‬‭Scaling computing resources up or down based on demand,‬
‭such as for websites or applications.‬
‭●‬ ‭Collaboration:‬‭Allowing multiple users to work on the same document or project‬
‭from different locations.‬
‭●‬ ‭Big Data Analytics:‬‭Analyzing large datasets using powerful cloud-based tools.‬

‭Discuss the Benefits of Edge Computing and Green Computing.‬

‭●‬ ‭Benefits of Edge Computing:‬

‭1.‬ ‭Reduced Latency:‬‭By processing data closer to its source, edge computing‬
‭reduces delays, making real-time applications faster.‬
‭2.‬ ‭Bandwidth Savings:‬‭Less data is sent to central servers, reducing the amount‬
‭of data transferred over the network.‬
 ‭3.‬ I‭ mproved Reliability:‬‭Local processing means services can continue to‬
‭function even if the central server is down.‬
‭4.‬ ‭Enhanced Security:‬‭Data can be processed locally, reducing the risk of‬
‭exposure during transmission.‬
‭ ‬ ‭Benefits of Green Computing:‬
●
‭1.‬ ‭Energy Efficiency:‬‭Using energy-efficient devices and technologies helps‬
‭reduce power consumption.‬
‭2.‬ ‭Reduced Environmental Impact:‬‭Green computing practices reduce electronic‬
‭waste and minimize harmful emissions.‬
‭3.‬ ‭Cost Savings:‬‭Energy-efficient equipment and practices can lower operating‬
‭costs and energy bills.‬
‭4.‬ ‭Sustainability:‬‭Promotes the use of eco-friendly materials and recycling,‬
‭contributing to a more sustainable environment.‬

‭10 marks question‬

‭What do you mean by Cloud Business Model?‬

‭ cloud business model refers to the way companies provide and monetize cloud computing‬
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‭services. This model involves delivering computing resources, like servers, storage, and‬
‭software, over the internet rather than through traditional on-premises installations. Here’s a‬
‭detailed breakdown:‬

‭1.‬ ‭Types of Cloud Services:‬

‭○‬ ‭Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):‬‭Provides virtualized computing resources‬
‭over the internet. Customers can rent virtual machines, storage, and‬
‭networks. Example: Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure.‬
‭○‬ ‭Platform as a Service (PaaS):‬‭Offers hardware and software tools over the‬
‭internet, typically for application development. Developers use these tools to‬
‭build and deploy applications. Example: Google App Engine, Heroku.‬
‭○‬ ‭Software as a Service (SaaS):‬‭Delivers software applications over the internet‬
‭on a subscription basis. Users can access applications through a web‬
‭browser. Example: Google Workspace, Microsoft Office 365.‬
‭2.‬ ‭Business Models:‬
‭○‬ ‭Subscription Model:‬‭Customers pay a recurring fee, usually monthly or‬
‭annually, to access cloud services. This model provides predictable revenue‬
‭for providers. Example: SaaS products like Salesforce.‬
‭○‬ ‭Pay-As-You-Go Model:‬‭Customers pay based on their actual usage of‬
‭resources. This model is flexible and cost-effective, as users only pay for‬
‭what they use. Example: IaaS services like AWS EC2.‬
‭○‬ ‭Freemium Model:‬‭Basic services are provided for free, but users must pay for‬
‭advanced features or higher usage levels. This model helps attract a large‬
‭user base. Example: Cloud storage services like Dropbox.‬
‭○‬ ‭On-Demand Model:‬‭Allows customers to scale resources up or down based‬
‭on current needs, providing flexibility and efficiency. Example: Cloud-based‬
‭hosting services.‬
‭3.‬ ‭Benefits of the Cloud Business Model:‬
‭○‬ ‭Cost Efficiency:‬‭Reduces the need for significant upfront capital investment in‬
‭hardware and infrastructure. Customers pay only for the resources they use.‬
‭○‬ ‭Scalability:‬‭Businesses can easily scale resources up or down based on‬
‭demand, which helps in handling varying workloads and growth.‬
‭○‬ ‭Accessibility:‬‭Services are accessible from anywhere with an internet‬
‭connection, promoting remote work and global collaboration.‬
 ‭○‬ F ‭ lexibility:‬‭Offers a variety of services and pricing options to meet different‬
‭business needs and budgets.‬
‭ .‬ ‭Challenges and Considerations:‬
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‭○‬ ‭Security and Privacy:‬‭Ensuring data protection and compliance with‬
‭regulations is crucial as data is stored and managed off-site.‬
‭○‬ ‭Downtime and Reliability:‬‭Providers must maintain high uptime and reliability,‬
‭as any outages can affect customer operations.‬
‭○‬ ‭Vendor Lock-In:‬‭Switching between cloud providers can be challenging and‬
‭○‬ ‭costly due to different technologies and services.‬

‭UNIT 4-BUSINESS DATA HANDLING [10 MARKS APPROX]‬

‭1.‬ D ‭ efine Transaction Processing System.‬

‭A Transaction Processing System (TPS) is a type of computer system that manages‬
‭and processes transactions in real time. It handles daily operations like sales,‬
‭purchases, and payments, ensuring that data is recorded accurately and quickly.‬
‭2.‬ ‭Define Analytical Processing.‬
‭Analytical Processing refers to the use of computer systems to analyze and interpret‬
‭large amounts of data to support decision-making. It involves processing and‬
‭examining data to uncover patterns, trends, and insights, often using tools like data‬
‭wareho‬‭Define Data Mining.‬
‭Data mining is the process of discovering patterns, trends, and useful information‬
‭from large sets of data using techniques like statistical analysis and machine‬
‭learning.‬
‭3.‬ ‭Define Text Mining.‬
‭Text mining is the process of extracting meaningful information and patterns from‬
‭unstructured text data, such as documents or emails, using techniques like natural‬
‭language processing and machine learning.‬
‭4.‬ ‭Define Web Mining.‬
‭Web mining involves extracting useful information and patterns from web data,‬
‭including web pages, logs, and user behavior. It helps understand web content,‬
‭structure, and user interactions.‬
‭5.‬ ‭What is AI?‬
‭AI (Artificial Intelligence) is the field of computer science focused on creating‬
‭systems that can perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as‬
‭learning, reasoning, and problem-solving.‬
‭6.‬ ‭Define Intelligent Agents.‬
‭Intelligent agents are software programs that perform tasks or make decisions on‬
‭behalf of users by using artificial intelligence. They can adapt to changing‬
‭environments and learn from their experiences, such as virtual assistants or‬
‭automated trading systems.‬
‭7.‬ ‭Define Intelligent Agents.‬

I‭ntelligent agents are software programs that perform tasks or make decisions on behalf of‬
‭users by using artificial intelligence. They can adapt to changing environments and learn‬
‭from their experiences, such as virtual assistants or automated trading systems.‬

‭5 Marks Questions‬

‭ iscuss the Techniques of OLAP (Online Analytical Processing):‬‭OLAP techniques‬

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‭are used to analyze multidimensional data from multiple perspectives. Key‬
‭techniques include:‬
‭●‬ S ‭ lice and Dice:‬‭Allows users to view data from different angles or perspectives, such‬
‭as focusing on a specific time period or geographic region.‬
‭●‬ ‭Drill-Down and Roll-Up:‬‭Drill-down involves breaking down data into more detail,‬
‭while roll-up aggregates data into summary levels.‬
‭●‬ ‭Pivoting:‬‭Rotates data to see it from different viewpoints, such as changing the axes‬
‭in a data table.‬
‭●‬ ‭Data Cubes:‬‭Multi-dimensional arrays of data that provide a way to view and analyze‬
‭data across multiple dimensions, such as time, geography, and product categories.‬

‭ iscuss the Importance of AI (Artificial Intelligence):‬‭AI is crucial for several‬

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‭reasons:‬

‭●‬ A ‭ utomation:‬‭AI automates repetitive tasks, increasing efficiency and reducing human‬
‭error.‬
‭●‬ ‭Decision-Making:‬‭AI helps in making data-driven decisions by analyzing large‬
‭volumes of data quickly.‬
‭●‬ ‭Personalization:‬‭AI enables personalized experiences, such as tailored‬
‭recommendations and targeted advertising.‬
‭●‬ ‭Innovation:‬‭AI drives innovation in various fields, including healthcare, finance, and‬
‭transportation, by solving complex problems and creating new opportunities.‬
‭●‬ ‭Problem Solving:‬‭AI provides solutions to challenging problems, such as predicting‬
‭diseases or optimizing logistics.‬

‭Distinguish between Supervised and Unsupervised Learning:‬

‭●‬ ‭Supervised Learning:‬

‭○‬ ‭Definition:‬‭A type of machine learning where the model is trained on labeled‬
‭data (input-output pairs).‬
‭○‬ ‭Purpose:‬‭To predict or classify new data based on learned patterns.‬
‭○‬ ‭Examples:‬‭Classification (spam detection) and regression (predicting house‬
‭prices).‬
‭●‬ ‭Unsupervised Learning:‬
‭○‬ ‭Definition:‬‭A type of machine learning where the model is trained on‬
‭unlabeled data (only input data).‬
‭○‬ ‭Purpose:‬‭To find hidden patterns or groupings within the data.‬
‭○‬ ‭Examples:‬‭Clustering (grouping customers) and association (market basket‬
‭analysis).‬

‭ pplication of Machine Learning in Banking and Finance:‬‭Machine learning is‬

A
‭applied in various ways in banking and finance:‬

‭●‬ F ‭ raud Detection:‬‭Machine learning models analyze transaction patterns to identify‬

‭and prevent fraudulent activities.‬
‭●‬ ‭Credit Scoring:‬‭Predictive models assess the creditworthiness of individuals by‬
‭analyzing their financial history and behavior.‬
‭●‬ ‭Algorithmic Trading:‬‭Machine learning algorithms analyze market data to make‬
‭trading decisions and execute transactions at high speeds.‬
‭●‬ ‭Customer Service:‬‭AI-driven chatbots and virtual assistants provide customer‬
‭support and handle inquiries efficiently.‬
‭●‬ ‭Risk Management:‬‭Machine learning helps in predicting and managing financial risks‬
‭by analyzing market trends and financial data.‬

‭10 Marks Questions‬

‭ hat is ERP and Why Is It Important for Business?‬
W
‭ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning):‬
‭ERP is a type of software that helps businesses manage and integrate their core operations‬
‭into one unified system. It includes modules for various business functions like finance,‬
‭human resources, manufacturing, supply chain management, and customer relationship‬
‭management.‬
‭Importance of ERP for Business:‬

‭●‬ I‭ ntegration:‬‭ERP systems integrate different business functions into a single system,‬
‭allowing for seamless data flow and communication between departments.‬
‭●‬ ‭Efficiency:‬‭By automating routine tasks and streamlining processes, ERP reduces‬
‭manual work, minimizes errors, and improves overall operational efficiency.‬
‭●‬ ‭Data Accuracy:‬‭Centralized data storage ensures that all departments use consistent‬
‭and accurate information, enhancing decision-making and reducing discrepancies.‬
‭●‬ ‭Real-Time Reporting:‬‭ERP provides real-time data and reporting capabilities, helping‬
‭businesses monitor performance, track key metrics, and make informed decisions‬
‭quickly.‬
‭●‬ ‭Cost Savings:‬‭Improved efficiency and reduced duplication of effort can lead to‬
‭significant cost savings. ERP systems also help in managing resources more‬
‭effectively.‬
‭●‬ ‭Scalability:‬‭ERP systems can grow with the business, accommodating new‬
‭processes, additional users, and expanded operations without requiring major‬
‭changes to the system.‬
‭●‬ ‭Compliance:‬‭ERP systems help businesses adhere to regulatory requirements and‬
‭industry standards by maintaining accurate records and generating necessary‬
‭reports.‬

‭ hat is Business Data Handling and Its Use Cases?‬

W
‭Business Data Handling:‬
‭Business data handling refers to the processes and methods used to collect, store, manage,‬
‭analyze, and utilize data within a business. Effective data handling ensures that data is‬
‭organized, accessible, and used effectively to support decision-making and operational‬
‭efficiency.‬
‭Use Cases of Business Data Handling:‬

‭●‬ C ‭ ustomer Relationship Management (CRM):‬‭Data handling helps manage customer‬

‭information, track interactions, and analyze customer behavior to improve customer‬
‭service and target marketing efforts.‬
‭●‬ ‭Supply Chain Management:‬‭Data handling supports tracking inventory levels,‬
‭managing suppliers, and optimizing logistics to ensure efficient supply chain‬
‭operations.‬
‭●‬ ‭Financial Management:‬‭Proper handling of financial data enables accurate‬
‭budgeting, forecasting, and reporting, and helps in managing expenses and revenues.‬
‭●‬ ‭Marketing Analytics:‬‭Data handling allows businesses to analyze marketing‬
‭campaigns, track performance metrics, and identify trends to refine marketing‬
‭strategies.‬
‭●‬ ‭Human Resources Management:‬‭Data handling helps manage employee records,‬
‭track performance, and handle payroll, recruitment, and other HR functions.‬
‭●‬ ‭Product Development:‬‭Analyzing data on market trends, customer feedback, and‬
‭product performance can guide product development and innovation.‬
‭●‬ ‭Risk Management:‬‭Effective data handling helps in identifying and assessing risks,‬
‭developing mitigation strategies, and ensuring business continuity.‬
‭ NIT 5-IT ACT 2000 AND CYBER CRIMES [17 MARKS APPROX]‬
U
‭What is IT Act, 2000?‬
‭The IT Act, 2000 (Information Technology Act, 2000) is an Indian law that provides a legal‬
‭framework for electronic transactions, digital signatures, and cybercrimes. It aims to‬
‭facilitate e-commerce and ensure secure and legal electronic communications.‬
‭What are the features of IT Act, 2000?‬

‭●‬ L ‭ egal Recognition:‬‭Grants legal recognition to electronic records and digital‬

‭signatures.‬
‭●‬ ‭Cybercrimes:‬‭Defines and punishes various cybercrimes such as hacking and data‬
‭theft.‬
‭●‬ ‭Regulation of Certifying Authorities:‬‭Provides for the regulation and licensing of‬
‭entities that issue digital certificates.‬
‭●‬ ‭Electronic Governance:‬‭Facilitates the use of electronic means in government‬
‭processes.‬
‭●‬ ‭Cyber Appellate Tribunal:‬‭Establishes a tribunal for resolving disputes related to‬
‭cybercrimes and electronic contracts.‬

‭ hat is Digital Signature?‬

W
‭A digital signature is an electronic form of a signature that provides authentication and‬
‭integrity to digital messages or documents. It uses encryption techniques to ensure that the‬
‭signature is secure and that the document has not been altered.‬
‭What is Electronic Signature?‬
‭An electronic signature is a digital form of signing a document or agreement electronically,‬
‭indicating the signer's consent or approval. It can include scanned images of handwritten‬
‭signatures, typed names, or other electronic marks.‬
‭Define E-Governance.‬
‭E-Governance refers to the use of electronic means, such as the internet and digital‬
‭technologies, to provide government services, facilitate communication between‬
‭government and citizens, and improve the efficiency and transparency of public‬
‭administration.‬
‭What is Cybercrime?‬
‭Cybercrime refers to illegal activities conducted via the internet or using digital technology.‬
‭This includes crimes such as hacking, identity theft, phishing, and cyberstalking.‬
‭What is Offence?‬
‭An offence is an act that violates a law or regulation and is punishable by legal penalties. It‬
‭can be a crime or a misdemeanor, depending on its severity and the applicable laws.‬

‭ -and 10-Marks Questions‬

5
‭Discuss the Importance of IT Act 2000 (5 Marks):‬
‭The IT Act 2000 is important for several reasons:‬

‭●‬ L ‭ egal Framework:‬‭It provides a legal framework for electronic transactions and‬
‭communications, giving legal recognition to digital records and signatures.‬
‭●‬ ‭E-Commerce Facilitation:‬‭By validating electronic contracts and digital signatures, it‬
‭supports the growth of e-commerce and online business activities.‬
‭●‬ ‭Cybercrime Regulation:‬‭It defines and penalizes various cybercrimes, helping to‬
‭protect individuals and businesses from digital fraud and attacks.‬
‭●‬ ‭Data Security:‬‭The Act includes provisions for data protection and security, aiming to‬
‭safeguard personal and sensitive information.‬
 ‭●‬ G
‭ overnment Services:‬‭It facilitates the use of digital technologies in government‬
‭services (e-Governance), improving accessibility, transparency, and efficiency in‬
‭public administration.‬

‭ hat are the Functions of Certifying Authority as per IT Act 2000? (5 Marks):‬
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‭Certifying Authorities (CAs) under the IT Act 2000 have several key functions:‬

‭●‬ I‭ ssuing Digital Certificates:‬‭They issue digital certificates that authenticate the‬
‭identity of individuals or entities in electronic transactions.‬
‭●‬ ‭Certificate Management:‬‭They manage the lifecycle of digital certificates, including‬
‭issuance, renewal, and revocation.‬
‭●‬ ‭Verification:‬‭They verify the credentials of entities requesting digital certificates to‬
‭ensure their legitimacy.‬
‭●‬ ‭Maintaining Records:‬‭They maintain records of issued certificates and associated‬
‭information for legal and audit purposes.‬
‭●‬ ‭Providing Security:‬‭They implement and maintain secure systems to protect the‬
‭integrity and confidentiality of digital certificates.‬

‭ hat are the Duties of Subscribers? (10 Marks):‬

W
‭Subscribers (individuals or entities who use digital certificates) have several duties under the‬
‭IT Act 2000:‬

‭●‬ A ‭ ccuracy of Information:‬‭Subscribers must ensure that the information provided to‬
‭the Certifying Authority for obtaining a digital certificate is accurate and up-to-date.‬
‭●‬ ‭Protecting Private Key:‬‭They must safeguard their private key and ensure it is not‬
‭disclosed to unauthorized persons. The private key is crucial for signing digital‬
‭transactions.‬
‭●‬ ‭Timely Notification:‬‭Subscribers must promptly inform the Certifying Authority if they‬
‭believe their digital certificate has been compromised or if there are any changes in‬
‭their details.‬
‭●‬ ‭Compliance with Terms:‬‭They must adhere to the terms and conditions set forth by‬
‭the Certifying Authority and the IT Act 2000 for using digital certificates.‬
‭●‬ ‭Revocation Requests:‬‭They should request the revocation of their digital certificate if‬
‭it is no longer needed or if they suspect it has been misused.‬

‭ hat are Digital Signature Certificates? (10 Marks):‬

W
‭Digital Signature Certificates (DSCs) are electronic documents used to verify the identity of‬
‭individuals or entities in digital transactions. They serve several purposes:‬

‭●‬ A ‭ uthentication:‬‭DSCs authenticate the identity of the signatory, ensuring that the‬
‭digital signature belongs to the claimed person or organization.‬
‭●‬ ‭Integrity:‬‭They ensure that the data or document has not been altered after signing.‬
‭Any change in the document after signing invalidates the digital signature.‬
‭●‬ ‭Non-Repudiation:‬‭DSCs provide proof that the signatory cannot deny their‬
‭involvement in the transaction or document, providing legal evidence of agreement.‬
‭●‬ ‭Components:‬‭A DSC typically includes the signatory's name, email address, public‬
‭key, and the Certifying Authority's details. It is issued by a Certifying Authority after‬
‭verifying the signatory's credentials.‬
‭●‬ ‭Usage:‬‭DSCs are used in various applications, including signing emails, electronic‬
‭documents, online transactions, and government forms. They enhance security and‬
‭trust in digital communications and transactions.‬