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Collection Highlights

Digital Electronics: Principles and Applications 9th

Edition Roger L. Tokheim

Experiments Manual for Grob’s Basic Electronics 12th

edition Edition Wes Ponick

Power Electronics, Motor Drive Systems: Fundamentals,

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Methods and Analysis James F. Epperson

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Chemistry 11th Edition Peter Bolgar

Electricity. Principles and Applications 9th Edition

Richar J. Fowler
page 1
page 3
 page 2

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS

Published by McGraw Hill LLC, 1325 Avenue of the Americas, New

York, NY 10121. Copyright ©2022 by McGraw Hill LLC. All rights
reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this
publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any
means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior
written consent of McGraw Hill LLC, including, but not limited to, in
any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or
broadcast for distance learning.

Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may

not be available to customers outside the United States.

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LWI 24 23 22 21

ISBN 978-1-260-59786-8
MHID 1-260-59786-5

Cover Image: ©Pitju/Getty Images

All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are
considered to be an extension of the copyright page.

The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time
of publication. The inclusion of a website does not indicate an
endorsement by the authors or McGraw Hill LLC, and McGraw Hill
LLC does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented
at these sites.

mheducation.com/highered
 Contents page v

Preface ix
Acknowledgments x
Walkthrough xii
About the Author xiv
Safety xv

Chapter 1 Digital Electronics 1

1-1 What Is a Digital Signal? 2
1-2 Why Use Digital Circuits? 4
1-3 Where Are Digital Circuits Used? 8
1-4 How Do You Generate a Digital Signal? 9
1-5 How Do You Test for a Digital Signal? 15
1-6 Simple Instruments 19
Summary 22
Correlated Experiments 22
Chapter Review Questions 22
Critical Thinking Questions 24
Answers to Self-Tests 25
Chapter 2 Numbers We Use in Digital Electronics 26
2-1 Counting in Decimal and Binary 26
2-2 Place Value 27
2-3 Binary to Decimal Conversion 29
2-4 Decimal to Binary Conversion 30
2-5 Electronic Translators 31
2-6 Hexadecimal Numbers 34
2-7 Octal Numbers 36
2-8 Bits, Bytes, Nibbles, and Word Size 37
Summary 39
Correlated Experiments 39
Chapter Review Questions 39
Critical Thinking Questions 40
Answers to Self-Tests 42

Chapter 3 Logic Gates 43

3-1 The AND Gate 43
3-2 The OR Gate 46
3-3 The Inverter and Buffer 48
3-4 The NAND Gate 50
3-5 The NOR Gate 51
3-6 The Exclusive OR Gate 53
3-7 The Exclusive NOR Gate 54
3-8 The NAND Gate as a Universal Gate 56
3-9 The NOR Gate as a Universal Gate 59
3-10 Gates with More Than Two Inputs 63
3-11 Using Inverters to Convert Gates 65
3-12 Practical TTL Logic Gates 68
3-13 Practical CMOS Logic Gates 71
3-14 Troubleshooting Simple Gate Circuits 75
3-15 IEEE Logic Symbols 77
3-16 Simple Logic Gate Applications 79
3-17 Logic Functions Using Software (BASIC Stamp Module) 83
Summary 88
Correlated Experiments 89
Chapter Review Questions 89
Critical Thinking Questions 92
Answers to Self-Tests 95

Chapter 4 Combining Logic Gates 96

4-1 Constructing Circuits from Boolean Expressions 97
4-2 Drawing a Circuit from a Maxterm Boolean Expression 98
4-3 Truth Tables and Boolean Expressions 99
4-4 Sample Problem 103
4-5 Simplifying Boolean Expressions 105
4-6 Boolean Algebra 106
4-7 Karnaugh Maps 114
4-8 Karnaugh Maps with Three Variables 115
4-9 Karnaugh Maps with Four Variables 117
4-10 More Karnaugh Maps 118
4-11 A Five-Variable Karnaugh Map 119
4-12 Using NAND Logic 120
4-13 Computer Simulations: Logic Converter 122
4-14 Solving Logic Problems: Data Selectors 126
4-15 Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs) 130
4-16 Using De Morgan’s Theorems 138
4-17 Solving a Logic Problem (BASIC Stamp Module) 140 page vi

Summary 145
Correlated Experiments 146
Chapter Review Questions 146
Critical Thinking Questions 150
Answers to Self-Tests 150

Chapter 5 IC Specifications and Simple Interfacing 155

5-1 Logic Levels and Noise Margin 155
5-2 Other Digital IC Specifications 160
5-3 MOS and CMOS ICs 165
5-4 Interfacing TTL and CMOS with Switches 167
5-5 Interfacing TTL and CMOS with LEDs 171
5-6 Interfacing TTL and CMOS ICs 175
5-7 Interfacing with Buzzers, Relays, Motors, and Solenoids 179
5-8 Optoisolators 182
5-9 Interfacing with Servo and Stepper Motors 185
5-10 Using Hall-Effect Sensors 193
5-11 Troubleshooting Simple Logic Circuits 200
5-12 Interfacing the Servo (BASIC Stamp Module) 201
Summary 204
Correlated Experiments 205
Chapter Review Questions 205
Critical Thinking Questions 209
Answers to Self-Tests 210

Chapter 6 Encoding, Decoding, and Seven-Segment

Displays 212
6-1 The 8421 BCD Code 212
6-2 The Excess-3 Code 214
6-3 The Gray Code 215
6-4 The ASCII Code 218
6-5 Encoders 219
6-6 Seven-Segment LED Displays 221
6-7 Decoders 224
6-8 BCD-to-Seven-Segment Decoder/Drivers 225
6-9 Liquid-Crystal Displays 229
6-10 Using CMOS to Drive an LCD Display 234
6-11 Vacuum Fluorescent Displays 237
6-12 Driving a VF Display 240
6-13 Troubleshooting a Decoding Circuit 243
Summary 245
Correlated Experiments 246
Chapter Review Questions 246
Critical Thinking Questions 249
Answers to Self-Tests 250

Chapter 7 Flip-Flops 252

7-1 The R-S Flip-Flop 252
7-2 The Clocked R-S Flip-Flop 255
7-3 The D Flip-Flop 257
7-4 The J-K Flip-Flop 259
7-5 IC Latches 263
7-6 Triggering Flip-Flops 265
7-7 Schmitt Trigger 267
7-8 IEEE Logic Symbols 268
7-9 Application: Latched Encoder-Decoder System 270
Summary 273
Correlated Experiments 274
Chapter Review Questions 274
Critical Thinking Questions 275
Answers to Self-Tests 276

Chapter 8 Counters 278

8-1 Ripple Counters 278
8-2 Mod-10 Ripple Counters 281
8-3 Synchronous Counters 282
8-4 Down Counters 283
8-5 Self-Stopping Counters 285
8-6 Counters as Frequency Dividers 286
8-7 TTL IC Counters 288
8-8 CMOS IC Counters 292
8-9 A Three-Digit BCD Counter 296
8-10 Counting Real-World Events 300
8-11 Using a CMOS Counter in an Electronic Game 304
8-12 Using Counters—An Experimental Tachometer 307
8-13 Troubleshooting a Counter 311
Summary 314
Correlated Experiments 314
Chapter Review Questions 315
Critical Thinking Questions 318
Answers to Self-Tests 319
page vii
Chapter 9 Shift Registers 321
9-1 Serial-Load Shift Registers 323
9-2 Parallel-Load Shift Registers 324
9-3 A Universal Shift Register 327
9-4 Using the 74LS194 IC Shift Register 329
9-5 An 8-Bit CMOS Shift Register 331
9-6 Using Shift Registers: Digital Roulette 333
9-7 Troubleshooting a Simple Shift Register 338
Summary 340
Correlated Experiments 340
Chapter Review Questions 340
Critical Thinking Questions 342 page viii
Answers to Self-Tests 343

Chapter 10 Arithmetic Circuits 345

10-1 Binary Addition 345
10-2 Half Adders 347
10-3 Full Adders 348
10-4 3-Bit Adders 350
10-5 Binary Subtraction 351
10-6 Parallel Subtractors 353
10-7 IC Adders 355
10-8 Binary Multiplication 358
10-9 Binary Multipliers 360
10-102s Complement Notation, Addition, and Subtraction 363
10-112s Complement Adders/Subtractors 368
10-12Troubleshooting a Full Adder 370
Summary 372
Correlated Experiments 372
Chapter Review Questions 372
Critical Thinking Questions 373
Answers to Self-Tests 374

Chapter 11 Memories 377

11-1 Overview of Memory 378
11-2 Random-Access Memory (RAM) 381
11-3 Static RAM ICs 383
11-4 Using a SRAM 386
11-5 Read-Only Memory (ROM) 388
11-6 Using a ROM 391
11-7 Programmable Read-Only Memory [PROM] 393
11-8 Nonvolatile Read/Write Memory 397
11-9 Memory Packaging 400
11-10Computer Bulk Storage Devices 403
11-11Digital Potentiometer: Using NV Memory 410
Summary 414
Correlated Experiments 415
Chapter Review Questions 415
Critical Thinking Questions 417
Answers to Self-Tests 417

Chapter 12 Simple Digital Systems 419

12-1 Elements of a System 419
12-2 A Digital System on an IC 422
12-3 Digital Games 423
12-4 The Digital Clock 425
12-5 The LSI Digital Clock 429
12-6 The Frequency Counter 434
12-7 An Experimental Frequency Counter 439
12-8 LCD Timer with Alarm 441
12-9 Simple Distance Sensing 447
12-10JTAG/Boundary Scan 453
Summary 456
Correlated Experiments 456
Chapter Review Questions 456
Critical Thinking Questions 458
Answers to Self-Tests 459

Chapter 13 Computer Systems 461

13-1 The Computer 461
13-2 The Microcomputer 463
13-3 Microcomputer Operation 466
13-4 Microcomputer Address Decoding 470
13-5 Data Transmission 473
13-6 Detecting Errors in Data Transmissions 477
13-7 Data Transmission in a Computer System 480
13-8 Programmable Logic Controllers 485
13-9 Microcontrollers 489
13-10The BASIC Stamp Microcontroller Modules 491
13-11Digital Signal Processing 498
13-12DSP in a Digital Camera 502
13-13Microcontroller: Photo Input and Servo Motor Output 504
Summary 509
Correlated Experiments 509
Chapter Review Questions 510
Critical Thinking Questions 512
Answers to Self-Tests 513
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Methodology 1: Critical analysis and evaluation

Learning Objective 1: Theoretical framework and methodology
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 3: Experimental procedures and results
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 3: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 4: Case studies and real-world applications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 7: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Topic 2: Best practices and recommendations
Practice Problem 10: Ethical considerations and implications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 12: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 13: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 19: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Appendix 3: Literature review and discussion
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 22: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 24: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 25: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 26: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 28: Ethical considerations and implications
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Test 4: Literature review and discussion
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 31: Key terms and definitions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 32: Best practices and recommendations
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 33: Practical applications and examples
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 34: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 39: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Review 5: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 41: Case studies and real-world applications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 44: Case studies and real-world applications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 46: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 46: Key terms and definitions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 47: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 47: Experimental procedures and results
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 50: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Lesson 6: Case studies and real-world applications
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 52: Best practices and recommendations
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 53: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 53: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 55: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 57: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 59: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 60: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Unit 7: Key terms and definitions
Example 60: Historical development and evolution
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 66: Research findings and conclusions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 68: Experimental procedures and results
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 69: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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