COURSE STRUCTURE

B.TECH
ELECTRONICS & COMPUTER ENGINEERING
(ECSE)

Under

Choice Based Credit System(CBCS)

(w.e.f. 2024-25)
 Credit Structure For B.Tech. (All Branches) w.e.f. 2024-25

Total
Category Courses L T P C
Credits
Management 3 0 0 3
English- I 0 0 4 2
English-II 0 0 4 2
English for Professional Purposes-I 2 0 0 2
Humanities & Social
English for Professional Purposes-II 2 0 0 2 19
Sciences (HSS)
Soft Skills-I 0 0 2 1
Soft Skills-II 0 0 2 1
Soft Skills-III 0 0 6 3
Soft Skills-IV 0 0 6 3
Mathematics Courses-I 3 1 0 4
Mathematics Courses-II 3 1 0 4
Mathematics Courses-III 3 1 0 4
Basic Sciences (BS) 21
Chemistry 2 0 1 3
Environmental Studies 2 0 0 2
Physics 2 1 2 4
Computer Programming 3 0 1 4
Mechanical Engineering 3 0 0 3
Engineering Drawing 0 0 2 1
Engineering Sciences Engineering Workshop & Practice
0 0 2 1 21
(ES) Lab
Electrical Engineering 3 0 2 4
Electronics Engineering 3 0 2 4
Dept. Specific ¾ 0 2/0 4
Mini Project-I 1
Mini Project-II 1
Mini Project-III 2
Project 14
Industrial Training 2
2
Academic Project
6
Program Core (PC) Core Subjects & Branch 52 52
Program Electives (PE) Advanced Subjects of Branch 26 26
Multidisciplinary Subjects from
Open Electives (OE) 12 12
Other Branch
Four Courses of LTP= 002
(Ethics & Values, Environmental
Mandatory Non
Studies, Disaster Management, Cyber
Graded (MNG)
Security, Waste to Management,
4U 4U
Courses
Entrepreneurship, Constitution of
India etc.)
Grand Total 165
 Program Core (Credits=52)
S. Subject Subject
Credit Credit
No. (Electronics Domain) (CS Domain)
1 Signal and System 4 Object Oriented Programming 3
System Using C++
2 Solid-state devices and 4 Object Oriented Programming 1
circuits System Using C++ Lab
3 Microprocessors 3 Operating System 3
4 Microprocessors Lab 1 Operating System Lab 1
5 Control System 3 Database Management System 3
6 Analog and Digital 3 Database Management System Lab 1
Communication
7 Data Communication 3 Data Structure and Algorithms using 3
Network C
8 VLSI Design 3 Data Structure and Algorithms using 1
C Lab
9 Digital Electronics 3 Machine Learning 3
10 Digital Electronics Lab 1 Machine Learning Lab 1
11 -------------------------- Design and Analysis of Algorithms 3
12 -------------------------- Design and Analysis of Algorithms 1
Lab
Total 28 Total 24
 Program Electives (Credits= 26)

Subject Credit Subject Credit

S.No.
(Electronics Domain) (CS Domain)
1 Sensor and Instrumentation 3 Natural Language Processing
3
2 Digital Signal Processing 3 Optimization Techniques 3
3 Robotics & Automation 3 ASIC Design 3
4 Mechatronics 3 3
5 Analog Mixed Mode VLSI 3 Big Data Analytics 3
6 MEMS 3 Parallel Processing 3

7 RF Integrated Circuits 3 Cognitive Computing 3

8 Avionics 3 Multimedia Communication3
9 Optical Communication 3 Complier Design 3
Optical Communication and 3 Pervasive & Ubiquitous 3
10
Microwave Lab Computing
11 Wireless Communication 3 Reliability Engineering 3
Embedded System Design (new 3 Cryptography and Network3
12
syllabus) Security
13 Embedded System Lab 1 C# and .NET 3
14 Analog Integrated Circuit 2 Real Time System 3
15 Digital Image Processing 3 Automata Theory 3
16 Analog Integrated Circuit Lab 1 Cyber security 3
17 Information Theory and Coding 3 Deep Learning 3
18 Artificial Intelligence 3 Computer vision 3
Introduction to IoT 3 IIoT and Cyber Physical 3
19
System
Introduction to IoT Lab 1 Virtualization and Cloud 1
20
computing Lab
21 Fundamentals of Digital Design 3 Virtualization and Cloud 3
Using Verilog computing
22 Fundamentals of Digital Design 1 Web Technology 3
Using Verilog lab
23 Simulation Lab II 1 Data Science 3
24 Computer-Aided Design Lab 1 Quantum Computing 3

Open Electives (Credits =12)

S.No. Subject Credit

1 Renewable Energy Sources 4

2 Industry 4.0: Artificial Intelligence Applications 4

3 Integrated Waste Management for smart city 4

4 Smart Grid 4

5 Innovation and Entrepreneurship 4

6 Fundamental of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 4

7 Research Methodology and IPR 4

8 Biomedical Instrumentation 4

9 International Economics and Globalization 4

10 Drone Technology 4

11 Quantum Mechanics 4

12 Design Thinking 4

13 Biology for Engineers 4

 B. Tech. ECSE: First Semester

S. Cat. Code Subject L T P J C

No.

1 BS BMAS0104 Engineering Calculus 3 1 0 0 4

2 BS BECS 0002 Semiconductor Physics 2 1 0 0 3
3 ES BECG0007 Electrical Circuits and 3 0 0 0 3
Networks
4 BS BECS 2001 Semiconductor Materials and 3 0 0 0 3
Characterization
5 ES BCSG0002 Computer Programming 3 0 0 0 3
6 ES BCSG0801 Computer Programming Lab 0 0 2 0 1
7 ES BECG0806 Idea Lab 0 0 2 0 1
8 BS BECS 0801 Semiconductor Physics Lab 0 0 2 0 1

9 HS BELH 0811 English Communication 0 0 4 0 2

Skills-I
Total 21
 B. Tech ECSE: Second Semester

S. Cat. Code Subject L T P J C

No.
1 BS BMAS 1105 Matrices, Differential 3 1 0 0 4
Equations, and Laplace
Transform
2 ES BECG 0008 Introduction to Internet of 3 0 0 0 3
Things
3 ES BECG 2001 Electronics Engineering 3 0 0 0 3
4 ES BCSG1001 Python Programming 3 0 0 0 3
5 ES BECG1800 Electronics Lab I 0 0 2 0 1
6 ES BECG 0807 Internet of Things Lab 0 0 2 0 1
7 ES BCSG1800 Python Programming Lab 0 0 2 0 1
8 ES BMEG0804 Engineering Drawing & 0 0 2 0 1
Modelling
9 HS New Code English Communication 0 0 4 0 2
Skills-II
10 PW APFJ0001 Field Project 0 0 0 4 1
Total 20
 Third Semester
CODE TEACHING CRE CONTA
COMPULSORY/
TYPE SUBJECT SCHEME DIT CT HRS
OPTIONAL
L T P S /WEEK
THEORY
BMAS1103 BS Compulsory Engineering Mathematics III 3 1 0 4 4
ONLS0002 BS Compulsory/Online Environment and Development 2 0 0 2 2
BECC0005 PC Compulsory Signal and Systems 3 1 0 4 4
PC Compulsory Digital Electronics 3 0 0 3 3
BECC0001 PC Compulsory Data Structures and Algorithm 3 0 0 3 3
using C
BECC0002 PC (Only one ) Operating System 3 0 0 3 3
BELH0003 HS Compulsory English for Professional 0 0 4 2 4
Purposes-I

Practicals
PC Compulsory Digital Electronics Lab 0 0 2 1 2
BECC0800 PC Compulsory Data Structures and Algorithm 0 0 2 1 2
Lab using C
BTDH0301 HS Compulsory Soft Skills-I/Coding 1(Python) 0 0 2 1 2
Operating System Lab 0 0 2 1 2
MBAM0002 MN Compulsory 0 0 2 0 2
G Leadership and Organizational
Behaviour
PE Simulation Lab II 0 0 2 1 2
TOTAL 26 35
 Fourth Semester

CODE COMPULSO TEACHING CONTACT

CRE
TYPE RY/ SUBJECT SCHEME HRS
DITS
OPTIONAL L T P J /WEEK
THEORY
PC Compulsory SSDC 3 0 0 0 3 3
BECC0008 PC Compulsory Microcontroller /Microprocessor 3 1 0 0 3 3
PC Compulsory Object Oriented Programming 3 0 0 0 3 3
Using C++
BCSO0001 OE (Only one ) Database Management System 3 0 0 0 3 2
BELH0004 HSS Compulsory 0 0 4 0 2 4
English for Professional
(Except for
Purposes-II
CSED)
BECE0001 PE Elective 1 (EC) 3 0 0 0 3 3
BECE0002 PE (Only one )
Elective 1 (CS)
Practicals
BECC0801 PC Compulsory Linear Integrated Circuits Lab 0 0 2 0 1 2
BCSO0070 OE 0 0 2 0 1 2
Compulsory Database Management System lab

Microcontroller 0 0 2 0 1 2
Lab/Microprocessor Lab
Object Oriented Programming 0 0 2 0 1 2
Using C++

BTDH0302 HSS Compulsory Soft Skills II 0 0 2 0 1 2

BECJ0950 PW Compulsory Mini Project-I 0 0 0 4 1 4⃰
MBAM0001 MNG 0 0 2 0 0 2
Compulsory Basic Course in Entrepreneurship
TOTAL 23 30+4⃰
 BECS0002: SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS
Course Objective:

● To understand the background of intrinsic and extrinsic materials.

● To understand the effect of temperature on the various properties of Semiconductor materials.
● To familiarize the students with characteristics and applications of solid state devices like BJT,
MOSFET etc. and study their parameters.
● Analysis of BJT and MOFET amplifiers with parasitic, coupling and bypass capacitors and understand
the effect of capacitances in its frequency response.

Prerequisites:
Credits: 03 Semester I L–T–P: 2–1–0
Module Contents Teaching Hours
No. (Approx.)
Semiconductors: Energy Band and Charge Carriers: Energy bands
in semiconductors, Types of semiconductors, Charge carriers, Intrinsic
and extrinsic materials. Carrier concentration: Fermi Level, Electron and
hole concentration equilibrium, Temperature dependence of carrier
1 concentration, Compensation and charge neutrality. Conductivity and
14
mobility, Effect of temperature, Doping and high electric field.

Junctions: p-n junction and contact potential, Fermi levels, Space

charge,

Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT): Minority carrier distribution,

Solution of diffusion equation in base region, Terminal current, Current
transfer ratio, Ebers-Moll equations, Charge control analysis.

MOSFET: Basic construction of MOSFET and working, I-V

characteristics, enhancement and depletion modes, Complimentary
2 MOS (CMOS). 14

Photonics: LED: Radiative transition, Emission spectra, Luminous

efficiency and LED materials, Solar cell and photodetectors: Ideal
conversion efficiency, Fill factor, Equivalent circuit, Voc, Isc and Load
resistance, Spectral response. Reverse saturation current in
photodetector.
Red- Deletion, yellow-addition
Recommended Books
1. Streetman, B. and Banerjee, S., Solid State Electronics, Prentice Hall India, (2006).
2. Sze, S.M., Physics of Semiconductor Devices, John Wiley, (1981).
3. Tyagi, M.S., Introduction to semiconductor materials and devices, John Wiley, (2000).
4. Pierret, R.F., Semiconductor Device Fundamentals, Pearson Education Inc., (2006).
 BECG0007: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND NETWORKS
Course objective:

● To explain the basic concepts and laws of DC and AC electrical networks and solve them using mesh
and nodal analysis techniques.
● To learn different network theorem and analyze the electric circuit using network theorem.
● To Introduce Two port network.
● To analyze circuits in time and frequency domain.
● Synthesize the network using passive elements.
Credits: 03 L–T–P-J: 3–0–0-0
Module Teaching
Content
No. Hours
A1: Introduction to Electrical circuit analysis :
Revie of electrical device resistor capacitor inductor. Node and mesh analysis,
source transformation. concept of dependent source (VDVS, VDCS.CDVS$CDCS)
and its application
A2: Steady state Analysis
AC analysis: AC fundamentals, average &rms values of different AC
waveforms, phasor algebra, analysis of series AC circuits,A3: Steady state
I 21
Analysis
A3: : Network Theorems (Applications to ac networks):
AC network theorem (Superposition, reciprocity, Thevenin’s, Norton’s,
Maximum power transfer, compensation and Tallegen's theorem as applied
to A.C. & D.C. circuits)

B1: Two Port Networks:

Characterization of LTI two port networks: Z. Y, ABCD and h parameters,
reciprocity and symmetry. Inter-relationships between the parameters, inter-
connections of two
B1: Transient Analysis:
II RL, RC and RLC circuits – classical approach. 21
B3: Network function, driving point and transfer function concept of pole
and zero
B4 Single phase Transformers: Constructional feature, Working Principle,
EMF equation, Ideal transformer, Equivalent Circuit, Phasor diagram

Text Books:
“
● Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O. Sadiku,”5thEd.Fundamentals of Electric CircuitsPublisher:
McGraw Hill Education.
● D. Roy Choudhary, “Networks and Systems” 2nd Ed., New Age International (P) Ltd. Publishers.
● A.Chakrabarti, “Network Analysis & Synthesis”, Dhanpat Rai & Co.
 BECG 0806: IDEA LAB
●
Credits: 01 L–T–P-J: 0–0–2-0
Course Objectives
● To Understand the working of electronics equipment.
● To become familiar with the components used in drones.
● To understand the operations of Arduino/Raspberry Pi and their applications in IOT.

Experiment Number List of Experiments

1 To study the modern electronics hardware like mobile phone and
drones.
2 Study of Electronics components and instruments.

3 Assembling and disassembling the electronics hardware like drones.

4 Introduction to IoT and IoT based Sensors.

5 Introduction to Arduino/Raspberry Pi.
6 Integration of IoT with Arduino/Raspberry Pi for Drone Technology
Outcomes:
1. Flying a Drone, surveying, and data analysis
2. Drone Workshop.
3. Hackathon based on IoT and Drone Technology
 BECS 0801: SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS LAB

Prerequisites:
Credits: 01 Semester I L–T–P: 0–0–2
Module Contents Teaching
No. Hours
(Approx.)
1. Study of Hall Effect
2. Energy Gap of A Material of P-N Junction
3. Parameter extraction from I-V characteristics of a PN junction
diode
4. Parameter extraction from I-V characteristics of a zener diode
1 5. Study of diode rectification 20
6. V-I Characteristics of Light Emitting Diodes
7. Study of a photodiode
8. Study The Characteristics of P-I-N and Avalanche Photodiode
Detectors.
 BECG 0008: INTRODUCTION TO IIINTERNET OF THINGS
Objective: To Implement Data and Knowledge Management and use of Devices in IoT Technology.

Credits: 0 3 L–T–P: 3–0–0

Module Teaching
No. Content Hours

Introduction to IoT:
Introduction to IoT - Sensing, Actuation, Logical desig n of IoT,
Functional blocks of IoT, Communication models, IoT & M2M:
I
Machine to Machine, Difference between IoT and M2M, 20
Introduction to Sensors:
About Sensor, Properties Of Sensors Basic physical principles of
sensing, Categorization of Sensor, PIR Sensor , Temperature Sensor,
Ultrasonic Sensor, IR Sensor, MQ2/ MQ3

Implementing IoT
Introduction to different IoT Tools, Introduction to Arduino
II 20
Programming. Integration of Sensors and Actuators with Arduino.
Implementation of IoT with Arduino/Node MCU/Raspberry Pi
IoT Over Network
IOT Networking Protocols: TCP/ IP, 6LowPan, RPL
Communication Protocol: CoAP, SMTP, HTTP, MQTT, MQTT-S
Reference Books:

● Pethuru Raj and Anupama C. Raman, "The Internet of Things: Enabling Technologies, Platforms, and Use
Cases", (CRC Press)
● Arshdeep Bahga and Vijay Madisetti "Internet of Things: A Hands -on Approach", by (Universities Press)

Outcome: After completion of Lab, student will be able to:

● CO1: Understand the concepts of Internet of Things .

● CO2: Analyze basic protocols in IOT .
● CO3: Design IoT applic ations in different domain and be able to analyze their performance .
● CO4: Able to implement basic IoT applications on embedded platform .
 BECG 2001: ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
●
Credits: 03 L–T–P-J: 3–0–0-0
Course Objectives
● To facilitate understanding of Digital logic fundamentals and logic gates.
● Be familiar with the principle and theory of semiconductor materials.
● To facilitate understanding of Analog components such as PN Junction Diode, BJT, Operations
Amplifiers.

Module Teaching
Contents
No. Hours
Digital Electronics:
Number systems; Binary Addition & Subtraction;1’s and 2’s complement,
Subtraction using 2’s complement; Boolean algebra; Logic gates;
Implementation of basic gates using universal gates; Realization of Boolean
functions using basic & universal gates; Canonical forms (SOP & POS);
Simplification of Boolean functions using Boolean postulates & K-map up to 4
variables with don’t care condition. (8)
I Transport phenomenon in semiconductors: 18
Semiconductor materials; Intrinsic and Extrinsic semiconductors; Mass-action
law, (3)
Junction diodes:
P-N Junction diode: construction, operation & characteristics; Zener and
Avalanche breakdown mechanisms; (4)
Diode applications:
Rectifiers: half wave, full wave: Centre-tapped and bridge type, (3)
Diode applications:
Clippers; Clampers; Zener diode as voltage regulator; Regulated power supply.
(4)
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT):
Bipolar junction transistor: construction & operation; CB, CE, CC configurations
& their Characteristics; Operating point; Transistor as a switch; Need of biasing;
II Biasing methods: fixed bias, emitter bias, potential divider bias. (9) 17
Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp):
Operational amplifier: Block diagram, ideal and practical Op-Amp
characteristics; Inverting, non-inverting and differential configurations (open
loop and closed loop); Applications of Op-Amp as adder, subtractor, integrator
and differentiator. (4)

Text Book:
● Morris Mano, “Digital design”, Pearson Education.
● Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Sashelsky, “Electronic devices and circuit theory”, Pearson Education/PHI, New
Delhi.

Reference Books:
● R.A. Gayakwad, “Op-amps & linear Integrated circuits”, PHI.
● R.J. Smith and R.C. Dorf, Circuits, “Devices and System,” Willey, 5th edition.

Course Outcomes: After successfully completing the course students will be able to:

CO1: Understand Number systems, theorems and postulates of Boolean algebra, K-Map.
CO2: logic gates, Implementation of logic expression using logic gates, implementation of logic
expression using universal gates only.
CO3: Understand semiconductor and transport mechanism of charge carrier in semiconductor material,
PN junction diodes with its V-I characteristics.
CO4: Apply the diodes in rectifiers, clippers, clampers and voltage regulator circuits.
CO5: Understand the basic concepts of Bipolar Junction Transistor with their characteristics.
CO6: Design DC biasing amplifier circuits using transistors.
CO7: Understand operations amplifier and its applications in the circuits such as adder, subtractor,
integrator and differentiator.
 BECG1800: ELECTRONICS LAB - I
Objective:
● Evaluate the performance of PN junction diode, npn BJT and N-channel EMOSFET.
● Analyze the operations of Rectifiers, clampers and clipper circuits.
● Verify the truth tables of basic gates (NOT, OR, AND) and universal gates (NAND, NOR)
Credits: 01 L–T–P-J: 0–0-2-0

Module List of Experiments: Lab

Hours

01 Realization of NOT, AND, OR gate using

NAND/NOR gate.

02 Realization and analysis the half adder/subtractor

using logic gates.

03 Realization and analysis the VI characteristic of PN

junction diode.

04 Realization and analysis the Half wave and Center

tapped / Bridge type Full wave rectifier.

05 Realization and analysis the biased parallel clipper

circuits. 24

06 Realization and analysis the clamper circuit.

I

07 Realization and analysis the Zener diode as shunt

voltage regulator.

08 Realization and analysis the input and output

characteristic of common emitter BJT.

09 Find Threshold voltage of enhancement type n-

channel MOSFET.

10 Realization and analysis of OPAMP as inverting

summing amplifier.

11 Minor project based on experiment performed.

Course outcomes: After completion of this course, student would be able to:
1. Evaluate the performance of PN junction diode, npn BJT and N-channel EMOSFET.
2. Analyze the operations of Rectifiers, clampers and clipper circuits.
3. Verify the truth tables of basic gates (NOT, OR, AND) and universal gates (NAND, NOR)
4. Implement IC-741 of Op-Amp to analyze its applications as adder and subtractor.
Mapping of Course Outcomes (COs) with Program Outcomes (POs) and Program Specific
Outcomes (PSOs):

COs POs/ PSOs

CO1 PO1,PO2, PO3 /PSO2, PSO3
CO2 PO1,PO2, PO3 /PSO2, PSO3
 BECG 0807: INTERNET OF THINGS LAB

Objective: Coordinate and help to increase and optimize the utilization of results and value creation in the
area of IoT.

Credits: 01 L–T–P: 0–0–2

Module Lab
No. Content Hours

● WAP to interface and blink the LED using Arduino UNO.

● WAP to interface for different sensors (Like DHT11,

temperature, IR, Ultrasonic etc) to Arduino UNO.

● WAP to interface temperature sensor to ESP8266. Turn on

the LED if temperature value met threshold value.

I ● WAP to interface in between Bluetooth module and Arduino 12*2=2

UNO. 4

● Write a python program for Gateway to store sensor data on

loca l MySQL database.

● WAP to transmit the data wirelessly for longer distance using

multi -hop technique.

● Configure the gateway as local MQTT broker (Mosquitto),

configure one ESP8266 as sender (Publisher), and receive
the data on the Smartphone (MQTT Dashboard).

Text Books:

● ESP8266: Programming NodeMCU Using Arduino IDE - Get Started With ESP8266 (Internet Of Things,
IOT, Projects In Internet Of Things, Internet Of Things for Beginners, NodeMCU Programming, ESP8266)
Kindle Edition .

Outcome: After completion of course, student will be able to:

● CO1: Students will be able to identifying the technical problems and be proficient in the analysis, design, test,
and implementation of instrumentation and control systems utilizing appropriate software and hardware
tools and devices.
CO2: Understand the functionality of system components
 BECS 2001: SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS AND CHARACTERIZATION
OBJECTIVES:
1. The students become aware of latest Fabrication Technologies and their relation with material
structuring and properties.
2. The common used analytical tools for characterizing modern materials at highest sensitivity
3. To understand stereographic projections and their use in characterization of crystalline
materials
Prerequisites:
Credits: 03 Semester II L–T–P: 3–0–0
Module Contents Teaching
No. Hours
(Approx.)
Introduction and structure of materials: atomic structures and
bonding, types of bonding, band formation. Defects and
imperfections in solids: Point, Line and Planer defects; Interfacial
defects and volume defects.
Special classification of Semiconductor Materials- degenerate
1 (semi-metal) and non-degenerate semiconductor; elemental and
16
compound semiconductor; direct and indirect band gap material

Electrochemical Approaches: anodic oxidation of alumina films,

porous silicon, and pulsed electrochemical deposition, Chemical
Vapor deposition

Epitaxial growth techniques, pulsed laser deposition, Magnetron

sputtering - Micro lithography (photolithography, soft lithography,
micromachining, e-beam writing, and scanning probe patterning).
2 12
Ellipsometry, X-Ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy,
Transmission Electron Microscopy, Photoluminescence
Spectroscopy.

Text/ References books:

1. W. D. Callister, "Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction", John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
2. K. Barriham, D.D. Vvedensky, Low dimensional semiconductor structures: fundamental and
device applications, Cambridge University Press, 2001.
3. J. George, Preparation of Thin Films, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York. 2005.
4. B. D. Cullity, “Elements of X-ray Diffraction”, 4th Edition, Addison Wiley, 1978.
5. M. H. Loretto, “Electron Beam Analysis of Materials”, Chapman and Hall,
1984.
6. S.O. Kasap Principles of Electronic Materials and Devices, 3rd edition, McGraw-Hill Education (India)
Pvt. Ltd., 2007.
Course Outcomes:

1. Understand the basics of Microstructural aspects with the different processing of materials.
2. Understand the importance of structure-property correlation study of materials and its suitable
applications.
3. Compare single crystal and polycrystalline growth
4. Select the characterization tool for specific application
5. Compare the principle and operation of different characterization tools such as optical
microscope, Scanning electron microscopes and transmission electron microscope