Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

Water Supply (Water Fittings) Regulations 1999

Guidance Document relating to
Schedule 1: Fluid Categories and
Schedule 2: Requirements For Water Fittings
[See Regulation 4(3)]

This information has been taken from content first published on the Internet by
Defra or its predecessors on 22 December 1999.

Contents

Sections
1 Interpretations
2 Materials and substances in contact with water
3 Requirements for water fittings
4 Water system design and installation
5 Prevention of cross connection to wholesome water
6 Backflow prevention
7 Cold water services
8 Hot water services
9 WC's, flushing devices and urinals
10 Baths, sinks, showers and taps
11 Washing machines, dishwashers and other appliances
12 Water for outside use
Tables in Regulator's Backflow Prevention Specification
S6.1 Schedule of non-mechanical backflow prevention arrangements and
devices and maximum permissible fluid category for which they are
acceptable
S6.2 Schedule of non-mechanical backflow prevention arrangements and
devices and maximum permissible fluid category for which they are
acceptable
Guidance Tables
3.1 Recommended minimum commercial thicknesses of thermal insulation
Recommended design flow rates of cold and hot water to sanitary
4.1
appliances

1
6.1 Examples of interpretation of fluid categories
6.2 Details of backflow prevention arrangements
6.3 Details of backflow prevention devices
8.1 Maximum recommended lengths of uninsulated hot water pipes
Figures
3.1 Location and accessibility of concealed water fittings in floors
Location and accessibility of concealed water fittings in walls and
3.2
behind baths
3.3 Details of pipes entries to buildings
3.4 Depths of pipes below ground
4.1 Typical examples of water supply systems in houses
4.2 Examples of location of stopvalves
6.1 Water services to sanitary appliances
6.2 Whole site and zone backflow prevention
6.3 Backflow protection to external taps in houses
7.1 Requirements for storage cisterns
7.2 Minimum clear space required above storage cisterns
8.1 Diagrams of unvented hot water storage systems
8.2 Direct and indirect hot water storage systems
8.3 Determination of minimum height of top of vent pipe
8.4 Details of feed and expansion cisterns
Abbreviations and Symbols

2
3
SECTION 1

Schedule 2: Paragraph 1: Interpretations

In this Schedule-

"backflow" means flow upstream, that is in a direction contrary

to the intended normal direction of flow, within or from a water
fitting;

"cistern" means a fixed container for holding water at

atmospheric pressure;

"combined feed and expansion cistern" means a cistern for

supplying cold water to a hot water system without a separate
expansion cistern;

"contamination" includes any reduction in chemical or

biological quality of water due to a change in temperature or
the introduction of polluting substances;

"distributing pipe" means any pipe (other than a warning,

overflow or flushing pipe) conveying water from a storage
cistern, or from hot water apparatus supplied from a cistern
and under pressure from that cistern;

"expansion valve" means a pressure-activated valve designed

to release expansion water from an unvented water heating
system;

"flushing cistern" means a cistern provided with valve or

device for controlling the discharge of the stored water into a
water closet pan or urinal;

"overflow pipe" means a pipe from a cistern in which water

flows only when the water level in the cistern exceeds a
predetermined level;

"pressure relief valve" means a pressure-activated valve

which opens automatically at a specified pressure to
discharge fluid;

"primary circuit" means an assembly of water fittings in which

water circulates between a boiler or other source of heat and
a primary heat exchange inside a hot water storage vessel,
and includes any space heating system;

4
 "secondary circuit" means an assembly of water fittings in
which water circulates in supply pipes or distributing pipes of a
hot water storage system;

"secondary system" means an assembly of water fittings

comprising the cold feed pipe, any hot water storage vessel,
water heater and pipework from which hot water is conveyed
to all points of draw-off;

"servicing valve" means a valve for shutting off for the

purpose of maintenance or service the flow of water in a pipe
connected to a water fitting;

"stopvalve" means a valve, other than a servicing valve, used

for shutting off the flow of water in a pipe;

"storage cistern" means a cistern for storing water for

subsequent use, not being a flushing cistern;

"temperature relief valve" means a valve which opens

automatically at a specified temperature to discharge fluid;

"terminal fitting" means a water outlet device; and

"vent pipe" means a pipe open to the atmosphere which

exposes the system to atmospheric pressure at its boundary.

Guidance

G1.1 The interpretations shown in paragraph 1 of the Schedule are all used
in the Regulations and Guidance clauses and Figures within this Guidance
Document.

G1.2 A list of abbreviations and symbols is shown in the Contents List and
Figure 4.1 shows their application as typical examples of water supply
systems in houses.

SECTION 2

Schedule 2: Paragraph 2: Materials and substances

in contact with water

2. (1) Subject to sub-paragraph (2) below, no material or

substance, either alone or in combination with any
other material or substance or with the contents of any
water fitting of which it forms a part, which causes or is

5
 likely to cause contamination of water shall be used in
the construction, installation, renewal, repair or
replacement of any water fitting which conveys or
receives, or may convey or receive, water supplied for
domestic or food production purposes.

(2) This requirement does not apply to a water fitting

downstream of a terminal fitting supplying wholesome
water where-

a. the use to which the water downstream is put

does not require wholesome water; and
b. a suitable arrangement or device to prevent
backflow is installed.

Guidance

General

G2.1 Materials or substances, either alone or in combination, which cause,

or are likely to cause, contamination of water should not used in the
construction, installation, renewal, repair or replacement of any water fitting
which conveys or receives water supplied for domestic or food production
purposes. Particular materials unsuitable for use in contact with water
intended for domestic or food production purposes include lead and
bitumastic coatings derived from coal tar.

G2.2 For non-metallic materials, this requirement is deemed to be met by

compliance with the appropriate British Standard, BS 6920: 'Suitability of non-
metallic products for use in contact with water intended for human
consumption with regard to their effect on the quality of water'. No standard of
any other EEA State includes the same suite of tests, although individual tests
may be considered as providing evidence for an equivalent level of
performance. Further advice on the equivalence of foreign standards is
available from the Water Regulations Advisory Scheme.

G2.3 Water fittings and materials for water fittings complying with paragraph
2(1) of Schedule 2 should be tested by an approved test house and the
results published in approved lists.

G2.4 When water fittings or materials are specified to a British Standard or

other document, the reference is to the latest available edition of the
document referred to.

G2.5 The following factors should be considered when determining the

suitability of materials and fittings which are, or will be, in contact with the
water supplied:

6
 a. internal and external temperatures to which they will be subjected;
b. the effect of internal and external corrosion;
c. compatibility of different materials.
d. the effect of ageing, fatigue, durability and other mechanical factors;
and,
e. permeability.

G2.6 Providing a suitable backflow prevention device is installed, sub-

paragraph 2(1) of Schedule 2 does not apply to water fittings downstream of a
terminal fitting supplying wholesome water, where the recipient use does not
need to be wholesome, for example:

a. a hosepipe, used in connection with a clothes washing machine or

dishwasher, or for watering a garden, or washing a vehicle, where the
fitting to which the hosepipe is, or may be connected to, or incorporate,
a suitable device to prevent backflow through the hosepipe; or,
b. a flushing cistern; or,
c. a feed cistern connected to a primary heating circuit; or,
d. a closed circuit; or,
e. an overflow or warning pipe.

Stopvalves, servicing valves and drain taps

G2.7 Draw-off taps, stopvalves, servicing valves and draining taps should be
designed so that, where applicable, their seals can be readily renewed or
replaced; do not incorporate a loose washer plate; be designed and
manufactured so that they may be easily closed to shut off the supply of
water; and be capable of operating at the appropriate water temperature and
pressure.

G2.8 Stopvalves of 15 mm to 50 mm nominal size laid underground should

be screwdown valves complying with BS 5433 or plug cocks conforming with
BS 2580. Stopvalves for use above ground should be screwdown valves
complying with BS 1010 or as for below ground use. Stopvalves of nominal
size 50mm may, and larger sizes should be cast iron gate valves complying
with BS 5163. Spherical type valves may also be used in all sizes for above
and below ground.

Terminal fittings

G2.9 Taps and combination tap assemblies used in water supply

installations should be appropriate for the residual pressure available and the
flow required at a particular appliance.

G2.10 Low resistance taps and combination tap assemblies suitable for
minimum inlet pressures of 0.1 bar (0.01 MPa) should comply with BS 5412,

7
or BS 1010 where appropriate, and high resistance taps and combination
fittings suitable for minimum inlet pressures of 0.5 bar (0.05 MPa) with BS EN
200 and BS 6920.

Joining of different types of materials

G2.11 Except for plastics pipes, new pipework should not be connected to
existing lead or other pipework without appropriate protection being provided
against galvanic corrosion.

Jointing mterials and compounds

G2.12 Soft solder for capillary jointing of copper or copper alloy water fittings
should consist of Tin/Copper, Alloy No. 23 or 24, or Tin/Silver, Alloy No. 28 or
29, complying with BS EN 29453.

G2.13 Silver solder or silver brazing filler metals and copper-phosphorus

brazing filler metals for capillary jointing of copper or copper alloy pipes
should conform to BS 1845, Table 2; Group AG (AG14 or AG20) or Table 3:
Group CP (CP1 to CP6), respectively,

G2.14 Silver solder or silver brazing material for capillary jointing of stainless
steel pipes should be cadmium free.

G2.15 Jointing compounds used for sealing screwed water fittings should
comply with BS 6956: Part 5.

G2.16 Unsintered polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tape for thread sealing

applications should comply with BS 6974 and the material should also satisfy
the requirements of BS 6920: Part 1.

SECTION 3

Schedule 2: Paragraphs 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7:

Requirements for water fittings

3. Every water fitting shall-

a. be immune to or protected from corrosion by
galvanic action or by any other process which is
likely to result in contamination or waste of
water; and
b. be constructed of materials of such strength and
thickness as to resist damage from any external
load, vibration, stress or settlement, pressure
surges, or temperature fluctuation to which it is
likely to be subjected.
4. Every water fitting shall-

8
 a. be watertight;
b. be so constructed and installed as to-
i. prevent ingress by contaminants, and
ii. inhibit damage by freezing or any other
cause;
c. be so installed as to minimise the risk of
permeation by, or deterioration from contact
with, any substance which may cause
contamination;
d. be adequately supported.
5. Every water fitting shall be capable of withstanding an
internal water pressure not less than 11/2 times the
maximum pressure to which the fitting is designed to
be subjected in operation.
6. No water fitting shall be installed, connected or used
which is likely to have a detrimental effect on the
quality or pressure of water in a water main or other
pipe of a water undertaker.
7. (1) No water fitting shall be embedded in any wall or
solid floor.

(2) No fitting which is designed to be operated or

maintained, whether manually or electronically, or
which consists of a joint, shall be a concealed water
fitting.

(3) Any concealed water fitting or mechanical backflow

prevention device, not being a terminal fitting, shall be
made of gunmetal, or another material resistant to
dezincification.

(4) Any water fitting laid below ground level shall have
a depth of cover sufficient to prevent water freezing in
the fitting.

(5) In this paragraph "concealed water fitting" means a

water fitting which-
a. is installed below ground;
b. passes through or under any wall, footing or
foundation;
c. is enclosed in any chase or duct, or
d. is in any other position which is inaccessible or
renders access difficult.

Guidance

General

9
G3.1 Water fittings should be adequate for the purpose and satisfy the
appropriate British Standard, or acceptable equivalent.

G3.2 Pipes of different metallic materials are not to be connected unless

suitable precautions are taken to ensure that corrosion through galvanic
action cannot take place.

G3.3 All water fittings including supply pipes, distributing pipes and
discharge pipes connected to operational and safety devices in cold and hot
water systems should be capable of withstanding temperatures to allow for
malfunctions within the system and should comply with the requirements of
BS 6700.

G3.4 The suitability and thickness of copper hot water storage vessels and
other apparatus should not be determined exclusively on the basis of
pressure considerations. A greater thickness of the walls of the vessel,
together with the need or otherwise of protector rods or internal coating,
should take into consideration the type of water supplied in the area and its
possible effect in combination with other factors.

Watertightness of fittings

G4.1 Water fittings are to be watertight, suitable for the default pressures
and temperatures likely to be encountered within the installation.

Protection against freezing

G4.2 All cold water fittings located within the building but outside the thermal
envelope, or those outside the building should be protected against damage
by freezing.

G4.3 If the frost protection provided is insufficient for exceptional freezing

conditions, or the premises are left unoccupied or without adequate heating,
damage and leakage can often be avoided by shutting off the water supply
and draining the system before the onset of freezing.

G4.4 Where low temperatures persist insulation will only delay the onset of
freezing. Its efficiency is dependant upon its thickness and thermal
conductivity in relation to the size of pipe, the time of exposure, the location
and possibly the wind-chill factor.

G4.5 In exceptional circumstances, and in those parts of the United Kingdom

where very low temperatures are sustained during both day and night, unless
the system is isolated and drained before the onset of freezing, additional
measures may be required to ensure that freezing of water fittings does not
occur. Other methods of preventing damage to water fittings that may be
considered are the;

a. provision of froststats to activate the heating system when the air

temperature drops to a preselected value; and,

10
 b. provision of strategically placed thermostatically controlled shut-off and
draining valves for isolating and draining sections of pipework.

G4.6 Thermal insulating materials should be of the closed cell type

complying with BS 5422 and be installed in accordance with BS 5970.

G4.7 Some of the types of insulation materials relating to the thermal

conductivities shown in Table 3.1 are as follows:

Less than 0.020 Rigid phenolic foam

W/(m.K)
0.020 to 0.025 W/(m.K) Polisocyanurate foam and rigid polyurethane foam
0.025 to 0.030 W/(m.K) PVC foam
0.030 to 0.035 W/(m.K) Expanded polystyrene, extruded polystyrene, cross-
linked polyethylene foam, expanded nitrile rubber
and improved polyethylene foam
0.035 to 0.040 W/(m.K) Standard polyethylene foam, expanded synthetic
rubber and cellular glass.

G4.8 It is essential that:

a. there is no gap in the insulation at bends, valves, etc. as heat loss due
to these conditions could freeze local pockets of the pipe system in
less than one hour; and,
b. an external vapour barrier is provided and protected against
mechanical or other damage; and,
c. where water pipes are located directly below ceiling or roof void
insulation;
i. the full calculated thickness; or,
ii. a minimum thickness of 9mm, high emissivity surfaced, closed
cell insulation, whichever is the greater, is installed around the
water pipe to prevent condensation, saturation and subsequent
failure of the ceiling insulation.

G4.9 Hot water fittings outside the thermal envelope, where water is likely to
be static for a period, should be protected against freezing. The thickness of
insulation applied to hot water pipes for energy conservation purposes is
usually of insufficient thickness to protect against low temperature conditions.

G4.10 Stop valves, servicing valves and drain taps should be labelled so that
the parts of the system which they control can be determined for maintenance
purposes; also for isolation and draining when buildings are unoccupied
during cold weather.

G4.11 For the purpose of protection against freezing of pipes two conditions
are assumed:

11
 a. Normal conditions

In domestic accommodation, and in other types of premises where

applicable, where habitable rooms are normally heated for up to 12
hours each day; water fittings in unheated rooms need to be protected
against freezing, particularly overnight, even though they are within the
envelope of the heated accommodation. For example, water fittings in
cloakrooms, store rooms, utility rooms, in roof spaces but located
below the ceiling insulation, etc.

The recommended commercial thicknesses of insulation for minimum

and practical protection against freezing in the unheated parts of
normally occupied buildings when the heating is turned off in the
remainder of the building, such as overnight, is shown in Table 3.1.
Except where indicated otherwise, the insulation thicknesses shown
under the respective thermal conductivity values are considered
reasonable to provide a nominal minimum of 12 hours protection. An
absence of more than 24 hours is not considered normal occupation.

b. Extreme conditions

Water fittings installed outside a building, or inside any building or part

of a building which is unheated, or only marginally heated for less than
12 hours each day; or water fittings inside a building but located
outside the thermal envelope. For example, water fittings located under
suspended ground floors, above the level of ceiling insulation in a roof
space, in a communal staircase or corridor in flats, domestic garages
or other buildings, or externally above ground level.

It is recommended that for water fittings in these locations the

thickness of insulation should be substantially increased and the advice
of insulation specialists or manufacturers be obtained. Guidance on
design methods can be obtained from BS 5422.

It should be noted that the principal criteria used in BS 5422 (water

temperature, ambient temperature, time of exposure, percentage ice
formation, thermal conductivity and thickness of insulation) cannot
represent all circumstances or permutations, so that where it is
necessary to avoid excessive ice formation it would be prudent to
consult insulation suppliers or manufacturers.

G4.12 Self-regulating trace heating conforming to BS 6351, in conjunction

with a nominal thickness of thermal insulation, is an acceptable method of
protection against freezing.

12
G4.13 The thickness of insulation for the protection of cold water cisterns in
roof spaces and other exposed locations should be calculated in accordance
with BS EN 1057. Water fittings connecting to and from cold water cisterns
are particularly vulnerable and all insulation should be closely sealed, except
for the air vent to the cistern.

Plastics and permeable materials

G4.14 Water fittings should be installed to minimize any risk of

contamination by permeation of fluids through the material or materials used.

G4.15 Water fittings that are made of a material which is susceptible to

permeation by any fluid that causes, or is likely to cause, contamination of
water passing through the fitting, should not be laid or installed in such a
location, in relation to other services or contaminated ground, that permeation
occurs.

G4.16 Water fittings made of plastics, or other material which are likely to be
damaged by exposure to oil, petrol or any other contaminant, should not be
laid in contaminated ground, or should be protected.

Fixing of water fittings

G4.17 Water fittings should be adequately protected against damage from

any cause, including the environment through which they pass.

G4.18 Water fittings should be adequately supported, the spacing for

support being dependent on the material of the pipes. Allowance should be
made to accommodate any reasonable foreseeable movement, including
thermal movement, in accordance with clause 3.1.7 of BS 6700.

Pressure requirements

G5.1 All water fittings should be capable of withstanding an internal water

pressure of not less than 1.5 times the maximum operating pressure.

G5.2 In determining the maximum operating pressure to which the system is

subjected, the increase in static pressure in the following instances should be
taken into consideration:

a. the supply pipe during night periods when there may be little demand
on the system; and,
b. in any water supply installation where pumps are installed.

Surge pressures

G5.3 The internal test pressure does not take into consideration any
transient or surge pressures which may be generated within the system and
the designer or installer should take the effect of any surge into consideration
in determining the test pressure applied to an installation.

13
G5.4 Transient pressure increases or surge (water hammer) may be
generated by the rapid closure of a valve; for example, float-operated valves,
spherical valves or disc valves. When installed, attenuation devices or water
hammer arresters may reduce the effects of surge.

Pumps or boosters

G6.1 Written approval should be obtained from the water undertaker before
any pump or booster is connected to a supply pipe, unless the pump or
booster is incapable of drawing more than 0.2 litres per second.

Pumped showers

G6.2 Showers, and other appliances, which are supplied with water through
a pump located either upstream or downstream of the mixing valve, and
capable of delivering more than 0.2 litres/second, may not be supplied with
water direct from a supply pipe unless written approval has been obtained
from the water supplier. (See Regulation 5).

G6.3 Irrespective of whether the water supply to a shower is pumped or the

shower incorporates a pump, whether supplied with water from either a supply
pipe or a distributing pipe, and is of a type specified by the regulator, consent
to instal the shower should be obtained from the water undertaker. (See
Regulation 5).

Location of water fitings

G7.1 Unless they are located in an internal wall which is not a solid wall, a
chase or duct which may be readily exposed, or under a suspended floor
which may, if necessary, be readily removed and replaced, or to which there
is access, water fittings should not be:

a. located in the cavity of a cavity wall; or,

b. embedded in any wall or solid floor; or,
c. installed below a suspended or solid floor at ground level.

See Figure 3.1and 3.2 for typical details of acceptable arrangements.

[Note: Any notching or holes made within floor or roof joists should be within
the limits shown in Building Regulations, Approved Document A, Section
1B6.]

G7.2 Pipes entering buildings at the approved depth should be passed

through a duct and the ends of the duct sealed as shown in Figure 3.3 to
prevent the ingress of gas or vermin into the building.

Concealed fittings

14
G7.3 A concealed pipe may be installed in a pipe sleeve or duct located
under or within a solid floor provided that the pipe can be readily removed and
replaced.

Dezincification resistant materials

G7.4 Water fittings are to be resistant to corrosion and, where specified, to

dezincification.

G7.5 All concealed water fittings, except terminal fittings, (including those
buried underground), together with backflow prevention devices, are required
to be manufactured of gunmetal or other dezincification resistant materials.

G7.6 Dezincification resistant fittings should be of DRA quality, the depth of

dezincification being not less than 200 microns in any direction. Each fitting
should be marked with the symbol CR or DRA and should be tested in
accordance with ISO 6509.

Water fittings laid underground

G7.7 Wherever practicable and except for pipes laid under a building, the
vertical distance between the top of every water pipe installed below ground
and the finished ground level should be:

a. not less than 750 mm; and,

b. not more than 1,350 mm.

G7.8 Where compliance with the minimum cover of 750 mm is impracticable,

and with the written approval of the water undertaker, the water fittings should
be installed as deep as is practicable below the finished ground level and be
adequately protected against damage from freezing and from any other
cause. For further information see Figure 3.4.

G7.9 Water fittings laid underground should be resistant to dezincification

and be installed to accommodate any movement.

G7.10 Water fittings installed underground should not be jointed or

connected to any other water fitting by adhesives.

Table 3.1: Recommended minimum commercial thicknesses of thermal

insulation for copper water pipes of minimum wall thickness complying with
BS EN 1057 in normal conditions of exposure.
External Thermal conductivity of insulation material at 00 C in W/(m.K)
diameter
of pipe 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04

mm mm mm mm25* (45) mm mm
19 (15)

15
 15 20 (20) 30 (30) 13 (10) 25* (70) 32* (91)
22 15 (9) 15 (12) 9 (7) 19 (19) 25 (24)
28 15 (6) 15 (8) 9 (5) 19 (12) 22 (14)
35 15 (4) 15 (6) 9 (8) 13 (10)
42 and over 15 (3) 15 (5) 9 (5) 9 (8)
Notes

1. Except for 15 mm pipes with thermal conductivities of 0.030, 0.035 and 0.040 W/(m.K),
shown with a *, which are limited to 50% ice formation after 9, 8 and 7 hours respectively,
the above recommended commercially available minimum thicknesses of insulation should
limit ice formation to under 50% after 12 hours for the remainder of the pipe sizes, when
based on an air temperature of -60 C and a water temperature of +70 C. The minimum
calculated insulation thicknesses for 12 hours protection under the above conditions are
shown in the appropriate location in brackets.

Commercial thicknesses of insulation with the higher thermal conductivities are generally
limited to a minimum of 9 mm. Materials with a lower thermal conductivity, such as rigid
phenolic foam, polisocyanurate foam and rigid polyurethane foam are installed by specialist
firms and are usually limited to a minimum thickness of about 15 mm.

2. Normal conditions to frost exposure are considered to be when water fittings are installed
inside buildings within the thermal envelope, but within rooms or voids which are not heated
for a minimum period of 12 hours each day for the whole of the winter period. Examples
could include the following:

a. Unheated cloakrooms, store rooms, utility rooms, etc.

b. Below the ceiling insulation in a roof space

Figure 3.1: Location and accessibility of concealed water fittings in

floors

16
Note: Any notching or holes made within floor or root joists should be within
the limits shown in Building Regulations 1991 - Approved Document A, 1B6.

Figure 3.2: Location and accessibility of concealed water fittings in walls

and behind baths

17
Figure 3.3: Details of pipes entries to buildings

18
Figure 3.4: Depths of pipes below ground

19
 SECTION 4

Schedule 2: Paragraphs 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13:

Water system design and installation

8. No water fitting shall be installed in such a position, or

pass through such surroundings, that it is likely to
cause contamination or damage to the material of the
fitting or the contamination of water supplied by the
water undertaker.
9. Any pipe supplying cold water for domestic purposes to
any tap shall be so installed that, so far as is
reasonably practicable, the water is not warmed above
25°C.
10. (1) Every supply pipe or distributing pipe providing
water to separate premises shall be fitted with a stop
valve conveniently located to enable the supply to

20
 those premises to be shut off without shutting off the
supply to any other premises.

(2) Where a supply pipe or distributing pipe provides

water in common to two or more premises, it shall be
fitted with a stop valve to which each occupier of those
premises has access.
11. Water supply systems shall be capable of being
drained down and be fitted with an adequate number of
servicing valves and drain taps so as to minimize the
discharge of water when water fittings are maintained
or replaced. A sufficient number of stop valves shall be
installed for isolating parts of the pipework.
12. (1) The water system shall be capable of withstanding
an internal water pressure not less than 1½ times the
maximum pressure to which the installation or relevant
part is designed to be subjected in operation ("the test
pressure").

(2) This requirement shall be deemed to be satisfied-

a. in the case of a water system that does not
include a pipe made of plastics, where-
i. the whole system is subjected to the test
pressure by pumping, after which the test
continues for one hour without further
pumping;
ii. the pressure in the system is maintained
for one hour; and
iii. there is no visible leakage throughout the
test;
b. in any other case, where either of the following
tests is satisfied-

TEST A TEST B

iii. the whole system vii. the whole system is

is subjected to subjected to the test
the test pressure pressure by
by pumping for pumping for 30
30 minutes, after minutes, after which
which the test the pressure is
continues for 90 noted and the test
minutes without continues for 150
further pumping; minutes without
iv. the pressure is further pumping;
reduced to one viii. the drop in pressure
third of the test is less than 0.6 bar

21
 pressure after 30 (60kPa) after the
minutes; following 30
v. the pressure minutes, or 0.8 bar
does not drop (80kPa) after the
below one third of following 150
the test pressure minutes; and
over the following ix. there is no visible
90 minutes; and leakage throughout
vi. there is no visible the test.
leakage
throughout the
test.

13. Every water system shall be tested, flushed and where

necessary disinfected before it is first used.

Guidance

General

G8.1 The following factors should be taken into consideration in the design
of a water supply system:

a. the estimated daily consumption and the maximum and average flows
required, together with the estimated peak flow; and,
b. the location of the available supply main and minimum and maximum
pressures available; and,
c. the quality, quantity and pressure required at outlets and the available
pressures at various times during a typical day; and,
d. the cold water storage capacity required, if any; and,
e. the likelihood of ground subsidence due to mining activities or any
other reason if it will have a detrimental effect on the supply; and,
f. the likelihood of existing contamination of the site; and,
g. transient or surge pressures that may arise during the operation of the
system.

G8.2 Subject to specific requirements of the local water undertaker, water

may be supplied to appliances and draw-off points:

a. from a distributing pipe deriving its supply from a storage cistern; or,
b. directly from and under pressure from a supply pipe; or,
c. a combination of 'a' and 'b' subject to necessary precautions being
taken to prevent cross-connections and backflow; or,
d. from a pumped supply or distributing pipe, where this is necessary due
to lack of pressure, .

See Figure 4.1 for examples of typical installations of a, b and c in a house.

22
Design flow rates

G8.3 Generally, installations incorporating cold water systems and hot water
storage systems should be designed and installed so that the design flow
rates given in Table 4.1, which is based on Table 3 of BS 6700, will be
available at each outlet, and any group of outlets where the total demand
does not exceed 0.3 litre/second, when only that outlet or group of outlets is
discharging. When simultaneous discharge occurs the rate of flow of water at
any outlet in use should not be less than the minimum rate shown.

G8.4 Where hot water systems are installed that incorporate instantaneous
heaters or combination boilers the rates of flow shown in Table 4.1 may not
be achievable and the system should be designed accordingly.

G8.5 Water fittings should not be laid or installed in, on, or pass through any
contaminated environment; for example, foul soil, refuse or a refuse chute,
ashpit, sewer, drain, cesspool, manhole or inspection chamber.

G8.6 Storage cisterns holding water for domestic purposes and other water
fittings are to be installed in such positions that no surface, ground or foul
water, or any other water that is unwholesome, may enter the cistern or fitting.

Distribution temperature of cold water

G9.1 So far as is reasonably practical the temperature of water within cold

water pipes should not exceed 200 C and adequate measures should be
taken to ensure that this temperature is not exceeded..

Operational fittings

G10.1 Operational fittings such as stopvalves, servicing valves and drain

taps should be readily accessible for operation and maintenance.

G10.2 Operational fittings may be located in a duct, access chamber or

cupboard provided with a hinged door or removable cover which is visible at
all times. The door or cover should not be covered with any decorative
material, such as carpet, wall or floor tiling or wallpaper, which requires
removal to access the door or cover.

Stopvalves to premises

G10.3 Every supply and distributing pipe providing water to premises should
be fitted with a stopvalve to control the supply to those premises only. See
Figure 4.2.

G10.4 Every supply and distributing pipe providing water in common to two
or more premises are to be fitted with a stopvalve (whether inside or outside
premises) to which each occupier of premises has access. See Figures
4.2band 4.2c.

23
Location of stopvalve in buildings

G10.5 Stopvalves should, so far as reasonably practical, be installed inside

the premises above floor level, near where the supply pipe enters the building
and so installed that closure of the stopvalve will prevent the supply of water
to all points of use.

Provision of servicing valves

G11.1 Inlets to all float-operated valves, cisterns, clothes washing machines,

dishwashing machines, water heaters, water softeners and other similar
appliances should be provided with a servicing valve to facilitate maintenance.

G11.2 Servicing valves should be fitted as close as is reasonably practical to

float operated valves or other inlet devices of an appliance.

G11.3 Servicing valves may be of the screwdown or spherical type.

Provision of draining taps

G11.4 Sufficient draining taps should be provided to facilitate the draining of

all supply and distributing pipes within the building.

G11.5 Draining taps should be of the screwdown type conforming to BS

2879 or, where located in a frost free location, of an approved spherical type.

G11.6 Draining taps should not be buried or covered with soil, or installed so
that they are submerged, or likely to be submerged.

Redundant fittings and dead legs

G11.7 Any draw-off fitting that is permanently removed from the installation
should have the branch pipe serving the fitting disconnected at its source.

Testing

G12.1 The whole installation should be tested hydraulically on completion by

subjecting all supply and distributing pipes, fittings and connections to
appliances, to an internal test pressure of 1.5 times the maximum operating
pressure for the installation or the relevant part..

G12.2 For systems that do not include any plastics pipes (that is, rigid pipe
materials such as copper, stainless steel, etc), the requirement shall be
deemed to be satisfied if:

a. the whole of the system is subjected internally to the test pressure by

pumping, after which the test continues without further pumping;
b. the pressure in the system does not drop below the test pressure over
the next one hour period and there is no visible leakage,

24
in accordance with Clause 3.1.12.3.3 of BS 6700.

G12.3 For systems that include any plastics pipes, the requirement shall be
deemed to be satisfied if, either:

Test A

a. the whole of the system is subjected internally to the test pressure

which is maintained by pumping for 30 minutes, after which the test
continues without further pumping; and
b. the pressure in the system is carefully reduced to one third of the test
pressure; and
c. the pressure does not drop over the following 90 minutes and there is
no visible leakage;

or in accordance with Clause 3.1.12.3.4 (Test procedure A) of BS 6700, or

Test B

a. the whole of the system is subjected internally to the test pressure and
is maintained by pumping for 30 minutes, after which the pressure is
noted and the test is continued without further pumping; and
b. the pressure drop is less than 0.6 bar after a further 30 minutes; and
c. the pressure drop is less than 0.2 bar after the next 120 minutes and
there is no visible leakage,

or in accordance with Clause 3.1.12.3.4 (Test procedure B) of BS 6700.

Flushing

G13.1 Flushing of installations should be in accordance with Clause 3.1.10.1

of BS 6700.

Disinfection

G13.2 After testing and flushing, systems should be disinfected in the

following instances:

a. new installations (except private dwellings occupied by a single family);

or,
b. major extensions or alterations (except private dwellings occupied by a
single family); or,
c. underground pipework (except localised repairs or insertion of
junctions); or,
d. where it is suspected that contamination may have occurred, e.g.
fouling by sewage, drainage, animals or physical entry by site
personnel for interior inspection, painting or repairs; or
e. where a system has not been in regular use and not regularly flushed.

25
Table 4.1: Recommended design flow rates of cold and hot water to sanitary appliances
Outlet fitting or appliance Rate of flow - litres/second
Design rate Min. rate
WC cistern (to fill in 2 minutes) 0.13 0.05
WC pressure flushing valve (DN 20) 1.5 1
WC flushing trough (per WC served) 0.15 0.1
Urinal cistern (each position served) 0.004 0.002
Urinal flushing valve 0.3 0.15
Washbasin (pillar or mixer taps) 0.15 0.1
Handbasin (pillar or mixer taps) 0.1 0.07
Handbasin (spray or spray mixer taps) 0.05 0.03
Bidet 0.2 0.1
Bath (G ¾) 0.3 0.2
Bath (G 1) 0.6 0.4
Shower head 0.2 0.1
Kitchen sink (G ½) 0.2 0.1
Kitchen sink (G ¾) 0.3 0.2
Kitchen sink (G 1) 0.6 0.4
Washing machine 0.2 0.15
Dish-washing machine 0.15 0.1

1. Flow rates required for washing and dish-washing machines for other than single
dwellings should be obtained from the manufacturer.2. Mixer fittings or combination tap
assemblies deliver less flow than two separate taps; it is suggested that 70 % of the above
flow rates may be sufficient.

3. The rate of flow required to shower heads will depend on the type fitted; the advice of the
shower manufacturer should be sought.

4 The above rates of flow to appliances are applicable where hot water centralised storage
systems are installed. Where hot water systems incorporate instantaneous heaters or
combination boilers the rates of flow shown in the Table may not be achievable and the
system should be designed accordingly.

Figure 4.1: Typical examples of water supply systems in houses

26
Figure 4.2: Examples of location of stopvalves

27
SECTION 5

Schedule 2: Paragraph 14: Prevention of cross

connection to unwholesome water

14. (1) Any water fitting conveying-

a. rain water, recycled water or any fluid other than

28
 water supplied by a water undertaker; or
b. any fluid that is not wholesome water; shall be
clearly identified so as to be easily distinguished
from any supply pipe or distributing pipe.

(2) No supply pipe, distributing pipe or pump delivery

pipe drawing water from a supply pipe shall convey, or
be connected so that it can convey, any fluid falling
within sub-paragraph (1) unless a device for preventing
backflow is installed in accordance with paragraph 15.

Guidance

Colour coding of pipelines

G14 1 Pipes and cisterns conveying and holding water that is not
wholesome should be marked or colour coded in accordance with BS 1710

G14.2 Any pipe conveying rainwater, recycled water or any other water from
a source other than the water undertaker is not to be connected to any pipe
carrying wholesome water supplied by the the water undertake unless a
suitable backflow prevention device or arrangement is installed in accordance
with the requirements of paragraph 15.

SECTION 6

Backflow protection: Schedules 1 and 2

SECTION 6.1

Schedule 1: Fluid categories

Fluid category 1
Wholesome water supplied by a water undertaker and complying with the
requirements of regulations made under section 67 of the Water Industry Act
1991(a).

Fluid category 2
Water in fluid category 1 whose aesthetic quality is impaired owing to-

a. a change in its temperature, or

b. the presence of substances or organisms causing a change in its taste,
odour or appearance, including water in a hot water distribution
system.

29
Fluid category 3
Fluid which represents a slight health hazard because of the concentration of
substances of low toxicity, including any fluid which contains-

a. ethylene glycol, copper sulphate solution or similar chemical additives,

or
b. sodium hypochlorite (chloros and common disinfectants).

Fluid category 4
Fluid which represents a significant health hazard because of the
concentration of toxic substances, including any fluid which contains-

a. chemical, carcinogenic substances or pesticides (including insecticides

and herbicides), or
b. environmental organisms of potential health significance.

Fluid category 5
Fluid representing a serious health hazard because of the concentration of
pathogenic organisms, radioactive or very toxic substances, including any
fluid which contains-

a. faecal material or other human waste;

b. butchery or other animal waste; or
c. pathogens from any other source.

SECTION 6.2

Schedule 2: Paragraph 15 Backflow prevention

15. (1) Subject to the following provisions of this paragraph, every water
system shall contain an adequate device or devices for preventing
backflow of fluid from any appliance, fitting or process from occurring.

(2) Paragraph (1) does not apply to-

a. a water heater where the expanded water is permitted to flow

back into a supply pipe, or
b. a vented water storage vessel supplied from a storage cistern,
where the temperature of the water in the supply pipe or the
cistern does not exceed 25°C.

(3) The device used to prevent backflow shall be appropriate to the

highest applicable fluid category to which the fitting is subject
downstream before the next such device.

(4) Backflow prevention shall be provided on any supply pipe or

distributing pipe-

30
 c. where it is necessary to prevent backflow between separately
occupied premises, or
d. where the water undertaker has given notice for the purposes of
this Schedule that such prevention is needed for the whole or
part of any premises

(5) A backflow prevention device is adequate for the purposes of

paragraph (1) if it is in accordance with a specification approved by the
regulator for the purposes of this Schedule.

SECTION 6.3

Regulator's specification for backflow prevention arrangements

and devices

S15.1 General interpretation of terms relating to backflow prevention

"An air gap" means a visible, unobstructed and complete physical air break
between the lowest level of water discharge and the level of potentially
contaminated fluid downstream (critical water level) within a cistern, vessel,
fitting or appliance, hereinafter called a receptacle, that:

a. is not less than 20 mm or twice the internal diameter of the inlet pipe
whichever is the greater; and
b. from which water discharges at not more than 15° from the vertical
centreline of the water stream.

"Critical level" means the physical or piezometric level of the fluid in any part
of the receptacle a minimum of two seconds after closing the water inlet,
starting from maximum water level.

"Maximum level" means the highest physical or piezometric level of the fluid
reached in any part of the receptacle when operated continuously under fault
conditions,

"Spillover level" means the level at which the or fluid in a receptacle will first
spill over the top edge of a receptacle if the inflow of water exceeds the
outflow through any outlet and any overflow pipe.

"Tap gap" means the vertical distance between the lowest part of a tap outlet
and the spillover level of the appliance or receptacle over which the tap
discharges.

An "upstand" means either one of two alternative arrangements of water

fittings to prevent backflow by backsiphonage:

Type A upstand An upward flowing supply or distributing pipe surmounted by

an anti-vacuum valve (Type DA), or an anti-vacuum valve
combined with a single check valve (Type DUK1), any part

31
 of the outlet of which is located not less than 300mm above
the spillover level of an appliance.
Type B upstand A branch pipe serving an appliance, where the height of any
part of the branch connection to the vented distributing pipe
is not less than 300 mm above:

a. the spillover level of the appliance; or

b. the highest possible discharge point served by the
vented distributing pipe, whichever is the highest.

"A verifiable backflow prevention device" means a device, consisting of one or

more backflow prevention elements, which can be tested in-situ; usually
achieved by the provision of test ports immediately upstream, and between,
the mechanical elements comprising the device.

S15.2 Interpretations of backflow prevention arrangements as listed in

Table S6.1

"Type AA - Air gap with unrestricted discharge" means a non-mechanical

backflow prevention arrangement of water fittings where water is discharged
through an air gap into a receptacle which has at all times an unrestricted
spillover to the atmosphere.

"Type AB - Air gap with weir overflow" means a non-mechanical backflow

prevention arrangement of water fittings complying with Type AA, except that
the air gap is the vertical distance from the lowest point of the discharge
orifice which discharges into the receptacle, to the critical level of the
rectangular weir overflow.

"Type AC - Air gap with vented submerged inlet and circular overflow" means
a non-mechanical backflow prevention arrangement of water fittings with a
vented, but submerged, inlet; the air gap being measured vertically
downwards from the lowest point of the air inlet to the critical level.

"Type AD - Air gap with injector" means a non-mechanical backflow

prevention arrangement of water fittings with a horizontal injector and a
physical air gap of 20 millimetres or twice the inlet diameter, whichever is the
greater.

"Type AF - Air gap with circular overflow" means a non-mechanical backflow

prevention arrangement of water fittings with an air gap measured downwards
from the lowest point of the discharge orifice, which discharges into the
receptacle, to the critical level.

"Type AG - Air gap arrangement with minimum size circular overflow" means
a non-mechanical backflow prevention arrangement of water fittings with an
air gap; together with an overflow, the size of which is determined by measure
or a vacuum test.

32
"Type AUK1 - Air gap with interposed cistern" means a non-mechanical
backflow prevention arrangement consisting of a cistern with a Type AG
overflow and an air gap; the spill-over level of the receiving vessel (WC pan or
other receptacle) being located not less than 300 millimetres below the
overflow pipe and not less than 15 millimetres below the lowest level of the
interposed cistern.

"Type AUK2 - Domestic tap gap" means the height of air gap between the
lowest part of the outlet of a tap, combination fitting, shower head or other
fitting discharging over a domestic sanitary appliance or other receptacle, and
the spillover level of that appliance, where a fluid category 2 or 3 risk is
present downstream,

Type AUK3 - Higher risk tap gap" means the height of an air gap between the
lowest part of the outlet of a tap, combination fitting, shower head or other
fitting discharging over any appliance or other receptacle, and the spillover
level of that appliance, where a fluid category 4 or 5 risk is present
downstream,

"Type DC - Pipe interrupter with permanent atmospheric vent" means a non-

mechanical backflow prevention device with a permanent unrestricted air inlet,
the device being installed so that the flow of water is in a vertical downward
direction.

S15.3 General interpretations of backflow prevention devices as listed

in Table S6.2

"Type BA - Verifiable backflow preventer with reduced pressure zone" means

a verifiable mechanical backflow prevention device consisting of an
arrangement of water fittings with three pressure zones with differential
obturators and that will operate when potential backflow conditions obtain or
there is a malfunction of the valve.

"Type CA - Non-verifiable disconnector with different pressure zones" means

a non-verifiable mechanical backflow prevention device which provides
disconnection by venting the intermediate pressure zone of the device to the
atmosphere when the difference of pressure between the intermediate zone
and the upstream zone is not greater than 10% of the upstream pressure.

"Type DA - Anti-vacuum valve (or vacuum breaker)" means a mechanical

backflow prevention device with an air inlet which is closed when water within
the device is at or above atmospheric pressure but which opens to admit air if
a vacuum occurs at the inlet to the device.

"Type DB - Pipe interrupter with atmospheric vent and moving element"

means a mechanical backflow prevention device with an air inlet closed by a
moving element when the device is in normal use but which opens and admits
air if the water pressure upstream of the device falls to atmospheric pressure,
the device being installed so that the flow of water is in a vertical, downward
direction.

33
"Type DUK1 - Anti-vacuum valve combined with a single check valve" means
a mechanical backflow prevention device comprising an anti-vacuum valve
with a single check valve located upstream.

"Type EA - Verifiable single check valve" means a verifiable mechanical

backflow prevention device which will permit water to flow from upstream to
downstream but not in the reverse direction.

"Type EB - Non-verifiable single check valve" means a non-verifiable

mechanical backflow prevention device which will permit water to flow from
upstream to downstream but not in the reverse direction.

"Type EC - Verifiable double check valve" means a verifiable mechanical

backflow prevention device consisting of two verifiable single check valves in
series, which will permit water to flow from upstream to downstream but not in
the reverse direction.

"Type ED - Non-verifiable double check valve" means a non-verifiable

mechanical backflow prevention device consisting of two single check valves
in series, which will permit water to flow from upstream to downstream but not
in the reverse direction.

"Type HA - Hose union backflow preventer" means a mechanical prevention

backflow device for fitting to the outlet of a hose union tap and consisting of a
single check valve with air inlets that open if the flow of water ceases.

"Type HC - Diverter with automatic return" means a mechanical backflow

prevention device used in bath/shower combination tap assemblies which
automatically returns the bath outlet open to atmosphere if a vacuum occurs
at the inlet to the device.

"Type HUK1 - Hose union tap incorporating a double check valve" means a
hose union tap in which a double check valve has been incorporated into
either the inlet or outlet of the tap.

"Type L - Pressurised air inlet valve" means an anti-vacuum valve or vacuum

breaker, similar to Type DA but suitable for conditions where the water
pressure at the outlet of the device under normal conditions of use is greater
than atmospheric.

"Type LB - Pressurised air inlet valve combined with a check valve

downstream" means a mechanical backflow prevention device comprising a
Type LA anti-vacuum valve and a single check valve located downstream.

Table S6.1: Schedule of non-mechanical backflow prevention arrangements and the

maximum permissible fluid category for which they are acceptable
Type Description of backflow prevention arrangements and Suitable for protec-
devices tion against fluid
category

34
 Back- Back-
pressure siphonage
AA Air gap with unrestricted discharge above spillover level 5 5
AB Air gap with weir overflow 5 5
AC Air gap with vented submerged inlet 3 3
AD Air gap with injector 5 5
AF Air gap with circular overflow 4 4
AG Air gap with minimum size circular overflow determined by 3 3
measure or vacuum test
AUK1 Air gap with interposed cistern (For example, a WC suite) 3 5
AUK2 Air gaps for taps and combination fittings (tap gaps) X 3
discharging over domestic sanitary appliances, such as a
washbasin, bidet, bath or shower tray shall not be less than
the following:

Vertical distance of bottom of tap

Size of tap or outlet above spill-over level of
combination fitting receiving appliance

Not exceeding G ½ 20 mm
Exceeding G ½ but
not exceeding G ¾ 25 mm
Exceeding G ¾ 70 mm

AUK3 Air gaps for taps or combination fittings (tap gaps) X 5

discharging over any higher risk domestic sanitary
appliances where a fluid category 4 or 5 is present, such
as:a any domestic or non-domestic sink or other
appliance; or

b any appliances in premises where a higher level of

protection is required, such as some appliances in hospitals
or other health care premises,

shall be not less than 20 mm or twice the diameter of the

inlet pipe to the fitting, whichever is the greater.
DC Pipe interrupter with permanent atmospheric vent X 5
Notes:
1 X Indicates that the backflow prevention arrangement or device is not applicable or not
acceptable for protection against backpressure for any fluid category within water
installations in the UK.2 Arrangements incorporating Type DC devices shall have no control
valves on the outlet of the device; they shall be fitted not less than 300 mm above the
spillover level of a WC pan, or 150 mm above the sparge pipe outlet of a urinal, and
discharge vertically downwards .3 Overflows and warning pipes shall discharge through, or
terminate with, an air gap, the dimension of which should satisfy a Type AA air gap.

Table S6.2: Schedule of mechnical backflow prevention arrangements and the

35
maximum permissible fluid category for which they are acceptable
Type Description of backflow prevention arrangements and Suitable for
devices protection against
fluid category
Back- Back-
pressure siphonage
BA Verifiable backflow preventer with reduced pressure zone 4 4
CA Non-verifiable disconnector with difference between 3 3
pressure zones not greater than 10%
DA Anti-vacuum valve (or vacuum breaker) X 3
DB Pipe interrupter with atmospheric vent and moving element X 4
DUK1 Anti-vacuum valve combined with a single check valve 2 3
EA Verifiable single check valve 2 2
EB Non-verifiable single check valve. 2 2
EC Verifiable double check valve 3 3
ED Non-verifiable double check valve 3 3
HA Hose union backflow preventer. Only permitted for use on 2 3
existing hose union taps in house installations
HC Diverter with automatic return (Normally integral with some X 3
domestic appliance applications only)
HUK1 Hose union tap which incorporates a double check valve. 3 3
Only permitted for replacement of existing hose union taps
in house installations
LA Pressurised air inlet valve X 2
LB Pressurised air inlet valve combined with a check valve 2 3
downstream
Notes:
1 X Indicates that the backflow prevention device is not acceptable for protection against
backpressure for any fluid category within water installations in the UK.2 Arrangements
incorporating a Type DB device shall have no control valves on the outlet of the device.
The device shall be fitted not less than 300mm above the spillover level o f an appliance
and discharge vertically downwards .3 Types DA and DUK1 shall have no control valves on
the outlet of the device and be fitted on a 300 mm minimum Type A upstand.

4 Relief outlet ports from Types BA and CA backflow prevention devices shall terminate
with an air gap, the dimension of which should satisfy a Type AA air gap.

SECTION 6.4

Guidance clauses relating to Schedule 1: Fluid categories; and

Paragraph 15 of Schedule 2: Backflow prevention

Guidance

36
General

G15.1 Except where expanded water from hot water systems or

instantaneous water heaters is permitted to flow back into a supply or
distributing pipe, every water fitting through which water is supplied for
domestic purposes should be installed in such a manner that no backflow of
fluid from any appliance, fitting or process can take place.

G15.2 Avoidance of backflow should be achieved by good system design

and the provision of suitable backflow prevention arrangements and devices,
the type of which depends on the fluid category to which the wholesome water
is discharged. A description of fluid risk categories is shown in Schedule 1 of
the Regulations and some suggested examples relating to the fluid categories
are shown in Tables 6.1a to e.

G15.3 The type of backflow protection for a given situation is related to the
fluid risk categories downstream of the backflow prevention device.

G15.4 Schedules of backflow prevention arrangements and backflow

prevention devices, and the maximum permissible fluid risk category for which
they are acceptable, are shown in Table S6.1and Table S6.2. Details of the
arrangements and devices are shown in Table 6.2and Table 6.3.

G15.5 Wherever practicable, systems should be protected against backflow

without the necessity to rely on mechanical backflow protection devices; this
can often be achieved by point of use protection such as a 'tap gap' above the
spillover level of an appliance. Minimum air gaps for different sizes of taps
and applications are shown in Table S6.1.

G15.6 In cistern fed systems secondary backflow prevention can often be

achieved for appliances by the use of permanently vented distributing pipes.
See Figure 6.2b.

G15.7 Mechanical backflow protection devices which, depending on the type

of device, may be suitable for protection against backpressure or
backsiphonage, or both, should be installed so that:

a. they are readily accessible for inspection, operational maintenance and

renewal; and,
b. except for Types HA and HUK1, backflow prevention devices for
protection against fluid categories 2 and 3, they should not be located
outside premises; and,
c. they are not buried in the ground; and,
d. vented or verifiable devices, or devices with relief outlets, are not
installed in chambers below ground level or where liable to flooding;
and,
e. line strainers are provided immediately upstream of all backflow
prevention devices required for fluid category 4. Where strainers are

37
 provided, servicing valves are to be fitted upstream of the line strainer
and downstream of the backflow prevention device; and,
f. the lowest point of the relief outlet from any reduced pressure zone
valve assembly or similar device should terminate with a Type AA air
gap located not be less than 300mm above the ground or floor level;
and,

Note: For information on the installation and maintenance of reduced pressure

zone devices (RPZ valve assemblies) see Installation and Guidance Note No.
9-03-02 published by the Water Regulations Advisory Scheme]

Appliances incorporating, or supplied with water through, pumps

G15.8 Where pumped showers, or other appliances supplied through or

incorporating pumps, are installed, care should be taken in positioning
branches from distributing pipes.

Bidets (including WCs adapted as bidets) with flexible hose and spray
handset fittings and with submerged water inlets

G15.9 Bidets with flexible hose and spray handset fittings and/or water inlets
below the spillover level of the appliance, are a fluid category 5 risk and
should not be supplied with water directly from a supply pipe.

G15.10 Bidets of this type may:

a. be supplied with cold and/or hot water through Type AA, AB, or AD
backflow prevention arrangements serving the bidet only; or,
b. be supplied with cold water from an independent distributing pipe
serving the bidet only, see Figure 6.1a; or a common distributing pipe
serving the bidet and which may also serve a WC or urinal flushing
cistern only; or,
c. be supplied with hot water from a water heater, which is supplied from
an independent distributing pipe, that serves the bidet only, see Figure
6.1a; or,
d. where the bidet is at a lower elevation than any other outlets or
appliances, be supplied with water from a common cold and/or hot
water vented distributing pipe providing that:
i. the elevation of the spillover level of the bidet, if there is no
flexible hose; or,
ii. the elevation of the spray outlet, with the hose extended
vertically above the spillover level of the bidet,

whichever is the highest, is not less than 300 mm below the point of
connection of the branch pipe serving the bidet to the main distributing
pipe serving other appliances.

Bidets with water inlets above spillover level only

38
G15.11 Bidets in domestic locations with taps or mixers located above the
spillover level of the appliance, and not incorporating an ascending spray inlet
below spillover level or spray and flexible hose, may be served from either a
supply pipe or a distributing pipe provided that the water outlets discharge
with a Type AUK2 air gap above the spillover level of the appliance. See
Table S6.1.

WCs and urinals

G15.12 The water supply to a manually operated WC or urinal flushing valve

may be derived either from a supply pipe or a distributing pipe. The flushing
valve should be located above the WC pan or urinal and must incorporate, or
discharge through, a pipe interrupter with a permanent atmospheric vent; see
Type DC in Table S6.1and Table 6.2. The lowest part of the vent opening of
the pipe interrupter should be located not less than 300 mm above the
spillover level of the WC pan or not less than 150 mm above the sparge outlet
of a urinal. See Figure 6.1b for typical installation details.

Shower heads or tap inlets to baths, washbasins, sinks and bidets

G15.13 Except where suitable additional backflow protection is provided, all

single tap outlets, combination tap assembly outlets, or fixed shower heads
terminating over washbasins, baths or bidets in domestic situations should
discharge above the spillover level of the appliance with a tap gap (Type
AUK2) as scheduled in Table S6.1. For a sink in a domestic or non-domestic
location, and for any appliances in premises where a higher level of protection
is required, such as some appliances in hospitals or other health care
premises, a tap gap (Type AUK3) is required, see Table S6.1.

Submerged inlets to baths and washbasins

G15.14 Submerged inlets to baths or washbasins in any house or domestic

situation are considered to be a fluid category 3 risk and should be supplied
with water from a supply or distributing pipe through a double check valve.
Submerged inlets to baths or washbasins in other than a house or domestic
situation, and sinks in any location, are considered to be a fluid category 5 risk
and appropriate backflow protection will be required.

Drinking water fountains

G15.15 Drinking water fountains should be designed so that the outlet of the
water delivery jet nozzle is at least 25 mm above the spillover level of the
bowl. The nozzle should be provided with a screen or hood to protect it from
contamination.

Washing machines, washer-dryers and dishwashers

G15.16 Household washing machines, washer-dryers and dishwashers are

manufactured to satisfy a fluid category 3 risk. Where they are likely to be

39
used in a non-domestic situation, appropriate backflow protection for a higher
fluid risk category should be provided.

Hose pipes for house garden and other applications

G15.17 Hand held hoses should be fitted with a self-closing mechanism at

the outlet of the hose.

Commercial and other installations excluding house gardens

G15.18 Any taps and fittings used for supplying water for non-domestic
applications, such as commercial, horticultural, agricultural or industrial
purposes should be provided with:

a. backflow protection devices appropriate to the downstream fluid

category; and,
b. where appropriate, a zone protection system.

G15.19 Soil watering systems installed in close proximity to the soil surface
(that is, where the watered surface is less than 150 mm below the water outlet
discharge point) for example, irrigation systems, permeable hoses etc., are
considered to be a fluid category 5 risk and should only be supplied with water
through a Type AA, AB, AD or AUK1 air gap arrangement.

House garden installations

G15.20 Taps to which hoses are, or may be connected and located in house
garden locations are to be protected against backflow by means of a double
check valve. The double check valve should be located inside a building and
protected from freezing. (See Figure 6.3a).

G15.21 Where, in existing house installations, a hose pipe is to be used from

an existing hose union tap located outside a house and which is not provided
with backflow protection, either:

a. the existing hose union tap should be provided with a double check
valve located inside the building; or,
b. the tap should be replaced with a hose union tap that incorporates a
double check valve (Type HUK1); or,
c. a hose union backflow preventer (Type HA) or a double check valve
should be continuously fitted to the outlet of the tap.

G15.22 Where fixed or hand-held devices are used with hose pipes for the
application of fertilizers or domestic detergents the minimum backflow
protection provided should be suitable for protection against a fluid category 3
risk. Backflow protection against a fluid category 5 risk should be provided
where these devices are used for the application of insecticides.

G15.23 Where mini-irrigation systems, such as porous hoses, are installed in

house garden situations only, a hose union tap with backflow protection in

40
accordance with clauses G15.20 or G15.21 combined with a pipe interrupter
with atmospheric vent and moving element device (Type DB) at the
connection of the hose to the hose union tap, or not less than 300 mm above
the highest point of the delivery point of the spray outlet or the perforated
surface of the porous hose, whichever is the highest, is acceptable. See
Figure 6.3band Figure 6.3c.

Whole site and zone protection

G15.24 A whole-site or zone backflow prevention device should be provided

on the supply or distributing pipe, such as a single check valve or double
check valve, or other no less effective backflow prevention device, according
to the level of risk as judged by the water undertaker where:

a. a supply or distributing pipe conveys water to two or more separately

occupied premises (whether or not they are separately chargeable by
the water supplier for a supply of water); or,
b. a supply pipe conveys water to premises which under any enactment
are required to provide a storage cistern capable of holding sufficient
water for not less than 24 hours ordinary use. See Figure 6.2band
Figure 6.2c.

G15.25 The provision of zone or whole-site backflow protection should be in

addition to individual requirements at points of use and within the system.

G15.26 Zone protection may be required in other than domestic premises

where particular industrial, chemical or medical processes are undertaken.

Fire protection systems

G15.27 Wet sprinkler systems (without additives), first-aid fire hose reels and
hydrant landing valves are considered a fluid category 2 backflow risk Wet
sprinkler systems with additives to prevent freezing are considered a fluid
category 4 risk..

G15.28 Fluids contained within large cylindrical hydro pneumatic pressurised

vessels are considered to be fluid category 4 risk.

G15.29 Where fire protection systems and drinking water systems are
served from a common domestic supply pipe, the connection to the fire
systems should be taken from the supply pipe immediately on entry to the
building and appropriate backflow protection devices should be installed.

Table 6.1a: Determination of fluid category 1

Fluid category 1:
Wholesome water supplied by a water undertaker and complying with the
requirements of regulations made under section 67 of the Water Industry Act

41
1991 (a).
Example
Water supplied directly from a water undertaker’s main.

Table 6.1b: Determination of fluid category 2

Fluid category 2:
Water in fluid category 1 whose aesthetic quality is impaired owing to:

(a) a change in its temperature; or

(b) the presence of substances or organisms causing a change in its
taste, odour or appearance, including water in a hot water distribution
system.
Examples
Mixing of hot and cold water supplies.
Domestic softening plant (common salt regeneration).
Drink vending machines in which no ingredients or carbon dioxide are
injected into the supply or distributing inlet pipe.
Fire sprinkler systems (without anti-freeze).
Ice making machines.
Water cooled air conditioning units (without additives).

Table 6.1c: Determination of fluid category 3

Fluid category 3
Fluid which represents a slight health hazard because of the concentration
of substances of low toxicity, including any fluid which contains:

(a) ethylene glycol, copper sulphate solution, or similar chemical

additives; or
(b) sodium hypochlorite (chloros and common disinfectants).
Examples
Water in primary circuits and heating systems (with or without additives) in
a house.
Domestic washbasins, baths and showers.
Domestic clothes and dishwashing machines.
Home dialysing machines.
Drink vending machines in which ingredients or carbon dioxide are
injected.
Commercial softening plant (common salt regeneration only).
Domestic hand held hoses with flow controlled spray or shut-off control.
Hand held fertilizer sprays for use in domestic gardens.
Domestic or commercial irrigation systems, without insecticide or fertilizer
additives, and with fixed sprinkler heads not less than 150 mm above
ground level.

42
Table 6.1d: Determination of fluid category 4
Fluid category 4
Fluid which represents a significant health hazard due to the concentration
of toxic substances, including any fluid which contains:

(a) chemical, carcinogenic substances or pesticides (including

insecticides and herbicides); or
(b) environmental organisms of potential health significance.
Examples

General
Primary circuits and central heating systems in other than a house.
Fire sprinkler systems using anti-freeze solutions.

House gardens
Mini-irrigation systems without fertilizer or insecticide application; such as
pop-up sprinklers or permeable hoses

Food processing
Food preparation.
Dairies.
Bottle washing apparatus.

Catering
Commercial dishwashing machines.
Bottle washing apparatus.
Refrigerating equipment.

Industrial and commercial installations

Dyeing equipment.
Industrial disinfection equipment.
Printing and photographic equipment.
Car washing and degreasing plants.
Commercial clothes washing plants.
Brewery and distillation plant.
Water treatment plant or softeners using other than salt.
Pressurised fire fighting systems

Table 6.1e: Determination of fluid category 5

Fluid category 5
Fluid representing a serious health hazard because of the concentration of
pathogenic organisms, radioactive or very toxic substances, including any
fluid which contains:

(a) faecal material or other human waste; or

(b) butchery or other animal waste; or

43
 (c) pathogens from any other source.
Examples

General
Industrial cisterns.
Non-domestic hose union taps.
Sinks, urinals, WC pans and bidets.
Permeable pipes in other than domestic gardens, laid below or at ground
level, with or without chemical additives.
Grey water recycling systems

Medical
Any medical or dental equipment with submerged inlets.
Laboratories.
Bedpan washers.
Mortuary and embalming equipment.
Hospital dialysing machines.
Commercial clothes washing plant in health care premises.
Non-domestic sinks, baths, washbasins and other appliances.

Food processing
Butchery and meat trades.
Slaughterhouse equipment.
Vegetable washing.

Catering
Dishwashing machines in health care premises.
Vegetable washing.

Industrial and commercial installations

Industrial and chemical plant etc.
Mobile plant, tankers and gully emptiers.
Laboratories.
Sewage treatment and sewer cleansing.
Drain cleaning plant.
Water storage for agricultural purposes.
Water storage for firefighting purposes.

Commercial agricultural
Commercial irrigation outlets below or at ground level and/or permeable
pipes, with or without chemical additives.
Insecticide or fertilizer applications.
Commercial hydroponic systems.
Note: The list of examples of applications shown above for each fluid
category is not exhaustive.

Table 6.2: Details of backflow prevention arrangements

44
45
Table 6.3: Details of backflow prevention devices

46
Figure 6.1: Water services to sanitary appliances

Figure 6.2: Whole site and zone backflow prevention

47
Figure 6.3: Backflow protection to external taps in houses

48
SECTION 7

Schedule 2: Paragraph 16: Cold water services

16. (1) Every pipe supplying water connected to a storage

cistern shall be fitted with an effective adjustable valve
capable of shutting off the inflow of water at a suitable

49
 level below the overflowing level of the cistern.

(2) Every inlet to a storage cistern, combined feed and

ex[pansion cistern, WC flushing cistern or urinal
flushing cistern shall be fitted with a servicing valve on
the inlet pipe adjacent to the cistern.

(3) Every storage cistern, except one supplying water

to the primary circuit of a heating system, shall be fitted
with a servicing valve on the outlet pipe.

(4) Every storage cistern shall be fitted with-

a. an overflow pipe, with a suitable means of

warning of an impending overflow, which
excludes insects;
b. a cover positioned so as to exclude light and
insects; and
c. thermal insulation to minimize freezing or undue
warming.

(5) Every storage cistern shall be so installed as to

minimise the risk of contamination of stored water. The
cistern shall be of an appropriate size, and the pipe
connections to the cistern shall be so positioned, as to
allow free circulation and to prevent areas of stagnant
water from developing.

Guidance

Float-operated valves

G16.1 Float-operated valves and other fittings for controlling flow to cisterns,
including flushing cisterns, should:

a. be capable of controlling the flow of water into any cistern or apparatus

and, when closed, be watertight and remain watertight; and,
b. incorporate, as applicable, a renewable seat and a washer which are
resistant to both corrosion and erosion by water, or have some other
no less effective valve closure assembly; and,
c. as applicable, have a float which is constructed of a material capable of
withstanding without leaking any water temperature in which it operates
or is likely to operate, and has a lifting effort such that when not more
than half immersed, the valve is capable of drop-tight closure against
the maximum operating pressure at that elevation in the building; and,
d. when acting via an operating lever, and when the valve is closed, will
withstand without bending or distorting a force twice that to which it is

50
 ordinarily subject and, in the case of a G 1/2 size valve, is constructed
so that the water shut-off level may be altered or adjusted without
bending the float lever; and,
e. where used in cisterns storing water other than for drinking purposes,
the installation of the fitting should be such that it is capable of
satisfying backflow prevention requirements when the water level in the
cistern is level with the centreline of the float-operated valve.

G16.2 The requirements for float-operated valves may be satisfied as

follows:

a. for use in WC cisterns - should comply with BS 1212. Parts 2, 3 or 4;

and,
b. for use elsewhere - should comply with BS 1212: Part 1, 2, 3 or 4.

G16.3 Float-operated valves which are subject to hot water at the inlet
should conform to clause G16.1 and be constructed of materials capable of
withstanding without leaking any ordinary operating water temperature to
which they are likely to be subjected. So far as is reasonably practicable, their
operation should not be prevented or impaired by scale. Having regard to any
scale which is likely to be deposited on the valve or float, the valve should be
capable of being adjusted to prevent any flow through the valve above the
required water level.

Inlets to cisterns

G16.4 Inlets to all cisterns should be provided with a servicing valve to

facilitate maintenance, and a float-operated valve or some other no less
effective device which is capable of controlling the flow of water into the
cistern. The servicing valve should be fitted as close as reasonably practical
to the float operated valve or other device. This does not apply to a pipe
connecting two or more cisterns each of which has the same overflowing
level.

G16.5 Float-controlled valves or equivalent inlet devices should be securely

and rigidly attached to the cistern and installed so that the valve closes when
the level of the water is not less than 25 mm below the overflowing level of the
cistern. Where the cistern is fitted with an approved alternative to a warning
pipe, such as an indicator instrument or a visual or audible alarm, the inlet
valve is to close when the water level is not less than 50 mm below the
overflowing level of the cistern.

Outlets from cisterns

G16.6 Where practicable all outlets from a cistern should be taken from the
bottom of the cistern.

G16.7 Except for cisterns supplying water to primary circuits or heating

circuits, all outlets other than vent pipes, overflow pipes, and warning pipes
relating to storage cisterns supplying water to cold water taps and secondary

51
hot water systems, should be fitted with a servicing valve as close to the
cistern as is reasonably practicable.

Warning and overflow pipes

G16.8 All cisterns, except automatically operated urinal flushing cisterns,

should be provided with a warning pipe, or some other no less effective
device, installed in such a manner that it discharges immediately the water in
a cistern reaches the defined overflowing level. Where an alternative no less
effective device is installed instead of a warning pipe, an overflow pipe should
also be installed. The outlet end of a warning or overflow pipe is not to be at a
higher level than the inlet end; it should be installed on a downward inclined
plane, and not comprise, include, or have connected to it, any flexible hose.

G16.9 Warning or overflow pipes from any cistern should not be installed to
discharge into any other cistern.

G16.10 A warning/overflow pipe should be not less than 19 mm internal

diameter, but the actual internal diameter of the pipe(s) installed should be
capable of taking any possible flow in the pipe arising from any failure of the
inlet valve.

G16.11 When determining the size of an overflow pipe account should be

taken of any insect or vermin screen installed, which may reduce the nominal
flow capacity of the overflow pipe.

G16.12 When two or more cisterns have a common warning pipe the
pipework should be arranged so that the overflow from any cistern cannot
enter another. The location of the cistern overflowing must be readily
identifiable and the discharge should be in a conspicuous position.

Cold water storage cisterns

G16.13 Cisterns storing water for domestic purposes should be watertight

and, where required, be lined or coated with a suitable impermeable material;
they shall be provided with warning and overflow connections, as appropriate,
which are so constructed and arranged as to exclude insects. They should
have a rigid, close fitting and securely fixed cover which is not airtight but
which excludes light and insects from the cistern; be made of a material or
materials which do not shatter or fragment when broken and which will not
contaminate any water which condenses on its underside; and, in the case of
a cistern storing more than 1,000 litres of water, be constructed so that the
cistern may be inspected and cleansed without it having to be wholly
uncovered. See Figure 7.1.

G16.14 Every cistern should be adequately supported to avoid distortion or

damage and only installed in a place or position where the inside may be
readily inspected and cleansed, and any float-operated valve or other controls
may be readily installed, repaired, renewed or adjusted. The cistern should

52
have a minimum unobstructed space above of not less than 350 mm. See
Figure 7.2.

G16.15 Where the required capacity of water is provided by the use of two or
more cisterns, the inlets and the outlets of the cisterns should be located so
that water passes through the whole of the cisterns and short-circuiting does
not occur.

Figure 7.1: Requirements for storage cisterns

Figure 7.2: Minimum clear space required above storage cisterns

53
SECTION 8

Schedule 2: Paragraphs 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23

and 24: Hot water services

17. (1) Every unvented water heater, not being an

instantaneous water heater with a capacity not greater
than 15 litres, and every secondary coil contained in a
primary system shall-
a. be fitted with a temperature control device, and
either a temperature relief valve or a combined
pressure and temperature relief valve; or
b. be capable of accommodating expansion within
the secondary hot water system.

54
 (2) An expansion valve shall be fitted with provision to
ensure that water is discharged in a correct manner in
the event of a malfunction of the expansion vessel or
system.

18. Appropriate vent pipes, temperature control devices

and combined temperature pressure and relief valves
shall be provided to prevent the temperature of the
water within a secondary hot water system from
exceeding 100°C.
19. Discharges from temperature relief valves, combined
temperature pressure and relief valves and expansion
valves shall be made in a safe and conspicuous
manner.
20. (1) No vent pipe from a primary circuit shall terminate
over a storage cistern containing wholesome water for
domestic supply or for supplying water to a secondary
system.

(2) No vent pipe from a secondary circuit shall

terminate over any combined feed and expansion
cistern connected to a primary circuit.

21. Every expansion cistern or expansion vessel, and

every cold water combined feed and expansion cistern
connected to a primary circuit, shall be such as to
accommodate any expansion water from that circuit
during normal operation.
22. (1) Every expansion valve, temperature relief valve or
combined temperature and pressure relief valve
connected to any fitting or appliance shall close
automatically after a discharge of water.

(2) Every expansion valve shall-

a. be fitted on the supply pipe close to the hot

water vessel and without any intervening valves;
and
b. only discharge water when subjected to a water
pressure of not less than 0.5 bar (50 kPa) above
the pressure to which the hot water vessel is, or
is likely to be, subjected in normal operation.
23. (1) A temperature relief valve or combined temperature
and pressure relief valve shall be provided on every
unvented hot water storage vessel with a capacity
greater than 15 litres.

(2) The valve shall-

55
 a. be located directly on the vessel in an
appropriate location, and have a sufficient
discharge capacity, to ensure that the
temperature of the stored water does not exceed
100°C; and
b. only discharge water at below its operating
temperature when subjected to a pressure of not
less than 0.5 bar (50 kPa) in excess of the
greater of the following-
i. the maximum working pressure in the
vessel in which it is fitted, or
ii. the operating pressure of the expansion
valve.

(3) In this paragraph "unvented hot water storage

vessel" means a hot water storage vessel that does not
have a vent pipe to the atmosphere.

24. No supply pipe or secondary circuit shall be

permanently connected to a closed circuit for filling a
heating system unless it incorporates a backflow
prevention device in accordance with a specification
approved by the regulator for the purposes of this
Schedule.

Guidance

Unvented hot water systems:

G17.1 Every unvented water heater or storage vessel, and every secondary
coil contained in a heater and not being an instantaneous water heater or a
thermal storage unit of 15 litres or less capacity, should be fitted with:

a. a temperature control device; and

b. either a temperature relief valve or combined temperature and
pressure relief valve; and
c. an expansion valve; and
d. unless the expanded water is returned to the supply pipe in accordance
with Regulation 15(2)(a), either;
i. an expansion vessel; or
ii. contain an integral expansion system, such that the expansion
water is contained within the secondary system to prevent waste
of water.

G17.2 An expansion valve should be fitted to all unvented hot water storage
systems, with a capacity in excess of 15 litres, to ensure that expansion water
is discharged in a correct manner in the event of a malfunction of the
expansion vessel or system. See Figure 8.1.

56
G17.3 Where expansion water is accommodated separately the expansion
vessel should preferably be of an approved 'flow through type' and should
comply with the requirements of BS 6144 and BS 6920.

Temperature of hot water within a storage system

G18.1 Irrespective of the type of fuel used for heating, the temperature of the
water at any point within a hot water storage system should not exceed 100oC
and appropriate vent pipes, temperature control devices and other safety
devices should be provided to prevent this occurring.

Hot water distribution temperatures

G18.2 Hot water should be stored at a temperature of not less than 60oC
and distributed at a temperature of not less than 55oC. This water distribution
temperature may not be achievable where hot water is provided by
instantaneous or combination boilers.

G18.3 The maintenance of acceptable water temperatures may be achieved

by efficient routing of pipes, reducing the lengths of pipes serving individual
appliances and the application of good insulation practices to minimise
freezing of cold water pipes and to promote energy conservation for hot water
pipes. For references, see Comments and Recommendations of Clause 2.6.4
of BS 6700.

Temperature of hot water supplies at terminal fittings and on surfaces of

hot water pipes

G18.4 Where practicable the hot water distribution system should be

designed and installed to provide the required flow of water at terminal fittings
to sanitary and other appliances at a water temperature of not less than 50o C
and within 30 seconds after fully opening the tap. This criteria may not be
achievable where hot water is provided by instantaneous or combination
boilers.

G18.5 Terminal fittings or communal showers in schools or public buildings,

and in other facilities used by the public, should be supplied with water
through thermostatic mixing valves so that the temperature of the water
discharged at the outlets does not exceed 43oC.

G18.6 The temperature of water discharged from terminal fittings and the
surface temperature of any fittings in health care premises should not exceed
the temperatures recommended in HS(G)104 - Safe hot water and surface
temperatures.

Energy conservation

G18.7 All water fittings forming part of a primary or secondary hot water
circulation system and all pipes carrying hot water to a tap that are longer

57
than the maximum length given in Table 8.1 should be thermally insulated in
accordance with BS 5422.

Table 8.1 Maximum recommended lengths of

uninsulated hot water pipes
Outside diameter of pipe in millimetres Maximum
length in
metres
12 20
Over 12 and up to and including 22 12
Over 22 and up to and including 28 8
Over 28 3

Discharge pipes from safety devices

G19.1 Discharge pipes from expansion valves, temperature relief valves and
combined temperature and pressure relief valves should be installed in
accordance with the guidance given in this document and should also comply
with the requirements of Building Regulation G3.

G19.2 Where discharge pipes pass through environments outside the

thermal envelope of the building they should be thermally insulated against
the effects of frost.

G19.3 The discharge pipe from a temperature relief valve or combined

temperature and pressure relief valve should:

a. be through a readily visible air gap discharging over a tundish located

in the same room or internal space and vertically as near as possible
and in any case within 500 mm of the point of outlet of the valve; and,
b. be of non-ferrous material, such as copper or stainless steel, capable
of withstanding any temperatures arising from a malfunction of the
system; and,
c. have a vertical drop of 300 mm below the tundish outlet, and thereafter
be laid to a self draining gradient; and,
d. be at least one size larger than the nominal outlet size of the valve,
unless its total equivalent hydraulic resistance exceeds that of a
straight pipe 9 metres long. Where the total length of the pipe exceeds
9 metres equivalent resistance, the pipe shall be increased in size by
one nominal diameter for each additional, or part of, equivalent 9
metres resistance length. The flow resistance of bends in the pipe
should be taken into consideration when determining the equivalent
length of pipe; and,
[ Note: Alternatively, the size of the discharge pipe may be determined
in accordance with Annex D of BS 6700.]

58
 e. terminate in a safe place where there is no risk to persons in the
vicinity of the point of discharge. See Building Regulation G3.

Discharge pipes from expansion valves

G19.4 The discharge pipe from an expansion valve may discharge into the
tundish used for the discharge from a temperature relief valve or from a
combined temperature and pressure relief valve as described in G19.1; or:

a. discharge through a readily visible air gap over a tundish located in the
same room or internal space and vertically as near as possible and in
any case within 500 mm of the point of outlet of the valve; and,
b. be of non-ferrous material, such as copper or stainless steel; and,
c. discharge from the tundish through a vertical drop outlet and thereafter
be laid to a self draining gradient; and,
d. not be less than the nominal outlet size of the expansion valve and
discharge external to the building at a safe and visible location.

Vent pipes

G20.1 Vent pipes from primary water systems should be of adequate size
but not less than 19 mm internal diameter. They may terminate over their
respective cold water feed and expansion cisterns, or elsewhere providing
there is a physical air gap, at least equivalent to the size of the vent pipe,
above the top of the warning pipe, or overflow if there is one, at the point of
termination.

G20.2 Vent pipes from hot water secondary storage systems should be of
adequate size but not less than 19 mm internal diameter and be insulated
against freezing.

G20.3 Where vent pipes, from either a primary or secondary system,

terminate over their respective cold water feed cisterns, they should rise to a
height above the top water level in the cistern sufficient to prevent any
discharge occurring under normal operating conditions. See Figure 8.3 for
determination of minimum height required to prevent discharge.

Hot water systems supplied with water from storage cisterns

G20.4 In any cistern-fed vented or unvented hot water storage system the
storage vessel should:

a. be capable of accommodating any expansion water; or

b. be connected to a separate expansion cistern or vessel; or
c. be so arranged that expansion water can pass back through a feed
pipe to the cold water storage cistern from which the apparatus or
cylinder is supplied with water. See Figure 8.2.

59
G20.5 Where the cold water storage cistern supplying water to the hot water
storage vessel is also used to supply wholesome water to sanitary or other
appliances, any expansion water entering the cistern through the feed pipe
should preferably not raise the temperature of the wholesome water in the
cistern to more than 200 C.

Vented systems requiring dedicated storage cisterns or mechanical

safety devices

G20.6 Every vented and directly heated hot water storage vessel, single
feed indirectly heated hot water storage vessel, or any directly or indirectly
heated storage vessel where an electrical immersion heater is installed,
should be supplied with water from a dedicated storage cistern unless:

a. where the energy source is gas, oil or electricity, a non-self-setting

thermal energy cut-out device is provided in addition to the normal
temperature-operated automatic-reset cut-out; or,
b. where the energy source is solid fuel, a temperature relief valve
complying with BS 6283: Part 2, or a combined temperature and
pressure relief valve complying with BS 6283: Part 3, is provided
complete with a readily visible air-break to drain device and discharge
pipe as described in G19.3.

G20.7 Every double feed indirectly heated hot water storage system which is
heated by a sealed (unvented) primary circuit, or the primary circuit heating
medium is steam or high temperature hot water, or where an electric
immersion heater is installed, should:

a. be supplied with water for the secondary circuit from a dedicated cold
water storage cistern; or,
b. be provided with a non-self-setting thermal energy cut-out device to
control the primary circuit, and any electric immersion heaters, in
addition to any temperature-operated automatic-reset cut-out.

G20.8 No water in the primary circuit of a double feed indirect hot water
storage vessel should connect hydraulically to any part of a hot water
secondary storage system.

G20.9 Vent pipes from primary circuits should not terminate over cold water
storage cisterns containing wholesome water for supply to sanitary appliances
or secondary hot water systems.

G20.10 Vent pipes from secondary hot water systems should not terminate
over feed and expansion cisterns supplying water to primary circuits.

60
G20.11 No water in the primary circuit of a single feed indirect hot water
storage vessel, under normal operating conditions, should mix with water in
the secondary circuit. Single feed indirect hot water storage vessels should be
installed with a permanent vent to the atmosphere.

Primary feed and expansion cisterns

G21.1 Every expansion cistern, and every cold water combined feed and
expansion cistern connected to a primary or heating circuit should be capable
of accommodating any expansion water from the circuit and installed so that
the water level is not less than 25 mm below the overflowing level of the
warning pipe when the primary or heating circuit is in use. See Fig. 8.4.

Expansion and safety devices

G22.1 Expansion valves, temperature relief valves or combined temperature

and pressure relief valves connected to any fitting or appliance should close
automatically after an operational discharge of water and be watertight when
closed.

G22.2 Expansion valves should comply with BS 6283: Part 1. They should
be fitted on the supply pipe close to the hot water vessel and without any
intervening valves, and only discharge water when subjected to a water
pressure of not less than 0.5 bar (50 kPa) above the pressure to which the hot
water vessel is, or is likely to be, subjected to in normal operation.

Temperature and combined temperature relief valves

G23.1 Except for unvented hot water storage vessels of a capacity of 15

litres or less, a temperature relief valve complying with BS 6283: Part 2, or a
combined temperature and pressure relief valve complying with BS 6283: Part
3, should be provided on every unvented hot water storage vessel. The valve
should:

a. be located directly on the storage vessel, such that the temperature of

the stored water does not exceed 100°C; and,
b. only discharge water at below its operating temperature when
subjected to a pressure not less than 0.5 bar (50 kPa) greater than the
maximum working pressure in the vessel to which it is fitted, or 0.5 bar
(50 kPa) greater than the operating pressure of the expansion valve,
whichever is the greater.

Non-mechanical safety devices

G23.2 If a non-mechanical safety device such as a fusible plug is fitted to

any hot water storage vessel, that vessel requires a temperature relief valve
or combined temperature and pressure relief valve designed to operate at a

61
temperature not less than 5°C below that at which the non-mechanical device
operates or is designed to operate.

Filling of closed circuits

G24.1 No primary or other closed circuit should be directly and permanently

connected to a supply pipe unless it incorporates an approved backflow
prevention arrangement.

G24.2 A connection may be made to a supply pipe for filling or replenishing

a closed circuit by providing a servicing valve and an appropriate backflow
prevention device, the type of which will depend on the degree of risk arising
from the category of fluid contained within the closed circuit, providing that the
connection between the backflow prevention device and the closed circuit is
made by:

a. a temporary connecting pipe which must be completely disconnected

from the outlet of the backflow prevention device and the connection to
the primary circuit after completion of the filling or replenishing
procedure (Figure 8.1b shows an acceptable method, of filling a closed
circuit, providing that the fluid in the closed circuit is not a greater
hazard than fluid category 3) ; or
b. a device which in addition to the backflow prevention device
incorporates an air gap or break in the pipeline which cannot be
physically closed while the primary circuit is functioning; or
c. an approved backflow prevention arrangement.

Figure 8.1: Diagrams of unvented hot water storage systems

62
Figure 8.2: Direct and indirect hot water storage systems

63
Figure 8.3: Determination of minimum height of top of vent pipe

64
Figure 8.4: Details of feed and expansion cisterns

65
SECTION 9

Schedule 2: Paragraph 25: WC's, flushing devices

and urinals

25. (1) Subject to the following provisions of this

paragraph-
a. every water closet pan shall be supplied with
water from a flushing cistern, pressure flushing
cistern or pressure flushing valve, and shall be
so made and installed that after normal use its
contents can be cleared effectively by a single
flush of water, or, where the installation is
designed to receive flushes of different volumes,
by the largest of those flushes;
b. no pressure flushing valve shall be installed-
i. in a house, or
ii. in any building not being a house where a
minimum flow rate of 1.2 litres per second
cannot be achieved at the appliance;
c. where a pressure flushing valve is connected to
a supply pipe or distributing pipe, the flushing
arrangement shall incorporate a backflow
prevention device consisting of a permanently
vented pipe interrupter located not less than
300mm above the spillover level of the WC pan

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 or urinal;
d. no flushing device installed for use with a WC
pan shall give a single flush exceeding 6 litres;
e. no flushing device designed to give flushes of
different volumes shall have a lesser flush
exceeding two-thirds of the largest flush volume;
f. every flushing cistern, other than a pressure
flushing cistern, shall be clearly marked
internally with an indelible line to show the
intended volume of flush, together with an
indication of that volume;
g. a flushing cistern designed to give flushes of
different volumes-
i. shall have a readily discernible method of
actuating the flush of different volumes;
and
ii. shall have instructions, clearly and
permanently marked on the cistern or
displayed nearby, for operating it to
obtain the different volumes of flush;
h. every flushing cistern, not being a pressure
flushing cistern or a urinal cistern, shall be fitted
with a warning pipe or with a no less effective
device;
i. every urinal that is cleared by water after use
shall be supplied with water from a flushing
device which-
i. in the case of a flushing cistern, is filled at
a rate suitable for the installation;
ii. in all cases, is designed or adapted to
supply no more water than is necessary
for effective flow over the internal surface
of the urinal and for replacement of the
fluid in the trap; and
j. except in the case of a urinal which is flushed
manually, or which is flushed automatically by
electronic means after use, every pipe which
supplies water to a flushing cistern or trough
used for flushing a urinal shall be fitted with an
isolating valve controlled by a time switch and a
lockable isolating valve, or with some other
equally effective automatic device for regulating
the periods during which the cistern may fill.

(2) Every water closet, and every flushing device

designed for use with a water closet, shall comply with
a specification approved by the regulator for the
purposes of this Schedule.

(3) The requirements of sub-paragraphs (1) and (2) do

67
not apply where faeces or urine are disposed of
through an appliance that does not solely use fluid to
remove the contents.

(4) The requirement in sub-paragraph (1)(i) shall be

deemed to be satisfied-

k. in the case of an automatically operated flushing

cistern servicing urinals which is filled with water
at a rate not exceeding-
i. 10 litres per hour for a cistern serving a
single urinal;
ii. 7.5 litres per hour per urinal bowl or stall,
or, as the case may be, for each 700mm
width of urinal slab, for a cistern serving
two or more urinals;
l. in the case of a manually or automatically
operated pressure flushing valve used for
flushing urinals which delivers not more than 1.5
litres per bowl or position each time the device is
operated.

(5) Until 1st January 2001 paragraphs (1)(a) and (d)

shall have effect as if they provided as follows-

m. "every water closet pan shall be supplied with

water from a flushing cistern or trough of the
valveless type which incorporates siphonic
apparatus;"
n. "no flushing device installed for use with a WC
pan shall give a single flush exceeding 7.5
litres;".

(6) Notwithstanding sub-paragraph 1(d), a flushing

cistern installed before 1st July 1999 may be replaced
by a cistern which delivers a similar volume and which
may be either single flush or dual flush; but a single
flush cistern may not be so replaced by a double flush
cistern.

(7) In this paragraph-

"pressure flushing cistern" means a WC flushing device
that utilises the pressure of water within the cistern
supply pipe to compress air and increase the pressure
of water available for flushing a WC pan;
"pressure flushing valve" means a self-closing valve
supplied with water directly from a supply pipe or a
distributing pipe which when activated will discharge a
pre-determined flush volume;

68
 "trap" means a pipe fitting, or part of a sanitary
appliance, that retains liquid to prevent the passage of
foul air; and
"warning pipe" means an overflow pipe whose outlet is
located in a position where the discharge of water can
be readily seen

Guidance

General

G25.1 Every WC pan should be flushed and its contents cleared effectively
by a single flush of water or, where alternative volumes of flush water are
available, by the largest of the available flushes.

Methods of flushing WC pans

G25.2 Except in a house, or any other building where a minimum flow rate of
1.2 litres per second cannot be achieved at the appliance, a WC pan may be
flushed by a manually operated pressure flushing valve directly connected to
a supply or distributing pipe, provided that the flushing arrangement
incorporates a backflow prevention arrangement or device appropriate to fluid
category 5. (See Section 6).

G25.3 Flushing apparatus for use with a WC pan should be designed to

deliver a maximum flush volume not exceeding 6 litres and the lesser volume
of water for a dual flush apparatus should not exceed two-thirds of the large
flush volume.

G25.4 Except in the case of a pressure flushing cistern, a clearly marked line
should indicate the water level and the volume of flush.

G25.5 Every flushing mechanism designed or adapted to give flushes of

different volumes should have instructions for operating and obtaining the
different volumes of flush clearly and permanently marked on the cistern, or
displayed near the flushing mechanism.

Warning pipes

G25.6 Except for pressure flushing cisterns, all WC flushing cisterns should
be provided with a connection for a warning pipe, the outlet of which is to
discharge in a prominent position, or other equally effective device.

G25.7 Where a warning pipe(s) discharge over a tundish, the tundish must
be visible.

69
G25.8 A warning pipe may be installed to discharge water into a WC pan
providing it discharges into the air not less than 150 mm above the top edge
of the WC pan.

Urinal cisterns

G25.9 Urinals may be flushed with either:

a. a manual or automatically operated cistern; or,

b. a flushing valve directly connected to a supply or distributing pipe
which is designed to flush the urinal, either manually or automatically,
provided that the flushing arrangement incorporates a backflow
prevention arrangement or device appropriate to fluid category 5. (See
Section 6).

G25.10 Unless a urinal cistern is manually operated, or fills and flushes by a

device operated by an electronic sensor, pressure pad or no less suitable
device which ensures that the urinal is only flushed after it is used, the inlet to
the flushing cistern is to be controlled by a time switch opening an inlet valve
or some other equally effective automatic device which regulates the periods
during which the cistern may fill.

WC pans and WC flushing devices

G25.11 All WC pans and all flushing devices for WC pans should conform to
a specification approved by the Regulator.

Automatic urinal cistern filling rates

G25.12 An automatically operated flushing cistern serving urinals should be

filled with water at a rate not exceeding:

a. 10 litres per hour per urinal bowl for a cistern seving a single urinal; or,
b. 7.5 litres per hour per urinal bowl or position, or, as the case may be,
for each 700 mm width of urinal slab for a cistern serving two or more
urinals.

G25.13 Where manually or automatically operated pressure flushing valves

are used for flushing urinals, the flushing valve should deliver a flush volume
not exceeding 1.5 litres per bowl or position each time the device is operated.

Limitation of capacity of WC flushing cisterns and method of flushing

G25.14 Until January 2001:

a. every wc pan should be flushed with water from a flushing cistern of

the valveless type, that is, one that incorporates siphonic apparatus for
providing the means of flushing: and
b. no flushing apparatus for use with a WC pan should give a single flush
volume greater than 7.5 litres.

70
Renewal of existing WC cisterns

G25.15 Notwithstanding G25.14, where any existing flushing cistern installed

before 1 July 1999 needs to be replaced without changing the WC pan, the
new cistern should be of the same flush volume as the one being replaced,
which may be a single or dual flush. A single flush cistern may not be
replaced with a dual flush cistern. Where dual-flush cisterns are renewed the
lesser flush volume is not to be greater than 2/3 of the total flush volume.

SECTION 10

Schedule 2: Paragraphs 26, 27 and 28: Baths,

sinks, showers and taps

26. All premises supplied with water for domestic purposes

shall have at least one tap conveniently situated for the
drawing of drinking water.
27. (1) A drinking water tap shall be supplied with water
from
a supply pipe;
b pump delivery pipe drawing water from a supply pipe;
or
c distributing pipe drawing water exclusively from a
storage cistern supplying wholesome water.
28. (1) Subject to paragraph (2), every bath, wash basin,
sink or similar appliance shall be provided with a
watertight and readily accessible plug or other device
capable of closing the waste outlet.

(2) This requirement does not apply to-

a. an appliance where the only taps provided are

spray taps;
b. a washing trough or wash basin whose waste
outlet is incapable of accepting a plug and to
which water is delivered at a rate not exceeding
0.06 litres per second exclusively from a fitting
designed or adapted for that purpose;
c. a wash basin or washing trough fitted with self-
closing taps;
d. a shower bath or shower tray;
e. a drinking water fountain or similar facility; or
f. an appliance which is used in medical, dental or
veterinary premises and is designed or adapted
for use with an unplugged outlet.

Guidance

71
Drinking water points

G26.1 All premises supplied with water for domestic purposes should have
at least one conveniently situated tap for supplying drinking water directly
from the supply pipe..

G26.2 In houses, a drinking water draw-off tap should normally be sited over
the kitchen sink.

Drinking water supplies

G27.1 All taps supplying drinking water should be fed from a source of
wholesome water and preferably be supplied with water directly of a supply
pipe. Where insufficient water pressure is available in the supply pipe and:

a. the demand is less than 0.2 litres per second; or

b. if a larger demand is required and the water undertaker agrees,
drinking water may be pumped directly from the supply pipe.

G27.2 Where it is impracticable to supply drinking water from the supply

pipe, the water should be taken from a distributing pipe drawing wholesome
water from a storage cistern.

G27.3 Water that has been softened on site should only be used for drinking
purposes when the treated water is wholesome.

G27.4 Except in a house, all taps that are supplied with cold water that is not
wholesome should be labelled 'Not Drinking Water'.

G27.5 Except for the following appliances, all baths, wash basins, sinks and
similar appliances should be provided with a watertight and readily accessible
plug or some other device capable of closing the water outlet:

a. an appliance where the only taps provided are spray taps;

b. a washing trough or wash basin where the waste outlet is incapable of
accepting a plug and to which water is delivered at a rate not
exceeding 0.06 litres per second exclusively from a fitting designed or
adapted for that purpose;
c. a wash basin or washing trough fitted with self-closing taps;
d. a shower bath or shower tray;
e. a drinking water fountain or similar facility; or
f. an appliance which is used in medical, dental or veterinary premises
and is designed or adapted for use with an unplugged outlet.

SECTION 11

Schedule 2: Paragraph 29: Washing machines,

72
 dishwashers and other appliances

28. (1) Subject to paragraph (2), clothes washing

machines, clothes washer-driers and dishwashers shall
be economical in the use of water.

(2) The requirements of this paragraph shall be

deemed to be satisfied in the case of machines having
a water consumption per cycle of not greater than the
following-

a. for domestic horizontal axis washing machines,

27 litres per kilogram of washload for a standard
60°C cotton cycle;
b. for domestic washer-driers, 48 litres per
kilogram of washload for a standard 60°C cotton
cycle;
c. for domestic dishwashers, 4.5 litres per place
setting.

Guidance

G28.1 Domestic horizontal axis washing machines should not have a water
consumption per cycle greater than 27 litres per kilogram of washload in
accordance with Annex 1 of EU Directive 95/12/EC.

G28.2 Domestic washer-driers should not have a water consumption per

cycle greater than 48 litres per kilogram of washload in accordance with
Annex 1 of EU Directive 99/60/EC.

G28.3 Domestic dishwashers should not have a water consumption per

cycle greater than 4.5 litres per place setting in accordance with Annex 1 of
EU Directive 97/17/EC.

SECTION 12

Schedule 2: Paragraphs 30 and 31: Water for

outside use

30. Every pipe which conveys water to a drinking vessel for

animals or poultry shall be fitted with-
a. a float-operated valve, or some other no less
effective device to control the inflow of water,
which is-
i. protected from damage and

73
 contamination; and
ii. prevents contamination of the water
supply; and
b. a stop valve or servicing valve as appropriate.

31. Every pond, fountain or pool shall have an impervious

lining or membrane to prevent the leakage or seepage
of water.

Guidance

Animal drinking troughs or bowls

G30.1 The supply to drinking apparatus for animals or poultry should be

fitted with a float-operated valve or other no less effective device to control the
inflow of water.

G30.2 A servicing valve should be provided on the inlet pipe adjacent to

every drinking appliance for animals or poultry.

G30.3 Water supplies to animal drinking bowls should be provided with an

appropriate backflow protection device on the inlet pipe or an airgap at the
discharge point.

G30.4 Agricultural water troughs should comply with BS 3445.

G30.5 Water supplies to farm buildings housing pigs should comply with:

BS 5502: Building and structures for agriculture:

Part 42: Code of practice for design and construction of pig buildings:
Section 7.2 - Drinking arrangements; and,
Section 8.3 - Water

Ponds, fountains or pools

G31.1 Any pond, fountain or pool filled or supplied with water by the water
undertaker should have an impervious lining and be watertight.

G31.2 No supply or distributing pipe should be permanently or directly

connected to a pond, fountain or pool. Where temporary connections are used
they should comply with the requirements of Paragraph 15 of Schedule 2.

74