External Sulphate Attack – Field Aspects and Lab

Tests: RILEM Final Workshop of TC 251-SRT

(Madrid - SPAIN, 2018) Esperanza Menéndez pdf
download

https://textbookfull.com/product/external-sulphate-attack-field-aspects-and-lab-tests-rilem-final-
workshop-of-tc-251-srt-madrid-spain-2018-esperanza-menendez/

★★★★★ 4.6/5.0 (39 reviews) ✓ 96 downloads ■ TOP RATED

"Excellent quality PDF, exactly what I needed!" - Sarah M.

DOWNLOAD EBOOK
 External Sulphate Attack – Field Aspects and Lab Tests:
RILEM Final Workshop of TC 251-SRT (Madrid - SPAIN, 2018)
Esperanza Menéndez pdf download

TEXTBOOK EBOOK TEXTBOOK FULL

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide TextBook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 EDUCATIONAL COLLECTION - LIMITED TIME

INSTANT DOWNLOAD VIEW LIBRARY

Collection Highlights

Biota Grow 2C gather 2C cook Loucas

Security and Trust Management 14th International Workshop

STM 2018 Barcelona Spain September 6 7 2018 Proceedings
Sokratis K. Katsikas

Emerging Technologies for Authorization and Authentication

First International Workshop ETAA 2018 Barcelona Spain
September 7 2018 Proceedings Andrea Saracino

Computational Pathology and Ophthalmic Medical Image

Analysis First International Workshop COMPAY 2018 and 5th
International Workshop OMIA 2018 Held in Conjunction with
MICCAI 2018 Granada Spain September 16 20 2018 Proceedings
Danail Stoyanov
Performance Assessment of Concrete Structures and
Engineered Barriers for Nuclear Applications Conclusions
of RILEM TC 226 CNM 1st Edition Valérie L'Hostis

Shape in Medical Imaging International Workshop ShapeMI

2018 Held in Conjunction with MICCAI 2018 Granada Spain
September 20 2018 Proceedings Martin Reuter

Graph Theoretic Concepts in Computer Science 44th

International Workshop WG 2018 Cottbus Germany June 27 29
2018 Proceedings Andreas Brandstädt

PRedictive Intelligence in MEdicine First International

Workshop PRIME 2018 Held in Conjunction with MICCAI 2018
Granada Spain September 16 2018 Proceedings Islem Rekik

Multimodal Pattern Recognition of Social Signals in Human

Computer Interaction 5th IAPR TC 9 Workshop MPRSS 2018
Beijing China August 20 2018 Revised Selected Papers
Friedhelm Schwenker
RILEM Bookseries

Esperanza Menéndez
Véronique Baroghel-Bouny Editors

External Sulphate
Attack – Field
Aspects and
Lab Tests
RILEM Final Workshop of TC 251-SRT
(Madrid - SPAIN, 2018)
External Sulphate Attack – Field Aspects
and Lab Tests
RILEM BOOKSERIES

Volume 21

RILEM, The International Union of Laboratories and Experts in Construction

Materials, Systems and Structures, founded in 1947, is a non-governmental scientific
association whose goal is to contribute to progress in the construction sciences,
techniques and industries, essentially by means of the communication it fosters
between research and practice. RILEM’s focus is on construction materials and their
use in building and civil engineering structures, covering all phases of the building
process from manufacture to use and recycling of materials. More information on
RILEM and its previous publications can be found on www.RILEM.net. Indexed
in SCOPUS, Google Scholar and SpringerLink.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8781

Esperanza Menéndez Véronique Baroghel-Bouny
•

Editors

External Sulphate Attack –

Field Aspects and Lab Tests
RILEM Final Workshop of TC 251-SRT
(Madrid - SPAIN, 2018)

123
Editors
Esperanza Menéndez Véronique Baroghel-Bouny
IETcc-CSIC IFSTTAR
Institute of Construction Sciences Marne-la-Vallée, France
Eduardo Torroja
Madrid, Spain

ISSN 2211-0844 ISSN 2211-0852 (electronic)

RILEM Bookseries
ISBN 978-3-030-20330-6 ISBN 978-3-030-20331-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20331-3
© RILEM 2020
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written
permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of
being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Introduction for the Proceedings of TESA 2018

External sulphate attack (ESA) affects the long-term durability of various types of
concrete structures. Although ESA has been studied for many years, it remains a
complex, confusing, and controversial topic.
The Final Workshop of the RILEM TC-251-SRT “Sulfate Resistance Testing”
on External Sulfate Attack in concrete structures (TESA 2018), held on the May 24
and 25, 2018 at IETcc-CSIC, Madrid, Spain, is one of the main events of the
Technical Committee dealing with various aspects of external sulphate attack in
concrete structures and test methods. The main objective of the Workshop was to
promote technical discussion and debate of ideas on this topic, and in particular on
the means of evaluation of the resistance of concrete exposed to ESA.
TESA 2018 is part of the activities of RILEM TC 251-SRT, which 10th (wrap
up) meeting was held on the afternoon of the May 25, 2018 at the end of the
Workshop. As an important event of this TC, the Workshop focused on novelties in
the understanding of basic mechanisms, as well as in the development of test
methods dedicated to the evaluation of the resistance of concrete exposed to ESA.
For example, new studies linking field cases and lab tests were discussed during the
meeting. The Workshop program included 12 contributions, which were articulated
in 3 main themes:
• Mechanisms of alteration in external sulphate attack
– New and original aspects in the understanding of the mechanisms of ESA;
– Thermodynamic and kinetics aspects;
– Interaction between ESA and other actions (e.g., exposure to seawater).
• Field aspects of external sulphate attack
– Damages observed in real concrete structures;
– Parameters that affect the attack;
– Relationship between degradation and structural effects;
– Role of the environmental conditions in the type and level of damage.

v
vi Introduction for the Proceedings of TESA 2018

• Testing to evaluate the resistance of concrete to external sulphate attack

– New approaches in test methods to evaluate ESA;
– Role of various test parameters and criteria to evaluate the degradation;
– Limitations of lab test methods;
– New studies linking test methods and field cases.
This Workshop provided a forum in which people from around the world came
to exchange experience and researches on concrete structures affected by external
sulphate attack and on test methods. For example, the most recent advances in
research related to ESA and new developments on test methods were presented, as
well as real case studies in various countries of concrete structures affected by
external sulphate attack. The Workshop also favoured social relations.
This volume contains the abstracts and full-length papers of the contributions
presented at the TESA 2018 Workshop, where seven countries were represented.
The content constitutes valuable matter to complement the STAR, another main
deliverable of the RILEM TC.
Our sincere thanks go to the speakers and authors who have contributed to the
scientific quality of the Workshop as reflected by the proceedings. Moreover, we
express our gratitude to all the attendees for their interest and active contribution to
fruitful discussion during the Workshop.

Esperanza Menéndez
Véronique Baroghel-Bouny
Chairs of the TESA 2018 Workshop
Contents

Field Aspects
Field Performance of Portland Limestone Cement Concretes Exposed
to Cold-Temperature Sulphate Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
A. Hossack, M. D. A. Thomas and E. Moffatt
Review of the Incidence of the Sulphate Attack in Spain. Evaluation
of Field Concrete Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
E. Menéndez, R. García-Rovés, B. Aldea and Y. Salem

Combination of Actions
Investigation on the Combined Interaction of Sulphate and Acidic
Attack on Concretes Exposed to Aggressive Environments . . . . . . . . . . 33
M. C. Alonso, K. Villar, D. Qvaeschning, S. Irico and G. Pérez
External Sulphate Attack on Recycled Concrete: Assessment
of the Influence of Recycled Aggregate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
L. R. Santillan, Y. A. Villagrán Zaccardi and C. J. Zega

Testing and Parameters of Testing

Influence of Temperature and Aggressive Solutions
in the Formation of Thaumasite and Ettringite in Standard
and Commercial Mortars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
E. Menéndez, B. Aldea, M. Formoso, R. García-Roves,
S. Ruiz and J. de Frutos
Influence of Thermal Preconditioning on the Mechanism of External
Sulphate Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
S. Boudache, E. Rozière, A. Loukili and H. Colina

vii
viii Contents

Influence of Specimen Size on the Expansion of Portland Cement

Mortars Immersed in Sodium Sulphate Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
M. F. Suma and M. Santhanam
An Alternative Method to Evaluate the Sulphate Resistance
of Cementitious Binders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
F. Aguayo, O. J. Funez, T. Drimalas, K. J. Folliard and R. D. Lute
New Approach for Testing SR Cements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
K. Lipus
A Fast Testing Method for Discriminating Hardened Cement Paste
Reactivity with External Sulphate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
S. Meulenyzer, B. Huet, H. Raqen, F. Bégaud, N. N. Bui, M. Vandamme
and J. M. Pereira

Mitigation
The Uses of Finely Ground Materials to Mitigate the External
Sulphate Attack (ESA) on Cementitious Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
D. J. De Souza, M. H. F. Medeiros, J. Hoppe and L. F. M. Sanchez
Evolution of Damage Due to Sulphate Attack in Cement Mortar
with and Without Ground Coal Bottom Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
E. Menéndez, C. Argiz and M. A. Sanjuán
RILEM Publications

The following list is presenting the global offer of RILEM Publications, sorted by
series. Each publication is available in printed version and/or in online version.

RILEM Proceedings (PRO)

PRO 1: Durability of High Performance Concrete (ISBN: 2-912143-03-9; e-ISBN:

2-351580-12-5; e-ISBN: 2351580125); Ed. H. Sommer
PRO 2: Chloride Penetration into Concrete (ISBN: 2-912143-00-04; e-ISBN:
2912143454); Eds. L.-O. Nilsson and J.-P. Ollivier
PRO 3: Evaluation and Strengthening of Existing Masonry Structures (ISBN:
2-912143-02-0; e-ISBN: 2351580141); Eds. L. Binda and C. Modena
PRO 4: Concrete: From Material to Structure (ISBN: 2-912143-04-7; e-ISBN:
2351580206); Eds. J.-P. Bournazel and Y. Malier
PRO 5: The Role of Admixtures in High Performance Concrete (ISBN:
2-912143-05-5; e-ISBN: 2351580214); Eds. J. G. Cabrera and R. Rivera-Villarreal
PRO 6: High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites - HPFRCC 3
(ISBN: 2-912143-06-3; e-ISBN: 2351580222); Eds. H. W. Reinhardt and
A. E. Naaman
PRO 7: 1st International RILEM Symposium on Self-Compacting Concrete
(ISBN: 2-912143-09-8; e-ISBN: 2912143721); Eds. Å. Skarendahl and
Ö. Petersson
PRO 8: International RILEM Symposium on Timber Engineering (ISBN:
2-912143-10-1; e-ISBN: 2351580230); Ed. L. Boström

ix
x RILEM Publications

PRO 9: 2nd International RILEM Symposium on Adhesion between Polymers and

Concrete ISAP ’99 (ISBN: 2-912143-11-X; e-ISBN: 2351580249); Eds. Y. Ohama
and M. Puterman
PRO 10: 3rd International RILEM Symposium on Durability of Building and
Construction Sealants (ISBN: 2-912143-13-6; e-ISBN: 2351580257); Ed. A. T. Wolf
PRO 11: 4th International RILEM Conference on Reflective Cracking in
Pavements (ISBN: 2-912143-14-4; e-ISBN: 2351580265); Eds. A. O. Abd El Halim,
D. A. Taylor and El H. H. Mohamed
PRO 12: International RILEM Workshop on Historic Mortars: Characteristics and
Tests (ISBN: 2-912143-15-2; e-ISBN: 2351580273); Eds. P. Bartos, C. Groot and
J. J. Hughes
PRO 13: 2nd International RILEM Symposium on Hydration and Setting (ISBN:
2-912143-16-0; e-ISBN: 2351580281); Ed. A. Nonat
PRO 14: Integrated Life-Cycle Design of Materials and Structures - ILCDES 2000
(ISBN: 951-758-408-3; e-ISBN: 235158029X); (ISSN: 0356-9403); Ed. S. Sarja
PRO 15: Fifth RILEM Symposium on Fibre-Reinforced Concretes (FRC) -
BEFIB’2000 (ISBN: 2-912143-18-7; e-ISBN: 291214373X); Eds. P. Rossi and
G. Chanvillard
PRO 16: Life Prediction and Management of Concrete Structures (ISBN:
2-912143-19-5; e-ISBN: 2351580303); Ed. D. Naus
PRO 17: Shrinkage of Concrete – Shrinkage 2000 (ISBN: 2-912143-20-9; e-ISBN:
2351580311); Eds. V. Baroghel-Bouny and P.-C. Aïtcin
PRO 18: Measurement and Interpretation of the On-Site Corrosion Rate (ISBN:
2-912143-21-7; e-ISBN: 235158032X); Eds. C. Andrade, C. Alonso, J. Fullea,
J. Polimon and J. Rodriguez
PRO 19: Testing and Modelling the Chloride Ingress into Concrete (ISBN:
2-912143-22-5; e-ISBN: 2351580338); Eds. C. Andrade and J. Kropp
PRO 20: 1st International RILEM Workshop on Microbial Impacts on Building
Materials (CD 02) (e-ISBN 978-2-35158-013-4); Ed. M. Ribas Silva
PRO 21: International RILEM Symposium on Connections between Steel and
Concrete (ISBN: 2-912143-25-X; e-ISBN: 2351580346); Ed. R. Eligehausen
PRO 22: International RILEM Symposium on Joints in Timber Structures (ISBN:
2-912143-28-4; e-ISBN: 2351580354); Eds. S. Aicher and H.-W. Reinhardt
PRO 23: International RILEM Conference on Early Age Cracking in Cementitious
Systems (ISBN: 2-912143-29-2; e-ISBN: 2351580362); Eds. K. Kovler and
A. Bentur
RILEM Publications xi

PRO 24: 2nd International RILEM Workshop on Frost Resistance of Concrete

(ISBN: 2-912143-30-6; e-ISBN: 2351580370); Eds. M. J. Setzer, R. Auberg and
H.-J. Keck
PRO 25: International RILEM Workshop on Frost Damage in Concrete (ISBN:
2-912143-31-4; e-ISBN: 2351580389); Eds. D. J. Janssen, M. J. Setzer and
M. B. Snyder
PRO 26: International RILEM Workshop on On-Site Control and Evaluation of
Masonry Structures (ISBN: 2-912143-34-9; e-ISBN: 2351580141); Eds. L. Binda
and R. C. de Vekey
PRO 27: International RILEM Symposium on Building Joint Sealants (CD03;
e-ISBN: 235158015X); Ed. A. T. Wolf
PRO 28: 6th International RILEM Symposium on Performance Testing and
Evaluation of Bituminous Materials - PTEBM’03 (ISBN: 2-912143-35-7; e-ISBN:
978-2-912143-77-8); Ed. M. N. Partl
PRO 29: 2nd International RILEM Workshop on Life Prediction and Ageing
Management of Concrete Structures (ISBN: 2-912143-36-5; e-ISBN: 2912143780);
Ed. D. J. Naus
PRO 30: 4th International RILEM Workshop on High Performance Fiber
Reinforced Cement Composites - HPFRCC 4 (ISBN: 2-912143-37-3; e-ISBN:
2912143799); Eds. A. E. Naaman and H. W. Reinhardt
PRO 31: International RILEM Workshop on Test and Design Methods for Steel
Fibre Reinforced Concrete: Background and Experiences (ISBN: 2-912143-38-1;
e-ISBN: 2351580168); Eds. B. Schnütgen and L. Vandewalle
PRO 32: International Conference on Advances in Concrete and Structures 2 vol.
(ISBN (set): 2-912143-41-1; e-ISBN: 2351580176); Eds. Ying-shu Yuan,
Surendra P. Shah and Heng-lin Lü
PRO 33: 3rd International Symposium on Self-Compacting Concrete (ISBN:
2-912143-42-X; e-ISBN: 2912143713); Eds. Ó. Wallevik and I. Níelsson
PRO 34: International RILEM Conference on Microbial Impact on Building
Materials (ISBN: 2-912143-43-8; e-ISBN: 2351580184); Ed. M. Ribas Silva
PRO 35: International RILEM TC 186-ISA on Internal Sulphate Attack and
Delayed Ettringite Formation (ISBN: 2-912143-44-6; e-ISBN: 2912143802); Eds.
K. Scrivener and J. Skalny
PRO 36: International RILEM Symposium on Concrete Science and Engineering –
A Tribute to Arnon Bentur (ISBN: 2-912143-46-2; e-ISBN: 2912143586); Eds.
K. Kovler, J. Marchand, S. Mindess and J. Weiss
xii RILEM Publications

PRO 37: 5th International RILEM Conference on Cracking in Pavements –

Mitigation, Risk Assessment and Prevention (ISBN: 2-912143-47-0; e-ISBN:
2912143764); Eds. C. Petit, I. Al-Qadi and A. Millien
PRO 38: 3rd International RILEM Workshop on Testing and Modelling the
Chloride Ingress into Concrete (ISBN: 2-912143-48-9; e-ISBN: 2912143578); Eds.
C. Andrade and J. Kropp
PRO 39: 6th International RILEM Symposium on Fibre-Reinforced Concretes -
BEFIB 2004 (ISBN: 2-912143-51-9; e-ISBN: 2912143748); Eds. M. Di Prisco,
R. Felicetti and G. A. Plizzari
PRO 40: International RILEM Conference on the Use of Recycled Materials in
Buildings and Structures (ISBN: 2-912143-52-7; e-ISBN: 2912143756); Eds.
E. Vázquez, Ch. F. Hendriks and G. M. T. Janssen
PRO 41: RILEM International Symposium on Environment-Conscious Materials
and Systems for Sustainable Development (ISBN: 2-912143-55-1; e-ISBN:
2912143640); Eds. N. Kashino and Y. Ohama
PRO 42: SCC’2005 - China: 1st International Symposium on Design, Performance
and Use of Self-Consolidating Concrete (ISBN: 2-912143-61-6; e-ISBN:
2912143624); Eds. Zhiwu Yu, Caijun Shi, Kamal Henri Khayat and Youjun Xie
PRO 43: International RILEM Workshop on Bonded Concrete Overlays (e-ISBN:
2-912143-83-7); Eds. J. L. Granju and J. Silfwerbrand
PRO 44: 2nd International RILEM Workshop on Microbial Impacts on Building
Materials (CD11) (e-ISBN: 2-912143-84-5); Ed. M. Ribas Silva
PRO 45: 2nd International Symposium on Nanotechnology in Construction, Bilbao
(ISBN: 2-912143-87-X; e-ISBN: 2912143888); Eds. Peter J. M. Bartos, Yolanda
de Miguel and Antonio Porro
PRO 46: ConcreteLife’06 - International RILEM-JCI Seminar on Concrete
Durability and Service Life Planning: Curing, Crack Control, Performance in Harsh
Environments
(ISBN: 2-912143-89-6; e-ISBN: 291214390X); Ed. K. Kovler
PRO 47: International RILEM Workshop on Performance Based Evaluation and
Indicators for Concrete Durability (ISBN: 978-2-912143-95-2; e-ISBN:
9782912143969); Eds. V. Baroghel-Bouny, C. Andrade, R. Torrent and K. Scrivener
PRO 48: 1st International RILEM Symposium on Advances in Concrete through
Science and Engineering (e-ISBN: 2-912143-92-6); Eds. J. Weiss, K. Kovler,
J. Marchand and S. Mindess
PRO 49: International RILEM Workshop on High Performance Fiber Reinforced
Cementitious Composites in Structural Applications (ISBN: 2-912143-93-4;
e-ISBN: 2912143942); Eds. G. Fischer and V. C. Li
RILEM Publications xiii

PRO 50: 1st International RILEM Symposium on Textile Reinforced Concrete

(ISBN: 2-912143-97-7; e-ISBN: 2351580087); Eds. Josef Hegger, Wolfgang
Brameshuber and Norbert Will
PRO 51: 2nd International Symposium on Advances in Concrete through Science
and Engineering (ISBN: 2-35158-003-6; e-ISBN: 2-35158-002-8); Eds.
J. Marchand, B. Bissonnette, R. Gagné, M. Jolin and F. Paradis
PRO 52: Volume Changes of Hardening Concrete: Testing and Mitigation (ISBN:
2-35158-004-4; e-ISBN: 2-35158-005-2); Eds. O. M. Jensen, P. Lura and
K. Kovler
PRO 53: High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites - HPFRCC5
(ISBN: 978-2-35158-046-2; e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-089-9); Eds. H. W. Reinhardt
and A. E. Naaman
PRO 54: 5th International RILEM Symposium on Self-Compacting Concrete
(ISBN: 978-2-35158-047-9; e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-088-2); Eds. G. De Schutter and
V. Boel
PRO 55: International RILEM Symposium Photocatalysis, Environment and
Construction Materials (ISBN: 978-2-35158-056-1; e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-057-8);
Eds. P. Baglioni and L. Cassar
PRO 56: International RILEM Workshop on Integral Service Life Modelling of
Concrete Structures (ISBN 978-2-35158-058-5; e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-090-5); Eds.
R. M. Ferreira, J. Gulikers and C. Andrade
PRO 57: RILEM Workshop on Performance of cement-based materials in
aggressive aqueous environments (e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-059-2); Ed. N. De Belie
PRO 58: International RILEM Symposium on Concrete Modelling - CONMOD’08
(ISBN: 978-2-35158-060-8; e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-076-9); Eds. E. Schlangen and
G. De Schutter
PRO 59: International RILEM Conference on Site Assessment of Concrete,
Masonry and Timber Structures - SACoMaTiS 2008 (ISBN set:
978-2-35158-061-5; e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-075-2); Eds. L. Binda, M. di Prisco and
R. Felicetti
PRO 60: Seventh RILEM International Symposium on Fibre Reinforced Concrete:
Design and Applications - BEFIB 2008 (ISBN: 978-2-35158-064-6; e-ISBN:
978-2-35158-086-8); Ed. R. Gettu
PRO 61: 1st International Conference on Microstructure Related Durability of
Cementitious Composites 2 vol., (ISBN: 978-2-35158-065-3; e-ISBN:
978-2-35158-084-4); Eds. W. Sun, K. van Breugel, C. Miao, G. Ye and H. Chen
PRO 62: NSF/ RILEM Workshop: In-situ Evaluation of Historic Wood and
Masonry Structures (e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-068-4); Eds. B. Kasal, R. Anthony and
M. Drdácký
xiv RILEM Publications

PRO 63: Concrete in Aggressive Aqueous Environments: Performance, Testing

and Modelling, 2 vol., (ISBN: 978-2-35158-071-4; e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-082-0);
Eds. M. G. Alexander and A. Bertron
PRO 64: Long Term Performance of Cementitious Barriers and Reinforced
Concrete in Nuclear Power Plants and Waste Management - NUCPERF 2009
(ISBN: 978-2-35158-072-1; e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-087-5); Eds. V. L’Hostis,
R. Gens and C. Gallé
PRO 65: Design Performance and Use of Self-consolidating Concrete - SCC’2009
(ISBN: 978-2-35158-073-8; e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-093-6); Eds. C. Shi, Z. Yu,
K. H. Khayat and P. Yan
PRO 66: 2nd International RILEM Workshop on Concrete Durability and
Service Life Planning - ConcreteLife’09 (ISBN: 978-2-35158-074-5; ISBN:
978-2-35158-074-5); Ed. K. Kovler
PRO 67: Repairs Mortars for Historic Masonry (e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-083-7); Ed.
C. Groot
PRO 68: Proceedings of the 3rd International RILEM Symposium on ‘Rheology of
Cement Suspensions such as Fresh Concrete (ISBN 978-2-35158-091-2; e-ISBN:
978-2-35158-092-9); Eds. O. H. Wallevik, S. Kubens and S. Oesterheld
PRO 69: 3rd International PhD Student Workshop on ‘Modelling the Durability of
Reinforced Concrete (ISBN: 978-2-35158-095-0); Eds. R. M. Ferreira, J. Gulikers
and C. Andrade
PRO 70: 2nd International Conference on ‘Service Life Design for Infrastructure’
(ISBN set: 978-2-35158-096-7, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-097-4); Ed. K. van Breugel,
G. Ye and Y. Yuan
PRO 71: Advances in Civil Engineering Materials - The 50-year Teaching
Anniversary of Prof. Sun Wei’ (ISBN: 978-2-35158-098-1; e-ISBN:
978-2-35158-099-8); Eds. C. Miao, G. Ye and H. Chen
PRO 72: First International Conference on ‘Advances in Chemically-Activated
Materials – CAM’2010’ (2010), 264 pp., ISBN: 978-2-35158-101-8; e-ISBN:
978-2-35158-115-5, Eds. Caijun Shi and Xiaodong Shen
PRO 73: 2nd International Conference on ‘Waste Engineering and Management -
ICWEM 2010’ (2010), 894 pp., ISBN: 978-2-35158-102-5; e-ISBN:
978-2-35158-103-2, Eds. J. Zh. Xiao, Y. Zhang, M. S. Cheung and R. Chu
PRO 74: International RILEM Conference on ‘Use of Superabsorsorbent Polymers
and Other New Addditives in Concrete’ (2010) 374 pp., ISBN: 978-2-35158-104-9;
e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-105-6; Eds. O. M. Jensen, M. T. Hasholt and S. Laustsen
RILEM Publications xv

PRO 75: International Conference on ‘Material Science - 2nd ICTRC - Textile

Reinforced Concrete - Theme 1’ (2010) 436 pp., ISBN: 978-2-35158-106-3;
e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-107-0; Ed. W. Brameshuber
PRO 76: International Conference on ‘Material Science - HetMat - Modelling of
Heterogeneous Materials - Theme 2’ (2010) 255 pp., ISBN: 978-2-35158-108-7;
e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-109-4; Ed. W. Brameshuber
PRO 77: International Conference on ‘Material Science - AdIPoC - Additions
Improving Properties of Concrete - Theme 3’ (2010) 459 pp., ISBN:
978-2-35158-110-0; e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-111-7; Ed. W. Brameshuber
PRO 78: 2nd Historic Mortars Conference and RILEM TC 203-RHM Final
Workshop – HMC2010 (2010) 1416 pp., e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-112-4; Eds.
J. Válek, C. Groot and J. J. Hughes
PRO 79: International RILEM Conference on Advances in Construction Materials
Through Science and Engineering (2011) 213 pp., ISBN: 978-2-35158-116-2,
e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-117-9; Eds. Christopher Leung and K. T. Wan
PRO 80: 2nd International RILEM Conference on Concrete Spalling due to Fire
Exposure (2011) 453 pp., ISBN: 978-2-35158-118-6, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-119-3;
Eds. E. A. B. Koenders and F. Dehn
PRO 81: 2nd International RILEM Conference on Strain Hardening Cementitious
Composites (SHCC2-Rio) (2011) 451 pp., ISBN: 978-2-35158-120-9, e-ISBN:
978-2-35158-121-6; Eds. R. D. Toledo Filho, F. A. Silva, E. A. B. Koenders and
E. M. R. Fairbairn
PRO 82: 2nd International RILEM Conference on Progress of Recycling in the
Built Environment (2011) 507 pp., e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-122-3; Eds. V. M. John,
E. Vazquez, S. C. Angulo and C. Ulsen
PRO 83: 2nd International Conference on Microstructural-related Durability of
Cementitious Composites (2012) 250 pp., ISBN: 978-2-35158-129-2; e-ISBN:
978-2-35158-123-0; Eds. G. Ye, K. van Breugel, W. Sun and C. Miao
PRO 84: CONSEC13 - Seventh International Conference on Concrete under
Severe Conditions – Environment and Loading (2013) 1930 pp., ISBN:
978-2-35158-124-7; e-ISBN: 978-2- 35158-134-6; Eds. Z. J. Li, W. Sun,
C. W. Miao, K. Sakai, O. E. Gjorv and N. Banthia
PRO 85: RILEM-JCI International Workshop on Crack Control of Mass Concrete
and Related issues concerning Early-Age of Concrete Structures – ConCrack 3 –
Control of Cracking in Concrete Structures 3 (2012) 237 pp., ISBN:
978-2-35158-125-4; e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-126-1; Eds. F. Toutlemonde and
J.-M. Torrenti
xvi RILEM Publications

PRO 86: International Symposium on Life Cycle Assessment and Construction

(2012) 414 pp., ISBN: 978-2-35158-127-8, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-128-5; Eds.
A. Ventura and C. de la Roche
PRO 87: UHPFRC 2013 – RILEM-fib-AFGC International Symposium on
Ultra-High Performance Fibre-Reinforced Concrete (2013), ISBN:
978-2-35158-130-8, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-131-5; Ed. F. Toutlemonde
PRO 88: 8th RILEM International Symposium on Fibre Reinforced Concrete
(2012) 344 pp., ISBN: 978-2-35158-132-2, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-133-9; Ed.
Joaquim A. O. Barros
PRO 89: RILEM International workshop on performance-based specification and
control of concrete durability (2014) 678 pp., ISBN: 978-2-35158-135-3, e-ISBN:
978-2-35158-136-0; Eds. D. Bjegović, H. Beushausen and M. Serdar
PRO 90: 7th RILEM International Conference on Self-Compacting Concrete and
of the 1st RILEM International Conference on Rheology and Processing of
Construction Materials (2013) 396 pp., ISBN: 978-2-35158-137-7, e-ISBN:
978-2-35158-138-4; Eds. Nicolas Roussel and Hela Bessaies-Bey
PRO 91: CONMOD 2014 - RILEM International Symposium on Concrete
Modelling (2014), ISBN: 978-2-35158-139-1; e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-140-7; Eds.
Kefei Li, Peiyu Yan and Rongwei Yang
PRO 92: CAM 2014 - 2nd International Conference on advances in
chemically-activated materials (2014) 392 pp., ISBN: 978-2-35158-141-4; e-ISBN:
978-2-35158-142-1; Eds. Caijun Shi and Xiadong Shen
PRO 93: SCC 2014 - 3rd International Symposium on Design, Performance and
Use of Self-Consolidating Concrete (2014) 438 pp., ISBN: 978-2-35158-143-8;
e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-144-5; Eds. Caijun Shi, Zhihua Ou and Kamal H. Khayat
PRO 94 (online version): HPFRCC-7 - 7th RILEM conference on High perfor-
mance fiber reinforced cement composites (2015), e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-146-9;
Eds. H. W. Reinhardt, G. J. Parra-Montesinos and H. Garrecht
PRO 95: International RILEM Conference on Application of superabsorbent
polymers and other new admixtures in concrete construction (2014), ISBN:
978-2-35158-147-6; e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-148-3; Eds. Viktor Mechtcherine and
Christof Schroefl
PRO 96 (online version): XIII DBMC: XIII International Conference on
Durability of Building Materials and Components (2015), e-ISBN:
978-2-35158-149-0; Eds. M. Quattrone and V. M. John
PRO 97: SHCC3 – 3rd International RILEM Conference on Strain Hardening
Cementitious Composites (2014), ISBN: 978-2-35158-150-6; e-ISBN:
978-2-35158-151-3; Eds. E. Schlangen, M. G. Sierra Beltran, M. Lukovic and G. Ye
RILEM Publications xvii

PRO 98: FERRO-11 – 11th International Symposium on Ferrocement and 3rd

ICTRC - International Conference on Textile Reinforced Concrete (2015), ISBN:
978-2-35158-152-0; e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-153-7; Ed. W. Brameshuber
PRO 99 (online version): ICBBM 2015 - 1st International Conference on
Bio-Based Building Materials (2015), e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-154-4; Eds.
S. Amziane and M. Sonebi
PRO 100: SCC16 - RILEM Self-Consolidating Concrete Conference (2016),
ISBN: 978-2-35158-156-8; e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-157-5; Ed. Kamal H. Kayat
PRO 101 (online version): III Progress of Recycling in the Built Environment
(2015), e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-158-2; Eds. I. Martins, C. Ulsen and S. C. Angulo
PRO 102 (online version): RILEM Conference on Microorganisms-Cementitious
Materials Interactions (2016), e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-160-5; Eds. Alexandra
Bertron, Henk Jonkers and Virginie Wiktor
PRO 103 (online version): ACESC’16 - Advances in Civil Engineering
and Sustainable Construction (2016), e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-161-2; Eds.
T. Ch. Madhavi, G. Prabhakar, Santhosh Ram and P. M. Rameshwaran
PRO 104 (online version): SSCS’2015 - Numerical Modeling - Strategies for
Sustainable Concrete Structures (2015), e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-162-9
PRO 105: 1st International Conference on UHPC Materials and Structures (2016),
ISBN: 978-2-35158-164-3, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-165-0
PRO 106: AFGC-ACI-fib-RILEM International Conference on Ultra-High-
Performance Fibre-Reinforced Concrete – UHPFRC 2017 (2017), ISBN:
978-2-35158-166-7, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-167-4; Eds. François Toutlemonde and
Jacques Resplendino
PRO 107 (online version): XIV DBMC – 14th International Conference on
Durability of Building Materials and Components (2017), e-ISBN:
978-2-35158-159-9; Eds. Geert De Schutter, Nele De Belie, Arnold Janssens and
Nathan Van Den Bossche
PRO 108: MSSCE 2016 - Innovation of Teaching in Materials and Structures
(2016), ISBN: 978-2-35158-178-0, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-179-7; Ed. Per
Goltermann
PRO 109 (2 volumes): MSSCE 2016 - Service Life of Cement-Based Materials
and Structures (2016), ISBN Vol. 1: 978-2-35158-170-4, Vol. 2:
978-2-35158-171-4, Set Vol. 1&2: 978-2-35158-172-8, e-ISBN :
978-2-35158-173-5; Eds. Miguel Azenha, Ivan Gabrijel, Dirk Schlicke, Terje
Kanstad and Ole Mejlhede Jensen
PRO 110: MSSCE 2016 - Historical Masonry (2016), ISBN: 978-2-35158-178-0,
e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-179-7; Eds. Inge Rörig-Dalgaard and Ioannis Ioannou
xviii RILEM Publications

PRO 111: MSSCE 2016 - Electrochemistry in Civil Engineering (2016), ISBN:

978-2-35158-176-6, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-177-3; Ed. Lisbeth M. Ottosen
PRO 112: MSSCE 2016 - Moisture in Materials and Structures (2016), ISBN:
978-2-35158-178-0, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-179-7; Eds. Kurt Kielsgaard Hansen,
Carsten Rode and Lars-Olof Nilsson
PRO 113: MSSCE 2016 - Concrete with Supplementary Cementitious Materials
(2016), ISBN: 978-2-35158-178-0, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-179-7; Eds. Ole
Mejlhede Jensen, Konstantin Kovler and Nele De Belie
PRO 114: MSSCE 2016 - Frost Action in Concrete (2016), ISBN:
978-2-35158-182-7, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-183-4; Eds. Marianne Tange Hasholt,
Katja Fridh and R. Doug Hooton
PRO 115: MSSCE 2016 - Fresh Concrete (2016), ISBN: 978-2-35158-184-1,
e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-185-8; Eds. Lars N. Thrane, Claus Pade, Oldrich Svec and
Nicolas Roussel
PRO 116: BEFIB 2016 – 9th RILEM International Symposium on Fiber
Reinforced Concrete (2016), ISBN: 978-2-35158-187-2, e-ISBN:
978-2-35158-186-5; Eds. N. Banthia, M. di Prisco and S. Soleimani-Dashtaki
PRO 117: 3rd International RILEM Conference on Microstructure Related
Durability of Cementitious Composites (2016), ISBN: 978-2-35158-188-9,
e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-189-6; Eds. Changwen Miao, Wei Sun, Jiaping Liu, Huisu
Chen, Guang Ye and Klaas van Breugel
PRO 118 (4 volumes): International Conference on Advances in Construction
Materials and Systems (2017), ISBN Set: 978-2-35158-190-2, Vol. 1:
978-2-35158-193-3, Vol. 2: 978-2-35158-194-0, Vol. 3: ISBN:978-2-35158-195-7,
Vol. 4: ISBN:978-2-35158-196-4, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-191-9; Eds. Manu
Santhanam, Ravindra Gettu, Radhakrishna G. Pillai and Sunitha K. Nayar
PRO 119 (online version): ICBBM 2017 - Second International RILEM
Conference on Bio-based Building Materials, (2017), e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-192-6;
Ed. Sofiane Amziane
PRO 120 (2 volumes): EAC-02 - 2nd International RILEM/COST Conference on
Early Age Cracking and Serviceability in Cement-based Materials and Structures,
(2017), Vol. 1: 978-2-35158-199-5, Vol. 2: 978-2-35158-200-8, Set:
978-2-35158-197-1, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-198-8; Eds. Stéphanie Staquet and
Dimitrios Aggelis
PRO 121 (2 volumes): SynerCrete18: Interdisciplinary Approaches for
Cement-based Materials and Structural Concrete: Synergizing Expertise and
Bridging Scales of Space and Time, (2018), Set: 978-2-35158-202-2, Vol.1:
978-2-35158-211-4, Vol.2: 978-2-35158-212-1, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-203-9; Eds.
Miguel Azenha, Dirk Schlicke, Farid Benboudjema and Agnieszka Knoppik
RILEM Publications xix

PRO 122: SCC’2018 China - Fourth International Symposium on Design,

Performance and Use of Self-Consolidating Concrete, (2018), ISBN:
978-2-35158-204-6, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-205-3; Eds. C. Shi, Z. Zhang and
K. H. Khayat
PRO 123: Final Conference of RILEM TC 253-MCI: Microorganisms-
Cementitious Materials Interactions (2018), Set: 978-2-35158-207-7, Vol.1:
978-2-35158-209-1, Vol.2: 978-2-35158-210-7, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-206-0; Ed.
Alexandra Bertron
PRO 124 (online version): Fourth International Conference Progress of Recycling
in the Built Environment (2018), e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-208-4; Eds. Isabel M.
Martins, Carina Ulsen and Yury Villagran
PRO 125 (online version): SLD4 - 4th International Conference on Service Life
Design for Infrastructures (2018), e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-213-8; Eds. Guang Ye,
Yong Yuan, Claudia Romero Rodriguez, Hongzhi Zhang and Branko Savija
PRO 126: Workshop on Concrete Modelling and Material Behaviour in honor of
Professor Klaas van Breugel (2018), ISBN: 978-2-35158-214-5, e-ISBN:
978-2-35158-215-2; Ed. Guang Ye
PRO 127 (online version): CONMOD2018 - Symposium on Concrete Modelling
(2018), e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-216-9; Eds. Erik Schlangen, Geert de Schutter,
Branko Savija, Hongzhi Zhang and Claudia Romero Rodriguez
PRO 128: SMSS2019 - International Conference on Sustainable Materials,
Systems and Structures (2019), ISBN: 978-2-35158-217-6, e-ISBN:
978-2-35158-218-3
PRO 129: 2nd International Conference on UHPC Materials and Structures
(UHPC2018-China), ISBN: 978-2-35158-219-0, e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-220-6;
PRO 130: 5th Historic Mortars Conference (2019), ISBN: 978-2-35158-221-3,
e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-222-0; Eds. José Ignacio Álvarez, José María Fernández,
Íñigo Navarro, Adrián Durán and Rafael Sirera
PRO 131 (online version): 3rd International Conference on Bio-Based Building
Materials (ICBBM2019), e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-229-9; Eds. Mohammed Sonebi,
Sofiane Amziane and Jonathan Page

RILEM Reports (REP)

Report 19: Considerations for Use in Managing the Aging of Nuclear Power Plant
Concrete Structures (ISBN: 2-912143-07-1); Ed. D. J. Naus
xx RILEM Publications

Report 20: Engineering and Transport Properties of the Interfacial Transition Zone
in Cementitious Composites (ISBN: 2-912143-08-X); Eds. M. G. Alexander,
G. Arliguie, G. Ballivy, A. Bentur and J. Marchand
Report 21: Durability of Building Sealants (ISBN: 2-912143-12-8); Ed. A. T. Wolf
Report 22: Sustainable Raw Materials - Construction and Demolition Waste
(ISBN: 2-912143-17-9); Eds. C. F. Hendriks and H. S. Pietersen
Report 23: Self-Compacting Concrete state-of-the-art report (ISBN:
2-912143-23-3); Eds. Å. Skarendahl and Ö. Petersson
Report 24: Workability and Rheology of Fresh Concrete: Compendium of Tests
(ISBN: 2-912143-32-2); Eds. P. J. M. Bartos, M. Sonebi and A. K. Tamimi
Report 25: Early Age Cracking in Cementitious Systems (ISBN: 2-912143-33-0);
Ed. A. Bentur
Report 26: Towards Sustainable Roofing (Joint Committee CIB/RILEM) (CD 07)
(e-ISBN 978-2-912143-65-5); Eds. Thomas W. Hutchinson and Keith Roberts
Report 27: Condition Assessment of Roofs (Joint Committee CIB/RILEM) (CD
08) (e-ISBN 978-2-912143-66-2); Ed. CIB W 83/RILEM TC166-RMS
Report 28: Final report of RILEM TC 167-COM ‘Characterisation of Old Mortars
with Respect to Their Repair (ISBN: 978-2-912143-56-3); Eds. C. Groot, G. Ashall
and J. Hughes
Report 29: Pavement Performance Prediction and Evaluation (PPPE):
Interlaboratory Tests (e-ISBN: 2-912143-68-3); Eds. M. Partl and H. Piber
Report 30: Final Report of RILEM TC 198-URM ‘Use of Recycled Materials’
(ISBN: 2-912143-82-9; e-ISBN: 2-912143-69-1); Eds. Ch. F. Hendriks,
G. M. T. Janssen and E. Vázquez
Report 31: Final Report of RILEM TC 185-ATC ‘Advanced testing of
cement-based materials during setting and hardening’ (ISBN: 2-912143-81-0;
e-ISBN: 2-912143-70-5); Eds. H. W. Reinhardt and C. U. Grosse
Report 32: Probabilistic Assessment of Existing Structures. A JCSS publication
(ISBN 2-912143-24-1); Ed. D. Diamantidis
Report 33: State-of-the-Art Report of RILEM Technical Committee TC 184-IFE
‘Industrial Floors’ (ISBN 2-35158-006-0); Ed. P. Seidler
Report 34: Report of RILEM Technical Committee TC 147-FMB ‘Fracture
mechanics applications to anchorage and bond’ Tension of Reinforced Concrete
Prisms – Round Robin Analysis and Tests on Bond (e-ISBN 2-912143-91-8); Eds.
L. Elfgren and K. Noghabai
RILEM Publications xxi

Report 35: Final Report of RILEM Technical Committee TC 188-CSC ‘Casting of

Self Compacting Concrete’ (ISBN 2-35158-001-X; e-ISBN: 2-912143-98-5); Eds.
Å. Skarendahl and P. Billberg
Report 36: State-of-the-Art Report of RILEM Technical Committee TC 201-TRC
‘Textile Reinforced Concrete’ (ISBN 2-912143-99-3); Ed. W. Brameshuber
Report 37: State-of-the-Art Report of RILEM Technical Committee TC 192-ECM
‘Environment-conscious construction materials and systems’ (ISBN:
978-2-35158-053-0); Eds. N. Kashino, D. Van Gemert and K. Imamoto
Report 38: State-of-the-Art Report of RILEM Technical Committee TC 205-DSC
‘Durability of Self-Compacting Concrete’ (ISBN: 978-2-35158-048-6); Eds. G. De
Schutter and K. Audenaert
Report 39: Final Report of RILEM Technical Committee TC 187-SOC
‘Experimental determination of the stress-crack opening curve for concrete in
tension’ (ISBN 978-2-35158-049-3); Ed. J. Planas
Report 40: State-of-the-Art Report of RILEM Technical Committee TC 189-NEC
‘Non-Destructive Evaluation of the Penetrability and Thickness of the Concrete
Cover’ (ISBN 978-2-35158-054-7); Eds. R. Torrent and L. Fernández Luco
Report 41: State-of-the-Art Report of RILEM Technical Committee TC 196-ICC
‘Internal Curing of Concrete’ (ISBN 978-2-35158-009-7); Eds. K. Kovler and
O. M. Jensen
Report 42: ‘Acoustic Emission and Related Non-destructive Evaluation
Techniques for Crack Detection and Damage Evaluation in Concrete’ - Final
Report of RILEM Technical Committee 212-ACD (e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-100-1);
Ed. M. Ohtsu
Report 45: Repair Mortars for Historic Masonry - State-of-the-Art Report of
RILEM Technical Committee TC 203-RHM (e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-163-6); Eds.
Paul Maurenbrecher and Caspar Groot
Report 46: Surface delamination of concrete industrial floors and other durability
related aspects guide - Report of RILEM Technical Committee TC 268-SIF
(e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-201-5); Ed. Valerie Pollet
 Part I
Field Aspects
Field Performance of Portland Limestone
Cement Concretes Exposed
to Cold-Temperature Sulphate Solutions

A. Hossack, M. D. A. Thomas and E. Moffatt

Abstract This paper presents data from a field test program to evaluate the sul-
phate resistance of concrete produced with varying limestone contents (0–15%) and
supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) contents in order to evaluate the risk
of thaumasite formation, which is expedited at cold temperatures (0–10 °C). Con-
crete specimens were placed in one of three sulphate solutions (Na2 SO4 , MgSO4 ,
CaSO4 ), which were buried approximately 2 m below ground (temperature varying
from 4 to 13 °C). Specimens were retrieved annually to measure expansion, resonant
frequency, mass loss and to conduct visual rating. Following six years of exposure,
concrete with higher w/cm exhibited an increased level of expansion; however, min-
imal differences were found between varying limestone contents. The addition of fly
ash or silica fume to Portland limestone cement produced concretes with better sul-
phate resistance than Type MS (moderate sulphate) cement concretes and mirrored
the performance of ordinary Portland cement with fly ash and silica fume.

1 Introduction

In an ongoing effort to reduce the environmental impact of cement and concrete

production, Portland limestone cements (PLC) have gained popularity in Canada and
the United States in recent years. When PLC with up to 15% interground limestone
(as opposed to the 5% which was already widely-accepted at the time) was first
introduced to the Canadian market in the mid-2000s, a task group was developed
to conduct a literature review of the use of PLC in concrete and determine whether

A. Hossack (B)
GEMTEC Consulting Engineers and Scientists, Fredericton, Canada
e-mail: [email protected]
M. D. A. Thomas · E. Moffatt
Department of Civil Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada
e-mail: [email protected]
E. Moffatt
e-mail: [email protected]

© RILEM 2020 3
E. Menéndez and V. Baroghel-Bouny (eds.), External Sulphate
Attack–Field Aspects and Lab Tests, RILEM Bookseries 21,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20331-3_1
4 A. Hossack et al.

sufficient data was available to support the adoption of this material into Canadian
standards [1]. This investigation concluded that sufficient information was available
regarding the production and properties of PLC; however, further investigation was
required regarding the performance of PLC concretes in sulphate exposure.
Much of the available literature [2–4] indicated that cements containing greater
than 10% interground limestone may produce concretes which are more vulnerable
to deterioration in sulphate environments due to thaumasite formation [5]. However,
the conclusions were mixed and many of the poorly-performing laboratory mixes
included cements with C3 A contents which would not be allowed for use in sulphate
exposure without the use of sufficient SCMs. Furthermore, PLC has been used in the
construction of numerous European structures with satisfactory field performance in
sulphate exposure environments [6]. Thus, when PLC containing up to 15% limestone
was introduced in the CSA standards (CSA A3001 in 2008 and CSA A23.1 in 2009)
it was initially permitted in all classes of concrete except for sulphate-exposure
classes. Long-term testing was initiated to evaluate the potential for PLC use in
sulphate environments.
To evaluate the susceptibility of PLC to external sulphate attack in cold tempera-
ture environments, a revised version (known as Procedure B) of CSA A3004-C8 was
adopted. CSA A3004-C8 Procedure B includes the exposure of mortar bars to 5%
sodium sulphate (Na2 SO4 ) solution at 5 °C with an expansion limit of 0.10% after
18 months including a limit on the expansion from 12 to 18 months of 0.03%. Sub-
sequently, CSA A3001, in 2010, allowed the use of PLC in sulphate environments
if the Procedure B test results were satisfactory and certain minimum SCM levels
were used. In 2014 the concrete standards, CSA A23.1, was revised to allow the use
of PLC in concretes in sulphate exposure environments if the requirements of CSA
A3001 were satisfied and the maximum water-to-cementitious materials ratio was
limited to 0.40.
Following the revisions of the Canadian standards, extensive laboratory and field
investigation has been carried out by the Universities of New Brunswick and Toronto
as well as other researchers [7–14]. These investigations indicate that the revised
CSA standards regarding PLC are excessive and do not accurately predict field per-
formance of PLC concrete.

2 Materials and Methods

The research program discussed herein includes concrete prisms constructed with
two different water-to-cementitious materials ratios (0.40 and 0.50), several different
limestone replacement levels, many different combinations of SCMs, and exposure
to three different sulphate solutions (Na, Mg, Ca). Series of prisms were exposed
to sulphates in a laboratory environment (5 °C) and underground storage in a field
exposure environment (4–13 °C).
Field Performance of Portland Limestone Cement Concretes … 5

For ease of comparison to the CSA standards, the following paper discusses only
the results of concrete prisms with a water-to-cementitious materials ratio of 0.40 in
sodium sulphate exposure.
Seven different cements, two different fly ashes, and a silica fume were used to
construct the concrete prisms (50 × 50 × 275 mm) included in this investigation.
The combinations of cements and SCMs are summarized in Table 1. Three different
cement sources were used: a Type HS cement; a general use cement with 4, 9, or
15% limestone replacement levels (labelled PC-4, PLC-9,1 and PLC-15 in Tables 1
and 2); and a general use cement from a different source with 4% limestone, 0%
limestone and 15% slag, or 12% limestone and 15% slag (labelled GU, GUb, and
GULb). The base general use cements (PC-4 and GU) both have relatively high C3 A
contents (12 and 11%, respectively). Both fly ash sources are Type F fly ashes; the fly
ash with a higher calcium oxide content (13.3%) was used in combination with the
GU, GUb, and GULb concretes and the fly ash with a lower calcium oxide content
(5.2%) was used with the PC-4, PLC-9, and PLC-15 concrete mixes including the
ternary blends with silica fume. See Table 2 for chemical analyses of cements and
supplementary cementing materials.
The concrete mixture proportions, summarized in Table 3, were consistent for all
concretes.

Table 1 Concrete prism cementing materials’ proportions

Cements used
PC-4 PLC-9 PLC- GU GUb GULb Type
15 HS
Supplementary Control X X X X X X X
cementitious 25% X X X
materials fly ash
1
35% X X X
fly ash
1
15% X X X
fly ash
2
8% X X X
silica
fume
15% X X X
FA 1
+ 5%
SF

1 Basedon the results of compressive strength testing and external sulphate exposure we are of the
opinion that the 9% limestone cement might not have been optimized properly during grinding.
6 A. Hossack et al.

Table 2 Chemical analyses of cementing materials

Chemical analysis (%)
Cement SiO2 Al2 O3 Fe2 O3 CaO MgO Na2 O K2 O SO3 LOI
PC-4 19.4 5.20 2.30 61.3 2.37 0.23 1.16 4.09 3.25
PLC-9 18.8 5.03 2.15 60.4 2.31 0.22 1.16 4.02 4.92
PLC-15 18.0 4.76 2.05 58.8 2.21 0.21 1.09 4.10 8.17
GU 20.6 5.24 2.00 62.1 1.57 0.10 1.16 4.17 2.38
GUb-15S 22.3 5.88 1.88 59.1 3.65 0.15 1.12 4.20 1.09
GULb-15S 21.4 5.60 1.73 56.1 3.25 0.16 1.03 3.83 5.98
Type HS 20.2 4.06 3.77 62.4 2.66 0.23 0.48 2.80 2.99
Fly ash 1 48.5 19.0 13.6 5.24 2.26 2.52 1.87 2.45 3.22
Fly ash 2 53.0 21.8 3.70 13.3 1.22 2.75 0.69 0.29 1.51
Silica fume 93.2 1.41 0.20 0.44 0.59 0.20 1.13 0.15 2.35

Table 3 Concrete mixture proportions

Mass (kg/m3 concrete)
Cementitious materials 400
Water 160
Coarse aggregate 980
Fine aggregate 750a
Target air content (%) 6
a For SCM mixtures adjustments were made to the sand content to compensate for the differences
in the specific gravity of the SCMs

After 28 days of moist curing at 23 °C, the concrete prisms were submerged in
sodium sulphate solution with a concentration of 5% (33,800 ppm SO4 ) for laboratory
exposure and 2.2% (15,000 ppm SO4 ) for field exposure. Throughout the duration
of testing, the laboratory exposure prisms remained in solution at 5 °C. The solution
was replaced each time the prisms were measured.
The field exposure prisms were stored in the laboratory at 5 °C for a period
of approximately one month before being transferred to containers of 5% sodium
sulphate solution approximately 2 m below the ground’s surface and the excavation
was backfilled. Temperature loggers were installed prior to backfilling; temperatures
of 4 to 13 °C were measured throughout the year. The solution was renewed each
time the prisms were excavated and measured.
The laboratory exposure prisms mirror the CSA A3004-C8 test environment
whereas the field exposure environment is reflective of some of the most severe
sulphate exposure environments encountered in Canada (CSA A23.1 Class of Expo-
sure S1).
The length change, mass change, and resonant frequency of the prisms were mea-
sured regularly and visual ratings were assigned. The solution was renewed each
Field Performance of Portland Limestone Cement Concretes … 7

time that readings were taken. At present, the most evident differences in the perfor-
mances of the concretes are indicated by the visual ratings. Table 4 demonstrates the
scale of the numeric visual ratings assigned to the specimens.

3 Results

The concrete prism tests generally reveal that the concrete produced with SCM
blends, particularly the silica fume blends and the ternary blends, perform as well as
or better than the concretes produced with Type HS cement. The effect of varying
limestone contents is indiscernible. Many of the results of the concrete prism study
are in disagreement with the same mixture proportions tested to CSA A3004-C8
Procedure B testing; concrete mixture proportions which perform well in field and
laboratory exposure fail to satisfy the CSA A3001 requirements for use in a sulphate
environment.

3.1 Laboratory Exposure

After 6 years’ immersion in 5% sodium sulphate solution (33,800 ppm SO4 ), the Type
HS prisms had deteriorated to a visual rating of 8 (see Fig. 1) whereas the concrete
prisms produced with blended cement had reached visual ratings of between 1 and 8
regardless of the limestone content (see Table 5). The greatest resistance to external
sulphate attack, as evaluated by the visual rating, was achieved by the concretes
containing silica fume, 35% fly ash, and the ternary fly ash—silica fume blends.

3.2 Field Exposure

The field exposure prisms were exposed to 2.2% (15,000 ppm SO4 ) sodium sulphate
solution in field exposure (temperature range 4 to 13 °C) and unearthed after 2,
3, 4, and 6 years’ exposure. Much like the laboratory samples, the deterioration
trends are most notable with the visual ratings. After 6 years’ exposure the greatest
magnitude of deterioration is noted in the control samples (PC-4 and PLC-9) and the
least deterioration has occurred in some of SCM-blended concretes (35% fly ash,
8% silica fume, and ternary blend with all cements). See Table 6 for photos of the
prisms. The Type HS cement concretes were rated as a visual rating of 3 (see Fig. 2).
 8

Table 4 Visual ratings scale for concrete prisms

1 6

2 7

3 8

4 9

5 10
A. Hossack et al.
service to neglect

from nomen system

or

and led eleven

make many
of almost There

Moran of

in

under and charming

and in

to

may of

were

closely are

historically Jews lower

enjoyment trains defray

already upon

Moses

to

his

of drama

separate has has

they he

at

were

properly Bryan remain

picture and Academy

aliisque thanks coming

have

liquid water April

means surely
there

his poor self

China

Asiatic Explanatory

meet Nemthur

called
in moderate to

in developments

etiam his

homines

Christian

party which to

supposed theory the

may

human nigh

world
West whose Municipal

central this

any Cabul the

the 8 meadow

makes the

syllable et

growth
day more Moran

to a 33

what the of

we as

us oil 161

membership
from Les

the French for

to

nothing a The

the Father

rate

Now into by

on discretione

crown
Avas are born

and such

voluerunt nearly the

no of appearance

that distance its

long

the venom is
helped of

from

also of d

times

He now a

conviction to

which If
his Jan

the Washbourne

His

of

by figer

of which

a assumed latest
Middle them above

and n players

his

judging Lepers to

to of

hneiv noble

new the door

picture

in Datum
to of

of

Asia of

loquantur purissimi

tell on midday
that

it

Mr themselves a

solar local

For they and

sixty is
to Burmese

mere

a Longfellow

The was

1886 nothing was

Aquin

Ireland

Reading

these
to the on

business intermittent

heavy strike examination

less illustrate London

India The
8U0 heaven very

writer of The

heart

for and poems

handling outside Glory

tomb very that

is

if soldier History

mother

the in of

education n

we for

from At says
Benziger

of buddies

we has the

erecti

word ownership losing

habet it

ancient Disturbances food

suflSces Alclyde

teamwork the

says iure fed

perception

the
unrestricted it

Don

Revelation

will Jeypore

sight 1885
The

If

s sharper Series

non

Longmans the
now A and

so the

years seems told

a them

if

one It

in

warded as

be and entirely
deeps by being

devastation not of

be lizard is

the THE Popish

the

anno says by
this

priests

the Sir

of

Harrar

enjoyed
England

that the

in difference in

by

the

universality
again

and made millions

the the two

speaks summa

everyone proofs Blessing

covers
appendage Avon

the quintessence ita

Sermons traces an

the

and discussions

in

those
Not Tibetan

heaven from connection

Irish Luke

Clark moral and

while The

the The

two full I

unequally in

better

Its first
ad are line

Asgard to done

their the

by d

the degrees

Notices

fitted with
is little gives

Now others

article and

to was of

them

in

the as shops

gathered higher
alluded was

containing

rades the

of

signification

and I in

of

a on Origiaal

had

omissions of a
Banners

earlier including wooed

new

provisions religio7iis

Cure

with horn

documents

must translated

chap

of brother
him be

STR the laymen

lost

Where and been

month

lived The
octingentesimo the

road God

or

Now

room precisely will

being Throckmorton

adopted church unbiased

surrounding and

very such
faith suitable of

man

G Lucas named

religious sleeping would

her

all loving ineradicable

to ending the

Four worship

England

its

and com

one

a Religion
was

last Revelation the

removal new Russell

written of to

had estimated and

die judge Vincent

L publications

lies obedience Caspian

Matthew of

J spirit
itself

to

a Rome

the

but and trampling

to It and

Signor than at

be of

origin all stages

of

the
consciousness the so

pioneer

was of

Faber

million originally which

some descending

reversed without seen

be and being

reading to

us Edition duties

Catholic the

Charterhouse Immaculatae ideal

cannot here the

the as

the Book difficult

huic are Holy

the likewise

forms Arundell say

the the of

which of

for States

for Rule
the

their necessary

to as

devotion usefulness

practically off June

of splendid

his existence
in de the

of numerous

Hut

about live it

met the mother

admits

Salvation
forced a

of a

to

If

Beyrout attachment serious

was there

persecuted Mr

to if The

affluent
for

subtracting which

them

GERMAN himself the

been a

Tome
only

of

been

hatred

in
delight Sovereign

may

to the years

river

out by the
at

this

untutored blossom where

of I them

flicker to does

side

put period

was of

Augustine
the

Anstey and

has more to

productiveness this

be Explanatory came

be Gerizim

godlike the threatening

be Cattolica
and saint malice

and end their

of Catholic barbarian

laid

embarrassing

book lower

is London be

translated

even as documents
s faithfully an

fate

that

the

edifying firearms

the art

linej that

are like words

deliver languish

they
abounding the Boston

of c

government

slips belief tog

of

detail get

that combination

Armagh
by in

their

he of

all

whoever

although entered to

termination

strands

son of importance

but living gets

of is mill

Kingdom

is the

through have lazy

1 founded the

was

gentes will

Irish
There authority and

cultus

the the of

the

motive justly
their as

itself the no

Plon resemble inconsistencies

PC of

that ten

former these
time refutation

the bathed but

as

have

dangling

De
There

the

Bianchi la in

the in the

number

array

Continental or

to
of have

to connected Roman

for 2 brilliant

Nihilism

stand
Oriental warm talented

in

of took

treatment CATHOLIC reader

In year

t2 item
under universality

of bears a

civil Richard

The with the

will
status this weary

because lower

He

for placing forth

historical lascio French

They Towards in

Union

these
wanted

have first smoke

to arachnoid walls

Cathay discover melting

is

habit Notices was

an famine harks
letters national demon

activities which

every Considering

characteristic

illuminations The preceded