Case IH Tractor 2120, 2130, 2140 2150

Pro Operator's Manual_6-5390

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purpose it is used in the form of solution, ointment, or plaster. Internally, in small
doses ( 1⁄ 16 to 1⁄ 8, or even 1⁄ 6 gr.), it acts as a diaphoretic and expectorant; in
somewhat larger doses ( 1⁄ 6 to 1⁄ 2 gr.) it excites nausea, and sometimes
vomiting, occasioning depression and relaxation, especially of the muscular fibre;
in larger doses (1 to 2 or 3 gr.) it acts as an emetic and sudorific (and often as a
purge), depressing the nervous functions, and producing a feeling of feebleness,
exhaustion, and relaxation, greater than that caused by other emetics; in certain
doses ( 1⁄ 2 to 3, or even 4 gr.), it is used as a sedative and antiphlogistic, to
reduce the force of the circulation, &c.; in excessive doses it acts as an irritant
poison, and has in some instances caused death; and even small doses,
frequently administered and long continued, have brought on a state of
weakness, prostration, and distaste for food, which has led to a fatal
termination. It is usually exhibited dissolved in distilled water, either with or
without the addition of a little simple syrup. In acute rheumatism, inflammation
of the lungs or pleura, chorea, hydrocephalus, and apoplexy, it is said to have
been given in doses of 2 to 4, or even 6 gr., with advantage, by Laennec, Rasori,
and others; but these extreme doses are not always safe, and cannot be
commendable when smaller ones ( 1⁄ 4 to 1⁄ 2 gr., repeated every two hours)
appear equally beneficial, and distress the patient less.[73] In doses of 1⁄ 2 gr. to
3⁄ 4 gr. each, combined with calomel, it is a powerful and excellent alterative in
acute rheumatism and many skin diseases. Of all our sudorifics it is perhaps the
most valuable, and the one most generally available. Triturated with 16 to 20
times its weight of sulphate of potassa, it forms an excellent substitute for
antimonial powder and James’s powder, as a diaphoretic, in doses of 2 to 4 gr.
[73] “In consequence of the violent vomiting” (and it might be added—prostration)
“which (even) 1 gr. has sometimes produced, I have found patients positively refuse
to continue the use of the medicine.” Pereira ‘Th. & M. M.,’ 4th ed., i, 752.

Whenever much gastric or intestinal irritation is present, tartar emetic

should be avoided, or very cautiously administered, and then combined with an
opiate, or some other sedative. It should also be given with caution to children;
as, according to Messrs Goodlad and Noble, even in small doses it sometimes
acts as a poison on them.
In veterinary medicine it is employed to promote diaphoresis and
expectoration, and to reduce arterial action, particularly in fevers, and catarrhal
affections, the dose for HORSES being 20 gr. to 1 dr., or even occasionally 1 1⁄ 2 dr.,
in gruel, thrice daily; also sometimes as a diuretic and vermifuge, in doses of 1
to 2 dr., combined with tin-filings, for 2 or 3 successive days, followed by a purge
of aloes. The usual dose for CATTLE is 20 gr. to 1 dr.; SHEEP, 5 or 6 to 20 gr.; SWINE
(chiefly as an emetic), 2 to 5 or 6 gr.; DOGS (chiefly as an emetic), 1 to 3 gr. It is
sometimes, though seldom, used externally, as a counter-irritant, in chest
affections, &c.; but its employment thus requires caution.
Pois., &c. That from large doses has been already noticed under ANTIMONY
(which see). In poisoning the treatment is the entire disuse of all antimonials,
followed by tonics, a light nutritious diet, the use of lemon-juice or ripe fruit, a
little wine, warm baths, and mild restoratives generally.
Antimony, Tar′tarised. See Antimony, Tartarated.
Antimony, Vit′rified. See Antimony, Glass of.

ANTI-MIASMATICUM. A disinfecting powder, manufactured first in Berlin

in 1866, and described as “prepared by steam.” Quicklime slaked with a solution
of sulphate of iron and mixed with turf ashes, also probably containing some
carbolic acid. Fluid anti-miasmaticum is a solution of sulphate of iron in impure
acetic acid. (Hager.)
ANTIPHLOGIS′TIC (-flo-jĭs′-). Syn. Antiphlogis′ticus, L.; Antiphlogistique,
Fr.; Antiphlogistisch, Ger. In medicine, the common epithet of remedies, agents,
and treatment (ANTIPHLOGIS′TICS; ANTIPHLOGISTICA, L.), which lessen inflammatory
action, or allay the excited state of the system which accompanies it. Of these
the principal are bleeding, purging, a low diet, cooling beverages (as water and
acidulous drinks), and sedatives generally.
ANTIPSILOTHRON, for preventing loss of hair (Hegewald, Berlin). A
brownish-yellow, clear, pleasant-smelling liquid, which consists of a filtered
extract of 2·5 grms. of nutgalls, with 50 grms. strong spirit and 30 grms. water;
perfumed with several ethereal oils. The liquid is not made turbid by dilution
with water. Sold in square bottles containing about 80 grms. The directions
strongly recommend the supplementary use of a Swiss “vegetable oil,” which
probably Switzerland has never seen. (Hager.)
ANTI-RHEUMATIC DROPS (Roll, Amsterdam). A turbid, dark-brown
liquid, which consists of a solution of spirituous extract of aconite in a decoction
of couch-grass root, and to which some tincture of opium with saffron and oil of
valerian have been added.
ANTI-RHEUMATIC SALVE, Mrs HUNGERFORD’S (Wedecke, Berlin).
Recommended for acute and chronic rheumatism, gout, and nervous pains.
Camphor, 1 grm.; carbolic acid, 1 grm.; simple cerate, 12 grms. (Schädler.)
ANTISCORBU′TIC (-skor-bū′-). Syn. Antiscorbu′ticus, L.; Antiscorbutique,
Fr.; Antiscorbutisch, Gut wider den scharbock, Ger. Good against scurvy. In
medicine, an epithet of remedies, agents, &c. (ANTISCORBU′TICS; ANTISCORBU′TICA,
L.), used in scurvy. Lemon-juice, ripe fruit, milk, the salts of potassa, green
vegetables, potatoes, meal-bread, fresh meat, and raw or lightly boiled eggs,
belong to this class.
ANTISEP′TIC. Syn. Antisep′ticus, L.; Antiseptique, Fr.; Antiseptisch,
Fäulnisswidrig, Ger. An epithet of substances, agents, &c. (ANTISEP′TICS;
ANTISEP′TICA, L.), that impede, arrest, or prevent putrefaction. The principal
antiseptics in common use are culinary salt, saltpetre, spices, sugar, vinegar,
carbolic acid, creasote, and alcohol; to which may be added intense cold,
desiccation, and the exclusion of air. Among ANTISEPTIC MEDICINES, bark, dilute
acids, quinine, wine, spirits, camphor, charcoal, and yeast, take the first rank.
See Putrefaction, Solutions (Antiseptic), &c.
ANTISPASMOD′IC (-spăz-). Syn. Antispas′tic; Antispasmod′icus, L.;
Antispasmodique, Fr.; Krampestillend, Ger. In medicine, an epithet of substances and
agents (ANTISPASMOD′ICS; ANTISPASMOD′ICA, L.) which allay spasms and convulsions.
It is frequently incorrectly applied to anodynes and narcotics, which soothe pain,
but do not repress muscular spasm. Ammonia, assafœtida, bark, camphor,
castor, chalybeates, chloral hydrate, chloroform, ether, Indian hemp and
cannabine, musk, opium, saffron, and valerian, with many other similar
substances, are regarded as antispasmodics.
ANTI-SPASMODIC SYRUP, for hooping-cough (Dessaga, Strasburg). A
pleasant syrup, leaving a slightly sharp taste, containing a little carbonate of
potash, and faintly coloured with rosaniline. (Hager.)
ANTISUDIN, a remedy for sweaty feet (Mandowski, Annaberg). Powdered
alum. (Hager.)
ANTS (ănts). See Ant, Formic Acid, Gardening, Insects, &c.
AORT′A [L., Ger.] Syn. Aorte, Fr. In anatomy, the main trunk of the arterial
system, arising immediately from the left ventricle of the heart, and giving origin
to all the other arteries of the body, except the pulmonary artery and its
ramifications, which permeate the air-vesicles of the lungs.
AP′ATITE (-tīte). In mineralogy, native tricalcium phosphate (phosphate of
lime). It is found in Devonshire and Cornwall, and abundantly in Spain, whence
it is imported for use as manure, and recently particularly for the manufacture of
ARTIFICIAL GUANO. Its powder phosphoresces on burning coals. It differs from
phosphorite in not containing fluorine.
Apatite (phosphate of lime of similar constitution to bone-earth, Ca 3(PO 4) 2)
is found in every fertile soil, and of which it is an essential ingredient.
 APE′′RIENT (ă-pēre′-ĕ-ĕnt; -pĕr′-, as marked by Mayne and Smart, though
etym. correct, is less usual). Syn. Aper′itive (-tĭv); Aper′iens, L.; Apéritif, Fr.;
Abführend, ÖFFNEND, Ger. In medicine, opening, laxative, gently purgative; usually
applied as an epithet to substances and agents (APE′RIENTS; Aperien′tia, Aperiti′va,
L.) which, in moderate doses, and under ordinary circumstances, gently, but
completely, open the bowels; and in this respect rank between the simple
laxatives on the one hand, and the stronger purgatives and cathartics on the
other. Among these may be named as examples—Aloes (when combined with
soap or aromatics), Castile soap, castor oil, compound extract of colocynth (in
small doses), compound rhubarb pill, confection of senna, cream of tartar,
Epsom salts, Glauber’s salt, phosphate of soda (tasteless purging salt), pil. rufi,
seidlitz powders, cold-water compress over the abdomen, &c. Several of these,
in larger doses, become active purgatives or cathartics. See Purgatives, also
Draughts, Mixtures, Pills, &c.
A′PIOL (-pe-ōle; or -ŏl). Prep. The soft alcoholic extract of parsley-seed is
either digested or agitated for some time with ether; after sufficient repose in a
cool place, the ethereal solution is decanted, and the ether removed by
distillation; the residuum is purified by solution in rectified spirit, and agitation
first with a little litharge, and next with animal charcoal; after which the spirit is
removed by distillation from the filtered solution.
Prop., &c. A yellow, oily, non-volatile liquid, having a peculiar smell, and a
highly disagreeable taste; soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform; insoluble in
water; and coloured red by strong sulphuric acid. Sp. gr. 1·078. In small doses it
excites the pulse and nervous system; and in larger ones it causes headache,
giddiness, vertigo, &c. It is said to be powerfully febrifuge, and has been highly
extolled by MM. Joret and Homalle as a substitute for quinine in intermittents.[74]
It has also been found useful in intermittent neuralgias and the nocturnal sweats
of phthisis. Dose, 5 to 15 drops, in capsules.
[74] According to Drs G. O. Rees and A. S. Taylor, 66 out of 116 cases were cured by
it in their practice; but according to the French Commission, the cures are only 42%,
and in many of these only temporary.

A′PIS. [L.] The bee. In entomology, a genus of hymenopterous insects of

the family anthoph′ila or mellif′era, section apia′′riæ. (Latreille.) The mouth has
two jaws, and a proboscis infolded in a double sheath; the wings are four; the
two foremost covering the hinder ones when at rest. The sexes are three—
prolific females or queens, unprolific females or workers commonly (termed
neuters), and males or drones. The females and working bees have a sting. The
honey or hive bee is distinguished from the other species of this genus by having
the femora of the posterior pair of legs furnished with a smooth and concave
plate on the outer side, and fringed with hair, forming a basket or pocket for the
reception and conveyance of the pollen of plants; and also in being destitute of
spines at the extremity. The Linnæan genus includes nearly 60 species. See Bee.
Apis Mellif′ica. [Linn.] The honey bee.
APLANAT′IC. In optics, applied as an epithet to lenses, of which the
figure, as well as the materials of which they are composed, are such that, with
a given index of refraction, the amount of aberration, both chromatic and
spherical, is insignificant, or the least that can be possibly obtained. See
Aberration, Achromatism, Lens, &c.
APLOTAXIS AURICULATA. Nat. ord., Compositæ. A plant growing in the
North Western Himalayas. It was first shown by the late Dr Hugh Falconer to be
the source of the Costus Arabicus of the ancients, which Dr Royle had previously
identified with the Patchuck or Koot root met with in the Indian bazaars. Dr
Irvine states that formerly, when opium was not produced in Rajwarra, this root
was extensively smoked as a stimulant. He adds, that it is said to be a narcotic
when thus used, and that formerly great quantities went to China for smoking
purposes. It is chiefly used as a perfume, as for protection of bales of cloth
against insects.
APO-. [Gr.] In composition, from; denoting derivation, separation,
opposition, or departure. It is a common prefix in words from the Greek, and is
etymologically the same as the latin ab-.
APOC′NYINE (-pŏs′-e-nĭn). Syn. Apocyni′na, L. A bitter, crystallisable
substance, found in apŏ′′cynum cannabi′num (Linn.), or the Indian hemp of
North America. See Alkaloid.
APOMORPHINE. Syn. Apomorphia. C 17H 17NO 2. A remarkable base,
obtained from morphia by Matthiessen and Wright. It is possessed of powerful
emetic properties. Introduce into a strong glass tube, closed at one end, 1 part
of pure morphia, and 20 parts of pure hydrochloric acid; these should not
occupy more than one fifteenth of the tube. Seal the open end, and place the
glass tube in another of cast iron, closed with a screw, and heat the whole in an
oil-bath at a temperature between 140° and 150° C., during three hours. After
cooling, the morphine has been converted into apomorphine, which can be
purified as follows:
The tube is opened, and the liquid it contains diluted with water and
neutralised by bicarbonate of soda; then an excess of this salt being added, the
apomorphine is precipitated with any morphia that may remain. The liquid is
decanted, and the precipitate is exhausted with ether or chloroform, which
dissolves the apomorphine only. To the ethereal or chloroformic liquor are
afterwards added a few drops of hydrochloric acid to saturate the base.
Crystallised apomorphine then separates spontaneously, and is deposited on the
sides of the vessel. These crystals are washed rapidly with cold water, and
purified by crystallisation from boiling water. The apomorphine can be obtained
by precipitating a concentrated solution of this hydrochlorate by bicarbonate of
soda; the precipitate is white, but turns green rapidly in the air. It should be
washed with a little cold water, and promptly dried to avoid this alteration.
AP′OPLEXY (-plĕks-e). Syn. Apoplex′ia, Apoplex′is, L. (from απο-πλησσω, I
astound, or strike down, Gr.); Apoplexie, Fr.; Schlagfluss, Ger. A disease so named
on account of the suddenness and violence of its attacks.
Symp. Sudden suspension or loss of the powers of sense and motion; the
heart continuing to beat and the lungs to act, but generally with difficulty. During
the fit the patient usually lies in a state resembling sleep, or the stupor induced
by drunkenness. In some cases there is paralysis of one side of the body, and
convulsions of the other. In the sanguineous or sthenic variety, or the one which
is most common, the pulse is hard and full, the countenance flushed and
bloated, and the breathing stertorous; in the serous or asthenic variety, the
pulse is feeble, the skin cold, and the countenance pale. “The presence of
convulsions is indicative of great danger.” (Dr Cheyne.) In both cases the patient
is generally found lying on his back, in a state of complete insensibility, which
defies every effort to arouse him; the eyelids almost cover the eyes, which are
fixed and devoid of intelligence, whilst the pupils scarcely change their
dimensions under the varying influence of light and darkness; the lips are usually
purple or very dark; and both the lips and nostrils have generally a slight
trembling movement communicated to them by the deep and laborious
breathing of the patient.
Treat. In this disease, more than perhaps any other, medical aid should be
immediately sought. In the mean time the patient should be placed in an easy
posture, in a well-ventilated apartment, and in the sanguineous or sthenic
variety, in as erect a position as possible; but in the asthenic variety, when the
face is pale, with the head and shoulders only moderately elevated. The
neckcloth should be removed, and the clothes loosened, and the head and neck
laid bare. Crowding round the patient should be particularly avoided, and a free
exposure to fresh air secured in every possible way. When medical aid cannot be
immediately procured, blood should be freely taken (say 15 to 20 fl. oz., or
more) from the arm, by any person competent to do so; unless the face be pale,
and the pulse feeble, when cupping at the back of the neck, or leeches behind
the ears, should be substituted for ordinary bleeding. Cold water should be
dashed on the head, the legs placed in pretty warm water, and blisters or
mustard poultices applied between the shoulders. In the mean time 8 or 10 gr.
of calomel may be administered, and its action subsequently promoted by the
use of saline purgatives and stimulating clysters. When there is a difficulty of
swallowing, a couple of drops of croton oil may be applied to the tongue; or it
may be poured on sugar, before placing it in the mouth. Indeed, this mode of
relieving the bowels should be adopted in all extreme cases, as soon as possible.
Emetics should be carefully avoided. The only exception to this rule is, when the
stomach is distended by a heavy undigested meal; when an emetic is hazarded
as the less of two evils. Nasal stimulants, as smelling salts or aromatic vinegar,
should also be avoided. If the bleeding has not afforded some relief, it may be
repeated in from 3 to 5 hours. When these means prove successful, the
remainder of the treatment may consist in the administration of mild purgatives
and diaphoretics, and the avoidance of stimulating food or drinks, and of other
like exciting agents.
Prev., &c. The premonitory symptoms of apoplexy are giddiness, pain and
swimming in the head, loss of memory, faltering in speech or using one word for
another, diminished sensibility either of body or mind, or both, drowsiness,
noises in the ears, specks floating before the eyes, nightmare, frightful dreams,
laborious respiration, heavy yet unrefreshing sleep, an inclination to sigh without
any moral cause, cramp in the legs at night when there is no irritation of the
bowels to account for them, &c. &c. When any of these symptoms occur
(especially in “free livers”) aperient medicines and a light diet should be at once
had recourse to, and wine, beer, and spirits avoided as the most dangerous
poisons. If the symptoms increase or continue, active purgation, a still lower
diet, and even bleeding may be had recourse to. Pure air, early rising, regular
habits, gentle muscular exercise, and loose, easy clothing, are powerful
preventives of apoplexy. By attending to the admonitions of nature, and
adopting the simple means which are within the reach of all, it is indisputable
that many fatal cases of apoplexy might have been avoided, and a still larger
number lessened in severity.
Robust, plethoric persons, with short thick necks, are universally accounted
the most liable to apoplexy. In them the fit generally comes on without warning;
and when once attacked with this malady they are especially liable to its
recurrence. But it must be recollected that the possessor of no particular
constitution or temperaments, to whatever class it may belong, enjoys immunity
from the attacks of apoplexy—a disease more fatal among Englishmen than the
natives of other countries.
Obs. A loss of consciousness exists alike in apoplexy, epilepsy, narcotism
from opium and opiates, complete intoxication, and common fainting. These
may be distinguished by observing that—in EPILEPSY there are almost always
convulsions, and more or less rigidity of the limbs, with (generally) foaming at
the mouth and gnashing or grinding of the teeth, and frequently, the utterance
of noises often not unlike the barking of a dog; whilst stertor and laborious
breathing, as a rule, are absent:—in the stupor produced by OPIUM, MORPHIA, &c.,
the face is pale, calm, and perspiring, and the respiration is tranquil and without
stertor; whilst the patient can, in almost all cases, be temporarily aroused to
consciousness and kept awake by being made to walk between two attendants;
the odour of opium or laudanum is also frequently perceptible in the breath or
ejected matter:—in the insensibility of INTOXICATION the pulse is usually feeble,
and the patient may be temporarily roused by violent shouting in the ear, or by
the application of nasal stimulants, particularly the common smelling-bottle (if
strong); and the breath, and ejected matter (if any), smells of liquor:—in
ordinary FAINTING the face and lips are pale, the breathing quiet, the pulse
scarcely perceptible, the limbs mobile, and the fit lasts only a few minutes.
Treatment for Horses. Give in the first place a strong stimulant internally,
and apply mustard embrocations to the belly and spine. Bleed, should the pulse
be small and indistinct.—In the parturient apoplexy of cows. Bleed in the very
earliest stage; give salts and croton; diluents; no solid food; let the body and
legs be rubbed and clothed; use catheter; apply ice and refrigerants to head and
neck; give frequent clysters of linseed gruel; remove milk every hour, and apply
rubefacients to the spine.
APOSEP′EDIN (-dĭn). A substance found in putrid cheese, and supposed to
be a product of the fermentation of caseine. Mulder and others have shown that
it is merely impure leucine.
AP′OSTEME† (-tēme or -tĕm). Syn. Ap′ostem†; Aposte′ma†, L. An abscess or
collection of purulent matter in any part of the body.
APPARA′TUS. [L., Eng.; class. pl., appara′tus; Eng. pl., appara′tuses—
Webster.] Syn. Appareil, Fr.; Apparat, Geräthschaft, Ger. In technical language, the
instruments, utensils, and mechanical arrangements, employed in any operation,
experiment, or observation, or in any art or trade.
Apparatus. In anatomy and physiology, a catenation of organs all
ministering to one general purpose or function; as the digestive apparatus,
respiratory a., &c.
APP′ETITE. Syn. Appeti′tus, L.; Apétit, Fr.; Apetit, Begierde, Esslust, Ger. The
natural desire of gratification, whether corporeal or mental. In physiology, the
instinctive inclination to perform certain natural functions, as those of digestion
and generation; but appr., the natural desire for food. In psychology and
philosophy, the APPETITES (pl.) are affections of the mind directed to general
objects, as fame, glory, or riches; these when subsequently turned to particular
objects, constitute the PASSIONS, as envy, gratitude, revenge, or love. In its
common and unqualified sense, the word appetite is confined to the desire for
food; and in that sense chiefly concerns us here.
The sensations of hunger and thirst are seated in the stomach, and their
recurrence at proper intervals is a necessary consequence of vital action, and is
essential to the existence of the body in a state of vigour and health. Any
alteration from their normal condition indicates diseased action of the stomach,
or of the nervous system or circulation; or it may result from vicious habits. A
healthy appetite for food is usually a most certain indication that nature requires
a supply; but in the indulgence of this appetite certain regulations should be
observed, and a boundary should be put to mere animal gratification. By slowly
eating and thoroughly masticating the food, the stomach becomes gradually and
equally distended, and the individual feels himself satisfied only after he has
taken a quantity sufficient for the nourishment of his body; but, on the contrary,
if the food be swallowed rapidly, and without proper mastication, it presses
heavily and roughly against the sides of the stomach, and induces a sensation of
fulness before a sufficient meal has been made. The consequences are, that
hunger soon returns, and the party must either have recourse to food between
the usual time of meals, or suffer the consequences of imperfect nutrition.
Exercise and labour, within certain limits, promote the healthy functions of the
stomach and bowels, through the action of the muscles of the abdomen
increasing the peristaltic motion of these viscera. An inordinate appetite in
persons leading a sedentary life is generally indicative of the food passing off
imperfectly digested, or of the coats of the stomach being relaxed, or even
diseased. More food is required in winter than in summer, in consequence of the
greater radiation of the heat of the body; and hence the increased appetite
which is usually an accompaniment of that season. In persons who lead a more
sedentary life in winter than in summer, either no change of this kind occurs, or
the reverse is the case; the want of exercise producing a diminution of appetite
corresponding to the increase of it that would otherwise result from the seasonal
change of atmospheric temperature, or even greater. Deviations of the appetite
from the healthy standard, or the normal condition, constitutes DEFECTIVE or
DISEASED APPETITE.

Deficiency or loss of appetite (AN′OREXY; ANOREX′IA, L.) generally arises from

disordered stomach; but is also frequently symptomatic of other affections,
particularly dyspepsia, biliousness, feverishness, and organic diseases of the
lungs, stomach, and primæ viæ. It is a common consequence of sedentary life,
and of extreme mental anxiety, excitement, or exhaustion. The treatment will
necessarily vary with the cause. In simple spontaneous cases the appetite may
generally be improved by outdoor exercise, and the occasional use of mild
aperients, especially salines and aloetics. When the affection arises from the
stomach being loaded with bile and crudities, an emetic in the evening, followed
by a stomachic purgative the next morning, with an occasional aperient
afterwards, will seldom fail to effect a cure. With heavy drinkers a gradual
reduction of the quantity of the strong liquors usually consumed is generally
followed by a restoration of the appetite and digestive powers. The change thus
gradually effected in the course of 8 or 10 days is often almost magical. The
excessive use of liquors—especially of spirits, wine, or beer, or even of warm
weak ones, as tea, coffee, soup, &c.—is always prejudicial. Hence drunkards are
particularly subject to defective appetite; and teetotallers and water-drinkers to
a heartiness often almost approaching voracity. See Bile, Dyspepsia, &c.
Depraved appetite (PI′CA, L.), or a desire for unnatural food, as chalk,
cinders, dirt, soap, tallow, &c., when an idiopathic affection or when depending
on vicious tastes or habits (as is often the case in childhood), it may be treated
by admixing very small doses of tartar emetic or ipecacuanha with the
objectionable food or articles. When symptomatic of pregnancy, a plentiful and
nutritious diet, including the red meats, with a little good malt liquor or wine,
may be adopted with advantage. When symptomatic of chlorosis, to this diet
may be added the use of chalybeate tonics, and sea or tepid bathing; when of
dyspepsia, a light diet, bitter tonics, free exercise, fresh air, and cold bathing, will
generally effect a cure.
Insatiable appetite (CANINE APPETITE, VORACITY; BULIM′IA, L.) is generally
symptomatic of pregnancy, or worms, or diseases of the stomach or the viscera
immediately connected with it; but sometimes exists as a separate disease, and
is even said to be occasionally hereditary. When it occurs in childhood, worms
may be suspected, and vermifuges administered. In adults, a common cause is
imperfect digestion, arising from stomach complaints or gluttony, when the
languor and gnawing pains of disease are mistaken for hunger. In this case the
diet should be regulated and the bowels kept gently relaxed with mild aperients,
and tonics (as bark and steel), or bitters (as orange-peel and gentian), may be
administered. When pregnancy or vicious habits are the cause, the treatment
indicated under DEPRAVED APPETITE may be adopted. When the affection is
occasioned by acidity in the stomach, an emetic, followed by the moderate use
of absorbents or antacids, will generally effect a cure. In those cases depending
on a highly increased power of the stomach in effecting rapid and complete
digestion, its contractile force and morbid activity may be often allayed by the
copious use of salad oil, fat meat, &c., by the cautious use of opiates, or by the
use, or freer use, of tobacco (either smoked or chewed, or both). A cathartic
daily, with a dose of blue-pill, or mercurial powder, every second or third day, is
also often advantageous. 25 or 30 drops of solution of potassa, in broth, twice or
thrice daily, has also been recommended. See Bile, Dyspepsia, Worms, &c.
APP′LE (ăp′l). Syn. Ma′lum, Po′mum, L.; Pomme, Fr.; Apfel, Ger.; Appel, Dut.;
Aple, Swed. This well-known fruit is the product of the cultivated varieties of
pyrus malus (Linn.), or the crab-apple of our hedges; a tree of the nat. ord.
Rosaceæ. The date of its amelioration from the wild state is probably very
remote, as several kinds are noticed by Pliny in a manner that would lead to the
inference of a high antiquity. Pippins, or ‘seedling improved apples,’ are said to
have been introduced into this country from the South of Europe towards the
end of the 16th century. Don enumerated 1400 varieties of the cultivated apple;
there are now probably above 1650. Rennet apples (POMA RENETTIA) are those
ordered in the P. Cod. to be used in pharmacy. In botany and composition, the
term apple (POMUM) is used to designate any large, round, fleshy fruit, consisting
of a ‘pericarp,’ enclosing a tough ‘capsule’ containing several seeds; as love-
apple, pine-apple, &c.
The wood of the apple-tree is much used in turnery; that of the crab-tree is
generally preferred by mill-wrights for the teeth of mortise-wheels.
The expressed juice of 1 cwt. of ripe apples, after the free acid has been
saturated with chalk, yields from 11 to 13 lbs. of a very sweet, but
uncrystallisable sugar.
Apples have been analysed by Fresenius, and were found to have the
following composition:—

Soluble Matter—
Sugar 7·58
Free acid (reduced to equivalent in malic acid) 1·04
Albuminous substance 0·22
Pectous substances, &c. 2·72
Ash 0·44
Insoluble Matter—
Seeds 0·38
Skins 1·44
Pectose 1·14
[Ash from insoluble matter included in weights given] [0·13]
Water 85·04
———
100·00
 Love′-apple‡. The tomato.
Mad′-apple‡. The larger Mecca or Bussorah gall. They are also called Dead-
sea apples, a. of Sodom, &c. See Galls.

Acid of Apples. Malic acid.

A′PRICOT. Syn. A′pricock † ; Armeni′acum ma′lum, Præco′tium, L.; Abricot, Fr.;
Aprikose, Ger. The fruit of armeniaca vulgaris (Lamb.; prunus armeniaca, Linn.), a
rosaceous tree indigenous in Armenia, Cachmere, &c., and now cultivated in
every temperate region of the world. Under the name of præcox it was known in
Italy in the time of Dioscorides; but it was not introduced into England until the
reign of Henry VIII (A.D. 1540). Its cultivation has since been zealously attended
to by our gardeners, and it is now one of the choicest and most esteemed of our
wall-fruits, and is particularly valued for desserts. It is reputed to be nutritious,
easy of digestion, laxative, and stomachic. The seeds are bitter and
saponaceous.
Apricots are principally eaten as gathered; but are also dried, candied, and
made into jam. In confectionery, the Brussels and Breda varieties are preferred
to the larger and sweeter kinds. See Fruit, Preserves, &c.
Apricots, Briançon′. The fruit of armeniaca brigantiaca (Pers.). Acidulous;
seeds or kernels, by expression, yield HUILE DE MARMOTE.
A′QUA (-kwă). [L.] Water.—Aqua destilla′ta or A. DISTILLA′TA, is distilled water;
A. FLUVIA′LIS or A. EX FLU′MINE (-ĭn-e), river-water; A. FONTA′NA, spring-water; A. MARI′NA
or A. MA′′RIS, sea-water; A. MINERA′LIS, mineral water; A. NIVA′LIS or A. EX NI′VE, snow-
water; A. PLUVIA′LIS, A. PLU′′VIA, or A. IM′BRIUM, rain-water, soft water; A. PUTEA′NA or A.
EX PU′TEO, well, pump, or hard water.

Aqua. In chemistry and pharmacy, this word was formerly applied to

numerous preparations and articles now included under other heads. See Eau,
Esprits, Hair-dyes, Liquors, Solutions, Waters, &c.
Aquafor′tis. [L.] Literally, ‘strong water,’ the name given by the alchemists
to the acid obtained by distilling a mixture of nitre and sulphate of iron. The
word is still commonly employed by mechanics and artists to designate the
impure fuming nitric acid of commerce, and is thus also retained in trade. By
these parties concentrated nitric acid is called ‘spirit of nitre.’ ‘Double aquafortis’
merely differs from the other in strength. See Nitric acid.
Aqua Amarella. A compound for hair-dyeing; is prepared with sugar of
lead, common salt, and water.
 Aqua Græ′ca, A. Orienta′lis. See Hair-dyes.
Aqua Mari′na. [L.] The beryl†.
Aqua Mirab′ilis†. [L.] Literally, ‘wonderful water,’ a cordial and carminative
spirit distilled from aromatics, and formerly reputed to possess many virtues.
Aqua Re′gia. [L.] Nitrohydrochloric acid, originally so called, by the
alchemists, from its power of dissolving gold.
Aqua Toffa′nia. [L.] See Acquetta.
Aqua Vi′tæ†. [L.] Literally, ‘water of life,’ a name familiarly applied to the
leading native distilled spirit. Thus, it is whiskey in Scotland, usquebaugh in
Ireland, geneva in Holland, and eau de vie or brandy in France. When the term
is employed in England, French brandy is understood to be referred to. See
Alcohol, &c.
Aqua Vitæ Aromatico-Amara. (F. Bolle, formerly J. B. Claude, Berlin).
Galangal ginger, āā, 2 parts; orange berries, European centaury, gentian,
cinnamon, angelica, āā, 1 part; alcohol, 30 parts; water, 26 parts. Digest and
filter. (Hager.)
AQUARIUM. A tank or vessel made of glass, containing either salt or fresh
water, and in which either marine or fresh-water plants and animals are kept in a
living state. In principle, the aquarium depends upon the interdependence of
animal and vegetable life. The carbonic acid evolved by the animals is
decomposed under the influence of solar light by the plants, and the oxygen
necessary for the maintenance of the life of the animals is thus eliminated,
whilst the carbonic acid essential to the existence of the plants is supplied by the
animals. The aquarium, therefore, must be stocked both with plants and
animals, and for the welfare of both, something like a proper proportion should
exist between them. But even under these conditions the water should be
frequently aërated, whether the aquarium contains fresh or salt-water. This may
be done by simply blowing through a glass tube which reaches to near the
bottom, or, still better, in the following manner:—Take a glass syringe which can
be easily worked. Having filled it with water, hold it with the nozzle about two
inches from the surface of the water in the aquarium, into which the contents
are to be discharged quickly and with a sort of jerk. By this means a multitude of
small bubbles are forced down into the fluid. This operation should be several
times repeated. A simpler method is to take out a portion of the water from the
aquarium and to pour it back again from a height. When, as not infrequently
happens, the aquarium is provided with a fountain, this of course ensures a
continual change of water; but even where this is the case the joint presence
both of plants and animals is advantageous to the health of both. When sea-
water cannot be procured for the marine aquarium a substitute for it may be
made as follows:—Mix with 970,000 grains of rain-water 27,000 grains of
chloride of sodium, 3600 of chloride of magnesium, 750 of chloride of
potassium, 29 of bromide of magnesium, 2300 of sulphate of magnesia, 1400 of
sulphate of lime, 35 of carbonate of lime, and 5 of iodide of sodium. These all
being finely powdered and mixed first, are to be stirred into the water, from
which a stream of air may be caused to pass from the bottom until the whole is
dissolved. On no account is the water to be boiled, or even to be heated. Into
this water, when clear, the rocks and seaweed may be introduced. As soon as
the latter are in a flourishing state the animals may follow. Care must be taken
not to have too many of these, and to remove immediately any dead ones. The
loss that takes place from evaporation is to be made up by adding clear rain-
water. The presence of a number of molluscous animals, such as the common
periwinkle, is necessary for the consumption of the vegetable matter continually
given off by the growing plants, and of the multitudinous spores, particularly of
the confervæ, which would otherwise soon fill the water, rendering it greenish or
brownish, and turbid. In a fresh-water aquarium the bottom should be covered
with a layer of fine sand and shingle, and in this the weeds should be planted.
The best for this purpose are valesneria spiralis, anacharis, and chara vulgaris. A
few water-snails should also be put in; the best are planorbis, paludina, and
amphibia glutinosa. One plant and two or three snails should be used for each
gallon of water put into the aquarium.
AQUATINT′A. [L., Fr.] Syn. A′quatint, Eng.; Acquatinta, It. A species of
etching on copper, producing an effect resembling a drawing in Indian ink.
A′QUEOUS (-kwe-). Syn. Aquose′*; A′queus, Aquo′sus, L.; Aqueux, Fr.;
Wässerig, Wässerhaltig, Ger. Watery; made with, containing, or resembling
water. In chemistry and pharmacy, applied to solutions, extracts, &c., prepared
with water.
AR′ABESQUE (-bĕsk). [Fr.] In the Arabian manner; more particularly
applied to a species of capricious, fantastic, and imaginative ornamentation,
consisting of foliage, stalks, plants, &c., to the entire exclusion of the figures of
animals. The designs of this class, now so much employed in cloth and leather
binding, are produced by the pressure of hot plates or rollers having the pattern
engraved on them. See Moresque.
AR′ABIN (-bĭn). C 12H 22O 11. [Eng., Fr.] Syn. Soluble gum; Arabi′na, L. The
pure soluble principle of gum acacia.
 Prep. Dissolve white gum arabic in pure water, filter the solution, and add
alcohol as long as it produces curdiness; collect the precipitate, and dry it by a
gentle heat.
Prop. &c. Very soluble in water; basic acetate of lead, alcohol, and ether,
precipitate it from its solutions. It is isomeric with crystallised cane sugar. It
possesses no practical superiority over the best gum arabic, except its paler
colour.
AR′ABLE (ăbl). Syn. Arab′ilis, L.; Arabile, Labourable, Fr.; Pflügbar, Ger. In
agriculture, fit for or under tillage or aëration; ploughed.
Arable Land. In agriculture, land which is chiefly or wholly cultivated by
the plough, as distinguished from grass-land, wood-land, common pasture, and
waste. See Land, Soils, &c.
ARACHIS HYPOGÆA. Syn. Ground Nut Plant. Hab. Cultivated throughout
the tropics of the Old and New World. Officinal part. The oil of the seeds (Oleum
Arachis, Ground Nut Oil). Obtained by expression. Limpid, clear, light yellow,
almost inodorous, or with a faint smell and bland taste. Sp. gr. 0·916.—Prop. and
Uses. This oil affords a cheap and excellent substitute for olive oil for
pharmaceutical and other purposes.
The following notice, by the Editor of this work, appeared in ‘The
Veterinarian’ for October, 1876:—
“Having in the course of my analytical practice had occasion to examine
some samples of Marseilles earth-nut cake, I take the opportunity of
communicating the results obtained, in the hope of furnishing interesting
information respecting a material which is chiefly employed in the sophistication
of the more expensive feeding cakes, but which I think might in some instances
be with advantage substituted for them.
“Arachis seeds constitute one of the varieties of food termed pulse, and the
oil which exists in them to the extent of from 40 to 50 per cent., is rapidly being
introduced in the making of soap in this and other countries. It is an article also
of the Indian Pharmacopœia.
“By pressure the seeds yield all but about 7 per cent. of their oil, and the
material which remains after the expression of the greater part of the oil is sent
into commerce as earth-nut or ground-nut cake.
“Sometimes the husks of the seeds are first removed and only the kernels
subjected to pressure for the sake of the oil; the cake so produced is called
‘decorticated earth-nut cake,’ at other times the entire seeds are subjected to
this treatment, and then the resulting cake is known as ‘undecorticated earth-
nut cake.’
“The following table shows the composition in 100 parts of both descriptions
of cake, as well as that of linseed cake of first-rate quality; the last analysis
being added for the sake of comparison:—

Table showing the Centesimal Composition of Decorticated and

Undecorticated Earth-nut Cake and Linseed Cake.

Decorticated Earth- Undecorticated Earth- Linseed

nut Cake. nut Cake. Cake.
Moisture 9·58 9·28 11·72
Fat and heat
producers
Oil 7·40 6·99 12·00
Starch digestible
27·63 23·66 25·29
fibre, &c.
Flesh-formers
42·81[75] 32·81[76] 32·64
(albumenoids)
Indigestible fibre 7·87 23·80 11·79
Ash 4·71 3·45 6·47
——— ——— ———
100·00 100·00 100·00

[75] Containing 6·85 of nitrogen.

[76] Containing 5·25 of nitrogen.

“From the foregoing analyses it will be seen that both descriptions of earth
nut are exceedingly rich in flesh-formers, and that they contain a moderately
large amount of oil. They also possess a sweet agreeable flavour, and are, I
believe, very digestible. As these may, I am informed, be bought at from £6 to
£8 per ton, it is evident that farmers would do well to give earth-nut cakes a trial
in the feeding of their stock.
“Pure linseed cake does not contain starch, but in its stead mucilage. The
feeding qualities of starch and mucilage are, however, very similar.”
ARAROBA. Syn. Araroba powder. Bahia powder. Goa powder. The pith or
medulla of the stem and branches of a leguminous tree (a species of
Centrolobium) growing in Brazil. It is in extensive use amongst the natives of
India, who employ it in affections of the skin. It has been applied with success in
shingles and ring-worm, in the form of ointment made as follows:—

Araroba in powder 20 grains.

Acetic acid 10 drops.
Benzoated lard 1 ounce.

Dr Attfield found the powder to contain from 80 to 84 per cent. of

chrysophanic acid, to which substance its remedial powers are doubtless due. It
is now the chief source of this acid.
ARA′TION*. In agriculture, ploughing; culture by ploughing; tillage. Lands
in a state of aration’ are those under tillage.
AR′BOR. [L.] A tree. The seventh family of vegetables in Linnæus’s system.
In anatomy and chemistry, a term formerly applied to membranes and
substances having some real or fancied resemblance to a tree or vegetation. An
ar′boret is a little tree; an arborist, or ar′borātor † , is one who studies or
cultivates trees.
ARBUTIN. C 12H 16O 7. A substance obtained by Kawalier from the leaves of
the red bearberry Arctostophylos uva ursi, and by Zwenger and Himmelmann from
the leaves of a species of winter-green, Pyrola Umbellata. It is prepared by
precipitating the aqueous decoction of the leaves of either of these plants, with
basic acetate of lead, filtering, removing the excess of lead with sulphuretted
hydrogen, and either treating the filtrate with animal charcoal and leaving it to
crystallise or evaporating and digesting the residue with a mixture of eight parts
of ether and one part of alcohol, which dissolves out the arbutin, and deposits it
on evaporation in the crystalline state.
ARCA′NUM [L.] Syn. Arcane, Fr.; Geheimnis, Ger. A secret. In alchemy, a
term applied to various preparations without any precise meaning. “Arcanum is a
thing secret, incorporeal, and immortal, which can only be known to man by
experience; for it is the virtue of each thing, which operates a thousand times
more than the thing itself.” (Ruland) In ancient medicine and pharmacy; a
nostrum. The word is still occasionally used in the plural (ARCA′NA, secrets,
mysteries), in the titles of books; as, ‘Arcana of Chemistry,’ a book professing to
contain a full exposition of the mysteries of that art.
Among the old chemists, ARCANUM AL′BUM was ‘pulvis Viennensis albus
virgineus’ (see Powders); A. BEC′CHICUM, a sweetened aqueous solution of liver of
sulphur; A. CORALLI′NUM, red oxide of mercury that had been digested in a solution
of potash, washed with water, and then had spirit of wine burnt on it (once a
favourite mercurial and escharotic); A. DUPLICA′TUM, sulphate of potash; A. D.
CATHOL′ICUM, roots of colchicum and plantain (worn as an amulet against fevers
and pestilential diseases); A. LUDEMAN′NI, oxide of zinc; A. TAR′TARI, acetate of
potassa; A. VI′TÆ, elixir vitæ; &c.
ARCHE′US (-kē′-ŭs; ăr′*—Mayne). [L.] Syn. Archæ′us, L. A term invented
by Paracelsus, and employed by the alchemists and older physicians, to imply
the occult cause of phenomena, as well as the sub-causes or agents by which
the effects were accomplished. Van Helmont and Stahl ascribe certain vital
functions to the influence and superintendence of a ‘spiritus archæus’ or
intelligent vital principle. According to others, the powers of ‘Archæus’ were
indefinitely extended. He or it was an occult power of nature, the artificer of all
things, physician-general to the universe, &c. &c., to the utmost bounds of
absurdity and confusion.
From this word comes the adj. Arche′al or Archæ′al, hidden, operative.
ARCH′IL (artsh′-ĭl). Syn. Arch′el*, Or′chil; Archil′la, Orchil′la (ch as k), L.;
Orseille, Fr., Ger.; Oricello, It. A violet-red, purple or blue colouring matter or
dye-stuff, obtained from several species of lichens, but of the finest quality from
roccella tinctoria (DC.), and next from r. fuciformis (DC.).
The archil of commerce is met with as a liquid paste, or as a thin liquid dye
or stain of more or less intensity. The ordinary archil or orchil of the shops
(ORCHIL-LIQUOR) is under the last form; and is known as either BLUE OR RED ARCHIL—
distinctions which arise as follows:—
Prep. 1. Blue archil:—The bruised or coarsely ground lichen is steeped for
some time in a mixture of stale urine, or bone-spirit, and lime or milk of lime, or
in any similar ammoniacal solution, contained in covered wooden vessels in the
cold; the process being repeated until all the colour is extracted.
2. Red or crimson archil:—The materials are the same as for the last variety,
but rather less milk of lime is used, and the ‘steep’ is generally made in earthen
jars placed in a room heated by steam, technically called a stove. The two kinds
merely differ in the degree of their red or violet tint—the addition of a small
quantity of lime or alkali to the one, or of an acid to the other, immediately
bringing them both to the same shade of colour.
Prop. Archil has a disagreeable putrid ammoniacal odour. Its colouring
matter is soluble in water, alcohol, urine, ammoniacal and alkaline lyes, and
weak acid liquors; alkalies turn it blue, acids red; alum gives with it a brownish-
red precipitate, and solution of tin a red one; the alcoholic solution gradually
loses its colour when excluded from the air. Its colouring matter consists chiefly
of orcein.
Pur. Archil is frequently adulterated with extract of logwood, or of Lima or
Sapan-wood. It may be tested as follows:—1. A solution of 50 or 60 drops of
pure archil in about 3 fl. oz. of water slightly acidulated with acetic acid, almost
entirely loses its colour, or presents only a yellowish tinge, when heated to
ebullition in a flask along with 50 drops of a fresh solution of protochloride of tin
made with 1 part of the salt to 2 parts of water:—2. A drop of fluid extract of
logwood treated in the same way, gives a distinct violet tint, which resists
several hours’ boiling; but when only 3 or 4 per cent. of logwood is present, the
boiled liquid has a permanent grey tint:—3. If the boiled liquid retains its red
hue, extract of Sapan-wood is present:—4. The boiled liquor, when the archil is
pure, re-acquires its colour by exposure to the air, and the addition of an alkali,
particularly ammonia; whilst the colour produced by logwood is destroyed only
by an alkaline solution of tin, and is restored by acids.
Uses, &c. It is employed to tinge the spirit used to fill the tubes of
thermometers, and to stain paper, wood, &c. The aqueous solution stains MARBLE,
in the cold, of a beautiful violet colour, of considerable permanence when not
exposed to a vivid light. “Marble thus tinged preserves its colour unchanged at
the end of two years.” (Dufay.) Its principal use is, however, in dyeing. By proper
management it may be made to produce every shade of pink and crimson to
blue and purple. Unfortunately, although the hues it imparts to silk and wool
possess an exquisite bloom or lustre, they are far from permanent, and unless
well managed, soon decay. It is hence generally employed in combination with
other dye-stuffs, or as a finishing bath to impart a bloom to silk or woollens
already dyed of permanent colours. In using it as a dye it is added to hot water
in the required quantity, and the bath being raised to nearly the boiling-point,
the materials are put in and passed through it, until the desired shade is
produced. A mordant of alum and tartar is sometimes used, but does not add to
the permanence of the colour. Solution of tin added to the bath increases the
durability, but turns the colour more on the scarlet. (Hellot.) Milk of lime or salt
of tartar is added to darken it; acids or solution of tin to redden it. A beautiful
crimson-red is obtained by first passing the stuff through a mordant of tin and
tartar, and then through a bath of archil mixed with a very little solution of tin.
By the proper management of this dye, lilacs, violets, mallows, rosemary flower,
soupes au vin, agates, and many other shades may be produced on silk or cloth,
either alone or in conjunction with other dyes to modify it. 1⁄ 2 lb. of solid archil,
or its equivalent in a liquid form, will dye 1 to 2 lb. of cloth. Herb-archil, it is
asserted, will bear boiling, and gives a more durable tint than the other lichens,
especially with solution of tin. (Hellot.) Recently Mr Lightfoot has patented a
process for dyeing with archil with the aid of oil, after the manner followed for
producing Turkey-red on cottons.
Archil, Facti′′tious:—1. From a mixture of onions (in a state of incipient
putrefaction) with about 1-10th to 1-12th their weight of carbonate of potash
and some ammonia, fermented together; and adding, after some days, 1-7th to
1-8th of the weight of the potash used in a salt of lead. The details of the
process essential to success are, however, now unknown, the secret having died
with a relative of the writer of this article.
2. Extract of logwood dissolved in juice of elderberries and putrid urine, with
the addition of a little pearlash for the BLUE, and a very little oxalic acid or oil of
vitriol for the RED variety. Used to stain wood.
Arch′il, Herb. Roccella tinctoria. See Archil (above), Lichens, and Mosses.
ARE (ăr; āre—Eng.). [Fr.] See Measures.
ARE′CA. [L.] In botany a genus of East Indian trees, of the nat. ord. Palmæ
(DC.).
Areca Cate′chu. [L.; Linn.] Syn. Are′ca, A. In′dica, A. Faufel, Be′tel-nut tree.
Hab. East Indies. Fruit (BETEL-NUT), astringent and narcotic; husk of fruit (PENANG
or PINANG), sialagogue and stomachic; both are used as masticatories; wood and
nut yield an inferior or bastard sort of catechu; charcoal of the nut highly
esteemed as tooth-powder; also given in tape-worm in doses of 1⁄ 4 oz. and 1⁄ 2
oz.; said to be more efficacious in coarse than in fine powder.—Doses for
Animals. HORSE, 4 to 6 drachms; CATTLE, 4 to 8 drachms; DOG, 30 grains to 2
drachms.
Areca Globulif′era. [L.] Properties similar to the last.
Areca Olera′cea. [L.; Willd.] Cabbage-palm.
ARENA′CEOUS (ăr-e-). Syn. Arena′ceus, L.; Arénacé, Sablonneux, Fr.; Sandig,
Sandartig, Ger. In agriculture, mineralogy, &c., sandy; resembling sand; friable.
ARENA′′RIOUS (-nare′-). Syn. Arena′′rius, L.; Arénaire, Fr. Sandy,
arenaceous. In agriculture and botany applied to soils (ARENARIOUS SOILS) in which
sand is the prevailing and characteristic ingredient; also to plants that grow in
sandy or arid soils.
ARENA′TION. Syn. Saburra′tion; Arena′tio, L.; Arénation, Fr.; Sandbad, Ger.
In medicine sandbathing; a practice formerly prevalent, in dropsy, of applying
hot sand, either by immersion or otherwise, to the feet, legs, or even the whole
body.