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Acceptance Sampling in
Quality Control
Third Edition

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Acceptance Sampling in
Quality Control
Third Edition

Edward G. Schilling and Dean V. Neubauer

CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Schilling, Edward G., 1931- | Neubauer, Dean V.

Title: Acceptance sampling in quality control/Edward G. Schilling,
Dean V. Neubauer.
Description: Third edition. | Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2017. | Includes
bibliographical references and indexes.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016039621 | ISBN 9781498733571 (hardback)
Subjects: LCSH: Acceptance sampling. | Sampling (Statistics)
Classification: LCC TS156.4 .S34 2017 | DDC 658.5/62–dc23 LC record
available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016039621

Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at

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and the CRC Press Web site at

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This text is dedicated to the memory of

Dr. Edward G. Schilling

1931–2008

and

My Parents

Virgil A. Neubauer

1931–2004

and

Fanchon K. Neubauer

1936–2014

and

To our wives Jean and Kimberly

Contents

Preface to the Third Edition.........................................................................................................xix

Note from the Series Editor for the First Edition......................................................................xxi
Foreword to the First Edition................................................................................................... xxiii
Preface to the First Edition..........................................................................................................xxv
Acknowledgments from the First Edition............................................................................. xxvii
Preface to the Second Edition....................................................................................................xxix
Authors.........................................................................................................................................xxxi
List of Tables............................................................................................................................. xxxiii

1. Introduction..............................................................................................................................1
Acceptance Quality Control....................................................................................................1
Acceptance Control and Process Control..............................................................................4
Process Quality Control...........................................................................................................4
Background of Acceptance Quality Control.........................................................................7
Top 10 Reasons for Acceptance Sampling.............................................................................9
Problems...................................................................................................................................10
References................................................................................................................................10

2. Probability and the Operating Characteristic Curve......................................................13

Probability................................................................................................................................13
Classical Definition............................................................................................................13
Empirical Definition..........................................................................................................13
Subjective Definition..........................................................................................................14
Random Samples and Random Numbers...........................................................................14
Counting Possibilities.............................................................................................................15
Probability Calculus...............................................................................................................19
Operating Characteristic Curve............................................................................................23
Software Applications............................................................................................................27
Excel .....................................................................................................................................27
Minitab.................................................................................................................................29
Problems...................................................................................................................................32
References................................................................................................................................33

3. Probability Functions............................................................................................................35
Probability Distributions.......................................................................................................36
Measures of Distribution Functions.....................................................................................39
Hypergeometric Distribution................................................................................................41
Binomial Distribution.............................................................................................................43
Poisson Distribution...............................................................................................................45
f-Binomial Distribution..........................................................................................................49
Negative Binomial Distribution............................................................................................51
Exponential and Continuous Distributions........................................................................53

ix
x Contents

Weibull Distribution...............................................................................................................55
Normal Distribution...............................................................................................................57
Summary of Distributions.....................................................................................................60
Tables of Distributions...........................................................................................................60
Hypergeometric Tables.....................................................................................................60
Binomial Tables..................................................................................................................63
Poisson Tables.....................................................................................................................64
Negative Binomial Tables.................................................................................................64
Exponential and Weibull Tables.......................................................................................65
Normal Distribution Tables..............................................................................................65
Summary..................................................................................................................................65
Useful Approximations..........................................................................................................66
Tests of Fit................................................................................................................................69
Software Applications............................................................................................................72
Excel .....................................................................................................................................72
Minitab.................................................................................................................................74
Problems...................................................................................................................................79
References................................................................................................................................80

4. Concepts and Terminology..................................................................................................83

Average Run Length of Type B Plans...................................................................................86
Sample Size and Lot Size.......................................................................................................87
Effect of Inspection Error.......................................................................................................90
Rectification.............................................................................................................................92
Curtailment..............................................................................................................................94
Tolerance and Confidence Intervals.....................................................................................97
Levels and Risks......................................................................................................................99
Choosing Quality Levels......................................................................................................101
Classification of Defects.......................................................................................................102
Measures of Sampling Plans: Terminology.......................................................................102
Graphs of Measures..............................................................................................................104
Specifying a Plan...................................................................................................................107
Software Applications..........................................................................................................108
Minitab...............................................................................................................................108
Problems................................................................................................................................. 110
References.............................................................................................................................. 111

5. Single Sampling by Attributes......................................................................................... 113

Operation............................................................................................................................... 113
Selection................................................................................................................................. 113
Tables of Poisson Unity Values...................................................................................... 114
Binomial Nomograph...................................................................................................... 116
f-Binomial Nomograph................................................................................................... 116
Thorndyke Chart.............................................................................................................. 118
Hypergeometric Tables................................................................................................... 119
Measures................................................................................................................................121
Software Applications..........................................................................................................123
Contents xi

Excel...................................................................................................................................123
Minitab...............................................................................................................................125
Statgraphics.......................................................................................................................127
Problems.................................................................................................................................130
References..............................................................................................................................131

6. Double and Multiple Sampling by Attributes..............................................................133

Operation...............................................................................................................................134
Double Sampling..............................................................................................................134
Multiple Sampling...........................................................................................................134
Selection.................................................................................................................................135
Measures................................................................................................................................141
Double Sampling..............................................................................................................141
Multiple Sampling...........................................................................................................143
Further Considerations........................................................................................................151
Software Applications..........................................................................................................151
Excel...................................................................................................................................151
Minitab...............................................................................................................................154
Statgraphics.......................................................................................................................154
Problems.................................................................................................................................156
References..............................................................................................................................157

7. Sequential Sampling by Attributes.................................................................................159

Operation...............................................................................................................................159
Selection.................................................................................................................................161
Measures................................................................................................................................163
Sequential Sampling for Defects per Unit.........................................................................165
Software Applications..........................................................................................................166
Excel...................................................................................................................................166
Problems.................................................................................................................................170
References..............................................................................................................................171

8. Variables Sampling for Process Parameter.....................................................................173

Single Sampling for Process Parameter.............................................................................173
Acceptance Control Charts..................................................................................................175
Sequential Plans for Process Parameter (σ Known).........................................................179
Sequential Plans for Process Parameter (σ Unknown)....................................................187
Cumulative Sum Charts.......................................................................................................190
Problems.................................................................................................................................193
References..............................................................................................................................194

9. Bulk Sampling......................................................................................................................195
Construction of the Sample.................................................................................................196
Estimation..............................................................................................................................198
Sampling Plans......................................................................................................................207
Simple Random Sampling of a Unique Lot (Components of Variance Unknown)....209
Sampling from Stream of Lots............................................................................................212
xii Contents

Estimation of Testing and Reduction Variances..........................................................212

Estimation of Segment and Increment Variances........................................................213
Application of Plan to Stream of Lots...........................................................................214
ISO 10725................................................................................................................................216
Problems.................................................................................................................................218
References..............................................................................................................................219

10. Sampling by Variables for Proportion Nonconforming..............................................221

Specification Limits..............................................................................................................222
Assumptions and Theory....................................................................................................223
Operation...............................................................................................................................225
X Method..........................................................................................................................225
k Method............................................................................................................................225
Double Specification Limits............................................................................................226
Selection.................................................................................................................................231
Tables.................................................................................................................................231
Formulas............................................................................................................................232
Jacobson Nomograph for Plan Selection......................................................................233
Measures................................................................................................................................234
Jacobson Nomograph for Operating Characteristics..................................................234
Calculation: σ Known......................................................................................................235
Calculation: σ Unknown.................................................................................................236
Double Specification Limits............................................................................................240
Measures of Performance...............................................................................................242
M Method...............................................................................................................................243
Plans Based on Sample Range............................................................................................248
Example.............................................................................................................................250
Double Sampling by Variables............................................................................................252
Tolerance Intervals and Variables Plans for Percent Nonconforming..........................255
Sequential Plans for Proportion Nonconforming............................................................259
Further Considerations........................................................................................................260
Derivation of n, k Formulas............................................................................................260
Need for Normality.........................................................................................................262
Software Applications..........................................................................................................262
Minitab...............................................................................................................................262
Statgraphics.......................................................................................................................269
Problems.................................................................................................................................273
References..............................................................................................................................274

11. Attributes Sampling Schemes...........................................................................................277

Sampling Schemes................................................................................................................277
Quick Switching Systems....................................................................................................277
Tightened–Normal–Tightened Plans.................................................................................279
MIL-STD-105E and Derivative Standards.........................................................................279
Operation...............................................................................................................................281
Selection.................................................................................................................................283
Measures................................................................................................................................286
Scheme Properties.................................................................................................................287
Implementation of MIL-STD-105E.....................................................................................289
Contents xiii

Matching Individual Sampling Plans to MIL-STD-105E System Performance...........294

MIL-STD-105 Derivatives....................................................................................................296
ANSI/ASQ Standard Z1.4..............................................................................................297
ASTM International Standard E2234.............................................................................297
ISO Standard 2859............................................................................................................297
Further Considerations........................................................................................................299
Software Applications..........................................................................................................300
Minitab...............................................................................................................................300
Snap Sampling Plans!......................................................................................................300
Statgraphics.......................................................................................................................301
Problems.................................................................................................................................306
References..............................................................................................................................307

12. Variables Sampling Schemes............................................................................................309

MIL-STD-414.........................................................................................................................309
Operation............................................................................................................................... 311
Selection.................................................................................................................................313
Measures................................................................................................................................316
Implementation of Form 2...................................................................................................317
Implementation of Form 1...................................................................................................319
Implementation of Plans for Range and Variability Known..........................................320
Match between MIL-STD-414 and MIL-STD-105E..........................................................320
Conversion of MIL-STD-414 to ANSI/ASQ Z1.9.............................................................321
MIL-STD-414 Derivatives....................................................................................................322
ANSI/ASQ Z1.9...............................................................................................................322
ASTM International Standard E2762.............................................................................322
ISO 3951-1..........................................................................................................................323
Further Considerations........................................................................................................326
Software Applications..........................................................................................................326
Excel...................................................................................................................................326
Minitab...............................................................................................................................327
Statgraphics.......................................................................................................................327
Problems.................................................................................................................................334
References..............................................................................................................................335

13. Special Plans and Procedures............................................................................................337

No-Calc Plans........................................................................................................................337
Lot Plot Plans.........................................................................................................................339
Narrow-Limit Gauging........................................................................................................344
Mixed Variables: Attributes Plan........................................................................................354
Advantages and Disadvantages of Mixed Plans.........................................................356
Generalized Mixed Dependent Procedure...................................................................357
Measures: Independent Mixed Plan..............................................................................358
Measures: Dependent Mixed Plan.................................................................................360
MIL-STD-414 Dependent Mixed Plans.........................................................................365
Comparison of Independent and Dependent Mixed Plans.......................................366
Comparison of Mixed with Other Type Plans.............................................................367
Problems.................................................................................................................................368
References..............................................................................................................................369
xiv Contents

14. Series of Lots: Rectification Schemes...............................................................................371

Single-Sampling AOQL Plan...............................................................................................372
Dodge–Romig Sampling Scheme.......................................................................................373
Operation..........................................................................................................................374
Selection.............................................................................................................................374
Measures............................................................................................................................381
Further Considerations...................................................................................................381
Constructing LTPD Plan with Minimum ATI.........................................................386
Constructing AOQL Plan with Minimum ATI........................................................388
Anscombe Rectifying Inspection Procedure.....................................................................391
Operation..........................................................................................................................391
Selection.............................................................................................................................392
Measures............................................................................................................................394
Credit-Based Schemes..........................................................................................................395
Dodge–Romig Plan Derivatives.........................................................................................398
Software Applications..........................................................................................................398
Excel...................................................................................................................................398
Snap Sampling Plans!......................................................................................................405
Problems.................................................................................................................................407
References..............................................................................................................................407

15. Continuous Sampling Plans..............................................................................................409

Dodge Continuous Plans.....................................................................................................409
Dodge CSP-1.....................................................................................................................409
Dodge–Torrey CSP-2 and CSP-3....................................................................................412
Measures of CSP-1, 2, and 3............................................................................................415
Stopping Rules and Selection of CSP-1 Plans..............................................................420
Multilevel Plans....................................................................................................................423
Tightened Multilevel Plans..................................................................................................427
Block Continuous Plans.......................................................................................................428
Wald–Wolfowitz Plan......................................................................................................428
Girshick Plan.....................................................................................................................430
MIL-STD-1235B.....................................................................................................................431
MIL-STD-1235B Derivatives................................................................................................439
ASTM International Standard E2819.............................................................................439
Software Applications..........................................................................................................439
Excel...................................................................................................................................439
Snap Sampling Plans!......................................................................................................442
Problems.................................................................................................................................443
References..............................................................................................................................444

16. Cumulative Results Plans..................................................................................................445

Skip-Lot Sampling Plans......................................................................................................445
SkSP-1................................................................................................................................445
SkSP-2................................................................................................................................447
Chain Sampling Plans..........................................................................................................453
ChSP-1...............................................................................................................................453
Two-Stage Plans...............................................................................................................457
Contents xv

Deferred Sentencing Schemes.............................................................................................458

Demerit Rating Plan.............................................................................................................462
CRC Plan................................................................................................................................466
Software Applications..........................................................................................................468
Excel...................................................................................................................................468
Problems.................................................................................................................................474
References..............................................................................................................................475

17. Compliance Sampling.........................................................................................................477

LSP..........................................................................................................................................478
Procedure..........................................................................................................................478
Protection..........................................................................................................................479
Producer’s Risk................................................................................................................481
Examples of LSP Applications.......................................................................................482
Further Considerations...................................................................................................484
TNT Scheme...........................................................................................................................484
Procedure..........................................................................................................................485
Protection..........................................................................................................................485
Selection.............................................................................................................................487
Quick Switching System......................................................................................................489
MIL-STD-1916.......................................................................................................................494
Structure............................................................................................................................494
Operation..........................................................................................................................494
Implementation................................................................................................................496
Measures............................................................................................................................498
Further Considerations...................................................................................................498
Simplified Grand Lot Procedure.........................................................................................499
Simon’s Approach............................................................................................................500
Simplified Procedure: Attributes...................................................................................502
Example: Attributes.........................................................................................................503
Simplified Procedure: Variables.....................................................................................504
Continuing Series of Lots................................................................................................510
Further Considerations...................................................................................................513
Nomograph for Samples Having Zero Defectives...........................................................515
Accept on Zero Plans............................................................................................................515
U.S. Department of Defense Approach.........................................................................515
Squeglia Plans...................................................................................................................516
AoZ and AQL Plans.........................................................................................................517
Chain Sampling Alternative...........................................................................................519
The Zero Acceptance Number Chained Quick Switching System...........................521
Summary...........................................................................................................................524
Software Applications..........................................................................................................525
Excel...................................................................................................................................525
LSP Plans......................................................................................................................525
TNT Plans.....................................................................................................................525
QSS Plans......................................................................................................................527
MIL-STD-1916 Plans...................................................................................................537
Chain Sampling Alternative Plans............................................................................538
Zero Acceptance Number Chained Quick Switching System Plans...................538
xvi Contents

Minitab...............................................................................................................................543
Snap Sampling Plans!......................................................................................................544
LSP Plans......................................................................................................................544
Squeglia Plans..............................................................................................................545
Statgraphics.......................................................................................................................545
MIL-STD-1916 Plans...................................................................................................545
Problems.................................................................................................................................547
References..............................................................................................................................548

18. Reliability Sampling...........................................................................................................551

Censored Sampling...............................................................................................................552
Variables Plans for Life Testing and Reliability (Juran 1999)..........................................554
Handbook H-108...................................................................................................................555
Operation..........................................................................................................................556
Failure Terminated......................................................................................................558
Time Terminated..........................................................................................................558
Sequential.....................................................................................................................558
Proportion Failing by Specified Time.......................................................................558
Selection........................................................................................................................558
Example of H-108 Application.......................................................................................561
Failure Terminated......................................................................................................561
Time Terminated..........................................................................................................561
Sequential.....................................................................................................................563
Proportion of Lot Failing by Specified Time...........................................................563
Measures.......................................................................................................................564
Further Considerations...................................................................................................564
Technical Report TR7............................................................................................................565
Mean Life Criterion..........................................................................................................566
Hazard Rate Criterion.....................................................................................................568
Reliable Life Criterion.....................................................................................................568
TR7 Tables.........................................................................................................................568
Operation..........................................................................................................................569
TR7 with the MIL-STD-105E System.............................................................................576
Further Considerations...................................................................................................576
Problems.................................................................................................................................578
References..............................................................................................................................579

19. Administration of Acceptance Sampling........................................................................581

Selection and Implementation of a Sampling Procedure................................................583
Determining Quality Levels................................................................................................586
Setting AQL.......................................................................................................................587
Setting AOQL....................................................................................................................590
Setting IQ...........................................................................................................................590
Setting LTPD (or LQ).......................................................................................................590
Relation of Levels.............................................................................................................591
Setting PQL and CQL......................................................................................................593
Contents xvii

Economic Considerations....................................................................................................593
Mandatory Standards...........................................................................................................595
Basic Principle of Administration.......................................................................................596
Problems.................................................................................................................................596
References..............................................................................................................................597

Answers to Problems..................................................................................................................599
Appendix......................................................................................................................................615
Index..............................................................................................................................................829
Preface to the Third Edition

As I prepared to work on this edition, I wondered what has changed since the last edition,
what topics may have been omitted from that edition due to time, and which topics would be
of most interest to readers. I spent several years converting many of the old military accep-
tance sampling standards to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) ­standards,
which means that they are now regularly reviewed and supported. Companies that have
traditionally used military standards can now refer to these new ASTM ­standards as they
contain the same tables. The reader will find out more about these ASTM s­ tandards in the
chapters covering these types of sampling plans.
As for omitted topics, I considered the addition of multivariate sampling and sampling
plans based on Cpk. In the end, I decided that readers would be particularly interested in
two topics—the implementation of computer spreadsheets and software in the design and
the evaluation of sampling plans and additional material on compliance sampling plans.
The last time I saw Ed Schilling, we met in my RIT office and he expressed his interest
in having me include a CD with the 3rd edition of this book that would include the Excel
templates I had developed for my acceptance sampling students at Rochester Institute of
Technology. Fortunately, since there is now a new book website put up by CRC Press at
www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781498733571, there is no need to include a CD with
the book that cannot be periodically updated. On the book website, the reader will find
not only a variety of Excel spreadsheets but also other files that are discussed at the end of
the appropriate chapters in this book. Ed believed, as I do, that readers are more likely to
understand and utilize the methods covered in this book when provided with a computer
approach. When I taught acceptance sampling, I provided my students with a number of
Excel spreadsheets for several types of plans. I believed that it was more likely that the stu-
dent could “hit the ground running” so to speak when they had to implement such plans
back on the job. This proved to be the case.
For this edition, I created several more Excel* templates to address sampling plans that
I didn’t use in my teaching, and which even existing commercial software does not handle.
At the end of many of the chapters in this text, I have included a section called “Software
Applications.” In this section, I discuss any Excel templates that I have available for the
reader on the book website as well as whether any commercial software will handle such
problems.
I got some help. I approached a few software companies for assistance in doing this
­edition. Minitab,† Snap Sampling Plans!,‡ and Statgraphics§ have all been very generous in
providing me with either materials relating to how their program can design and analyze
acceptance sampling plans or a complimentary license for their product so I can showcase

* Excel is a registered trademark of Microsoft Inc. You must purchase Microsoft Office to install Excel as no free
demos are available.
† Minitab is a registered trademark of Minitab, Inc. A 30-day free demo of the software is available at

www.minitab.com.
‡ Snap Sampling Plans! is a registered trademark of Quality Assurance Solutions. The software home page can be

found at http://www.quality-assurance-solutions.com/Snap-Sampling-Plans.html. No demo is available.

§ Statgraphics is a registered trademark of Statpoint Technologies, Inc. A 30-day free demo of the software is

available at http://www.statgraphics.com/download_trial.

xix
xx Preface to the Third Edition

its features for acceptance sampling. At Minitab, I specifically thank Lou Johnson and his
associates, especially Yanling Zuo with whom I worked with to develop the initial accep-
tance sampling procedures included in Version 15 and that still exist in later versions.
Minitab also supplied some training materials that I could adapt to the examples in this
book. I also thank Dr. Neil Polhemus, CTO and director of Development for Statgraphics,
for his willingness to work with me to incorporate their Statgraphics Centurion XVII prod-
uct into this book. Finally, I thank Robert Broughton of Quality Assurance Solutions who
was also very supportive of my efforts to include his program, Snap Sampling Plans!,
among the suite of programs illustrated in this book to demonstrate the capabilities of his
software. Minitab, Snap Sampling Plans!, and Statgraphics represent excellent examples of
commercial software that can handle most of the acceptance sampling situations covered
in this book. There are a number of other lesser-known acceptance sampling programs for
sale on the Internet and a simple Internet search can find many of them.
One topic that continues to be important in the field of acceptance sampling is that of
compliance plans. The most common forms of these plans are accept on zero (AoZ) sam-
pling plans popularized by Nick Squeglia and his book Zero Acceptance Number Sampling
Plans (now in its 5th edition). As in the 2nd edition, Chapter 17 discusses lot sampling
plans, tightened-normal-tightened (TNT) plans, quick switching system (QSS) plans, MIL-
STD-1916, the simplified grand lot procedure, AoZ plans, and a chain sampling alterna-
tive. I expanded the section on QSSs as there has been considerable activity in this area
over the past more than 20 years. Much of this work comes from universities in India and
New Zealand, and the reader will find many references for these authors in Chapter 17.
Furthermore, recent work in 2011 by Govindaraju combining the ideas of many of these
types of plans into a zero acceptance number chained QSS has been added to this chapter.
The reader will find that many of the plans discussed in this chapter are supported by
Excel templates, Minitab, Snap Sampling Plans!, and Statgraphics.
Once again I thank my editor David Grubbs at Taylor & Francis Group for his patience
and understanding as I put in more time than expected in preparing this new edition due
to some health issues. Finally, and certainly not the least, I thank my wife, Kimberly, for all
her support as I worked on this edition. Without her having my back, this edition would
not have been possible.

Dean V. Neubauer
Horseheads, New York
Note from the Series Editor for the First Edition

The use of acceptance sampling has grown tremendously since the Dodge and Romig
Sampling Inspection Tables were first widely distributed in 1944. Throughout this period,
many people have contributed methods and insight to the subject. One of these contribu-
tors is the author of this book, which might better be identified as a compendium of accep-
tance sampling methods. The American Society for Quality Control has recognized
Dr. Schilling’s contributions by awarding him the Brumbaugh Award four times, first in
1973 and again in 1978, 1979, and 1981. This award is given each year to the author of
that paper published in either the Journal of Quality Technology or Quality Progress that the
American Society for Quality Control committee judges has made the largest single contri-
bution to the development of industrial applications of quality control.
Dr. Schilling has been employed both as an educator and as an industrial statistician.
This broad experience qualifies him to write this treatise as few others are qualified. The
beginner will find much interest in this work, while the experienced person will also find
many interesting items because of its encyclopedic coverage.
I am very pleased with the completeness and clarity exhibited in this book, and it is with
great pleasure that I recommend it to others for their use.

D. B. Owen
Department of Statistics
Southern Methodist University
Dallas, Texas

xxi
Foreword to the First Edition

As the field of quality control enters the 1980s, it is having new responsibilities thrust upon
it. The public is demanding products free from defects and often making these demands in
costly court cases. Management is demanding that all departments contribute to technical
innovation and cost reduction while still continuing to justify its own costs. The quality
control specialist is caught like others in this squeeze between perfect performance and
minimum cost. He or she needs all the help that fellow professionals can give, and Edward
Schilling’s book is a worthy contribution. Written by one of the foremost professionals in
the field, it is comprehensive and lucid. It will take its place as a valuable reference source
in the quality control specialist’s library.
My own first contact with a draft of the book came when I was teaching a quality con-
trol course to industrial engineers. Over the semester, I found myself turning to this new
source for examples, for better explanations of standard concepts, and for the many charts,
graphs, and tables, which are often difficult to track down from reference. Acceptance sam-
pling is not the whole of statistical quality control, much less the whole of quality control.
But Dr. Schilling has stuck to his title and produced a text of second-level depth in this one
area, resisting the temptation to include the other parts of quality control to make a “self-
contained work.” The added depth in this approach makes the text a pleasure for a teacher
to own and will make it a pleasure for students to use. This is one book that any student
should take into the world where knowledge is applied to the solution of problems.

Colin G. Drury
Department of Industrial Engineering
SUNY at Buffalo
Buffalo, New York

xxiii
Preface to the First Edition

The methods of statistical acceptance sampling in business and industry are many and
varied. They range from simple to profound, from practical to infeasible and naive. This
book is intended to present some of the techniques of acceptance quality control that are
best known and most practical—in a style that provides sufficient detail for the novice,
while including enough theoretical background and reference material to satisfy the more
discriminating and knowledgeable reader. The demands of such a goal have made it neces-
sary to omit many worthwhile approaches; however, it is hoped the student of acceptance
sampling will find sufficient material herein to form a basis for further explorations of the
literature and methods of the field.
While the prime goal is the straightforward presentation of methods for practical appli-
cation in industry, sufficient theoretical material is included to allow the book to be used as
a college-level text for courses in acceptance sampling at a junior, senior, or graduate level.
Proofs of the material presented for classroom use will be found in the references cited. It is
assumed, however, that the reader has some familiarity with statistical quality control pro-
cedures at least at the level of Irving W. Burr’s Statistical Quality Control Methods (Marcel
Dekker, Inc., New York, 1976). Thus, an acceptance sampling course is a natural sequel to
a survey course at the level suggested.
The text begins with a fundamental discussion of the probability theory necessary for
an understanding of the procedures of acceptance sampling. Individual sampling plans
are then presented in increasing complexity for use in the inspection of single lots. There
follows a discussion of schemes that may be applied to the more common situation of a
stream of lots from a steady supplier. Finally, specific applications are treated in the areas
of compliance sampling and reliability. The last chapter is concerned with the administra-
tion of acceptance control and, as such, is intended as a guide to the user of what sampling
plan to use (and when). Readers having some familiarity with acceptance sampling may
wish to read the last chapter first to put into context the methods presented.
This book views acceptance quality control as an integral and necessary part of a total
quality control system. As such, it stands with statistical process quality control as a bul-
wark against poor-quality products, whose foundations are rooted deep in mathematics
but whose ramparts are held only by the integrity and competence of its champions in the
heat of confrontation.
It is fitting that this book on acceptance sampling should begin with the name of
Harold F. Dodge. His contributions have been chronicled and are represented in the Dodge
Memorial Issue of the Journal of Quality Technology (Vol. 9, No. 3, July 1977). Professor
Dodge, as a member of that small band of quality control pioneers at the Bell Telephone
Laboratories of the Western Electric Company, is considered by some to be the father of
acceptance sampling as a statistical science. Certainly, he nurtured it, lived with it, and fol-
lowed its development from infancy, through adolescence, and on into maturity. In no small
way he did the same for the author’s interest in the field, as his professor and his friend.

Edward G. Schilling

xxv
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